Learning Targets:

At the end of the module, students will be able to:

1. Review the history and significance of the nursing
profession;
Name: 2. Identify the nursing philosophies and their proponents; 3.
Enumerate and describe the conceptual models of nursing;
_____________________________________________ and,
4. Recall all the nursing theories and their historical
significance.
____________ Section: ____________ Schedule:
A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
___________________________________
Introduction:
Nursing Seminar 1 Materials:
Module #1 Student Activity Sheet Electronic gadget, pen, & notebook

Class number: _______

Date: _______________ Reference:

Alligood, M. (2018). Nursing theories and their work (9th

ed.). Singapore: Elsevier.
Lesson title: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF
NURSING

Hello, PHINMA Ed student! Welcome to Nursing Seminar 1. This professional subject of BS Nursing deals with the
application of the concepts, principles and processes basic to the practice of nursing with emphasis on health
promotion, health maintenance, preventive, risk reduction, curative and rehabilitative aspects of care of patients of all
ages with various health conditions. It includes the utilization of the nursing process and the core competencies
under the eleven (11) key areas of responsibility.

In today’s session, you are tasked to set expectations as you get oriented with what the subjects is all about and to
determine the nature of your mode of learning. You may write in this area the vital policies, rules, and regulations to
be noted in this class. You may also refer to the Course Outline to be provided by your instructor.

B. MAIN LESSON

Outline of the Topics:

I. Introduction to Nursing Theory

A. History of Nursing
B. Significance for the
*Discipline
*Profession

II. Nursing Philosophies

A. Florence Nightingale’s Environmental Theory
B. Jean Watson’s Philosophy and theory of transpersonal caring
C. Benner’s Stages of Nursing Expertise
D. Erikson’s Carative Caring Theory

III. Conceptual Models of Nursing

A. Orem’s Self-care Deficit Model
B. Roger’s Science of Unitary Human Being Conceptual Models of Nursing
C. King’s General System Framework Nursing Conceptual Model
D. Neuman’s System Model
E. Roy’s Adaptation Model
 F. Johnson’s Behavioral Systems Model

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B. Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relationship
C. Orlando’s Theory of deliberate Nursing Process
D. Travelbee’s Human-to-Human Relationship Model of
Nursing E. Hall’s Core, Care, Cure Theory of Nursing
Name: F. Abdellah’s Twenty-One Nursing Problems

_____________________________________________
Check for Understanding
Nursing Seminar 1
____________ Section: ____________ Schedule:
Module #1 Student Activity Sheet
___________________________________
Class number: _______
IV. Nursing Theorists of Historical Significance
A. Levine Conservation Model
Date: _______________

After studying the main lesson, you may now answer the following multiple choice questions and provide the
rationale for each item.

1. Florence Nightingale’s theory focused on environment. Which of the following did she define and describe in
her theory?
a. Food, air, water, elimination, and shelter
b. Ventilation, warmth, light, diet, cleanliness, and noise
c. Physical, emotional, mental and spiritual
d. Physiologic, safety, love & belongingness, self-esteem, and self-actualization
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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2. In Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring, she has stated that nursing is concerned with the following, except:
a. Promoting health c. Caring for the sick
b. Preventing illness d. Identifying the basic needs
ANSWER: ________

RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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 3. According to Jean Watson, which one is central to nursing practice and promotes health better than a simple
medical cure?
a. Caring ANSWER: ________
b. Compassion c. Dedication d. Empathy

RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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4. In Jean Watson’s theory she has stated to focus on which of the following?
a. Treatment of diseases ANSWER: ________
b. Rehabilitation c. Health promotion d. Control of environment

RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________

Nursing Seminar 1
Name: Module #1 Student Activity Sheet

_____________________________________________
Class number: _______
____________ Section: ____________ Schedule:
Date: _______________

5. In Patricia Benner’s nursing theory she has described the advanced-beginner nurse as
a. They are taught general rules to help perform tasks, and their rule-governed behavior is limited
and inflexible.
b. Shows acceptable performance, and has gained prior experience in actual nursing
situations. c. Generally, has two or three years’ experience on the job in the same field.
d. Perceives and understands situations as whole parts.
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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6. How many levels of nursing experience did Patricia Benner identify?

a. 3 ANSWER: ________
b. 4 c. 5 d. 7

RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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 7. According to Katie Eriksson’s nursing theory, she said to take which of the following into use when caring for
the human being in health and suffering?
a. Charity ANSWER: ________
b. Chastity c. Comfort d. Caritas

RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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8. Which of the following is NOT a part of Dorothea Orem’s nursing theory?

a. The theory of self-care
b. The self-care deficit theory
c. The 21 nursing problems
d. The theory of nursing systems
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________________________________
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9. This theory from Dorothea Orem focuses on the performance or practice of activities that individuals initiate
and perform on their own behalf to maintain life, health and well-being.
a. Theory of self-care
b. The self-care deficit theory
c. The theory of nursing systems
d. All of the above
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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10. How many methods of helping did Dorothea Orem
identify?
Nursing Seminar 1
Name: Module #1 Student Activity Sheet

_____________________________________________ Class number: _______

____________ Section: ____________ Schedule: Date: _______________

___________________________________

a. 3 ANSWER: ________
b. 5 c. 7 d. 9

RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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11. In Martha E. Roger’s Theory of Human Beings she defined nursing as:
a. “The act of assisting others in the provision and management of self-care to maintain or improve
human functioning at home level of effectiveness.”
b. “Unique profession in that is concerned with all of the variables affecting an individual’s
response to stress.”
c. “An art and science that is humanistic and humanitarian.”
d. “Health care profession that focuses on human life processes and patterns and emphasizes
promotion of health for individuals, families, groups, and society as a whole.”
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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12. Which of the following sentences is NOT a concept related to Florence Nightingale’s
theory? a. "Poor or difficult environments led to poor health and disease"
b. "Environment could be altered to improve conditions so that the natural laws would allow healing to
occur" c. The goal of nursing is “to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him”
d. "Human beings are open systems in constant interaction with the environment"
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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13. In Martha E. Roger’s the Science of Unitary Human Beings contains two dimensions: the science of nursing,
which is the knowledge specific to the field of nursing that comes from scientific research; and:
a. Art of nursing ANSWER: ________
b. Adaptation Model c. Behavioral Systems Model d.
Carative caring

RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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14. What are the five variables identified in Betty Neuman’s System model?
a. Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, and Genital
b. Physiologic, safety and security, love and belongingness, self-esteem, and self-
actualization c. Ventilation, warmth, light, diet, cleanliness, and noise
d. Physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________________________________
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 ___________________________________

Nursing Seminar 1
Name: Module #1 Student Activity Sheet

_____________________________________________
Class number: _______
____________ Section: ____________ Schedule:
Date: _______________

15. In Betty Neuman’s model, the focus is on the client as a system (which may be an individual, family,
group, or community) and on the client’s responses to
a. Illness
b. Stressors
c. Needs
d. Health promotion
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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16. In Imogene King’s nursing theory, her model focuses on the attainment on which of the
following? a. Goal
b. Well-being
c. Balanced nutrition
d. Basic needs
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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17. Which of the following is the theory associated with Sister Callista Roy?
a. Behavioral System Model
b. Theory of Carative Caring
c. Adaptation Model of Nursing
d. Theory of Bureaucratic Nursing
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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18. In Dorothy Johnson’s Behavioral System Model, she defined which of the following statements? a.
“Nursing is a science and the performing art of nursing is practiced in relationships with persons
(individuals, groups, and communities) in their processes of becoming.”
b. “Participation in care, core and cure aspects of patient care, where CARE is the sole function of
nurses, whereas the CORE and CURE are shared with other members of the health team.”
c. “People may differ in their concept of nursing, but few would disagree that nursing is nurturing or
caring for someone in a motherly fashion.”
d. “An external regulatory force which acts to preserve the organization and integration of the
patients’ behaviors at an optimum level under those conditions in which the behavior constitutes
a threat to the physical or social health, or in which illness is found.”
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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19. According to Myra Levine’s theory, she states that
nursing is: a. An art
b. Human interaction
Nursing Seminar 1
Name: Module #1 Student Activity Sheet

_____________________________________________
Class number: _______
____________ Section: ____________ Schedule:
Date: _______________
___________________________________

c. Concerned with promoting health, preventing illness, caring for the sick, and restoring health. d. Science
and the performing art of nursing is practiced in relationships with persons (individuals, groups, and
communities) in their processes of becoming.”
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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20. In Hildegard Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations, she has identified four components which
are: a. Digestion, respiration, elimination, and sleep
b. Person, environment, health, and nursing
c. Orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution
d. Air, food, water, and shelter
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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21. Which phase of interpersonal relations in Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations should the nurse
establish rapport with the client?
a. Orientation ANSWER: ________
b. Identification c. Exploitation d. Resolution

RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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22. The nursing theorist who identified the 5 stages of the nursing process is:
a. Lydia Hall
b. Madeleine Leininger
c. Ida Jean Orlando
d. Imogene King
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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23. According to Joyce Travelbee’s theory, nursing is accomplished through:

a. Human-to-human relationships
b. Nurse-patient relationship
c. Manipulation of the environment
d. Promoting health
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________________________________
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This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

___________________________________

Nursing Seminar 1
Name: Module #1 Student Activity Sheet

_____________________________________________
Class number: _______
____________ Section: ____________ Schedule:
Date: _______________

24. In Lydia Hall’s Core, Care, Cure model, she has identified the core as which of the
following? a. Primary role of a professional nurse such as providing bodily care
for the patient
b. The patient receiving nursing care
c. The aspect of nursing which involves the administration of medications and treatments
d. the purpose of nursing was to help and support an individual, family, or community
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________________________________
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25. Faye Glenn Abdellah’s 21 nursing problems were categorized into which of the following?
a. Physical, sociological, and emotional needs
b. Prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation
 c. Physiological, psychological, and spiritual
d. Food, air, and water
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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C. LESSON WRAP-UP

Thinking about Learning

MINUTE PAPER
This strategy provides feedback on whether or not you understand the lesson. Use the space provided in this activity
sheet to answer the following questions. Make sure to not miss a tiny detail!

1. What was the most useful or the most meaningful thing you have learned this session?

2. What question(s) do you have as we end this session?

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