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CC101#1 - Module No. 1

Introduction to Computing (Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology)

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|OVERVIEW
This module provides an overview of the computing areas of the knowledge that discusses the
fundamental principles, concepts, and evolution of computing systems including different fields. It explicates
the recent developments in the different computing knowledge areas such as key components of computer
systems, organization and architecture, malware, computer security, networking, the Internet, and its protocols,
and give analysis to solutions employed by organizations to address different computing issues.

|LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Identify the basic and complex, components, parts, peripherals, and processes of a computer system.
• Enumerate and explain fundamental principles, concepts, and evolution of computing systems as they
relate to different fields.
• Illustrate the recent developments in the different computing knowledge areas such as communication,
networking, and the internet.
• Examine solutions employed to address different computing issues, particularly in using the internet
and technology today and beyond.

|LEARNING EXPECTATIONS
In this module, I expect you to: explain fundamental principles, concepts, and evolution of
computing systems as they relate to different fields, to expound on the recent developments in the different
computing knowledge areas, to analyze solutions employed by organizations to address different computing
issues.

|LEARNING RESOURCES
1. Electronic Devices (Laptop, Desktop, Netbook, tablet or smartphone)
2. Browser (Chrome, Edge, Firefox, Opera)
3. Flash Drive (8GB minimum capacity with a name tag).
4. Internet Connection & Online resources

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MODULE 1 of 10 |
Understanding Computers and Computer Literacy

| INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
Have a nice day, class! Today, we will be discussing “Introduction to Computers”. I know that
you are already familiar with this device but did you know that as early as the 19th century, this was
one of the most important devices that emerged. It greatly influenced and changed our way of living
day by day, prevalently known today as a (what?) . Now, computers
are used for complex designs, entertainment, communication, research, data mining, architecture,
engineering, education, medical discoveries, technological innovations, industry infrastructure and
production, various managements, and many others, named it all.
In this digital age, we define a computer as an electronic device that accepts user data input
and processes them through its algorithms or set of instructions known as programs to produce the
desired or meaningful output commonly known as information. But how about if we want to
retrieve the information, that’s where the Storage comes in. This device stores the data or
information either temporary or permanent. While the feedback indicates the element of control
that should be a real-time response from output to the input process.

Image Source: Input/ Output/ Process diagram - Oliver Williams Y12 ICT

To elucidate this, data are the raw facts without clear meaning to the user yet. And that
(what?)_______________________ are set of instructions that command a computer what to
perform. Whereas (what?) is the meaningful output or result after the
data have been processed.
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Based on the illustration above, the image below is a concrete example to understand the way
we perform tasks from our daily chores implementing the Input-Process-Output (IPO) cycle.

Image source: https://mjpagedesign.com

Now, can you give real-life situations or daily-life chores in your home that exemplify the IPO
cycle? (Use the table provided.)

|NAME:
DATE:
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

You did it!

A Brief History of Computer

As to begin with our deeper discussion, we all know the fact that early men used their fingers
and toes, stones, and sticks as the bases for counting, which is a base (what?) _____ numbering
system. But as evolution took place, symbols and number concepts were invented, then followed
by devices that could manipulate these numbers until transcended into an unimaginable extent.

I presented an infographic to briefly take us into time morph back to where and when it began.
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https://www.infogrades.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/A-Brief-History-of-Computers-Infographic.jpg
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However, when we look into the “real” revolution of the innovative development of these
machines, we should stop our time morph in _________ (year), to be exact. There are five computer
generations known until to this date that resulted in progressively smaller, cheaper, incredibly faster,
more powerful, and more efficient computing devices. Each generation has a major characterization
of technological development, which basically influenced the function of such a computer.

Now, I give you this part… kindly fill in the table below to synopsize the five generations.
|NAME:
DATE:
GENERATION INCLUSIVE YEAR CHARACTERISTIC/ DESCRIPTION

First Generation

Second Generation

Third Generation

Fourth Generation

Fifth Generation

Yes! Good job!

Computer & Computer Systems

Now as to differentiate “computer” from the Computer system”, a computer is a programmable

device that can manipulate or process data input directly from the user or retrieve it from the storage
device. It can be analog, digital, or hybrid, although digital computers are more prevalent due to its
use for general purposes, while analog computers are intended for specific tasks. The term
"computer" initially pertained to humans performing numerical calculations using mechanical
calculators such as the abacus, but later replaced by mechanical devices. Computers today can
accept data (input), process that __________, produce ___________, and store (storage) the results.

On the other hand, a computer system is the combination of peripheral devices and installed
software to perform desired functions. The "computer" and "computer system" can be interchanged
especially when the latter is sold and installed as a package. This term may also pertain to a hardware
configuration and software designed for specific tasks, such as an information management system,
automated control & monitoring systems, or an accounting system. Or it may refer to multiple
computers interlinked with each other to share software, data, and peripherals or resources.
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|NAME: DATE:
Now, what do you call the computer network consists of two or more computers
intended to share resources? Client-Server Network.

Nice!

Are Computers Intelligent?

Before we proceed, may I ask you a question?

|NAME: DATE:

Are computers intelligent? Why?

My follow up question is:

|E: DATE:

Is speed considered as intelligence? How?

Nice ideas!

Agree. A computer programmed to play chess can beat even the greatest human chess masters
because of the game’s logical rules and processes. It can set plan more possible moves ahead than
a human can anticipate. Likewise, these devices can perform tedious tasks effectively and
proficiently sans sleep. They can analyze, calculate, and process data round the clock. They seem
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to have no limitations, but still, lack of understanding even a simple situation, e.g. computer cannot
renew its license alone even your bank account details are already stored in there. Also, computers
are susceptible to bugs, malware and viruses, power interruptions, circuit failures, and the like.

Whereas experts agree, humans are still superior in many aspects even considering the highly
advanced __________________________ (AI) perspective. Unlike computers, we have instincts,
common sense, emotional concepts, and life learning experiences in this world. Humans recognize
and possess traits like aspiration, beliefs, creativity, imagination, etc. We can write and appreciate
the poem, compose and play _____________, sing a _____________, do artworks, inspire other
people, and so forth. Computers can be programmed, yes, but they don’t have the innate abilities
and characteristics the way we (humans) do.

According to Maital, “The human brain has 86 billion neurons (nerve cells), all interconnected.
Computer neural networks have far, far fewer ‘cells’ or nodes. But soon they will reach this
complexity and sophistication.” Experts generally agree that future computers will possess some
traits that today human uniquely has or far better. But according to Mallick, “The important thing
to keep in mind is that it is not man versus machine. It is not a competition. It is a collaboration.”

Computer Software

We keep on talking about the physical component of the computer system. There is another
important component which is the software, a program that enables a computer to work, as accord
to the physical or tangible parts of the system called hardware. The computer will not function
without ____________________, like human without a soul. Computer software, also called
programs are the instructions or set of instructions that command computers what to perform and
how to perform it. These programming codes are loaded into the storage such as cache or memory,
__________________________ (RAM), or a hard drive upon booting and executed by its “brain”
called microprocessor or ______________. The codes were written into machine-level codes or
computer language, which the operating system translates into human language through its interface
called ____________________________ (GUI).

The two main software categories are system software and application software.

Firstly, the system software also called the _______________________ (OS) actually runs the
computer. This software is intended to manage and control all the operations of hardware and other
software installed in it. All computers have an operating system to run the application software
properly.
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|E: DATE:

Can you enumerate at least 5 common Operating Systems we are using today?

Good job!

Secondly, application software, or _______, is software designed to performs specific tasks for
end-users. When you are interacting directly with certain software, that is application software, e.g.
Microsoft Office, Excel, PowerPoint, Word, Photo Editor, Anti-virus, including web browsers.

|E: DATE:
Can you enumerate at least 5 common Application Software we are using today?
Give and very brief description.

Very good!

Communications and Networks

From our previous discussions, even now, did realize something going on right here, right now?

|E: DATE:

What is the process for us to exchange ideas or messages?

Great!
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One of the great significances of utilizing a computer is communication. Did you not realize
that there should a communication happening between these devices in the IPO diagram? That there
is a communication between the past and the future in computer evolution, there are communications
between the computer systems and its peripherals including all the software running in it? We call
this process - computer communication, which describes as a process in which computers or devices
transfer data, instructions, and information. Thereby which people create, exchange, and perceive
information via networked communication classifications is also considered a
_____________________, including the nonnetworked computers that facilitate encoding,
transmitting, and decoding data or information. Some communications involve cables and wires,
called hardwired connection; others are sent wirelessly through the air, called wireless connection
or "____________________________," (Wi-Fi). To consider communication is successful, we
need the following:

Image source: https://www.bluehorizonsmarketing.co.uk/blogs/news/18750963-clarity-in-communication

• A sending device that initiates an instruction to transmit data, instructions, or information.

• A communications device that connects the sending device to a communications channel.
• A communications channel, or transmission media on which the data, instructions, or
information travel.
• A communications device that connects the communications channel to a receiving device.
• A receiving device that accepts the transmission of data, instructions, or information.

In computer communication, we are referring to data transmission, which is synonymous with

__________ communications or digital _______________________. This refers to the
transmission of this digital data between computers and a computer network or data network that is
a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. The physical connection
between networked computing devices is established using either cable media or wireless media.
The best-known computer network is the Internet.
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When data transmission (multimedia or files) takes place only between computers through a
communication medium such as wires or cables is known as a Computer Network, when between
mobile devices that is called a ________________ Network, and when between computers and
mobile devices that are known as a Device Network.

Image source: https://www.minigranth.com/computer-networks-tutorial/network-technology/

Thus, a network consists of two or more _____________________ that are connected or linked
to share resources (such as printers and optical drives), access and exchange files, or allow electronic
communications via the local connection (LAN) or wireless local connection (WLAN). The
computers may be connected via hardwired such as cables, telephone lines, or through wireless such
as Bluetooth, wi-fi, NFC, infrared light beams, radio waves, or satellites. As I have said, the Internet
is the most prevalent resource shared today because the __________________ itself is considered a
huge computer network.
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Actually, there are more than ten types of networks. But I need at least five of them and the
most common we are using today. Can you help me to determine them?

|AME: DATE:
NETWORK TYPE KNOWN ACRONYM BRIEF DESCRIPTION

Yes, we did it!

The Internet

Let’s proceed… how many of you do not know what the Internet is? Very basic, right? But if
you've never used the Internet before, you may be amazed and think, “How did this happen? How
did these immense amounts of information fit on the Internet and seem boundless?”. Here, we'll
just introduce and define what is the Internet because we will have a separate and more intensive
discussion about how it is being used, how it works, how to connect, etc.

According to Rouse (TechTarget), the Internet sometimes called simply " the ___________,"
is a worldwide system of computer networks – a network of networks in which users at any one
computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes
talk directly to users at other computers). It was conceived by the Advanced Research Projects
Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. government in 1969 and was first known as the ARPANet. The original
aim was to create a network that would allow users of a research computer at one university to "talk
to" research computers at other universities. A side benefit of ARPANet's design was that, because
messages could be routed or rerouted in more than one direction, the network could continue to
function even if parts of it were destroyed in the event of a military attack or other disasters.

Our Internet today is now for public consumption, accommodating and self-sustaining facility
accessible to all of us all over the world. Thus, it is right and just to use these advantages for our
prolific and utmost self-progress and significance.
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|E: DATE:

On your own experience, what is the beneficial feature of the Internet?

Good answer!

Computers in Our Future

Alongside the fast evolution of the Internet transpired how fast technology expands. Now, we
are in the advent of wearable computers, or shall I say, we are already into it because it is already
in the process of innovation. ____________________ defines as a hand-free system with a data
processor supported by a user's body rather than an external surface. These devices may have some
components (bionic lenses or smart contact lenses, camera, head-worn display, touch panel, screen,
smartwatch, wrist-mounted keyboard, and the like) that work together to bring technology to
enhance or aid situational and environmental interactions.

Image Source: FutureForAll.org

According to FutureForAll.org, as shown in the picture above, “The front panel from my very
first computer, 1982, Data General Nova 1200, was the cat's pajamas because it allowed me to enter
two characters (16 bits) at a time, instead of eight bits (a byte). I was pleased as punchcards to enter
my ten-letter name in under a minute in binary code. Today, I talk into my 64-bit smartphone, and
as quick as my kids, it talks back.”

I used a desktop computer 25 years ago using DOS (stored in a floppy disk or diskette) boot it
up and met Super Mario for the first time. That was far, far “done to death”. Imagine another 25
years from now, is it not mind-blowing?
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As to concretize the big idea, anyone who tackles the future of computers weighs his/her
research based on _____________________, named after Gordon E. Moore, the Intel co-founder.
The Moore's Law is being described in this Intel infographic:

At the beginning (Intel 4004, 1971), microprocessors (as workhorses of data computing) and
storage capacities, including speed were doubled in size and the processing power as frequent as a
couple of months. But up-to-date (Ryzen 9 & 10th Gen Intel Core H-series, 2020), powerful
microprocessors are in the tips of our fingers.

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Image source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Moore%27s_Law_Transistor_Count_1971-2018.png

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Today's computers operate using semiconductors, metals, and electricity. Future computers
might use atoms, DNA, or light. Moore's Law predicts doubling, but when computers go from quartz
to quantum, the factor will be off the scale (ffa, n.d.).

What would the world be like, if computers the size of molecules become a reality? These are
the types of computers that could be everywhere but never seen. Nano-sized bio-computers that
could target specific areas inside your body. Giant networks of computers, in your clothing, your
house, your car. Entrenched in almost every aspect of our lives and yet you may never give them a
single thought (ffa, n.d.).

What would be like living with such computers after 25 to 30 years from now? We may not
see them all, but we can rediscover some of them now. Help me to do the task. I give you the name,
give me the description, function, or purpose.

|AME: DATE:
FUTURE COMPUTER BRIEF DESCRIPTION, FUNCTION, OR PURPOSE

Ubiquitous Computers

Quantum Computers

Optical Computers

DNA Computers

Yes, we did it again!

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| LEARNING SUMMARY
In this module, I learned that…

Evident with my…

In this module, I need to know more about the concepts of…

| REFLECTION
Now that you are now a computer literate enough and soon become an IT expert, how can
you utilize your computer literacy acquired as a manifestation of the OLSHCO Core
Values (SEEDS) you’ve learned, for instance, you’ve heard your Barangay Chairman
needs an expert recommendation in purchasing a computer set for Barangay use? How
can you help him? Site an example.

YES! We are done with our 1st module!

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|REFERENCES
• Coleman, n.d., “A Brief History of Computers”, retrieved Aug. 30, 2020 from
http://www.cs.uah.edu/~rcoleman/Common/History/History.html

• Inc. Editorial, n.d., “Computers and Computer Systems”, retrieved Aug. 30, 2020 from
https://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/computers-and-computer-systems.html

• Whitney, 2017, “Are Computers Already Smarter Than Humans?”, retrieved Aug. 30, 2020
from https://time.com/4960778/computers-smarter-than-humans/

• Computer Hope, 2020, “Software”, retrieved Aug. 30, 2020 from

https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/software.htm

• Posadas, nd., “TEACHING COMPUTER NETWORKING”, retrieved Aug. 30, 2020 from
https://sites.google.com/site/pnutpck11/home

• Abousen, n.d., “Networking and Communication”, retrieved Aug. 30, 2020 from
http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~dabousen/Default%20-%20Copy%20(2).html

• GFC, n.d., “Internet Basics - What is the Internet?”, retrieved Aug. 30, 2020 from
https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/internetbasics/what-is-the-internet/1/

• fcit, n.d., “Internet Basics”, retrieved Aug. 30, 2020 from

https://fcit.usf.edu/internet/chap1/chap1.htm

• FutureForAll.org, n.d., “Future Computers: What Will Computers Look Like in 30 Years?”,
retrieved Aug. 30, 2020 from https://www.futureforall.org/computers/computers.htm

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