Present Simple: Be

Positive:
I am I’m from Japan.

you / we / they are you’re / we’re / they’re from Brazil.

he / she / it is he’s / she’s / it’s from India.

Negative:

I am not I’m not married.

you / we / they You’re not / You aren’t happy.

are not We’re not / We aren’t
They’re not / They aren’t

he / she / it is He isn’t / He’s not a student.

not She isn’t / She’s not
It isn’t / It’s not

Question:

Am I beautiful?

Are you / we / they a teacher?

Is he / she / it tall?

Present Simple: Be

Name:

• I’m Joanna.
• He’s Paulo.
• They’re Aki and Yuta.

Country / Nationality:

• I’m from the U.S. I’m American.

• My husband is from Italy. He’s Italian.
• She’s not Korean, she’s Vietnamese.
• Are they from Australia?

Age:
 • I’m 27 years old.
• How old are you?
• She’s 15.
• My mother is 65 years old.

Emotions:

• I’m sad.
• She’s excited.
• You’re angry.
• We’re happy.

Jobs:

• I’m not a student. I’m a teacher.

• Are you a doctor?
• He’s a journalist.
• They’re artists.

Quiz: Present Simple: Be

1) We _________ from Canada.

A. am

B. isn’t

C. aren’t

2) My parents _____ divorced.

A. am

B. are

C. is

3) I___ tired.

A. 'm

B. 're

C. 's

4) Where _____ you from?

 A. is

B. am

C. are

5) ____ your brother tall?

A. Am B. Are
C. Is

6) Sarah _____ married.

A. 'm not

B. 're not

C. 's not

7) Bob and Tony _____ my cousins.

A. am

B. are

C. is

8) _____ the food at this restaurant good?

A. Am

B. Is

C. Are

9) My apartment _____ very small.

A. is

B. am

C. are
10) Kate: "Are you thirsty?"
Joe: "No, ________."

A. I aren’t

B. I’m not

C. you’re not

11) He's _______ a good student.

A. aren’t

B. isn’t

C. not

12) You ______ beautiful.

A. is

B. not

C. ‘re

13) How old _____ you?

A. are B. is
C. am

14) She ____ 29 years old.

A. ‘m B. ‘re
C. ‘s

15) Jennifer and I __________ students.

A. am not

B. aren’t

C. isn’t
There is / There are

Singular Plural

(+) There’s a bed in the room. There are two pillows on the bed.

(-) There isn’t a mirror in the There aren’t any windows in the
bathroom. bedroom.

(?) Is there a table? Are there any chairs?

Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t. Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t.

There’s a bed in the room. Is there a table?

There are two pillows on the bed. Yes, there is.

Is there a window? Are there any chairs?

No, there isn’t. Yes, there are.

Are there any plates?

No, there aren’t.
Possessives

NOUN POSSESSIVE EXAMPLE

I my My name is Sandra.

you your What’s your name?

he his His name is John.

she her Her computer is fast.

it its My car is old, so its engine isn’t powerful.

we our Our apartment is in the city center.

they their My parents sold their house.

Mary Mary’s Mary’s phone number is 555-4321.

Joe Joe’s Joe’s favorite color is green.

the boy the boy’s The boy’s clothes are dirty.

friends friends’ My friends’ names are Patrick and Gloria.

cat cat’s My cat’s name is Ginger.

country country’s My country’s flag is red, white, and blue.

Don’t confuse its (possessive) with it’s (contraction for “it is”)!

• The cat ate it’s food

• The cat ate its food.
• Its illegal for a 17-year-old to buy alcohol.
• It’s illegal for a 17-year-old to buy alcohol.
Quiz – Possessives

1) Dan and Benny were late to _______ first high school class.

A. his
B. its
C. their

2) “Do you know what ___________ favorite band is?”

"I'm not sure, but I think she likes rock music."

A. its
B. Maria’s
C. John’s

3) Good news! Brian passed __________ driving test!

A. his
B. her
C. your

4) “Have you been to any of the restaurants on Main Street?”

"No. __________ prices are too high."

A. my
B. its
C. their

5) I can't eat Thai food. _________ too spicy for me.

A. Is
B. It’s
C. Its

6) I don't feel well. __________ stomach hurts.

A. I’m
B. my
C. your

7) My friend and I drive to work together because _________ offices are

in the same neighborhood.

A. its
B. our
C. their
8) I think you'll love the new television - _____ screen is huge!

A. its
B. his
C. your

9) Mary was ____________ mother.

A. Jesu’s
B. Jesus’
C. Jesus’s

10) My ____________ toys are quite expensive.

A. children’s
B. childrens’
C. childrens’s

11) We had a lot of cold days in January, but _____________ weather

should be warmer.

A. Februarys
B. Februaries C. February’s

12) My sister lost _________ glasses. Now she can't see anything!

A. his
B. her
C. your

13) These ______________ keyboards are broken.

A. computer’s
B. computers’
C. computers’s

14) Where did you go on __________ last vacation?

A. you
B. your
C. you’re

15) My brothers and __________ wives live in Portland.

A. his
B. our
C. their
Articles: A, An, The

I’m going to eat an apple. I’m going to eat the green apple.

a / an general (one I want to buy a car.

of many)
He’s eating an apple.

Do you have a bike?

She is an old woman.

I’m reading a book.

the specific (one Tokyo is the capital of Japan.

specific)
The new Chinese restaurant is very good.

We like the blue car.

The girl in the red dress is beautiful.

I’m reading the new book by J.K. Rowling.

Articles: A, An, The

Use “an” if the word starts with the sound of a, e, i, o, u:

• an apple
• an egg
• an ice cream shop
• an open door
• an umbrella
• an hour (the “h” is silent)
Use “a” if the word starts with the sound of any other sound:

• a ball
• a jacket
• a hat
• a tree
• a uniform (the “u” is pronounced like “yu”)
• a water bottle
• a yellow shirt

Do not use “the” with countries or cities:

• I live in the China.

I live in China.

Do not use “the” with things in general:

• She likes the pizza.

She likes pizza.
She likes the pizza from Tony’s Restaurant. (specific)

Quiz: A, An, The

Complete the sentences with A, AN, THE, or --- if no article is needed.

1) Leonardo is ______ actor.

A. a
B. an
C. the
D. ----

2) Jim plays _____ basketball after school.

A. a
B. an
C. the
D. ---

3) My new office has ______ window.

A. a
B. an
C. the
D. ---
4) There's ______ problem with the equipment.

A. a
B. an
C. the
D. ---

5) ______ only light in the classroom isn't working.

A. a
B. an
C. the
D. ---

6) He has _____ interesting job.

A. a
B. an
C. the
D. ---

7) We've been to _____ France three times.

A. a
B. an
C. the
D. ---

8) _____ light blue jeans I bought yesterday are too small.

A. A
B. An
C. The
D. ---

9) Martha hates _____ vegetables.

A. a
B. an
C. the
D. ---

10) My friend said it was _____ best movie of the year.

A. a
B. an
C. the
 D. ---

11) I have _____ idea!

A. a
B. an

C. the
D. ---

12) Bob has _____ great idea for a new product.

A. a
B. an
C. the
D. ---

13) I have _____ uncle who lives in Florida.

A. a
B. an
C. the
D. ---

14) Sally is _____ tallest girl in the class.

A. a
B. an
C. the
D. ---

15) They're going to see ______ show at _____ theater on Main Street.

A. a / --- B. the / a
C. a / the
D. the / ---
This, That, These, Those

This 1 thing – near

That 1 thing – far

These 2+ things – near

Those 2+ things – far

This apple is green. That apple is red.

These books are new. Those books are old.

Present Simple: Positive

Use the present simple for things that happen regularly or things that are
generally true.

I / you / we / they work

he / she / it works
Examples:
• I work in a bank.

• He works at the university.

• We work every day.

• My sister works at the hospital.

Special Case #1

For verbs that end in consonant + –y, we remove the –y and

add –ies:

• I study English at school.

• Dana studies English at school.
• Bill studys English at school

Other verbs like this include: cry, try, fly, carry

Special Case #2

For verbs that end in -o, -sh, -s, -ss, -ch, -x, we add -es.

• They go to English class on Wednesday.

• She goes to cooking class on Saturday.

• She gos to cooking class on Saturday.

Other verbs like this include: watch, kiss, teach, fix

1) My brother _______ to college in New York.

A. go
B. goes
C. gos

2) I ___________ to play tennis.

A. like
B. likes
C. like’s

3) My friends ____________ to school every day.

A. walk
B. walks
C. walkes
4) Peter _________ to the news on the radio.

A. listen
B. listens
C. listen’s

5) Clara and Robert _____________ English at night.

A. studies
B. study
C. studys

6) The baby __________ when he is hungry.

A. cries
B. cry
C. cryes

7) Their apartment __________ very nice!

A. look
B. look’s
C. looks

8) We _________ our house every Sunday.

A. clean
B. cleans
C. cleanes

9) Joe ________ two big black dogs.

A. has
B. have
C. haves

10) Susan ___________ lots of TV.

A. watch
B. watchs
C. watches

11) I always _________ tired when I first wake up.

A. feel
B. feels
C. feeles

D.
12) Both Clara and Marina ________ long hair.

A. has
B. have
C. haves
Present Simple: Negative

Use the present simple negative for things that are not generally true.
I / you / we / they don’t like

he / she / it doesn't like

Examples:

• I don't like coffee.

• John doesn't like pizza.
• John and David don't like milk.
• My mother doesn't like to travel.

Common Errors

1) In the present simple negative, do not add -s:

• Martha doesn't likes to dance.

• Martha doesn't like to dance.

2) Other common errors:

• Pete no like bananas.

• Pete not like bananas.
• Pete doesn’t like bananas.

Quiz: Present Simple: Negative

1) I ____________ this movie.

A. doesn’t understand
B. don’t understand
C. no understand
2) Jackson ______________ how to cook.

A. doesn’t know
B. don’t know
C. not know

3) My aunt and uncle _____________ any children.

A. don’t has B. don’t have

C. doesn’t have

4) Martin _____________ Chinese.

A. doesn’t speak
B. don’t speak
C. no speaks

5) We _______________ in Europe.

A. doesn’t lives
B. doesn’t live
C. don’t live

6) My sister _________ happy.

A. doesn’t be
B. isn’t
C. not

7) Carla ___________ early.

A. doesn’t wake up
B. don’t wake up
C. doesn’t wakes up

8) Bill and Diane ___________ to the dentist often.

A. isn’t go
B. not go
C. don’t go

9) You _________ every day.

A. does studies
B. don’t studies
C. don’t study

D.
10) My son ____________ TV.

A. doesn’t watches
B. doesn’t watch
C. isn’t watch

11) They ___________ that's a good idea.

A. not think
B. doesn’t thinks
C. don’t think

12) My boyfriend and I _________; we take the bus.

A. doesn’t drive
B. don’t drives
C. don’t drive

Present Simple: Questions

Use present simple questions to ask about things that happen regularly or things
that are generally true.
Do I / you / we / they live in a city?

Does he / she / it live in a city?

Examples:

▪ Do you live in Brazil?

▪ Does Adam live in England?

▪ Do they live in a big house?

▪ Does she live near the beach?

 Common Errors

1) In questions, don't use -s:

• Does she lives close to the beach?

• Does she live close to the beach?

2) Don’t forget DO or DOES:

• Clara live in a big city?

• Does Clara live in a big city?

Quiz: Present Simple Questions

Complete each sentence with Do or Does.

1) _________ you have any brothers and sisters?

2) _________ we watch too much TV?

3) _________ they do any exercise?

4) _________ Larissa play a musical instrument?

5) _________ he work in an office?

6) _________ your children talk on the phone a lot?

7) _________ your mother know how to use a computer?

8) _________ she have a car?

9) _________ Tom and Larry play baseball?

10) _________ she listen to classical music?

11) _________ I need to pay for the extra class?

12) _________ your friends like to swim?

13) _________ Joan watch TV at night?

14) _________ your father work on weekends?

Present Simple: Answering Yes/No Questions

• Do you have a dog?

Yes, I do. / No, I don't

• Do I look fat in these jeans?

No, you don’t!

• Does John speak Italian?

Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.

• Does she like rock music?

Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.

• Do we watch too much TV?

Yes, we do. / No, we don’t.

• Do they understand English?

Yes, they do. / No, they don't.

Can / Can’t / Must / Mustn’t

Have to / Don’t have to

Can = It’s OK

Can’t / Mustn’t = It’s not OK

Have to / Must = It’s necessary / obligatory

Don’t have to Doesn’t = It’s not necessary / obligatory

have to (it’s optional)

(must / mustn’t are more formal)

You can ride your bike here. You can’t smoke here.
You mustn’t smoke here.
 FREE FOOD!

You have to stop here. You don’t have to pay for the food.

You must stop here.

Prepositions: In, At, On

The cat is in the box. The cat is on the table.

 TIME PLACE

IN Cities and countries

• In Tokyo
• In Japan

Months Rooms and buildings

• In January • In the kitchen
• In October • In the supermarket

Seasons Closed spaces

• In the summer • In the car
• In the spring • In a park

Years
• In 2004 • In 1986

Periods of the day

• In the morning
• In the evening

(exception: at night)

TIME PLACE

ON Dates and days

Transportation
• On Monday
• On February 14th • On the bus
• On a bike
• On the train

(exception: in a car)

Surfaces
• On the table
• On the wall
 TIME PLACE

AT
Times Contexts / Events

• At 6:00 • At school
• At half past three • At work
• At noon • At a party

Quiz: IN, ON, AT

Complete each sentence with in, on, or at.

1. "Are you working right now?"

"No, I'm ______ home."

2. "Where's my hairbrush?"
"It's ______ the bathroom." 3. I like to go
skiing ______ the winter.

4. My cousin lives ______ Australia.

5. I'll start my new job ______ March 1st.

6. My sister's arriving ______ the earliest train tomorrow morning.

7. My son is waiting for me to pick him up ______ the bus stop.

8. We're going to a baseball game ______ Saturday.

9. Why are your clothes ______ the floor? Please pick them up and put
them away!

10. My mother's birthday is ______ May.

11. I got lost because I got ______ the wrong bus.

12. It's a dangerous area; you shouldn't go there ______ night.

13. Living ______ New York City is very expensive.

14. My boyfriend and I met ______ the gym. 15. Our company was
founded ______ 1972.

16. I have two classes ______ the afternoon.

17. The meeting ended ______ 4:45.

18. There's a bowl of fruit ______ the table.

 19. We have a big family dinner ______ Christmas Eve.

20. The books are ______ my backpack.

Past Simple: To Be
Positive:
I / he / she / it was born in 1982.

you / we / they were born in 1982.

Negative:

I / he / she / it was not (wasn’t) born in Europe.

you / we / they were not (weren’t) born in Europe.

Questions:

Was I / he / she / it a famous artist?

Were you / we / they a famous artist?

Common words used to talk about the past:

• Yesterday
• Last Sunday / last week / last month / last November / last year
• 1 hour ago / 5 days ago / 3 months ago / 10 years ago • When I
was a child… / When we were in college…
Quiz: Past Simple: Be

1) Where ________ you yesterday afternoon?

A. was
B. wasn't
C. were
D. weren't

2) Where _______ your grandfather born?

A. was
B. wasn't
C. were
D. weren't

3) Pablo Picasso ___________ a writer. He was a painter.

A. was
B. wasn't
C. were
D. weren't

4) My friends ____ at school yesterday because they were sick.

A. was
B. wasn't
C. were
D. weren't

5) "Where were you this morning? You _____ at the meeting."

"I _____ at the dentist's."

A. weren't / was
B. wasn't / was
C. weren't / were
D. were / was

6) Darlene is 27 years old. Ten years ago, she ________ in high school.

A. was
B. were
C. wasn't
D. weren't
7) "Did you like the movie?"
"The special effects ____ great, but the story ____ very good."

A. wasn't / was
B. weren't / were
C. was / weren't
D. were / wasn't

8) Barcelona is a beautiful city! We ______ there for a conference last

month.

A. was
B. wasn't
C. were
D. weren't

9) "Were your colleagues happy about the surprise party?"

"David _____, but Janet and Tim _____ - they hate surprises."

A. were / wasn't
B. was / weren't
C. wasn't / were
D. weren't / was

10) "Were you shy when you were a child?"

"No, I ________. I talked to everyone!"

A. was
B. wasn't
C. were
D. weren't

Past Simple: Regular Verbs

Positive:
I / you / he / she / it / we / they worked yesterday

Negative:

I / you / he / she / it / we / they didn’t work yesterday

Question:

Did I / you / he / she / it / we work yesterday?

/ they

How to form the past simple for regular verbs:

Verb Past Spelling

listen play listened played Add -ed

like decide liked decided Add -d

stop stopped One vowel + one consonant = double

the final consonant and add -ed

study try studied tried One consonant + y → -ied

Past Simple: Regular Verbs

In past simple negative and questions, do not add -ed:

• Mary didn’t liked the movie.

• Mary didn’t like the movie.

• Did you studied for the test?

• Did you study for the test?

Examples:

• I talked with my mother last night.

• We enjoyed the party on Saturday.
• She finished the test early.

• He didn’t listen to the teacher’s instructions.

• They didn’t want to join us for coffee.
• Jill didn’t stay in a hotel last summer.
 • Did you watch the news yesterday?
• Did they remember to turn off the lights?
• What time did your father arrive?

Quiz: Past Simple Regular Verbs

Mark each past simple sentence as correct or incorrect

1. Did the teacher ask you any questions in class this morning?

2. We tryed to talk to the manager, but he was busy.

3. Did you remembered to pay the electric bill?

4. Gabi and Sandy didn't walk to the beach because it was too far.

5. How long you waited for the bus last night?

6. I did start piano lessons last week.

7. What time did the plane land?

8. My brother didn't helped me carry my books.

9. She no called me yesterday.

10. We rented an apartment on our vacation last year.

11. I didn't need to use a calculator for my math homework.

12. Were you want to be a dancer when you were a child?

13. When they arrived at the airport, they checked their bags.

14. Where did you lived when you were a child?

15. “Did you pass the test?”

“No, I didn't.”

Past Simple: Irregular Verbs

Infinitive Positive Negative

be was / were wasn’t / weren’t

buy bought didn’t buy

can could couldn’t

eat ate didn’t eat

get got didn’t get

go went didn’t go

have had didn’t have

leave left didn’t leave

make made didn’t make

meet met didn’t meet

say said didn’t say

see saw didn’t see

take took didn’t take

think thought didn’t think

understand understood didn’t understand

wear wore didn’t wear

write wrote didn’t write

Past Simple: Irregular Verbs

Examples:

• Where were you last month? I was in France.

• What did your sister buy at the mall? She
bought new shoes.
• What time did he eat breakfast today? He ate
breakfast at 6:00 AM.
• When did you get married? We got married in
July.
• Why did she go to London?
She went to London to study English.
• Did you have any pets when you were a child?
Yes, I had a dog.
• When did he leave the meeting?
He left the meeting an hour before it finished
 • What did you make for dinner? I made some
vegetable soup.
• When did you meet your best friend? I met my
best friend 20 years ago.
• What did the teacher say?
The teacher said that she loved our class.
• Did you see Brad at the football game? No, but
we saw Peter and Henry.
• What did he wear to the wedding? He wore a
suit.
• Did he write a new book last year?
No, he only wrote a few magazine articles.

Quiz: Past Simple Irregular Verbs

1) Jimmy and Sean _________ a window while playing baseball inside

the house.

A. bought
B. broke
C. built

2) We _________ really late yesterday.

A. sleeped
B. slept
C. slipt

3) Mrs. Johnson ______ us about World War II in history class.

A. learned
B. taught
C. thought

4) My boss ________ me an important e-mail this morning.

A. said
B. sent
C. spent

5) My favorite team _______ the championship last year.

A. wan
B. wore
C. won
6) Everyone _____ cake at Harold's birthday party on Saturday.

A. ate
B. eat
C. eated

7) I _____ the eggs and milk in the refrigerator.

A. did
B. put
C. went

8) We _________ tickets to the show.

A. didn't get
B. didn't got
C. weren't get

9) I ______ understand the movie we watched in English class.

A. wasn't
B. didn't can
C. couldn't

10) Aaron and Barbara ___________ out after work yesterday.

A. didn't go
B. didn't gone
C. didn't went

11) I ___________ enough time to finish the project.

A. didn't had
B. didn't have
C. hadn't

12) The students ____________ their homework.

A. didn't
B. didn't did
C. didn't do

13) When I was young, my parents _______ me drive their car.

A. didn't let
B. didn't letted
C. weren't let
14. What ___________ at the store?

A. did you buy

B. you bought
C. you did buy

15) When ____________ their house?

A. was they sell

B. did they sell
C. did they sold

16) _______ your father happy when he _________ the news?

A. Wasn't / did hear

B. Were / hear
C. Was / heard

17) How long ____________ you to read the book?

A. did it take
B. did it told
C. did it took

18) What _________ your girlfriend for her birthday last year?

A. gave you
B. did you give
C. you gave

19) Where _________ last Saturday night at 10 PM?

A. was you
B. were you
C. did you

20) I _______ the president at a conference in 2007.

A. did meet
B. met
C. was met
Present Continuous: Positive

Present continuous is for things happening now, at the moment.

I am watching

you / we / they are watching

he / she / it is watching

Examples:

• I am watching TV right now.

• He is studying at the moment.
• It is raining today.
• We are thinking about you.
• They are playing baseball.

It’s very common to use contractions:

• I'm watching TV right now.

• He's studying at the moment.
• It's raining today.
• We're thinking about you.
• They're playing baseball.

Some verbs are never used in the present continuous:

like, want, need, believe.

• I’m believing in God. I believe in God.

• She’s wanting a soda. She wants a soda.

Quiz: Present Continuous Positive

Mark each sentence correct or incorrect

1. Billy and Mark are driving to the airport at the moment.

2. Clara and Jill is reading the newspaper.

3. He's running to work because he's late.

4. I learning English in school. 5. James is listen to the radio.

 6. My children are doing their homework.

7. She wearing a white T-shirt and jeans.

8. Stop opening all the packages - you're making a mess!

9. My friend are talking with the teacher.

10. I'm sitting next to my brother.

Present Continuous: Negative

I am not (I’m listening
not)

you / we / they are not (aren’t) listening

he / she / it is not (isn’t) listening

Examples:

• I am not working at the moment.

• She is not wearing a hat today.

• You are not listening to the teacher.

• Pete and Jan are not watching TV.

There are two ways to use contractions:

• She’s not wearing a hat today. She isn’t wearing a hat today.
• You’re not listening to the teacher. You aren’t listening to the teacher.

Both forms are OK!

Quiz: Present Continuous Negative

Mark each sentence correct or incorrect:

1. Brian isn't eat anything because he just had lunch.

2. He no making dinner.

3. I not reading any books at the moment.

4. My team isn't playing very well in this game.

5. Paula's not wearing sunglasses.

6. They're at the party, but they're not dancing.

7. Tom and Tiffany isn't playing video games now.

8. We're not drinking wine because we have to drive home soon.

9. You're not listen to me.

10. I'm not feeling well. I think it was something I ate.

Present Continuous: Questions

Am I working?

Are you / we / they working?

Is he / she / it working?

Examples:

• Are you writing a letter?

• Is Pedro sleeping right now?
• Are the children playing a game or reading a book?
• Is the computer working?

You can put a question word at the beginning:

• What are you doing?

I’m writing an e-mail.
• Where is Sarah going?
She’s going to the store.
 • Who are they talking to?
They’re talking to the teacher.
• Why is he running?
Because he’s late for work.

Quiz: Present Continuous Questions

Mark each sentence correct or incorrect:

1. Are the children sleeping?

2. How are you feeling today?

3. How many T-shirts you are buying?

4. Is it raining now?

5. What are they try to do?

6. What magazine are you reading?

7. Which hotel he is staying at?

8. Who is she wait for?

9. Why is he leaving school early?

10. What you thinking about?

Present Simple or Continuous?

Use present simple for things that happen in general or regularly. Use present
continuous for things happening now, at the moment, or current/temporary
projects.
Present Simple Present Continuous

I work from 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM every I’m currently working on a new

day. project.

Mark studies English every Tuesday Mark is studying the present

night. continuous this week.

We usually go to Europe in the Right now, we’re going to the

summer. supermarket.
 They always talk to their boss in the It’s 9:00 AM. They’re talking to him
morning. now.

Does it usually rain in the winter? No, but it’s raining at the moment.
Take an umbrella.

Words that are often used with the present simple or continuous:

• With present simple: always, usually, often, sometimes, never, every

(day/night/Monday/summer/year)
• With present continuous: now, right now, at the moment, currently, this
week/month/year, today

Quiz: Present Simple or Continuous

Select the correct option:

1. They always are going / go to the gym after work.

2. He normally works / is working every weekday, but today he works /
isn’t working because it's a holiday. 3. “Where are you going / do you
go?”
"To my grandmother's house - see you later!"

4. How often are you cleaning / do you clean your house?

5. Jane is cold because she doesn’t wear / she’s not wearing a jacket.

6. My colleagues normally are eating / eat lunch in the office.

7. How many children are you having / do you have?

8. My husband is playing / plays tennis three times a week.

9. Please turn down the music; I try / I’m trying to study.

10. Watch out! Your son is running / runs into the street!

11. “What does she do / is she doing?”

"She's baking a cake."

12. Rita doesn’t know / isn’t knowing how to ride a bike.

13. “Where's mom?”

"She takes / She’s taking a shower."
 14. Yes, I can talk now. I don’t drive / I’m not driving.

15. My cousin never gives / is giving me a birthday present.

Countable and Uncountable

Countable nouns are things we can count – for example, cats:

• My brother has a cat.
• My sister has two cats.
• My friend has three cats.

Other examples of countable nouns:

• Things - book, table, computer, banana, shirt, television, house.
• People - man, woman, child, friend, sister, uncle, teacher, boss.

Uncountable nouns are words that we can’t count, or can’t divide into separate
parts:

• Liquids and some foods - water, butter, rice, flour, milk

• Ideas and concepts - love, fun, work, money, peace, safety
• Information - advice, information, news, knowledge
• Categories - music, furniture, equipment, jewelry, meat

Countable Uncountable

dollar / dollars song / money music

songs table / tables furniture wine,
bottle / bottles report water
/ reports job / jobs information
work
Countable and Uncountable

Don’t add -s to make uncountable nouns plural:

• I need some informations about the course.

• I need some information about the course.

You can use other words to help quantify uncountable nouns:

• She bought three bottles of wine and five boxes of rice.

• He gave me two pieces of advice: eat less and exercise more.

With countable nouns, we use many, few, and a lot of:

• How many glasses of water do you drink every day?

• There are too many people in the room.
• I have a few questions about the lesson.
• I eat a lot of vegetables.

With uncountable nouns, we use much, little and a lot of:

• How much water do you drink every day?

• He put too much salt in the soup.
• We have too little information to make a decision.
• She has a lot of experience in this type of work.

We can use some, any, and no with both uncountable nouns and plural countable
nouns:

• Can I borrow some of your books?

• Would you like to listen to some music?
• I don’t have any ideas.
• I don’t have any money.
• There are no chairs in the living room.
• There’s no furniture in the living room.
Quiz: Countable / Uncountable Nouns

1) I didn't understand the lesson, so I asked _____________.

A. a lot of questions.
B. many question.
C. a little question.

2) __________________ think English grammar is difficult.

A. A lot of person
B. Many people
C. Much people

3) _____ of books were delivered to the school yesterday.

A. A few boxes
B. Any boxes
C. Some box

4) Their relationship has ___________________. They argue almost every

day.

A. a lot of problems
B. many problem
C. much problems

5) There are ________________ in the classroom.

A. some desk
B. so much desks
C. twenty desks

6) How ______________ do you drink?

A. lots of tea
B. many tea
C. much tea

7) He has ______________ to do over the weekend.

A. a lot of works
B. many work
C. some work
8) My father's going on _______________ next month.

A. two business trips

B. two business travels
C. much business trips

9) I like ______________ by Lady Gaga.

A. a few songs
B. some musics
C. many music
10. Don't go to that part of the city at night - there's
__________________.

A. a few violence
B. a lot of violence
C. many violences

Future with Going To

Use going to to talk about future events, plans and predictions.

She’s going to have a baby soon.

Positive:
Full Form Contracted Form

I am I’m
You are You’re
going to take a test
He / she / it is He’s / She’s / It’s
tomorrow.
We are We’re
They are They’re

In fast spoken English, going to often sounds like gonna:

“We’re gonna take a test tomorrow.”

Future with Going To

Negative:
Full Form Contracted Form 1 Contracted Form 2

I am not I’m not ---

You are not You’re not You aren’t
going to
He / she is not He’s / She’s not He / she isn’t
take a test
It is not It’s not It isn’t
tomorrow.
We are not We’re not We aren’t
They are not They’re not They aren’t

Question:

Am I going to take a test tomorrow?

Are you
Is he / she / it
Are we they
Are

Don’t forget “am/is/are”!

• I going to buy some new shoes next week.

I’m going to buy some new shoes next week.
• She not going to watch TV.
She’s not going to watch TV.
• They going to get married in June.
They’re going to get married in June.

Quiz: Future with “Going to”

Mark each sentence as correct or incorrect:

1. Is you going to start any new projects this year?

2. Barbara and Adrian is going to start studying English next semester.

3. I going to buy flowers for my girlfriend's birthday.

 4. Laura's not going to stay in a hotel during her next vacation.

5. Is Martha going make a lot of money in her new job?

6. Marty's going to meet John for lunch at 12:30.

7. My father not going to come home until 9:00.

8. They're not going to win the game.

9. Tim and Janet are going cook dinner on Friday.

10. We're going to visit our friends in Rio de Janeiro in

December.

11. What movie are you going to see tonight?

12. I'm not going to eat any dessert after dinner.

Comparative Adjectives

Use comparatives to compare two things:

Phil is 10 years old. Ben is 8 years old.

• Phil is older than Ben.

• Ben is younger than Phil.

For One-Syllable Words

Add –er
Tall Taller

Old Older

Fast Faster

Long Longer

New Newer

• My new car is faster than my old car.

• I'm older than my brother.
• Traveling by bike takes longer than traveling by motorcycle.
For Words that end in a vowel + consonant

Double the last consonant and add –er

Big Bigger

Hot Hotter

Thin Thinner

• An elephant is bigger than a cat.

• Brazil is hotter than Sweden. • My sister is thinner than me.

For Words that end in consonant + y Remove -y and add -ier.

Easy Easier

Happy Happier

Busy Busier

• Reading English is easier than listening.

• Maria is happier than Dave.
• People today are busier than in the past.

For Words with 3+ syllables Add “more”

before the adjective:
Expensive More expensive

Popular More popular

Interesting More interesting

• A car is more expensive than a computer.

• Michael Jackson's music is more popular than country music.
• Watching a movie is more interesting than studying grammar.
Adjectives with Irregular Comparatives
Good Better

Bad Worse

Far Farther

• Eating fruit is better for your health than eating hamburgers.

• Cancer is worse than the flu.
• One mile is farther than one kilometer.

Quiz: Comparative Adjectives

Mark each sentence correct or incorrect:

1. A book is longer a magazine.

2. American football is dangerouser than baseball.

3. This restaurant is more better than the one we ate at yesterday.

4. Ashley is prettier than Sandy.

5. Craig is more friendly than Paul.

6. I'm popular than her.

7. Listening to English is harder than reading English.

8. The couch is more comfortable than the chair.

9. An elephant is bigger of a mouse.

10. The new movie is more bad than the original movie.

11. The sun is hoter than the moon.

12. The weather in London is wetter than the weather in Cairo.

13. This test was easier than the last one.

14. Vegetables are better for your health than candy.

15. The movie was much more interesting than the book.
Superlative Adjectives

Use superlatives to compare three or more things:

Ken is the oldest person in the family.

Billy is the youngest person in the family.

Adjective Superlative

Old the oldest the biggest

the easiest the
Big friendliest the most
beautiful the most
Easy
expensive the best the
Friendly worst the farthest

Beautiful

Expensive

Good

Bad

Far

Examples:

• My grandmother is the oldest person in my family.

• Russia is the biggest country in the world.
• This is the easiest test I've ever taken.
• Barry is the friendliest guy in the class.
• Donna is the most beautiful woman I've ever seen.
• The most expensive shoes in the world cost 1.5 million dollars.
 • I like all sports, but I like soccer the best.
• Picking up garbage was the worst job I've ever had.
• Australia is the farthest I've ever traveled.

Don’t forget “the”!

• I read newest lesson from Espresso English.

• I read the newest lesson from Espresso English.

Superlatives are often used with the present perfect + ever:

• This is the best sushi I've ever eaten.

• What's the most expensive car you've ever driven?
• The longest book I've ever read was 500 pages.
• Jan is the friendliest person I've ever met.

Quiz: Superlative Adjectives

1) That's _______________ movie I've ever seen!

A. funniest
B. the funnier
C. the funniest

2) English is _____________ subject for me, and math is

__________________.

A. the easiest / the most difficult

B. easiest / difficultest
C. the most easy / the most difficult

3) Alaska is _______________ place I've ever been to.

A. coldest
B. the coldest
C. the most cold

4) War and Peace is ____________ book I've ever read.

A. the more long

B. the most long
C. the longest
5) That restaurant has __________ food I've ever eaten. I'll never go back
there again.

A. the baddest
B. the worse
C. the worst

6) Paris is considered one of ___________ cities in the world.

A. romanticest
B. more romantic
C. the most romantic

7) _____________ class at the school starts at 7:00 AM.

A. The earlier
B. The earliest
C. The most early

8) ______________ flight costs $400.

A. The expensivest
B. The worst expensive
C. The least expensive

9) Jaina is ____________ student in the class.

A. the better
B. the best
C. the most good

10) The world's ____________ train has a top speed of 581 kilometers
per hour.

A. fastest
B. most fast
C. faster
Adverbs
Use adjectives to describe nouns (things or people).

Use adverbs to describe verbs (how a person does something):

• That was a terrible game. (adjective – describes “game”)

• The team played terribly. (adverb – describes “played”)
Common adverbs:
Adjective Adverb

slow quiet slowly quietly

bad badly
beautiful beautifully
dangerous dangerously
careful easy carefully
healthy easily
good fast healthily well
hard fast hard

Examples:

• My grandfather drives slowly, but I drive fast.

• The teacher spoke so quietly that I couldn’t hear her.
• I can read English well, but I speak badly.
• Evan lives dangerously. He loves radical sports.
• We wrote the letter carefully so as not to make a mistake.
• I opened the jar easily.
• Soccer players need to eat healthily to stay in good shape.
• Janet works very hard. She arrives at work early and leaves late.

Adjectives often go before the noun or after a form of the verb be. Adverbs
usually go after the verb:

• Ruth is a quiet person. (“quiet” describes “person”)

• The machine is quiet. (“quiet” describes “machine”)
• Ruth speaks quietly. (“quietly” describes “speaks”)
Quiz: Adjective or Adverb?

Choose the correct word to complete each sentence:

1. George gives generous / generously of his time to help poor children

succeed in school.

2. Helen wears very stylish / stylishly clothes.

3. I got a perfect / perfectly score of 100% on my grammar test.

4. My husband learned to cook really good / well after taking a culinary

course.

5. Peter thinks that buying a motorcycle is a bad / badly idea.

6. The music is too loud / loudly; I can’t hear you.

7. Should I stay in my home country or live abroad? It's a hard / hardly

decision.

8. That part of the city isn't very safe / safely.

9. Wanda dances beautiful / beautifully. I'm sure she'll be a professional

ballerina someday.

10. Please carry that box careful / carefully. It has fragile electronic

equipment inside.

Present Perfect: Verb be

Use the present perfect in two situations:

1) To talk about experiences in the past, when we don’t know or don’t say
exactly when the experience happened.

Examples:

• Have you been to Italy?

Yes, I’ve been there three times.
• Have you been to Rio de Janeiro?
No, I haven’t. I don’t like hot weather.
• Has Diana been to a rock concert? Yes, many times!
 • Has your brother been to a big sports event?
No, he hasn’t. He hates sports.

2) To talk about an action or state that started in the past and continues
to the present.

Examples:

• How long have you been married? I’ve been married for five
years.
• How long has John been a teacher?
He’s been a teacher since last January.

Present Perfect: Verb be

Positive
Full Form Short Form

I have I’ve been to Paris.

You have You’ve
We have We’ve
They have They’ve

He / she / it has He’s / she’s / it’s been to Paris.

Negative
Full Form Short Form

I have not I haven’t been to Paris.

You have not You haven’t
We have not We haven’t
They have not They haven’t

He / she / it has not He / she / it hasn’t been to Paris.

Question
Auxiliary Verb Subject
Have I / you / we / they been to Paris?

Has he / she / it been to Paris?

Present Perfect: Other Verbs

Regular verbs
Verb Past Participle Example

travel traveled I’ve traveled to 15 countries in my life.

watch watched She hasn’t watched the movie yet.
pass try passed tried We’ve passed our English test.
stop stopped Have you tried restarting the computer?
They’ve recently stopped smoking.

Irregular verbs
Verb Past Past Participle

break broke broken

buy do bought bought done
eat get did ate eaten gotten
give go got given gone
know gave known
leave went left
make knew made met
meet left seen
see made taken told
take met saw thought
tell took told written
think write thought
wrote
Present Perfect: Other Verbs

Examples:

• I can’t find my car keys. Have you seen them?

No, I haven’t. Sorry.

• We’ve written more than 100 e-mails in the past week.

• My cousin has met a lot of famous people in her life.

• Have you ever broken a bone?

Yes, I have.

• Has she ever eaten Vietnamese food?

No, she hasn’t.

• Have you ever thought about moving to another country?

We’ve thought about it, but we haven’t told our kids.

• The teacher hasn’t given us any homework yet.

• Camilo has made a lot of mistakes in his life.

• Have you ever gotten lost while driving?

No, I haven’t – but my mother has!

• Kristin has never taken singing classes.

Quiz: Present Perfect

Mark each sentence correct or incorrect:

1. Have you ever drived a Ferrari?

2. Gary is known Darla for a long time.

3. Has he ever eaten Brazilian food?

4. She's recently wrote a book.

5. Have you heard the new song by Adele?

 6. He hasn't woken up yet.

7. Help, police! That man's just stolen my wallet!

8. I haven't take the test yet.

9. I've lived in Orlando for three years.

10. Laura have sold her car.

11. No, they hasn't eaten lunch yet.

12. She's been to Berlin twice.

13. They already given me the money.

14. Has you ever met my brother?

15. I haven't read the newspaper in the past week.

Present Perfect or Past Simple

Use the present perfect to talk about a general experience in the past. Use the
past simple to talk about a specific moment in the past.

“Have you seen the new Mission Impossible film?”

“Yes, I have.”
“When did you see it?”
“I saw it last week.”

Use the present perfect for “unspecified” time:

I’ve seen the new Mission Impossible film.

Use the past simple for “specified” time:

I saw the new Mission Impossible film last week.

Present Perfect or Past Simple
Use the present perfect to talk about an action that started in the past and
continues to the present. Use the past simple to talk about an action that started
and finished in the past.

Use the present perfect for “unfinished” time:

“I’ve lived in Brazil for three years.” (and I live in Brazil now)

Use the past simple for “finished” time:

“I lived in Brazil for three years.” (and I don’t live in Brazil now)

Quiz: Present Perfect or Past Simple?

Choose the correct option to complete each sentence:

1. I didn’t see / haven’t seen you at the meeting last Monday.

2. Joel had / has had a lot of interesting jobs in his life. (Joel is still
alive)

3. He knew / ‘s known his best friend since 1990.

4. Dana called / ‘s called me an hour ago.

5. I ‘ve never gone / never went skiing.

6. My parents have lived / lived in the same house for 30 years. (and
they still live there)

7. Did / Have you like / liked the movie we saw yesterday?

8. The first man has walked / walked on the moon in 1969.

9. Richard didn’t meet / hasn’t met the new teacher yet.

10. They didn’t visit / haven’t visited Martha when they visited Los
Angeles last summer.
11. My brother and I didn’t speak / haven’t spoken to each other since
January.

12. Did / Have you ever fall / fallen asleep in class?

13. You're late. The meeting has started / started fifteen minutes ago

14. What airline did you fly / have you flown with on your last
vacation?

15. Did / Has Laurie ever ridden / ride a motorcycle?

16. She had / has had her first child when she was 21.