Gaussian Jordan Method

Engineering Computations
Solution of Systems of Linear Equations

Dr.Wisam Haitham

Computer Engineering Department

College of Engineering
Al-Mustansiriyah University

May/2020

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 Gaussian Jordan Method

Agenda

1 Gaussian Jordan Method

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 Gaussian Jordan Method

Systems of Linear Equations: Gaussian Jordan Method

Gaussian Jordan method is based on the idea of reducing the given

system of equations Ax = b, to a diagonal system of equations
Ix = d, where I is the identity matrix, using elementary row oper-
ations. In this context, the solutions of both systems are identical.
This reduced system gives the solution vector x. This reduction is
equivalent to finding the solution as x = A−1 b.
This method is a variation of Gaussian elimination method. Gauss-
Jordan method is very popular since it goes one step further than
the previous method (Gauss elimination) in that the legal row op-
erations are used to reduced the augmented matrix to reduced row
echelon form. In the context of this method, the elements below
and above the diagonal are simultaneously made zero. This given
system is reduced to an equivalent diagonal form using elementary
transformations. Then, the solution of the resulting diagonal system
is obtained.
Al-Mustansiriyah University, College of Engineering SOLUTION OF SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 3 / 20
 Gaussian Jordan Method

In this case, a system of 3 equations in 3 unknowns:

a11 x1 + a12 x2 + a13 x3 = b1
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + a23 x3 = b2
a31 x1 + a32 x2 + a33 x3 = b3
is written as:
    
a11 a12 a13 x1 b1
a21 a22 a23  x2  = b2  (1)
a31 a32 a33 x3 b3
After some linear transformations, we obtain the 3 × 3 system as

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 Gaussian Jordan Method

    
1 0 0 x1 d1
0 1 0 x2  = d2  (2)
0 0 1 x3 d3
To obtain the system as given in (2), first we augment the matrices
given is (1) as,
 
a11 a12 a13 b1
a21 a22 a23 b2 
a31 a32 a33 b3
After some elementary operations, it is written as,
 
1 0 0 d1
0 1 0 d2  (3)
0 0 1 d3
Then it is easy to get the solution of the system as:
x1 = d1 , x2 = d2 , x3 = d3 .
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 Gaussian Jordan Method

What is Gauss Jordan variation?

In this method zeroes are generated both above and below each pivot
by further subtractions. The final matrix is thus diagonal rather than
triangular and back substitution is eliminated. The idea is practical,
however, it involves more computing strategy (i.e. time, steps,...etc)
than the original algorithm, so it has been restrictly used.
Example 1: Solve the following systems of linear equations by using
the Gauss-Jordan method:
x+y+z=1
4x + 3y − z = 6
3x + 5y + 3z = 4
Solution:
Consider the matrix equation (augmented matrix): ( R= row)
    
1 1 1 x 1
4 3 −1 y = 6
3 5 3 z 4

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 Gaussian Jordan Method

 
1 1 1 1 R1
−
→
 4 3 −1 6  R2
−
→
3 5 3 4 R3
−
→
   
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
R27→R2-4R1
 4 3 −1 6  − R27→R3-3R1  0 −1 −5 2 
−−−−−−→ −−−−−−−→
 
3 5 3 4   0 2 0 1
y y

[4 − 4(1)] [3 − 4(1)] [−1 − 4(1)] [6 − 4(1)]

=0 = −1 = −5 =2

[3 − 3(1)] [5 − 3(1)] [3 − 3(1)] [4 − 3(1)]

=0 =2 =0 =1

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 Gaussian Jordan Method

   
1 1 1 1 1 0 −4 3
R17→R1+R2
 0 −1 −5 2  − R37→R3+2R2  0 −1 −5 2 
−−−−−−→ −−−−− −−−→
  0 0 −10 5
0 2 0 1  
y y

[1 + 0] [1 + (−1)] [1 + (−5)] [1 + 2]
=1 =0 = −4 =3

[0 + 0] [2 + 2(−1)] [0 + 2(−5)] [1 + 2(2)]

=0 =0 = −10 =5

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 Gaussian Jordan Method

   
1 0 −4 3 4
R17→R1- 10 5
R3 R27→R2- 10 R3
1 0 0 1
 0 −1 −5 2  −−−−− −−−→−−−−− −−−→  0 −1 0 −1/2 
0 0 −10 5   0 0 −10
  5
y y

[1 − 0] [0 − 0] [−4 − (4/10) − 10] [3 − (4/10)5]

=1 =0 =0 =1

[0 − 0] [−1 − 0] [−5 − (5/10) − 10] [2 − (5/10)5]

=0 = −1 =0 = −1/2

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 Gaussian Jordan Method

   
1 0 0 1 R37 → R3 1 0 0 1
 0 −1 R27→-R2
−1/2  −−−−−→−−−−−→  0 1 0 1/2 
−10
0
0 0 −10   0 0 1 −1/2
5  
y y

[0] [−(−1)] [0] [−(−1/2)]

=0 =1=0 = 1/2

[0] [0] [−10/ − 10] [5/ − 10]

=0=0 =1 = −1/2

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 Gaussian Jordan Method

Hence,     
1 0 0 x 1
0 1 0 y =  1/2 
0 0 1 z −1/2
Therefore, the solution of the system is, x=1, y=1/2, z=-1/2

Example 2: Solve the following systems of linear equations by

using the Gauss-Jordan method:
10x1 + x2 + x3 = 12
2x1 + 10x2 + x3 = 13
x1 + x2 + 5x3 = 7
Solution:
Consider the matrix equation (augmented matrix):

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 Gaussian Jordan Method

    
10 1 1 x1 12
 2 10 1 x2  = 13
1 1 5 x3 7
 
10 1 1 12 R1 −→
 2 10 1 13 R2
−→
1 1 5 7 R3
−→
   
10 1 1 12 1 −8 −44 −51
R17→R1-9R3
 2 10 1 13  −  2 10
−−−−−−→ 1 13 

1 1 5 7  1 1 5 7
y

[10 − 9(1)] [1 − 9(1)] [1 − 9(5)] [12 − 9(7)]

=1 = −8 = −44 = −51

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 Gaussian Jordan Method

   
1 −8 −44 −51 1 −8 −44 −51
 2 10 R27→R2-2R1 R37→R3-R1
1 13  −−−−−−−→−−−−−−−→  0 26 89 115 
 
1 1 5 7   0 9 49 58
y y

[2 − 2(1)] [10 − 2(−8)] [1 − 2(−44)] [13 − 2(−51)]

=0 = 26 = 89 = 115

[1 − 1] [1 − (−8)] [5 − (−44)] [7 − (−51)]

=0 =9 = 49 = 58

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 Gaussian Jordan Method

   
1 −8 −44 −51 1 −8 −44 −51
 0 26 89 115  −R27→R2-3R3 R27→-R2 
−−−−−−→−−−−−→ 0 1 58 59 
 
0 9 49 58   0 9 49 58
y y

[0] [26 − 3(9)] [89 − 3(49)] [115 − 3(−58)]

=0 =1 = 58 = 59

  " #
1 −8 −44 −51 1 0 420 421
 0 1 R17→R1+8R2 R37→R3-9R2
58 59  −−−−− −−−→−−−−−−−→ 0 1 58 59
 
 0 0 −473 −473
0 9 49 58  y
y

[1 + 8(0)] [−8 + 8(1)] [−44 + 8(58)] [−51 + 8(59)]

=1 =0 = 420 = 421
[0] [9 − 9(1)] [49 − 9(58)] [58 − 9(59)]
=0 =0 = −473 = −473
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 Gaussian Jordan Method

   
1 0 420 421 1
− 473 R3, R1-420R1 R2-58R2
1 0 0 1
 0 1 58 59  −−−−−→−−−− −−→−−−−−→  0 1 0 1 
0 0 −473 −473   
   0 0 1 1
y y y

Hence,     
1 0 0 x1 1
0 1 0 x2  = 1
0 0 1 x3 1
Therefore, the solution of the system is,
x1 = 1, x2 = 1, x3 = 1

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 Gaussian Jordan Method

Example 3: Solve the following systems of linear equations by using

the Gauss-Jordan method:
x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 8
2x1 + 3x2 + 4x3 = 20
4x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 = 16
Solution:
Consider the matrix equation (augmented matrix):
    
1 2 1 x1 8
2 3 4 x2  = 20
4 3 2 x3 16
 
1 2 1 8 R1
−
→
2 3 4 20 R2
−
→
4 3 2 16 R3
−
→

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 Gaussian Jordan Method

   
1 2 1 8 1 2 1 8
R2-2R1,R3−4R1
2 3 4 20 −−−−−−−−−−→ 0 −1 2 4 
4 3 2 16 0 −5 −2 −16

   
1 2 1 8 1 2 1 8
(-1)R2,(−1/5)R3
0 −1 2 4  −−−−−−−−−−→ 0 1 −2 −4 
0 −5 −2 −16 0 1 2/5 16/5
   
1 2 1 8 1 2 1 8
0  R3-R2 
1 −2 −4 −−−−→ 0 1 −2 −4 
0 1 2/5 16/5 0 0 12/5 36/5
   
1 2 1 8 1 2 1 8
(5/12)R3
0 1 −2 −4  −−−−−→ 0 1 −2 −4
0 0 12/5 36/5 0 0 1 3

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 Gaussian Jordan Method

   
1 2 1 8 1 2 0 5
R1-R3,R2+2R3
0 1 −2 −4 −−−−−−−−−→ 0 1 0 2
0 0 1 3 0 0 1 3
   
1 2 0 5 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 2 −−−−→ 0 1 0 2
R1-2R2

0 0 1 3 0 0 1 3
Hence,     
1 0 0 x1 1
0 1 0 x2  = 2
0 0 1 x3 3
Therefore, the solution of the system is,
x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3 = 3

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 Gaussian Jordan Method

Exercises 1:
1 Solve this system of equations using Gauss-Jordan method:
3X + 4Y + 5Z = 18
2x − Y + 8Z = 13
5x − 2Y + 7Z = 20
Answer: (X, Y, Z)=(3, 1, 1)
2 Solve this system of equations using Gauss-Jordan method:
10x1 + x2 + x3 = 12
2x1 + 10x2 + x3 = 13
2x1 + 2x2 + 10x3 = 14
Answer: (x1 , x2 , x3 )=(1, 1, 1)
3 Solve this system of equations using Gauss-Jordan:
2x + Y + 4Z = 4
X − 3y − Z = −5
3X − 2y + 2Z = −1
Answer: (X, Y, Z)=(1, 2, 0)
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 Gaussian Jordan Method

Exercises 2:
1 Using Gauss-Jordan solve:
2x1 + 2x2 − x3 − x4 = 4
4x1 + 3x2 − x3 + 2x4 = 6
8x1 + 5x2 − x3 + 4x4 = 12
3x1 + 3x2 − 2x3 + 2x4 = 6
Answer: (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = (1, 1, −1, −1)

2 Solve the system of equations by Gauss-Jordan method:

x1 + 2x2 + x3 − x4 = −2
2x1 + 3x2 − x3 + 2x4 = 7
x1 + x2 + 3x3 − 2x4 = −6
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 2
Answer: (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = (1, 0, −1, 2)

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