Python Problem Set for Semester-I, 2022

1. Write a Python function for factorial, where an interger n is the argument. Use this function to calculate
factorial for a user given integer (maximum value 10). Print the value of the factorial.

2. User has given a DNA sequence: a string consisting of characters A, T, G and C. Your task is to print
the character with longest repetition in the sequence. Also print the number of repetation.
Example
User given sequence → ATGGGTCCG. Answer → G

3. Take an integer n as user input. If n is even, then n will be devided by 2. If n is odd, then n will
be multiplied by 3 and adds 1. This process will continue till n becomes 1. Print all the intermediate
numbers. Take input numbers as n = 201, 537.
Example
3 → 10 → 5 → 16 → 8 → 4 → 2 → 1, 12 → 6 → 3 → 10 → 5 → 16 → 8 → 4 → 2 → 1

4. Get all the intermediate numbers obtained from above program as an list. Print the list.

5. Obtain a string with at least 9 characters as user input. Print the string in reverse order.

6. Print numbers in the following manner

1 1
12 2 3
123 4 5 6
1234 7 8 9 10
12345 11 12 13 14 15

15 14 13 12 11
10 9 8 7
6 5 4
3 2
1

7. Construct the number in reverse order of a user given number. Example : If the given number is 98452
then you have to construct the number 25489.

8. Write a Pyhton function for calculating the factorial of a user given integer. Test your function writing
a main program for calculating the factorial of 7, 9, 12.

9. Write a Python function to evalute the following function

f (x) = a + bx2

Write a three column data file separated by commas in the following manner. In first column the x-values
to be written for −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 with increment 0.1. In 2nd column write the y-values corresponding to
each of the x-values for a = 0.2, b = −0.5. In 3rd column write the y-values for a = −2.2, b = −0.5.

10. Read the data file created in the above problem and store the three columns in three different lists. Let
us say the 1st column x-values list is x, 2nd column y-values list is y1 and 3rd column y-values list is y2 .
Now, write another data file with the columns x and y1 + y2 .

11. Create a list with elements 1, 2, ..., 10 using

(a) list comprehension.

1
 (b) range function.
(c) for loop starting from a blank list.

12. Create a list with elements ’p’, ’r’, ’o’, ’g’, ’r’, ’a’, ’m’, ’i’, ’z’.

(a) Print elements with indices 3, 5, 7.

(b) Print all elements beyond index 4.
(c) Print elements from index 2 to index 5.
(d) Print all elements in reverse order.

13. Create two lists with elements 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10. Print the list created with the concatenation
of these two lists

(a) using the list method extend.

(b) using the operator +.

14. Create a list with elements −1, 2, −2, 4, −3, 6, −4, 8.

(a) Print the number of elements of the list.

(b) Modify the list with addition of another element −5. Print the modified list.
(c) Print the index of the element 6.
(d) Modify the list removing the element −2. Print the modified list.
(e) Print the sum of the elements of the list using the list method sum.
(f) Get the maximum and minimum of the list using the list method max and min.

15. Print the list [[−1, 2, 5], [2, −6, 9], [12, −11, −25]] in the following way

−1 2 5
2 −6 9
12 −11 −25

16. Write a Python program to sort a given set of numbers. Check your program for the following set of
numbers, 2.07, −3.29, 5.83, 7.29, −2.63, −8.28, 4.61, 0.94, −8.29, −1.38, −4.69.

17. For a given matrices Am×n write a Python function to obtain kAm×n . Where k is a scalar. Check your
function with the following values.
 
−12.4 3.37 −22.83
A= and k = 2.95
14.94 −26.28 −41.28

18. For two given matrices Am×n and Bm×n write a Python function for matrix addition and substraction.
Check your programs for
   
−2.4 3.27 −2.86 4.72 2.39 −0.89
A= and B =
1.64 −6.28 −4.28 −7.27 −1.67 7.92

19. For two given matrices Am×p and Bp×n write a Python function for matrix multiplication. Check your
function for these matrices
 
  4.72 2.39
−2.4 3.27 −2.86
A= and B = −7.27 −1.67
1.64 −6.28 −4.28
−2.81 1.56

20. Use the above functions to calculate

1.2A2 , 3.2A3 , 2A4
for the matrix  
4.23 −2.39
A=
−5.27 −1.67

2
21. Use the Python functions 17, 18, 19 to calculate the following series

A2 A3 A4 A5
I +A+ + + +
2! 3! 4! 5!
for  
−2.4 3.27
A=
1.64 −6.28

22. Using the Python functions 18, 19 calculate

AB − BA , AB + BA , AB T + BAT , Tr(B)AT and A + B + 5I

for    
−2.4 3.27 −0.4 7.27
A= and B =
1.64 −6.28 5.64 −3.48

23. Write two Python functions to calculate permutation and combination defined as
n n!
Pk =
(n − k)!

n n!
Ck =
k!(n − k)!
Here, take n and k are the arguments of those Python functions. Check your functions by calculating
5
P 3 and 5C 3 .

24. Verify the following finite series relations for n = 100.

(a)
n
X n(n + 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... = k=
2
k=1

(b)
n
2 2 2
X n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... = k2 =
6
k=1

(c)
n  2
X n(n + 1)
1 + 23 + 33 + 43 + ... = k3 =
2
k=1

25. Get the sum of the following series correct upto 5 decimal places.

(a)
∞
1 1 1 1 X 1
1+ + + + + ... =
2 4 8 16 2n
n=0

Comapare your result with the exact value 2.0.

(b)
X (−1)n−1 ∞
1 1 1 1
1− + − + + ... =
2 3 4 5 n
n=1

Comapare your result with the exact value ln 2.

(c)
∞ ∞
1 1 1 1 X 1 X 1
+ + + + ... = =
1.2 3.4 5.6 7.8 (2n + 1)(2n + 2) (2n − 1)2n
n=0 n=1

Comapare your result with the exact value ln 2.

3
 (d)
∞
1 1 1 1 X (−1)n
− + − + ... =
1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5 (n + 1)(n + 2)
n=0
Comapare your result with the exact value 2 ln 2 − 1.
(e)
∞
1 1 1 1 X 1
+ 2
+ 3
+ 4
+ ... =
1.2 2.2 3.2 4.2 n2n
n=1
Comapare your result with the exact value ln 2.
(f)
X (−1)n ∞
1 1 1 1
1− + − + + ... =
1! 2! 3! 4! n!
n=0

Comapare your result with the exact value 1e .

(g)
∞
1 1 1 1 X 1
1+ + + + + ... =
1! 2! 3! 4! n!
n=0
Comapare your result with the exact value e.

26. Determine the sum of the following series correct upto 5 decimal places. From that value determine the
value of π correct upto 5 decimal palces.

(a)
X (−1)n ∞
1 1 1 1 π
−1 + − + − + ... = =−
3 5 7 9 2n − 1 4
n=1

(b)
∞
1 1 1 1 X 1 π2
1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ... = =
2 3 4 5 n2 6
n=1

(c)
∞
1 1 1 1 X 1 π4
1 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + ... = =
2 3 4 5 n4 90
n=1

(d)
∞
1 1 1 1 X 1 π6
1 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + ... = =
2 3 4 5 n6 945
n=1

27. Write Python functions to calculate the sum of the following series correct upto 5 decimal places. Verify
your result for x = 0.75 with value calculated from the appropriate mathematical function from the math
module.

(a)
∞
X xk
ex =
k!
k=0

(b)
∞
X xk
xex = k
k!
k=0

(c)
∞
X (−1)k x2k+1
sin x =
(2k + 1)!
k=0

(d)
∞
X x2k+1
sinh x =
(2k + 1)!
k=0

4
 (e)
∞
X (−1)k x2k
cos x =
(2k)!
k=0

(f)
∞
X x2k
cosh x =
(2k)!
k=0

(g)
∞
X (−1)k+1 xk
ln(1 + x) =
k
k=1

(h)
∞
X (2k)!x2k+1
sin−1 x =
22k (k!)2 (2k + 1)
k=0

(i)
∞
−1
X (−1)k x2k+1
tan x=
2k + 1
k=0

28. Using the above Python functions calculate

2
(a) 1 − e0.6x for x = 1.42
π
(b) esin x for x = 6
(c) cos(ex ) for x = 1.62
(d) 1 + xex + sin(2x) for x = 0.63
(e) sin−1 (e−x ) for x = 2.52

29. Create a data file to store the data given in two rows (upper row is x-values and lower row is y-values) of
each of the following tables. After that, read each data file to obtain two lists for x-values and y-values
respectively. Fit x-vlaues and y-values according to the curve y(x) = f (x; a, b) given. Print the values of
(a, b) and compare with the expected values.

1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90
(a)
0.718 0.525 0.406 0.205 0.038 -0.147 -0.300 -0.471 -0.645 -0.887
y = a + bx with expected a = 2.5, b = −1.76

3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50
(b)
-5.156 -6.869 -8.037 -10.337 -12.435 -13.699 -17.196 -18.771 -21.267 -24.301
y = a + bx2 with expected a = −1.5, b = −0.42

0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00
(c)
0.087 0.046 0.019 0.009 0.005 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000
y = aebx ⇒ ln y = ln a + bx = A + bx (a = eA ) with expected a = 0.2, b = −1.53

0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00
(d)
0.522 5.473 18.110 47.656 96.828 193.936 310.719 438.571 644.893 1003.880
y = axb ⇒ ln y = ln a + b ln x = A + b ln x (a = eA ) with expected a = 5.25, b = 3.23

0.50 0.70 0.90 1.10 1.30 1.50 1.70 1.90 2.10 2.30
(e)
2.946 4.033 4.810 5.650 5.938 6.650 7.158 7.526 7.786 7.733
y = a + b ln x with expected a = 5.25, b = 3.23

5
 -2.29 -1.78 -1.27 -0.76 -0.25 0.25 0.76 1.27 1.78 2.29
(f)
0.000 1.115 1.533 1.742 1.805 1.737 1.714 1.534 1.161 0.000
Fit according to
x2 y 2
+ 2 =1
a2 b
b2
⇒ y 2 = b2 − 2 x2
a !
√
r
A
⇒ = A + Bx2 b= A, a = −
B

with expected a = 2.29, b = 1.8

-1.50 -1.17 -0.83 -0.50 -0.17 0.17 0.50 0.83 1.17 1.50
(g)
0.003 0.034 0.217 0.692 1.339 1.272 0.724 0.206 0.033 0.003
2
y = ae−bx ⇒ ln y = ln a − bx2 = A + Bx2 (a = eA , b = −B) with expected a = 1.41, b = 2.73

-1.70 -1.32 -0.94 -0.57 -0.19 0.19 0.57 0.94 1.32 1.70
(h)
-5.760 -4.272 -2.141 0.246 2.577 4.750 6.221 6.464 6.293 4.947
y = a cos x + b sin x ⇒ cosy x = a + b tan x with expected a = 5.41, b = 3.73

-2.50 -2.14 -1.79 -1.43 -1.08 -0.72 -0.37 -0.01 0.34 0.70
(i)
4.720 6.528 8.079 7.961 6.850 5.367 3.428 2.157 1.418 0.906
y = ae−b sin x ⇒ ln y = ln a − b sin x = A + B sin x (a = eA , b = −B) with expected a = 2.18, b = 1.32

-0.50 -0.33 -0.17 0.00 0.17 0.33 0.50 0.67 0.83 1.00
(j)
0.967 1.006 1.054 1.052 1.097 1.094 1.176 1.353 1.569 1.858
y 2 = a + bx3 with expected a = 1.15, b = 2.13

-0.60 -0.42 -0.24 -0.07 0.11 0.29 0.47 0.64 0.82 1.00
(k)
-2.318 -3.951 -7.222 -31.960 19.770 8.259 5.876 4.593 3.695 3.241
y = xa + b ⇒ xy = a + bx with expected a = 2.13, b = 1.15

-0.70 -0.51 -0.32 -0.13 0.06 0.24 0.43 0.62 0.81 1.00
(l)
2.083 2.447 3.557 8.847 20.933 4.669 2.796 2.113 1.809 1.584
y 2 = xa2 + b ⇒ x2 y 2 = a + bx2 with expected a = 1.25, b = 1.53

0.00 0.13 0.27 0.40 0.53 0.67 0.80 0.93 1.07 1.20
(m)
0.000 0.022 0.083 0.162 0.235 0.289 0.296 0.281 0.242 0.201
2
y = ae−bx x2 ⇒ ln xy2 = ln a − bx2 = A + Bx2 (a = eA , b = −B) with expected a = 1.25, b = 1.53

0.12 0.38 0.65 0.91 1.18 1.44 1.71 1.97 2.24 2.50
(n)
0.408 0.272 0.172 0.102 0.059 0.033 0.018 0.010 0.006 0.003
 
1
y= aebx +1
⇒ ln y1 − 1 = ln a + bx = A + bx (a = eA ) with expected a = 1.16, b = 2.25

30. An equation with one unknown is defined as

f (x) = 0

One root within the bound [a, b] of this equation could be obtained with a tolerance  by bisection
method. Write a Python function to solve a algebraic equation by bisection method taking f, a, b,  as

6
 arguments. Verify your function by determining roots with tolerance 10−5 of the following equations
within the ranges given.

(a)
f (x) = x2 − 1 = 0 within the ranges [−5, 0] and [0, 5]

(b)
f (x) = x3 − 3x2 − 6x + 8 = 0 within the ranges [−5, 0], [0, 3] and [3, 5]

(c)  π
sin(2x) − 2 sin x − −1=0 within the ranges [−2π, 0] and [0, 2π]
4
(d)
tan2 x − 3 = 0 within the ranges [−5, 0] and [0, 5]

(e)
tan x − x = 0 ⇒ sin x − x cos x = 0 within the ranges [−π, π], [π, 2π] and [2π, 3π]

31. One root the equation with one unknown

f (x) = 0
be determined with tolerance  by Newton-Raphson method for a given starting point x0 . Newton-
Raphson method requires derivative of f (x), i.e, f 0 (x). Write a Python function with arguments f, f 0 , x0 , 
to determine the root of the equation f (x) = 0. Use this Python function to determine the roots of the
following equation with the given x0 .

(a)
x2 − 9x + 8 = 0 for x0 = 0.0 and 10.0

(b)
sin 2x = 0 for x0 = − 1.82, 0.45 and 1.2

(c)
sin2 x − sin x − 2 = 0 for x0 = π and 3π

(d)
3π 11π
tan 2x − 1 = 0 for x0 = and
16 16
32. The first order initial value problem is defined as
dy
= f (x, y) with y(x0 ) = y0 .
dx
Numerically the solution could be obtained by Euler method. Numerical solution is given by discrete
y-values y0 , y1 , ..., yn for dicrete x-values x0 , x1 , ....xn . Write a Python function for solving the above
differential equation by Euler method. In this Python function put f (x, y), x0 , y0 and x0 , x1 , ....xn as
arguments. Obviously, the return is the array y0 , y1 , ..., yn . Use the above Python function to obtain the
solution of the following initial value problems. Write a data-file containing the x-values and y-values in
two columns.

(a)
dy
= x2 + 1 with y(1) = 4
dx
(b)
dy x
= 2 with y(0) = 0
dx y
(c)
dy x2 + 2
= with y(0) = 0
dx y

7
 (d)
dy
= 2x(y 2 + 9) with y(0) = 0
dx
(e)
dy
= y 2 − 2x + 2 with y(0) = 0
dx
(f)
dy ex
= with y(0) = 1
dx y
(g)
dy x cos x
=− with y(π) = 0
dx 1 − 6y 5

Gnuplot
1. Write gnuplot script to plot the following functions in same x-y axes with corresponding decorations.
Also save the plot in eps format.
2
(a) f (x) = x2 e−2x
(b) f (x) = x2 sin(2x)

2. Create two data files having following data.

0.00 0.13 0.27 0.40 0.53 0.67 0.80 0.93 1.07 1.20
(a)
0.000 0.022 0.083 0.162 0.235 0.289 0.296 0.281 0.242 0.201
-2.29 -1.78 -1.27 -0.76 -0.25 0.25 0.76 1.27 1.78 2.29
(b)
0.000 1.115 1.533 1.742 1.805 1.737 1.714 1.534 1.161 0.000

Now write gnuplot script to plot the above two data files with points having same x-y axes with following
decorations. Save the plot in jpeg format.

(a) First one with point type l, point color ’red’, point size ’1.2’.
(b) Second one with point type t, point color ’blue’, point size ’1.3’.

Try also with these n, s, u points.

3. Write gnuplot script to plot the following pair of polar functions in same r − θ axes with default setting.
Save the plots in png format. (Total 3 graphs each of which contains 2 plots)

(a) r(θ) = cos(2θ), sin(2θ)

p p
(b) r(θ) = 2 cos(θ), −2 cos(θ)
(c) r(θ) = sin(4θ), cos(4θ)

4. Create data file according to following table. Write a gnuplot script to plot the data file with point s,
1
color ’brown’ and f (x) = 1.16 e2.25 x +1 with line ’....’, color ’black’ in same x-y axes . Save the plot in eps
format.
0.12 0.38 0.65 0.91 1.18 1.44 1.71 1.97 2.24 2.50
0.408 0.272 0.172 0.102 0.059 0.033 0.018 0.010 0.006 0.003

5. (a) Create a data file corresponding to the following table.

-2.00 -1.64 -1.27 -0.91 -0.55 -0.18 0.18 0.55 0.91 1.27 1.64 2.00
-17.05 -11.66 -7.19 -3.64 -1.00 0.73 1.54 1.44 0.42 -1.52 -4.37 -8.13
Write a gnuplot script to fit f (x) = a + bx + cx2 with the above data file where a, b, c are the
ajustable parameters. Plot the data file along with fitted curve in the same x-y axes with default
setting. Save the plot in png format.

8
 (b) Create a data file corresponding to the following table.
-2.00 -1.64 -1.27 -0.91 -0.55 -0.18 0.18 0.55 0.91 1.27 1.64 2.00
0.50 0.68 0.86 1.03 1.17 1.24 1.24 1.17 1.03 0.86 0.68 0.50
2
Write a gnuplot script to fit f (x) = aebx with the above data file where a, b are the ajustable
parameters. Plot the data file along with fitted curve in the same x-y axes with default setting.
Save the plot in eps format.
(c) Create a data file corresponding to the following table.
-2.00 -1.64 -1.27 -0.91 -0.55 -0.18 0.18 0.55 0.91 1.27 1.64 2.00
0.40 0.64 0.22 -0.68 -1.16 -0.58 0.58 1.16 0.68 -0.22 -0.64 -0.40
2
Write a gnuplot script to fit f (x) = a sin(bx)e−cx with the above data file where a, b, c are the
ajustable parameters. Plot the data file along with fitted curve in the same x-y axes with default
setting. Save the plot in jpeg format.

Python and Gnuplot both

1. Write a Python program to create a data file with x-values as 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, ...., 1.95, 2.0 and y-values
according to the function f (x) = 2 + 3x − 5x2 . Now write a gnuplot script to plot both the data file and
the function f (x).

2. Write a python program to solve the following differential equations with Euler method for the given
x-range and write the x-values and y-values in a data file. The exact solutions are also provided.

(a) y 0 + y cos x = 0 with y(0) = 1/2 for −2 ≤ x ≤ 2, δx = 0.1.

Exact solution y(x) = 12 e− sin x
(b) Do the same as above, the only change is the initial condition as y(2) = 1/2
(c) y 0 + 3y 2
x = x with y(1) = 1/2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 3, δx = 0.1.
3 −3
Exact solution y(x) = x6 + x 3

Now write gnuplot script to plot the data file and the exact solution in the same x-y axes with default
settings.