Reading and Writing Skills a general statement –the topic sentence, with one or

more examples to support it.

Reading is the process of interpreting written or
printed language to understand its meaning. It involves Comparison shows the similarities and contrast tells
recognizing and decoding written symbols or differences among subjects- people, objects, places,
characters, comprehending the ideas and information animals, situations or ideas.
conveyed by the written language, and connecting Cause and effect paragraphs are written to help your
these ideas to prior knowledge and experience. readers understand why something happened or is
There are many different reading strategies that can happening, and how one thing affects something else.
help individuals comprehend and retain information Problem-solution is a type of writing that identifies a
from texts. Some of the most common reading problem and proposes solutions, and persuades your
strategies include: readers that the problem has to be addressed.
1. Skimming: Quickly reading through a text to Persuasion is writing that takes a stand on an issue
get an overview of its content. and also examines opposing viewpoints. Evidences to
2. Scanning: Looking for specific information or support your position about an idea or issue must be
keywords in a text. presented to convince your readers.

3. Extensive reading involves reading large PROPERTIES OF A WELL WRITTEN TEXT

amounts of material for pleasure and general 1. ORGANIZATION
understanding. The focus is on reading quickly  A well-written text should have
and easily, without worrying too much about development/organization.
understanding every detail.  Each paragraph should support the central idea
4. Intensive reading involves reading a smaller of the paper. Individual sentence should
amount of material in depth, with a focus on support the main point of the paragraph.
understanding and analyzing the text. The goal  A well-written text is organized. By organized,
is to develop critical thinking and we mean that ideas presented in the selection
comprehension skills by carefully examining flows in a logical manner.
the language, structure, and meaning of the  Organization is achieved when ideas are
text. logically and accurately arranged. When we
write, we have to make sure that our readers
PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT IN WRITING will understand our thoughts well.
Narration is pattern of writing that tells a story of an Here are some ways you can organize the body of your
event or an experience. essay or paper:
Description is writing by painting a word picture of CHRONOLOGICALLY
person, place, animal or thing through sensory details
to create a clear and vivid impression of the topic. When you write about procedures or events, you
usually organize your main ideas in a chronological
 Objective descriptions are your factual manner. Ideas must be arranged in a sequential order
observation (what you see, hear and touch) on to facilitate better understanding of a certain procedure
the subject based on its physical attributes. or event.
 Subjective descriptions are your feelings or
opinions about what you are observing.
Definitions provide concise but exact meanings of TOPICALLY
unfamiliar words and explain special meanings for You can also organize your thoughts topically. For
familiar words. They are often used to explain example, for controversial, argumentative papers such
technical words and concepts. as “Reasons why death penalty should not be
Classification is another type of paragraph approved,” it is suggested that the writer start with the
development that involves sorting of items (people, least controversial ideas, and end it with the most
things, ideas) into categories. convincing ones since last items are the ones people
recall the best.
Exemplification (or illustration) is the most common
and effective pattern to explain an idea or point. In SPATIALLY
developing this kind of paragraph, the writer develops
Another way we can arrange our ideas is spatially. We Claim of fact is a type of argument that asserts
arrange ideas in a spatial manner whenever we discuss something is true or false, based on empirical evidence
location, position, and directions. Spatial organization or objective data. It is a statement that can be proven
is also used when describing a person or a place. or disproven through observation, measurement, or
investigation.
2. COHESION AND COHERENCE
The words cohesion and coherence are often used Claim of value is a type of argument that asserts
together with a similar meaning, which relates to something is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or
how a text joins together to make a unified whole. undesirable. It is a statement that expresses an opinion,
Although they are similar, they are not the same. judgment, or evaluation about a particular topic, often
 Cohesion relates to the micro level of the based on personal or cultural beliefs, ethical principles,
text, i.e. the words, sentences and how or aesthetic standards.
they join together.
Claim of policy is a type of argument that asserts that
 Coherence relates to the organization and
an action should be taken. It suggests a solution to a
connection of ideas and whether they can
problem that has been defined or described by an
be understood by the reader and concerned
with the macro level features of the text argument. It argues that certain conditions should
such as topic sentence and concluding exist. As the name suggests, it advocates adoption of
paragraph. policies or courses of action because problems have
arisen that call for solution.
3. LANGUAGE USE
Language use in a written text refers to how the
writer employs language to convey their message
to the reader. It includes various aspects such as
grammar, vocabulary, sentence structure,
punctuation, and style.

4. MECHANICS
Mechanics is essential in all types of writing
because it describes the technical aspects of
writing. It also serves as a road sign to guide
learners like you on how to use words
appropriately in terms of conventions such as
spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and others.

EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT CLAIM IN A

WRITTEN TEXT
Claim is described as a debatable set of words or a
concept that allows the source to influence the receiver
for acceptance. It is equated to an opinion, idea, or
assertion.
An explicit claim is directly and clearly stated in the
text. It is when you can easily point out the
information in the passage.
Meanwhile, an implicit claim is indirectly expressed
in the text and you need to look for clues or make
inferences to understand its meaning.
THREE TYPES OF CLAIMS