AGRI-FISHERY ARTS

Week 1: EXPLAIN THE BASIC PRINCIPLES AND THEORIES IN AGRICULTURE

Definition of Terms
● Agriculture is the science, art, and practice of cultivating the soil, growing crops, and raising livestock, as well as the preparation,
marketing, and sale of the products and by-products produced in varied degrees.
● Farm equipment refers to the machines that are used to grow crops. They are employed in the preparation of land as well as the
transportation of farm inputs and goods. To operate this equipment, you'll need a highly skilled operator.
● Farm Implements are attachments that are hauled by animals or installed on machines to help with the labor.
● Neolithic is a time in the Stone Age marked by polished stone artifacts.
● Parthenocarpy – the production of fruits without fertilization.
LESSON 1
Origin, Definition and Importance of Agriculture
Agriculture is derived from the Latin words ager, agri, which means "field," and cultura, which means "growth" or "cultivation." It denotes
"field cultivation and growth."

Agriculture is the science or practice of farming that entails the preparation of soil for the growth of crops and fruit-bearing trees. It also
takes into account the breeding of animals for food and other raw materials that can be used to make another product.

Importance of Agriculture

Agriculture is essential to a country's survival and development. It is the source of food, shelter and clothing, which are humanity's most
fundamental requirements, as well as raw materials and job opportunities for a large portion of a country's population. It can be a source
of livelihood that benefits the micro and macro community by supplying and maintaining food and fodder, which are basic necessities for
human survival, promoting diplomatic friendship facilitated by trading systems in the local, national, and international arena, marketable
surplus products, a source of savings for the entire national budget, and the foundation for the economic development of the country. A
country without agriculture is unimaginable. Food security will be jeopardized if agriculture is not supported, which could lead to major
national difficulties. It's possible that the outcome will be negative or even disastrous.

LESSON 2
Brief History of Agriculture
Ancient Ages Era
Agriculture has evolved significantly from the dawn of civilization, dating back at least 10,000 years.
The Fertile Crescent in the Middle East was the site of the first planned sowing and harvesting of wild plants. Northern and southern
China, the Sahel region of Africa, New Guinea, and various regions of the Americas all saw independent agricultural development.
Archeological locations in the Levant and Iran's Zagros Mountains have yielded barley.
Middle Ages Era
Agricultural technology such as irrigation systems based on hydraulic and hydrostatic principles, the use of machinery, water raising
machines, dams, and reservoirs were invented and distributed by Muslim farmers in North Africa and the Near East during the Middle
Ages.
Modern Ages Era
Agricultural techniques, implements, seed stocks, and cultivated plants selected and given a unique name because of their beauty or
useful properties had developed to such an extent by the early 1800s that yield per land unit was several times higher than it had been in
the Middle Ages.
LESSON 3
Branches of Agriculture
Agriculture is divided into 4 main branches:
● Animal Husbandry or Livestock Production
Deals with the science of breeding and raising animals for the purpose of providing food and other resulting products.
● Crop Production or Agronomy
 Agronomy is the study of soil, water, and crop management principles and practices.
● Agricultural Economics
Is the science of managing and sustaining agricultural resources. According to Holerow, “Agricultural economics is concerned with the
allocation of resources in the agricultural industry, with the alternatives in production, marketing or public policy.”
Agricultural economics examine farm production efficiency, the returns that follow from using various quantities and combinations of
inputs in farming, and selecting the optimal farm production options under given physical and economic conditions.
● Agricultural Engineering
The branch of engineering that deals with the design, manufacture, and improvement of farm machinery and equipment. Agricultural
engineers combine farming with technology. They may, for example, design new and improved farming equipment which are more
efficient or capable of doing new jobs. Dams, water reservoirs, warehouses, and other agricultural infrastructure are designed and built
by them. They may also be able to assist in the development of pollution control systems for large farms. Non-food resources like algae
and agricultural waste are being used by some agricultural engineers to generate new types of biofuels.

Week 2: EXPLAIN THE BASIC FUNDAMENTALS OF AGRICULTURAL CROP PRODUCTION

Crop Production or Agronomy
Agronomy is the study of soil, water, and crop management principles and practices.
Food crops, fodder crops, fiber crops, sugar, oilseeds, and other crops are among the crops that are produced. The goal is to improve
food production as well as disease control. Agros is the Greek word for "field," and nomos is the Greek word for "management."
Branches of Agronomy
The science and art of cultivating and caring for plants, particularly flowers, fruits, and vegetables, is known as horticulture. The name
comes from the Latin words hortus, which means "garden," and colere, which means "to cultivate." It is a broad phrase that relates to
various types of garden management, but it is most commonly used to refer to intensive commercial output.
Pomology, olericulture, and floriculture are the three branches of horticulture.
Pomology is a discipline of botany that studies all fruits, with a focus on the science of fruit and nut cultivation. The word comes from the
Latin words pomum, which means "fruit," and logia, which means "learning field." It focuses on the production of fruits, nuts, fruit-bearing
and nut-bearing trees/plants for human use and consumption as a part of horticulture.
Olericulture is the science and art of cultivating vegetables, focusing on the cultivation of non-woody (herbaceous) plants for human use.
The word comes from the Latin words oleris, which means "pot herb," and colere, which means "to cultivate."
Floriculture encompasses the farming, plant care, propagation, and cultivation of flowering and attractive plants for gardens and floristry.
The term comes from the Latin words floris, which means "flower," and colere, which means "to cultivate." It is all about flower cultivation.

LESSON 4
Types of Agricultural Crops and Their Classification
Categories of Agricultural Crops:
According to Use
Food Crops are plants raised, cultivated, and harvested for human consumption. Field crops and root crops are two subcategories.
Field crop is a crop grown on a wide scale for agricultural reasons that is not a fruit or vegetable. Wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane, and other
fodder crops are examples of this type of crop. A considerable portion of agricultural land and crop earnings is often devoted to these
crops.
Root Crops are underground plant portions that are edible to humans.
Feed/Forage Crops plants that are cultivated for livestock consumption.
Fiber Crops plants that are cultured for their fibers for used as raw materials.
Oil Crops are plants cultivated for use for their oil as in biodiesel production.
Ornamental Crops plants grown primarily for decorative purposes, particularly in gardens and landscape design projects.
Industrial Crops plants grown for their biological elements, which are employed in the production of non-edible goods in industrial
operations.
 According to Means of Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Plants that are grown from seeds resulting from the union of the male and female gametes.
Asexual Reproduction
Plants that reproduce vegetatively without the union of sexual gametes are referred to as asexual.
According to Mode of Pollination
Naturally self-pollinated crops – self-pollination is the predominant mode of pollination. These are crops produced by crossing two
homozygous varieties.
Naturally cross-pollinated crops – or hybrid crops are produced by crossing two inbred varieties.
Both self and crossed pollinated crops – Plants that can self-pollinate and can also be pollinated by other plants.
According to Growth Habits
Herb – is any succulent seed-bearing plant without a woody stem that dies down to the ground after flowering.
Vines – are herbaceous climbing or twining plants with no self-supporting stems.
Lianas are woody climbing or twining plants that rely on other plants for vertical support.
Shrubs are small trees or tree-like plants that are normally less than 5 meters tall or any small, erect woody plants.
Trees are plants with a single distinct stem or trunk that grow upright and continuously with a significant amount of woody tissue.
Evergreen are plants that keep their leaves all year round are known as evergreens.
Deciduous plants are those that shed or lose their leaves on an annual basis over an extended period of time.
According to Life Span
Annual crop is a plant that completes its life cycle in one growing season, from germination through seed production, and then dies.
Rice, corn, and other annual crops are examples.
Biennial crop is a plant with a biological life cycle of two years. Cabbage, parsley, and other plants are examples.
Perennial crop is a plant that lasts for more than two years. The phrase is frequently used to distinguish a plant from annuals and
biennials, which have shorter lives. Plants with little or no woody development are often referred to as perennials, as are trees and
shrubs.

LESSON 5
Types of Commercial Food Crops in the Philippines
Commercial food crops in the Philippines are grouped into five (5) major categories
 Cereal Crops Vegetable crops
 Root and tuber crops Fruit Crops
 Sugar Crops
Cereal crops are members of the grass family cultivated mainly for their grains or seeds.
Root and tuber crops are cultivated for their enlarged, edible roots or stems.
Sugar crops are grown primarily for the production of sugar and, secondarily for the production of alcohol and ethanol. Sugar beets and
sugarcane are the two principal sugar crops.
Vegetable crops any plant which part is consumed for food that is not fruit or seed, but includes mature fruits served as a main course.
Fruit crops are cultivated for their fleshy or hard edible fruits.

LESSON 6
Plant parts and Its Functions
Functions of Plant Parts
The main parts of a plant are the leaves, stem, and roots. These parts play a vital role in its growth and development.
The Roots
The primary functions of the root system are absorption of water and nutrients from the soil, correct anchorage of plant parts, storage of
reserve food material, and synthesis of plant growth regulators. Roots can be fibrous or belong to a taproot system. A fibrous root
system is made up of a lot of fibers. Other roots originate from the taproot system, which carries nutrients from the soil to the plant.
The Stem
A vascular plant (one with tissues for transferring water and nutrients) includes two structural parts: the stem and the root. The stem is
the section of the plant that is above ground and supports the leaves and buds. It's like a plant's main highway, and it's essential to its
survival. Stems have areas where leaves are born. These are called nodes, whereas internodes are the areas between two nodes.
Some stems are used for food storage, support, protection, and vegetative propagation.
The Leaves
The plant's major food-producing organs are the leaves. Carbon dioxide and water are used to make starch and other carbohydrates.
Because of the pigment chlorophyll, most leaves are green in hue. It is necessary for the plant's food production. Stomata are small
openings on the surface of leaves. They play a crucial role in the plant's oxygen release and carbon dioxide absorption, both of which
are required for photosynthesis.
Leaf Venation
Venation is the arrangement of veins and veinlets in the lamina of a leaf. The venation is called reticulate when the veinlets create a
network. The venation is called parallel when the veins inside a lamina run parallel to each other. Most dicotyledonous plants have
reticulate venation on their leaves, but most monocotyledons have parallel venation.
The Flower
In angiosperms, the flower is the reproductive unit. It's designed to be used for sexual reproduction. The reproductive organs are the
androecium and gynoecium. A flower is bisexual if it has both androecium and gynoecium. Unisexual flowers are those that have only
stamens or carpels. Aestivation refers to the way sepals or petals in a floral bud are arranged in relation to the other members of the
same whorl.
The Fruit
Fruit is a distinctive feature of flowering plants. It is an ovary that has reached maturity or ripeness following fertilization. A
parthenocarpic fruit is one that develops without the ovary being fertilized. After fertilization, the ovules grow into seeds.

Week 3: EXPLAIN THE FUNDAMENTALS OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION

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Animal or Livestock Production
Deals with the science of breeding and raising animals for the purpose of providing food and other resulting products.
The term "livestock" refers to domesticated animals raised in an agricultural context to provide labor and commodities such as meat,
eggs, milk, fur, leather, and wool are generally referred to as livestock.
Poultry Production refers to the production of domesticated fowls.
It is the practice of growing birds for meat and eggs, as well as feathers and other puposes, on a domestic or commercial scale. Guinea
birds and squabs (young pigeons) are mainly of local interest, whereas chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese are of primary importance.
Swine Production deals with the production and management of pigs. It involves growing and producing domestic pigs as livestock. Pigs
are mostly raised for food (pork, bacon, and gammon), but they are also skinned occasionally.
Ruminant Production involves the knowledge and management of ruminants. Large ruminants like cattle and carabaos are reared for
labor, leather, meat or milk. Small ruminants like goats and sheep are likewise raised for their meat and milk and wool.
Minilivestock or micro stock involves raising of insects as a livestock.
Apiculture is an example of minilivestock. It is the scientific approach of beekeeping. Apiculture is derived from the Latin words apis,
which means "bee," and colere, which means "culture." The primary purpose of beekeeping is to produce honey. Apiculture, often known
as beekeeping, is the practice of caring for and managing honeybees to produce honey and wax. Bees are professionally produced in
apiaries, which are large areas where many beehives can be placed, under this type of apiculture. Apiaries can be built in regions with
plenty of bee pastures, which are mainly flowering plants.
Other Monogastric Animal Production is the practice of raising other monogastric animals aside from poultry and swine, like horses,
rabbits, among others for their meat, sports and recreation purposes, fur, leather, etc.
Aquaculture deals with the production of both marine and fresh aquatic animals.
Types of Breeds of Farm Animals
Breeds of Ducks
Meat Type
Muscovy Duck or pato has low egg production and mainly raised for its meat.
Egg Type
Pateros or Mallard duck is a native duck from the Philippines. Pateros ducks are smaller than imported breeds, yet they are excellent
layer ducks. During the laying season, they lay 100 eggs. Rivers, brooks, and ponds are common places for these ducks to be reared.
Snails and tiny clams provide them with food. Female ducks make a low-pitched "quack," and their tail feathers are spread flat across
their bodies. The male, on the other hand, has curled feathers on top of his tail and a higher pitched chirp.
Indian Runner- This duck breed was developed in England and is known as the "leghorn" of the duck family. This breed has a high
capacity for producing eggs. They lay eggs on a daily basis, and the eggs are large and have a white shell.
Khaki Campbell -Their feathers are light brown, with a coarse head and curly tail. This species is quite active in its natural settings but
does not like to swim. Under local conditions, eggs have a high fertility and hatchability. The eggs are big and have a thick shell.
Breeds of Chicken
Chicken breed can be classified in accordance with their purpose. Some are bred for meat, eggs and as game fowls. Other breeds can
be used for both meat and eggs.
Native Breeds
Joloano – a heavyset bird famous in cockfighting is a native from Mindanao.
Darag – a breed native in the Panay Island, functions as an egg and meat type chicken
Banaba – coined as the original fighting bird in the Philippines
Bolinao – originating from Pangasinan and can be utilized as a meat and egg type chicken.
Paraokan- Native chicken breed and is considered the largest breed in the Philippines
Imported Breeds
White Leghorn – mostly used as a layer chicken and seldom go broody. This breed originated from Italy.
Arbor Acres – the most popular broiler type chicken in the Philippines. This breed are supplied by San Miguel Corporation. Some
characteristics of the breed are very good growth rate, efficient feed conversion ratio and good meat yield.
Hubbard – The breed popular for broiler type free range chicken.
Rhode Island Red – A dual type chicken originating from America. Among the dual types, it is the most prolific egg producing breed.
They usually have light brown colored eggs.
Breeds of Quails
Local quail or pugo- This breed is originally found in the wild, in fields and forests and had been domesticated for its eggs and meat.
Tuxedo - A white patch on the breast and silver, white with black eyes are the notable characteristics of this breed. They are mainly
raised for eggs and meat.
Japanese- This breed as the name implies Japanese origin. It has a maroon-colored feather at the base of its head. Because they lay
more eggs than other breeds, they are the breed recommended for beginners. At two months old, they begin laying eggs. Within a year,
they can produce up to 300 eggs.
Chinese- This breed is plentiful in Southeast Asia. They prefer to live in pairs. The brown tint of the upper body and the red belly
differentiate these breeds. They are primarily tamed for the purpose of decoration.
Breeds of Hogs
Hampshire – notable characteristics of this breed is its black colored skin, with white belt around the body. The are known for their short,
good quality meat and strong legs.
Landrace – white colored breed of swine noted for being prolific, having a long face, good mothering ability, but having weak legs.
 Duroc Jersey – Swine breed having a range of red colors from light to dark. They have a strong constitution, strong legs, are stress
tolerant, and grows fast.
Breeds of Cattle
There are a variety of cattle breeds raised in the Philippines.
The Philippine cattle are hardy, resistant, and prolific. This breed is raised for work and for meat purposes.
Improved breeds
Brahman – developed in the United States, this breed is silver-gray in color with some reddish undertones. It is disease resistant and has
a higher heat tolerance. A huge hump on its shoulder is the characteristic of this breed.
Red Sindhi – is a dual-purpose breed for meat and milk. It is known for its large milk output.
Holstein Friesian – known to be the world’s highest milk producers, is notable for its white with black patches and the white with red
patches skin coloring.
Breeds of Goats
Dual Purpose breeds
Anglo-Nubians- a tropical breed goat which can produce 2-3 liters of milk daily. They usually have black to gray color.
Jumna Pari – this is a native of India and thrives well in tropical countries. They are raised for their meat but also good in milk production.
Dairy breeds
Saanen- this breed is considered the highest producers of milk.
Alpine — This European type can produce up to 4 liters of milk every day. Their hue varies from off-white to black, and they have
markings on both sides of their bellies.
The Philippine native goat comes in a variety of colors, including black, brown, and white. This breed is mostly used for meat production.
Breeds of Carabaos
The Philippine carabao is raised primarily for its meat and for draft purposes.
Murrah – this breed orinated from India and is reared for dairy production.
Nili Ravi – a breed native of India and Pakistan type of breed that has large frame

Types of housing and equipment for the herd and flock

Housing for ducks
Ducks, unlike hens, do not require expensive housing. The cheapest materials used in the construction of their homes are bamboo and
nipa. Enclose the house on three sides and leave one open as a door. To encourage optimal growth and egg production, the housing
should be adequately ventilated, dry, and well-lit. Ducks are water enthusiasts, so water should be always readily available to prevent
diseases caused by a lack of water.
Housing for chicken
The goal of poultry housing is to give birds with a clean, dry, and secure place in which to live. A naturally ventilated house that can be
scaled to any size is the most cost-effective option.
Housing for Hogs
To offer comfort for the pigs, the building's long axis must be oriented east-west to shield the animals from direct sunshine. The following
roofing type should be taken into consideration in building houses for hogs.
 Semi-Monitor Type roofs are modified gable roofs with a top aperture for increased ventilation.

 Large-scale piggery farms use monitor type roofs. This sort of roof allows for more air flow.
 Gable type roof housing is used in large piggery farms.

Commercial piggery farms have separate units for different age groups of pigs, such as protestation and board, gestation, farrowing,
nursery until weaning, and growing finishing.
Housing of Cattle and Carabaos
To raise cattle successfully in your backyard, you'll need the right shelter and equipment. Cattle should be kept out of extremes of heat
and cold. Although the housing requirements for cattle are not as complex as those for chickens, they should be given some shade.
Local materials such as bamboo, nipa, and wood can be used to construct cattle shed. Never use wire to enclose coral since it could
harm the animals.
Backyard corral - This structure can accommodate 1 to 7 cows. In front of the coral, a feeding trough should be supplied.
Cogon-shed type of housing - Cogon, bamboo, and lumber make up this form of cattle house. The quantity of cattle to be reared
determines the size of the dwelling. Concrete can be used for the floors, feeding troughs, and water troughs.
Rectangular-shaped housing - It is the most widely utilized cattle shelter in the country for commercial cattle raisers. The manger is in the
center of the shed, which is open on all sides. Concrete is used for the floor, feeding trough, and water.
Housing of Goats
Because goats prefer to reside in elevated areas, the goat house's floor should be cemented and elevated. Cleaning will be easier if the
pen is elevated with slotted bamboo or cement floors. Goat houses can be created out of local materials. The size of the goat home is
determined by the type of livestock maintained. Build separate housing for the animals, particularly the doe that is about to give birth.
Forage crops, grasses, and salt should be stored in racks and boxes in the goats' stall. Water buckets should be placed inside the barn
because goats require water on a regular basis.

Week4: EXPLAIN THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF AQUACULTURE

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LESSON 1
Definition of Fishery
Fish are scaly-skinned vertebrates that swim and can be found in both fresh and saline water. There are over 34,000 species of fish.
Because of their gills, it breathes underwater, obtaining oxygen from the water to meet the body's demands for survival. Because they
have a skeleton with a spine, fish are considered vertebrates. Fish have a skeleton formed of bone, just like mammals, birds, reptiles,
and amphibians. Rays and sharks, on the other hand, have a cartilage-like skeleton. To swim through water, a fish waggles its tail. Their
fins serve as a steering mechanism and help them maintain their balance. Skin covers the fins, but there is no scale on them.
Fishery (plural: fisheries) is the term referring to the organized human effort to catch fish or other aquatic species, which includes the
processing and sale of fish and other fishery products as well as the protection and conservation of fish and other fishery products for
long-term usage.
Importance of Fishery
Fisheries play a critical part in an economy's survival and growth. It provides food, which is one of mankind's most fundamental needs,
but it also provides work possibilities to a large portion of the country's people. It can be a source of income that helps the micro and
macro community by supplying and maintaining food and fodder, which are basic necessities for human survival, promoting diplomatic
relationships through a trading system that facilitates local, national, and international trade, and protecting our environment and natural
resources, another source of national budget savings and the foundation of a country's economic progress. Without fisheries, the
economy will be at risk of food security, which could lead to significant national issues. The obverse of the above-mentioned assertions
may occur.
LESSON 2
Brief History of Fishery
The Tianyuan man ate freshwater fish on a regular basis between 42,000 and 39,000 years ago. People did the majority of the work in
the hunter-gatherer lifestyle. As a result, they migrate a lot in order to find food. The cave and/or shell midden are the sole permanent
settlements. The evidence of fishing in the early ages was corroborated by discarded fish bones and carved paintings in caves. They
hunt fish in both salt and freshwater, as evidenced by the artworks. One example comes from Southern France, where the cave art
dates back 16,000 years.
Fishing is mostly utilized for food, but it is also a pleasure pastime.
Fishing is still a popular activity and a significant element of several countries' economies. The business of capturing, handling, taking,
marketing, and preserving fish and other fisheries products is referred to as fishing.
Branches of Fishery
Fishery has three (3) branches
Fish Culture – the human effort of raising the maximum productivity of fish and other fishery aquatic products and maintaining the supply
of these products to satisfy human needs. It is also defined as the art and science of cultivating, rearing, and propagating fish and other
aquatic products in a regulated or semi-controlled environment. It is primarily used to support and sustain human consumption
requirements.
A controlled environment for fish culture is an aquarium, tank, hapa, fish cage, pen, or pond.
Fish propagation, cultivation, and conservation are the three major phases of fish culture.
Fish propagation is the process of encouraging or enhancing the reproduction and survival of fish and other aquatic products through
natural or artificial means. It entails keeping, nurturing, and spawning breeders in tanks or ponds, hatching the eggs in hatcheries, and
nursing the delicate larvae up to size sufficient for stocking in grow-out or rearing regions.
Fish Cultivation refers to the raising of fish and other aquatic products from a juvenile stage, such as fry and fingerlings, to marketable
size. In any of the raising contraptions or constructions, it is done in fresh, brackish, and marine waters.
Extensive, semi-intensive, and intensive are the other types of sub-categories based on the techniques used and financial inputs.
Extensive Fish Farming
The fish eat exclusively from the pond's food web, which can be improved with the addition of fertilizer or manure.
Semi-Intensive Fish Farming
The fish still get a lot of nutrition from the pond's food web, but they also get supplemental feed.
Intensive Fish Farming
The fish are kept at an excessively high stocking density, making it impossible for them to receive sufficient nourishment from their
surroundings.
Fish conservation refers to the public oversight and management of diverse fisheries that are depleted in fish and other fishery products.
It should be designed in such a way that the maximum sustainable output of fish is achieved. For example, continued usage of a
fishpond without sufficient care, such as fertilizer application, reduces the soil's productivity. It reduces fish's ability to reproduce.
Fish Capture – branch of fishery science deals with the scientific method of catching fish as well and the type of fishing gear used. It
consists of a set of rules or principles for capturing or operating fish in a consistent manner. It comprises of fishing gear, technology, and
equipment for systematic capture.
Fish Preservation – branch of fishery science that deals with the scientific method of preserving fish and other fishery aquatic products to
prevent spoilage.
It is any operation that can obstruct or hinder the natural disintegration or decay of the fish. It's called fish processing.

Week5: EXPLAINING THE BASIC PRINCIPLES AND THEORIES IN FISHERY ARTS

MORPHOLOGY OF COMMON FISH – ITS PARTS AND FUNCTIONS
1. Operculum/gill cover - part of the fish that covers the gills.
2. Scales - part of the fish that cover the body.
3. Lateral lines - lines along the body of the fish used to help the fish adapt itself to its new environment.
4. Fins - part of the fish that used for swimming, balancing and propelling in water.
5. Eyes - part of the fish that used for seeing
6. Mouth - part of the fish that used for swallowing objects, particularly food
7. Anus - part of the fish that serves as an excretory organ of the fish where the waste matter coming from the body of fish passes
out
8. Caudal Peduncle - part of the fish that connect the body and the tail
9. Nostril - part of the fish that used for smelling
10. Vent - the opening between the anus and the anal fin where the fish will excrete either eggs or sperm. Also known as genital
papilla

1. Spine - the primary structural framework upon which the fish’s body is built. It connects to the skull at the front of the fish and
the tail at the rear. The spine is made up of numerous vertebrae, which are hollow, and which protect the delicate spinal cord.
2. Spinal cord - the part that connects the brain to the rest of the body and relays sensory information from the body to the brain,
as well as instruction from the brain to the rest of the body.
3. Brain - the control center of the fish where both automatic functions and higher behaviors occur. All sensory information is
processed here.
4. Lateral line - one of the fish’s primary sense organs. It detects underwater vibration and can determine the direction of their
source.
5. Swim or Air Bladder - a hollow, gas-filled balance organ that allows a fish to conserve energy by maintaining neutral buoyancy
in water.
6. Kidney - filters liquid waste materials from the blood. These wastes are then passed out the body.
7. Stomach and intestines - break down food and absorb nutrients.
8. Pyloric caeca - finger like projection located near the functions of the stomach and the Intestine. It known to secrete enzymes
that aid digestion. It may also function to absorb digested food or do both.
9. Liver - it assists digestion by secreting enzymes that break down fats, and serves as storage area for fats and carbohydrates.
10. Heart - circulates blood throughout the body.
11. Muscle - provide movement and locomotion. These are parts of the fish that are usually eaten.
They compose the fillet of the fish.
12. Gonad - hormone-secreting sexual gland of a fish.

Fish Morphology: Fish Shapes

TYPES OF FISH SCALES

• Placoid - It resembles a miniature tooth called denticles. Ex. shark scales

• Cycloid - It is oval or circular in outline and has a smooth and exposed rear edge.
• Ctenoid – It is scales that have a rear edge made of small brush-like spines or comb liked teeth. Ex. Scales of perch, pongies
and bass
• Ganoid – It is a four- sided plate that fits closely against adjacent plates without overlapping.

PARTS OF GILLS
1. Gills Filaments - used for exchange of gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide
2. Gills Arch - used for support and passing for blood to and the gill filaments
3. Gill Rakers - used for straining food from the water

TYPE OF MOUTH
 Color Patterns of Fishes

Week6: EXPLAINING THE BASIC PRINCIPLES AND THEORIES IN FISHERY ARTS

Basic Philippine Fishing Methods and Gears
1. Passive gear using bare hand – a method that is composed of the simplest forms of gathering aquatic resources (i.e., hand
picking and diving)
2. Active gear - a method that depend on the psychological reaction of fish to certain physical or chemical properties
a. Mechanical stupefying
 Hitting a fish directly with any object like stones, clubs, hammers etc.
 Hitting a submerged stone with another where fish is hiding.
 Using of dynamite detonated by a blasting cap with a short fuse
3. Fishing Using Miscellaneous Hand or Grappling Instruments - are generally used for gathering sessile or trapped animals
(panikwat)
4. Wounding Gear - gears used by man who to wound a fish from some distance either by throwing pointed objects or using
special equipment
a. Spears, Lances, and Arrows - instruments with pointed barbed or barbless blades at the right straight tip which are not
removable from the handle and generally thrown by hand or sometimes from a gun or bow-like device like pana, sibat, salapang or tiksal.
b. Harpoons - pointed instruments with barbed blades detachable from the handle and either thrown by hand or discharged from a
gun, panibat, or pamaril.
c. Fishing Rifle is a fishing implement designed to launch a spear at fish or other underwater animals.
5. Barriers and Traps - gears that lead the fish into a situation or enclosure from which it cannot escape or from which the way of
escape is not easily located.
a. Barricades - complete barriers made of wooden trunks, debris, mud, weeds, banana stalks, rocks or bamboo webbing built
across the natural migration path of fish.
b. Fish shelter - a structure made of anchored bunches of twigs and bushes, piles of rocks or poles which become the hiding place
for fishes.
c. Fish coral - a guiding barrier constructed of bamboo, brush or chicken wire which is set in tidal waters or along natural ways of
fishes.
d. Fish pots - basket-like enticing devices usually baited and made of bamboo, chicken wire, rattan and other suitable materials.

6. Fishing with lines - method of line fishing with hooks that follows the principle of offering the fish real or artificial bait which it tries to
catch.
a. Handlines - long simple lines with one or small series of hooks requiring constant attention.
 Simple handline or drop line-pangawil or kawil - single line with one or two barbed hooks
 Pole and line - handline attached to a pole (bingwit) used with various kinds of baits (baliwasnan or bingwit)
 Multiple handline - single with line series of barbed hooks
 Jigger - used in catching squids (kawil pangpusit)
 Troll line - handline with a hook at the free end with natural or artificial bait drawn or towed by a fast-moving banca or boat.
b. Longlines - extremely long lines with a large series of baited hooks either set or drifting that requires only periodical attention at
more or less a fixed time interval.

Multiple handline
 Set long lines – are lines anchored or fixed and not free to move with the current.
 Drift long lines - lines without fixed attachments.
7. Falling Gear - a type of gear that works on the principle of covering the fish with a gear. a. Cover pot (salakab)
 Cover net (panaklob)
 Cast net – a conical net which when thrown forms a circle covering the fish.
8. Fish Impounding Nets – gear usually made of woven or knitted fibers with mesh to confine the fish.

a. Filter nets – a conical bag net without funnel – shaped valves made of sinamay cloth or cotton netting fixed shrimps, crabs,
fishes etc.
b. Hoop nets – funnel – shaped bag-nets constructed over circular frames that have non-return valves but no wings. Can catch
fishes in rivers and places with fast currents by straining the water (bukato na lambat)
c. Fyke nets – winged conical filter nets with a series of circular hoops leading into a closed sac or trap with a small opening that
makes exit difficult.
(dayakos)
d. Pound nets – fixed impounding net supported by stakes or held in place or maintained in form by a combination of floats or
buoys and weights and anchors (otoshi-ami)
9. Scooping nets – net that take fish by submerging a hanging net and swiftly lifting the gear to capture or enclose the fish over it.
10. Drive-in Gear – a gear uses a scare line or other devices to frighten the fish toward the net. The harvest of the fish is affected by
the lifting process of the nets.
a. Drive-in-net (kalaskas)
b. Muro-ami
11. Dragged Gear – nets which are pulled through the water or near the bottom or even pelagically for an unlimited time
a. Dredges – net used to collect shellfish by raking or scratching action. (kaladkad) b. Trawls – nets in the form of a conical bag with the
mouth kept open by various devices and the entire gear is towed behind a moving boat. (galadgad or taksay). .
c. bottom trawl and mid-water or pelagic trawl
12. Seine nets – nets that consist of a bust or bag with very long wings or towing warps. The capture of fish is done by surrounding
a certain area of water with school of fish and towing the gear over this area with both ends to a fixed point on the shore or on a vessel.
13. Surrounding Nets - fishing devices made of long walls of webbings; capture of fish is by surrounding the fish not only from the
side but also from beneath.
14. Gill Nets - simple walled curtain-like nets set vertically in water.
15. Traps For Jumping or Flying Fishes - a method of catching fish that it jumps, falls back into a horizontal floating or suspended
net, raft trap, or even in an empty boat or box (pangsiriw in Iloko).