Heirs of Wilson Gamboa v. Sec. Margarito Teves, GR NO. 176579, June 28, 2011

8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No.
176579
Today is Wednesday, August 23, 2023
Republic of the Philippines

SUPREME COURT
Manila
EN BANC
G.R. No. 176579 October 9, 2012
HEIRS OF WILSON P. GAMBOA,* Petitioners,

vs.
FINANCE SECRETARYMARGARITO B. TEVES, FINANCE UNDERSECRETARYJOHN P. SEVILLA, AND
COMMISSIONER RICARDO ABCEDE OF THE PRESIDENTIAL COMMISSION ON GOOD
GOVERNMENT(PCGG) IN THEIR CAPACITIES AS CHAIR AND MEMBERS, RESPECTIVELY, OF THE
PRIVATIZATION COUNCIL, CHAIRMAN ANTHONI SALIM OF FIRST PACIFIC CO., LTD. IN HIS CAPACITY AS
DIRECTOR OF METRO PACIFIC ASSET HOLDINGS INC., CHAIRMAN MANUEL V. PANGILINAN OF
PHILIPPINE LONG DISTANCE TELEPHONE COMPANY (PLDT) IN HIS CAPACITY AS MANAGING DIRECTOR
OF FIRST PACIFIC CO., LTD., PRESIDENT NAPOLEON L. NAZARENO OF PHILIPPINE LONG DISTANCE
TELEPHONE COMPANY, CHAIR FE BARIN OF THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, and
PRESIDENT FRANCIS LIM OF THE PHILIPPINE STOCK EXCHANGE, Respondents.
PABLITO V. SANIDAD and ARNO V. SANIDAD, Petitioner-in-Intervention.
RESOLUTION
CARPIO, J.:
This resolves the motions for reconsideration of the 28 June 2011 Decision filed by (1) the Philippine Stock
Exchange's (PSE) President, 1 (2) Manuel V. Pangilinan (Pangilinan),2 (3) Napoleon L. Nazareno (Nazareno ),3 and (
4) the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)4 (collectively, movants ).
The Office of the Solicitor General (OSG) initially filed a motion for reconsideration on behalfofthe SEC,5 assailing
the 28 June 2011 Decision. However, it subsequently filed a Consolidated Comment on behalf of the State,6
declaring expressly that it agrees with the Court's definition of the term "capital" in Section 11, Article XII of the
Constitution. During the Oral Arguments on 26 June 2012, the OSG reiterated its position consistent with the Court's
28 June 2011 Decision.
We deny the motions for reconsideration.
I.
Far-reaching implications of the legal issue justify
treatment of petition for declaratory relief as one for mandamus.
As we emphatically stated in the 28 June 2011 Decision, the interpretation of the term "capital" in Section 11, Article
XII of the Constitution has far-reaching implications to the national economy. In fact, a resolution of this issue will
determine whether Filipinos are masters, or second-class citizens, in their own country. What is at stake here is
whether Filipinos or foreigners will have effective control of the Philippine national economy. Indeed, if ever there is
a legal issue that has far-reaching implications to the entire nation, and to future generations of Filipinos, it is the
threshold legal issue presented in this case.
Contrary to Pangilinan’s narrow view, the serious economic consequences resulting in the interpretation of the term
"capital" in Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution undoubtedly demand an immediate adjudication of this issue.
Simply put, the far-reaching implications of this issue justify the treatment of the petition as one for
mandamus.7
In Luzon Stevedoring Corp. v. Anti-Dummy Board,8 the Court deemed it wise and expedient to resolve the case
although the petition for declaratory relief could be outrightly dismissed for being procedurally defective. There,
appellant admittedly had already committed a breach of the Public Service Act in relation to the Anti-Dummy Law
since it had been employing non- American aliens long before the decision in a prior similar case. However, the
main issue in Luzon Stevedoring was of transcendental importance, involving the exercise or enjoyment of rights,
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franchises, privileges, properties and businesses which only Filipinos and qualified corporations could exercise or
enjoy under the Constitution and the statutes. Moreover, the same issue could be raised by appellant in an
appropriate action. Thus, in Luzon Stevedoring the Court deemed it necessary to finally dispose of the case for the
guidance of all concerned, despite the apparent procedural flaw in the petition.
The circumstances surrounding the present case, such as the supposed procedural defect of the petition and the
pivotal legal issue involved, resemble those in Luzon Stevedoring. Consequently, in the interest of substantial justice
and faithful adherence to the Constitution, we opted to resolve this case for the guidance of the public and all
concerned parties.
II.
No change of any long-standing rule;
thus, no redefinition of the term "capital."
Movants contend that the term "capital" in Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution has long been settled and
defined to refer to the total outstanding shares of stock, whether voting or non-voting. In fact, movants claim that the
SEC, which is the administrative agency tasked to enforce the 60-40 ownership requirement in favor of Filipino
citizens in the Constitution and various statutes, has consistently adopted this particular definition in its numerous
opinions. Movants point out that with the 28 June 2011 Decision, the Court in effect introduced a "new" definition or
"midstream redefinition"9 of the term "capital" in Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution.
This is egregious error.
For more than 75 years since the 1935 Constitution, the Court has not interpreted or defined the term "capital"
found in various economic provisions of the 1935, 1973 and 1987 Constitutions. There has never been a judicial
precedent interpreting the term "capital" in the 1935, 1973 and 1987 Constitutions, until now. Hence, it is patently
wrong and utterly baseless to claim that the Court in defining the term "capital" in its 28 June 2011 Decision
modified, reversed, or set aside the purported long-standing definition of the term "capital," which supposedly refers
to the total outstanding shares of stock, whether voting or non-voting. To repeat, until the present case there has
never been a Court ruling categorically defining the term "capital" found in the various economic provisions of the
1935, 1973 and 1987 Philippine Constitutions.
The opinions of the SEC, as well as of the Department of Justice (DOJ), on the definition of the term "capital" as
referring to both voting and non-voting shares (combined total of common and preferred shares) are, in the first
place, conflicting and inconsistent. There is no basis whatsoever to the claim that the SEC and the DOJ have
consistently and uniformly adopted a definition of the term "capital" contrary to the definition that this Court adopted
in its 28 June 2011 Decision.
In DOJ Opinion No. 130, s. 1985,10 dated 7 October 1985, the scope of the term "capital" in Section 9, Article XIV of
the 1973 Constitution was raised, that is, whether the term "capital" includes "both preferred and common stocks."
The issue was raised in relation to a stock-swap transaction between a Filipino and a Japanese corporation, both
stockholders of a domestic corporation that owned lands in the Philippines. Then Minister of Justice Estelito P.
Mendoza ruled that the resulting ownership structure of the corporation would be unconstitutional because 60% of
the voting stock would be owned by Japanese while Filipinos would own only 40% of the voting stock, although
when the non-voting stock is added, Filipinos would own 60% of the combined voting and non-voting stock. This
ownership structure is remarkably similar to the current ownership structure of PLDT. Minister Mendoza
ruled:
xxxx
Thus, the Filipino group still owns sixty (60%) of the entire subscribed capital stock (common and
preferred) while the Japanese investors control sixty percent (60%) of the common (voting) shares.
It is your position that x x x since Section 9, Article XIV of the Constitution uses the word
"capital," which is construed "to include both preferred and common shares" and "that where
the law does not distinguish, the courts shall not distinguish."
xxxx
In light of the foregoing jurisprudence, it is my opinion that the stock-swap transaction in question
may not be constitutionally upheld. While it may be ordinary corporate practice to classify corporate
shares into common voting shares and preferred non-voting shares, any arrangement which attempts
to defeat the constitutional purpose should be eschewed. Thus, the resultant equity arrangement
which would place ownership of 60%11 of the common (voting) shares in the Japanese group,
while retaining 60% of the total percentage of common and preferred shares in Filipino hands
would amount to circumvention of the principle of control by Philippine stockholders that is
implicit in the 60% Philippine nationality requirement in the Constitution. (Emphasis supplied)
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In short, Minister Mendoza categorically rejected the theory that the term "capital" in Section 9, Article XIV of the
1973 Constitution includes "both preferred and common stocks" treated as the same class of shares regardless of
differences in voting rights and privileges. Minister Mendoza stressed that the 60-40 ownership requirement in favor
of Filipino citizens in the Constitution is not complied with unless the corporation "satisfies the criterion of
beneficial ownership" and that in applying the same "the primordial consideration is situs of control."
On the other hand, in Opinion No. 23-10 dated 18 August 2010, addressed to Castillo Laman Tan Pantaleon & San
Jose, then SEC General Counsel Vernette G. Umali-Paco applied the Voting Control Test, that is, using only the
voting stock to determine whether a corporation is a Philippine national. The Opinion states:
Applying the foregoing, particularly the Control Test, MLRC is deemed as a Philippine national
because: (1) sixty percent (60%) of its outstanding capital stock entitled to vote is owned by a
Philippine national, the Trustee; and (2) at least sixty percent (60%) of the ERF will accrue to the
benefit of Philippine nationals. Still pursuant to the Control Test, MLRC’s investment in 60% of
BFDC’s outstanding capital stock entitled to vote shall be deemed as of Philippine nationality,
thereby qualifying BFDC to own private land.
Further, under, and for purposes of, the FIA, MLRC and BFDC are both Philippine nationals,
considering that: (1) sixty percent (60%) of their respective outstanding capital stock entitled to vote
is owned by a Philippine national (i.e., by the Trustee, in the case of MLRC; and by MLRC, in the case
of BFDC); and (2) at least 60% of their respective board of directors are Filipino citizens. (Boldfacing
and italicization supplied)
Clearly, these DOJ and SEC opinions are compatible with the Court’s interpretation of the 60-40 ownership
requirement in favor of Filipino citizens mandated by the Constitution for certain economic activities. At the same
time, these opinions highlight the conflicting, contradictory, and inconsistent positions taken by the DOJ and the
SEC on the definition of the term "capital" found in the economic provisions of the Constitution.
The opinions issued by SEC legal officers do not have the force and effect of SEC rules and regulations because
only the SEC en banc can adopt rules and regulations. As expressly provided in Section 4.6 of the Securities
Regulation Code,12 the SEC cannot delegate to any of its individual Commissioner or staff the power to adopt any
rule or regulation. Further, under Section 5.1 of the same Code, it is the SEC as a collegial body, and not any
of its legal officers, that is empowered to issue opinions and approve rules and regulations. Thus:
4.6. The Commission may, for purposes of efficiency, delegate any of its functions to any department or
office of the Commission, an individual Commissioner or staff member of the Commission except its
review or appellate authority and its power to adopt, alter and supplement any rule or regulation.
The Commission may review upon its own initiative or upon the petition of any interested party any
action of any department or office, individual Commissioner, or staff member of the Commission.
SEC. 5. Powers and Functions of the Commission.- 5.1. The Commission shall act with transparency
and shall have the powers and functions provided by this Code, Presidential Decree No. 902-A, the
Corporation Code, the Investment Houses Law, the Financing Company Act and other existing laws.
Pursuant thereto the Commission shall have, among others, the following powers and functions:
xxxx
(g) Prepare, approve, amend or repeal rules, regulations and orders, and issue opinions and
provide guidance on and supervise compliance with such rules, regulations and orders;
x x x x (Emphasis supplied)
Thus, the act of the individual Commissioners or legal officers of the SEC in issuing opinions that have the effect of
SEC rules or regulations is ultra vires. Under Sections 4.6 and 5.1(g) of the Code, only the SEC en banc can "issue
opinions" that have the force and effect of rules or regulations. Section 4.6 of the Code bars the SEC en banc from
delegating to any individual Commissioner or staff the power to adopt rules or regulations. In short, any opinion of
individual Commissioners or SEC legal officers does not constitute a rule or regulation of the SEC.
The SEC admits during the Oral Arguments that only the SEC en banc, and not any of its individual commissioners
or legal staff, is empowered to issue opinions which have the same binding effect as SEC rules and regulations,
thus:
JUSTICE CARPIO:
So, under the law, it is the Commission En Banc that can issue an
SEC Opinion, correct?

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13
COMMISSIONER GAITE:
That’s correct, Your Honor.
JUSTICE CARPIO:
Can the Commission En Banc delegate this function to an SEC officer?
COMMISSIONER GAITE:
Yes, Your Honor, we have delegated it to the General Counsel.
JUSTICE CARPIO:
It can be delegated. What cannot be delegated by the Commission En Banc to a commissioner

or an individual employee of the Commission?
COMMISSIONER GAITE:
Novel opinions that [have] to be decided by the En Banc...
JUSTICE CARPIO:
What cannot be delegated, among others, is the power to adopt or amend rules and regulations,
correct?
COMMISSIONER GAITE:
That’s correct, Your Honor.
JUSTICE CARPIO:
So, you combine the two (2), the SEC officer, if delegated that power, can issue an opinion
but that opinion does not constitute a rule or regulation, correct?
COMMISSIONER GAITE:
Correct, Your Honor.
JUSTICE CARPIO:
So, all of these opinions that you mentioned they are not rules and regulations, correct?
COMMISSIONER GAITE:
They are not rules and regulations.
JUSTICE CARPIO:
If they are not rules and regulations, they apply only to that particular situation and will not
constitute a precedent, correct?
COMMISSIONER GAITE:
Yes, Your Honor.14 (Emphasis supplied)
Significantly, the SEC en banc, which is the collegial body statutorily empowered to issue rules and opinions on
behalf of the SEC, has adopted even the Grandfather Rule in determining compliance with the 60-40 ownership
requirement in favor of Filipino citizens mandated by the Constitution for certain economic activities. This prevailing
SEC ruling, which the SEC correctly adopted to thwart any circumvention of the required Filipino "ownership and
control," is laid down in the 25 March 2010 SEC en banc ruling in Redmont Consolidated Mines, Corp. v. McArthur
Mining, Inc., et al.,15 to wit:
The avowed purpose of the Constitution is to place in the hands of Filipinos the exploitation of our
natural resources. Necessarily, therefore, the Rule interpreting the constitutional provision
should not diminish that right through the legal fiction of corporate ownership and control. But
the constitutional provision, as interpreted and practiced via the 1967 SEC Rules, has favored
foreigners contrary to the command of the Constitution. Hence, the Grandfather Rule must be
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applied to accurately determine the actual participation, both direct and indirect, of foreigners
in a corporation engaged in a nationalized activity or business.
Compliance with the constitutional limitation(s) on engaging in nationalized activities must be

determined by ascertaining if 60% of the investing corporation’s outstanding capital stock is owned by
"Filipino citizens", or as interpreted, by natural or individual Filipino citizens. If such investing
corporation is in turn owned to some extent by another investing corporation, the same process must
be observed. One must not stop until the citizenships of the individual or natural stockholders of layer
after layer of investing corporations have been established, the very essence of the Grandfather Rule.
Lastly, it was the intent of the framers of the 1987 Constitution to adopt the Grandfather Rule. In
one of the discussions on what is now Article XII of the present Constitution, the framers made the
following exchange:
MR. NOLLEDO. In Sections 3, 9 and 15, the Committee stated local or Filipino equity and
foreign equity; namely, 60-40 in Section 3, 60-40 in Section 9, and 2/3-1/3 in Section 15.
MR. VILLEGAS. That is right.
MR. NOLLEDO. In teaching law, we are always faced with the question: ‘Where do we
base the equity requirement, is it on the authorized capital stock, on the subscribed capital
stock, or on the paid-up capital stock of a corporation’? Will the Committee please
enlighten me on this?
MR. VILLEGAS. We have just had a long discussion with the members of the team from
the UP Law Center who provided us a draft. The phrase that is contained here which we
adopted from the UP draft is ‘60 percent of voting stock.’
MR. NOLLEDO. That must be based on the subscribed capital stock, because unless
declared delinquent, unpaid capital stock shall be entitled to vote.
MR. NOLLEDO. Thank you. With respect to an investment by one corporation in another
corporation, say, a corporation with 60-40 percent equity invests in another corporation
which is permitted by the Corporation Code, does the Committee adopt the grandfather
rule?
MR. VILLEGAS. Yes, that is the understanding of the Committee.
MR. NOLLEDO. Therefore, we need additional Filipino capital?
MR. VILLEGAS. Yes. (Boldfacing and underscoring supplied; italicization in the original)
This SEC en banc ruling conforms to our 28 June 2011 Decision that the 60-40 ownership requirement in favor of
Filipino citizens in the Constitution to engage in certain economic activities applies not only to voting control of the
corporation, but also to the beneficial ownership of the corporation. Thus, in our 28 June 2011 Decision we
stated:
Mere legal title is insufficient to meet the 60 percent Filipinoowned "capital" required in the Constitution.
Full beneficial ownership of 60 percent of the outstanding capital stock, coupled with 60
percent of the voting rights, is required. The legal and beneficial ownership of 60 percent of the
outstanding capital stock must rest in the hands of Filipino nationals in accordance with the
constitutional mandate. Otherwise, the corporation is "considered as non-Philippine national[s]."
(Emphasis supplied)
Both the Voting Control Test and the Beneficial Ownership Test must be applied to determine whether a corporation
is a "Philippine national."
The interpretation by legal officers of the SEC of the term "capital," embodied in various opinions which respondents
relied upon, is merely preliminary and an opinion only of such officers. To repeat, any such opinion does not
constitute an SEC rule or regulation. In fact, many of these opinions contain a disclaimer which expressly states: "x
x x the foregoing opinion is based solely on facts disclosed in your query and relevant only to the particular issue
raised therein and shall not be used in the nature of a standing rule binding upon the Commission in other
cases whether of similar or dissimilar circumstances."16 Thus, the opinions clearly make a caveat that they do
not constitute binding precedents on any one, not even on the SEC itself.
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Likewise, the opinions of the SEC en banc, as well as of the DOJ, interpreting the law are neither conclusive nor
controlling and thus, do not bind the Court. It is hornbook doctrine that any interpretation of the law that
administrative or quasi-judicial agencies make is only preliminary, never conclusive on the Court. The power to
make a final interpretation of the law, in this case the term "capital" in Section 11, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution,
lies with this Court, not with any other government entity.
In his motion for reconsideration, the PSE President cites the cases of National Telecommunications Commission v.
Court of Appeals17 and Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company v. National Telecommunications
Commission18 in arguing that the Court has already defined the term "capital" in Section 11, Article XII of the 1987
Constitution.19
The PSE President is grossly mistaken. In both cases of National Telecommunications v. Court of Appeals20 and
Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company v. National Telecommunications Commission,21 the Court did not
define the term "capital" as found in Section 11, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution. In fact, these two cases never
mentioned, discussed or cited Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution or any of its economic provisions,
and thus cannot serve as precedent in the interpretation of Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution. These
two cases dealt solely with the determination of the correct regulatory fees under Section 40(e) and (f) of the Public
Service Act, to wit:
(e) For annual reimbursement of the expenses incurred by the Commission in the supervision of other
public services and/or in the regulation or fixing of their rates, twenty centavos for each one hundred
pesos or fraction thereof, of the capital stock subscribed or paid, or if no shares have been issued,
of the capital invested, or of the property and equipment whichever is higher.
(f) For the issue or increase of capital stock, twenty centavos for each one hundred pesos or fraction
thereof, of the increased capital. (Emphasis supplied)
The Court’s interpretation in these two cases of the terms "capital stock subscribed or paid," "capital stock" and
"capital" does not pertain to, and cannot control, the definition of the term "capital" as used in Section 11, Article XII
of the Constitution, or any of the economic provisions of the Constitution where the term "capital" is found. The
definition of the term "capital" found in the Constitution must not be taken out of context. A careful reading of these
two cases reveals that the terms "capital stock subscribed or paid," "capital stock" and "capital" were defined solely
to determine the basis for computing the supervision and regulation fees under Section 40(e) and (f) of the Public
Service Act.
III.
Filipinization of Public Utilities
The Preamble of the 1987 Constitution, as the prologue of the supreme law of the land, embodies the ideals that the
Constitution intends to achieve.22 The Preamble reads:
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and
humane society, and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the
common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the
blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom,
love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution. (Emphasis supplied)
Consistent with these ideals, Section 19, Article II of the 1987 Constitution declares as State policy the development
of a national economy "effectively controlled" by Filipinos:
Section 19. The State shall develop a self-reliant and independent national economy effectively
controlled by Filipinos.
Fortifying the State policy of a Filipino-controlled economy, the Constitution decrees:
Section 10. The Congress shall, upon recommendation of the economic and planning agency, when
the national interest dictates, reserve to citizens of the Philippines or to corporations or associations at
least sixty per centum of whose capital is owned by such citizens, or such higher percentage as
Congress may prescribe, certain areas of investments. The Congress shall enact measures that will
encourage the formation and operation of enterprises whose capital is wholly owned by Filipinos.
In the grant of rights, privileges, and concessions covering the national economy and patrimony, the
State shall give preference to qualified Filipinos.
The State shall regulate and exercise authority over foreign investments within its national jurisdiction
and in accordance with its national goals and priorities.23
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Under Section 10, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution, Congress may "reserve to citizens of the Philippines or to
corporations or associations at least sixty per centum of whose capital is owned by such citizens, or such higher
percentage as Congress may prescribe, certain areas of investments." Thus, in numerous laws Congress has
reserved certain areas of investments to Filipino citizens or to corporations at least sixty percent of the "capital" of
which is owned by Filipino citizens. Some of these laws are: (1) Regulation of Award of Government Contracts or
R.A. No. 5183; (2) Philippine Inventors Incentives Act or R.A. No. 3850; (3) Magna Carta for Micro, Small and
Medium Enterprises or R.A. No. 6977; (4) Philippine Overseas Shipping Development Act or R.A. No. 7471; (5)
Domestic Shipping Development Act of 2004 or R.A. No. 9295; (6) Philippine Technology Transfer Act of 2009 or
R.A. No. 10055; and (7) Ship Mortgage Decree or P.D. No. 1521.
With respect to public utilities, the 1987 Constitution specifically ordains:
Section 11. No franchise, certificate, or any other form of authorization for the operation of a
public utility shall be granted except to citizens of the Philippines or to corporations or
associations organized under the laws of the Philippines, at least sixty per centum of whose
capital is owned by such citizens; nor shall such franchise, certificate, or authorization be exclusive
in character or for a longer period than fifty years. Neither shall any such franchise or right be granted
except under the condition that it shall be subject to amendment, alteration, or repeal by the Congress
when the common good so requires. The State shall encourage equity participation in public utilities by
the general public. The participation of foreign investors in the governing body of any public utility
enterprise shall be limited to their proportionate share in its capital, and all the executive and managing
officers of such corporation or association must be citizens of the Philippines. (Emphasis supplied)
This provision, which mandates the Filipinization of public utilities, requires that any form of authorization for the
operation of public utilities shall be granted only to "citizens of the Philippines or to corporations or associations
organized under the laws of the Philippines at least sixty per centum of whose capital is owned by such citizens."
"The provision is [an express] recognition of the sensitive and vital position of public utilities both in the
national economy and for national security."24
The 1987 Constitution reserves the ownership and operation of public utilities exclusively to (1) Filipino citizens, or
(2) corporations or associations at least 60 percent of whose "capital" is owned by Filipino citizens. Hence, in the
case of individuals, only Filipino citizens can validly own and operate a public utility. In the case of corporations or
associations, at least 60 percent of their "capital" must be owned by Filipino citizens. In other words, under
Section 11, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution, to own and operate a public utility a corporation’s capital
must at least be 60 percent owned by Philippine nationals.
IV.
Definition of "Philippine National"
Pursuant to the express mandate of Section 11, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution, Congress enacted Republic Act
No. 7042 or the Foreign Investments Act of 1991 (FIA), as amended, which defined a "Philippine national" as
follows:
SEC. 3. Definitions. - As used in this Act:
a. The term "Philippine national" shall mean a citizen of the Philippines; or a domestic partnership or
association wholly owned by citizens of the Philippines; or a corporation organized under the laws
of the Philippines of which at least sixty percent (60%) of the capital stock outstanding and
entitled to vote is owned and held by citizens of the Philippines; or a corporation organized abroad
and registered as doing business in the Philippines under the Corporation Code of which one hundred
percent (100%) of the capital stock outstanding and entitled to vote is wholly owned by Filipinos or a
trustee of funds for pension or other employee retirement or separation benefits, where the trustee is a
Philippine national and at least sixty percent (60%) of the fund will accrue to the benefit of Philippine
nationals: Provided, That where a corporation and its non-Filipino stockholders own stocks in a
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) registered enterprise, at least sixty percent (60%) of the
capital stock outstanding and entitled to vote of each of both corporations must be owned and held by
citizens of the Philippines and at least sixty percent (60%) of the members of the Board of Directors of
each of both corporations must be citizens of the Philippines, in order that the corporation, shall be
considered a "Philippine national." (Boldfacing, italicization and underscoring supplied)
Thus, the FIA clearly and unequivocally defines a "Philippine national" as a Philippine citizen, or a domestic
corporation at least "60% of the capital stock outstanding and entitled to vote" is owned by Philippine citizens.
The definition of a "Philippine national" in the FIA reiterated the meaning of such term as provided in its predecessor
statute, Executive Order No. 226 or the Omnibus Investments Code of 1987,25 which was issued by then President
Corazon C. Aquino. Article 15 of this Code states:
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Article 15. "Philippine national" shall mean a citizen of the Philippines or a diplomatic partnership or
association wholly-owned by citizens of the Philippines; or a corporation organized under the laws
of the Philippines of which at least sixty per cent (60%) of the capital stock outstanding and
entitled to vote is owned and held by citizens of the Philippines; or a trustee of funds for pension
or other employee retirement or separation benefits, where the trustee is a Philippine national and at
least sixty per cent (60%) of the fund will accrue to the benefit of Philippine nationals: Provided, That
where a corporation and its non-Filipino stockholders own stock in a registered enterprise, at least sixty
per cent (60%) of the capital stock outstanding and entitled to vote of both corporations must be owned
and held by the citizens of the Philippines and at least sixty per cent (60%) of the members of the
Board of Directors of both corporations must be citizens of the Philippines in order that the corporation
shall be considered a Philippine national. (Boldfacing, italicization and underscoring supplied)
Under Article 48(3)26 of the Omnibus Investments Code of 1987, "no corporation x x x which is not a ‘Philippine
national’ x x x shall do business
x x x in the Philippines x x x without first securing from the Board of Investments a written certificate to the effect that
such business or economic activity x x x would not conflict with the Constitution or laws of the Philippines."27 Thus, a
"non-Philippine national" cannot own and operate a reserved economic activity like a public utility. This means, of
course, that only a "Philippine national" can own and operate a public utility.
In turn, the definition of a "Philippine national" under Article 15 of the Omnibus Investments Code of 1987 was a
reiteration of the meaning of such term as provided in Article 14 of the Omnibus Investments Code of 1981,28 to wit:
Article 14. "Philippine national" shall mean a citizen of the Philippines; or a domestic partnership or
association wholly owned by citizens of the Philippines; or a corporation organized under the laws
of the Philippines of which at least sixty per cent (60%) of the capital stock outstanding and
entitled to vote is owned and held by citizens of the Philippines; or a trustee of funds for pension
or other employee retirement or separation benefits, where the trustee is a Philippine national and at
least sixty per cent (60%) of the fund will accrue to the benefit of Philippine nationals: Provided, That
where a corporation and its non-Filipino stockholders own stock in a registered enterprise, at least sixty
per cent (60%) of the capital stock outstanding and entitled to vote of both corporations must be owned
and held by the citizens of the Philippines and at least sixty per cent (60%) of the members of the
Board of Directors of both corporations must be citizens of the Philippines in order that the corporation
shall be considered a Philippine national. (Boldfacing, italicization and underscoring supplied)
Under Article 69(3) of the Omnibus Investments Code of 1981, "no corporation x x x which is not a ‘Philippine
national’ x x x shall do business x x x in the Philippines x x x without first securing a written certificate from the Board
of Investments to the effect that such business or economic activity x x x would not conflict with the Constitution or
laws of the Philippines."29 Thus, a "non-Philippine national" cannot own and operate a reserved economic activity
like a public utility. Again, this means that only a "Philippine national" can own and operate a public utility.
Prior to the Omnibus Investments Code of 1981, Republic Act No. 518630 or the Investment Incentives Act, which
took effect on 16 September 1967, contained a similar definition of a "Philippine national," to wit:
(f) "Philippine National" shall mean a citizen of the Philippines; or a partnership or association wholly
owned by citizens of the Philippines; or a corporation organized under the laws of the Philippines
of which at least sixty per cent of the capital stock outstanding and entitled to vote is owned
and held by citizens of the Philippines; or a trustee of funds for pension or other employee
retirement or separation benefits, where the trustee is a Philippine National and at least sixty per cent
of the fund will accrue to the benefit of Philippine Nationals: Provided, That where a corporation and its
non-Filipino stockholders own stock in a registered enterprise, at least sixty per cent of the capital stock
outstanding and entitled to vote of both corporations must be owned and held by the citizens of the
Philippines and at least sixty per cent of the members of the Board of Directors of both corporations
must be citizens of the Philippines in order that the corporation shall be considered a Philippine
National. (Boldfacing, italicization and underscoring supplied)
Under Section 3 of Republic Act No. 5455 or the Foreign Business Regulations Act, which took effect on 30
September 1968, if the investment in a domestic enterprise by non-Philippine nationals exceeds 30% of its
outstanding capital stock, such enterprise must obtain prior approval from the Board of Investments before
accepting such investment. Such approval shall not be granted if the investment "would conflict with existing
constitutional provisions and laws regulating the degree of required ownership by Philippine nationals in the
enterprise."31 A "non-Philippine national" cannot own and operate a reserved economic activity like a public utility.
Again, this means that only a "Philippine national" can own and operate a public utility.
The FIA, like all its predecessor statutes, clearly defines a "Philippine national" as a Filipino citizen, or a
domestic corporation "at least sixty percent (60%) of the capital stock outstanding and entitled to vote" is
owned by Filipino citizens. A domestic corporation is a "Philippine national" only if at least 60% of its voting stock is
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owned by Filipino citizens. This definition of a "Philippine national" is crucial in the present case because the FIA
reiterates and clarifies Section 11, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution, which limits the ownership and operation of
public utilities to Filipino citizens or to corporations or associations at least 60% Filipino-owned.
The FIA is the basic law governing foreign investments in the Philippines, irrespective of the nature of business and
area of investment. The FIA spells out the procedures by which non-Philippine nationals can invest in the
Philippines. Among the key features of this law is the concept of a negative list or the Foreign Investments Negative
List.32 Section 8 of the law states:
SEC. 8. List of Investment Areas Reserved to Philippine Nationals [Foreign Investment Negative
List]. - The Foreign Investment Negative List shall have two 2 component lists: A and B:
a. List A shall enumerate the areas of activities reserved to Philippine nationals by mandate of
the Constitution and specific laws.
b. List B shall contain the areas of activities and enterprises regulated pursuant to law:
1. which are defense-related activities, requiring prior clearance and authorization from the Department
of National Defense [DND] to engage in such activity, such as the manufacture, repair, storage and/or
distribution of firearms, ammunition, lethal weapons, military ordinance, explosives, pyrotechnics and
similar materials; unless such manufacturing or repair activity is specifically authorized, with a
substantial export component, to a non-Philippine national by the Secretary of National Defense; or
2. which have implications on public health and morals, such as the manufacture and distribution of
dangerous drugs; all forms of gambling; nightclubs, bars, beer houses, dance halls, sauna and steam
bathhouses and massage clinics. (Boldfacing, underscoring and italicization supplied)
Section 8 of the FIA enumerates the investment areas "reserved to Philippine nationals." Foreign Investment
Negative List A consists of "areas of activities reserved to Philippine nationals by mandate of the
Constitution and specific laws," where foreign equity participation in any enterprise shall be limited to the
maximum percentage expressly prescribed by the Constitution and other specific laws. In short, to own and
operate a public utility in the Philippines one must be a "Philippine national" as defined in the FIA. The FIA
is abundant notice to foreign investors to what extent they can invest in public utilities in the Philippines.
To repeat, among the areas of investment covered by the Foreign Investment Negative List A is the ownership and
operation of public utilities, which the Constitution expressly reserves to Filipino citizens and to corporations at least
60% owned by Filipino citizens. In other words, Negative List A of the FIA reserves the ownership and
operation of public utilities only to "Philippine nationals," defined in Section 3(a) of the FIA as "(1) a citizen of
the Philippines; x x x or (3) a corporation organized under the laws of the Philippines of which at least sixty
percent (60%) of the capital stock outstanding and entitled to vote is owned and held by citizens of the
Philippines; or (4) a corporation organized abroad and registered as doing business in the Philippines under the
Corporation Code of which one hundred percent (100%) of the capital stock outstanding and entitled to vote is
wholly owned by Filipinos or a trustee of funds for pension or other employee retirement or separation benefits,
where the trustee is a Philippine national and at least sixty percent (60%) of the fund will accrue to the benefit of
Philippine nationals."
Clearly, from the effectivity of the Investment Incentives Act of 1967 to the adoption of the Omnibus Investments
Code of 1981, to the enactment of the Omnibus Investments Code of 1987, and to the passage of the present
Foreign Investments Act of 1991, or for more than four decades, the statutory definition of the term "Philippine
national" has been uniform and consistent: it means a Filipino citizen, or a domestic corporation at least
60% of the voting stock is owned by Filipinos. Likewise, these same statutes have uniformly and
consistently required that only "Philippine nationals" could own and operate public utilities in the
Philippines. The following exchange during the Oral Arguments is revealing:
JUSTICE CARPIO:
Counsel, I have some questions. You are aware of the Foreign Investments Act of 1991, x x x?
And the FIA of 1991 took effect in 1991, correct? That’s over twenty (20) years ago, correct?
COMMISSIONER GAITE:
JUSTICE CARPIO:
And Section 8 of the Foreign Investments Act of 1991 states that []only Philippine nationals can
own and operate public utilities[], correct?
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COMMISSIONER GAITE:
Yes, Your Honor.
JUSTICE CARPIO:
And the same Foreign Investments Act of 1991 defines a "Philippine national" either as a citizen
of the Philippines, or if it is a corporation at least sixty percent (60%) of the voting stock is owned
by citizens of the Philippines, correct?
COMMISSIONER GAITE:
JUSTICE CARPIO:
And, you are also aware that under the predecessor law of the Foreign Investments Act of 1991,
the Omnibus Investments Act of 1987, the same provisions apply: x x x only Philippine nationals
can own and operate a public utility and the Philippine national, if it is a corporation, x x x sixty
percent (60%) of the capital stock of that corporation must be owned by citizens of the
Philippines, correct?
COMMISSIONER GAITE:
JUSTICE CARPIO:
And even prior to the Omnibus Investments Act of 1987, under the Omnibus Investments Act of
1981, the same rules apply: x x x only a Philippine national can own and operate a public utility
and a Philippine national, if it is a corporation, sixty percent (60%) of its x x x voting stock, must
be owned by citizens of the Philippines, correct?
COMMISSIONER GAITE:
JUSTICE CARPIO:
And even prior to that, under [the]1967 Investments Incentives Act and the Foreign Company Act
of 1968, the same rules applied, correct?
COMMISSIONER GAITE:
JUSTICE CARPIO:
So, for the last four (4) decades, x x x, the law has been very consistent – only a
Philippine national can own and operate a public utility, and a Philippine national, if it is a
corporation, x x x at least sixty percent (60%) of the voting stock must be owned by
citizens of the Philippines, correct?
COMMISSIONER GAITE:
Correct, Your Honor.33 (Emphasis supplied)
Government agencies like the SEC cannot simply ignore Sections 3(a) and 8 of the FIA which categorically
prescribe that certain economic activities, like the ownership and operation of public utilities, are reserved to
corporations "at least sixty percent (60%) of the capital stock outstanding and entitled to vote is owned and held by
citizens of the Philippines." Foreign Investment Negative List A refers to "activities reserved to Philippine nationals
by mandate of the Constitution and specific laws." The FIA is the basic statute regulating foreign investments in
the Philippines. Government agencies tasked with regulating or monitoring foreign investments, as well as
counsels of foreign investors, should start with the FIA in determining to what extent a particular foreign investment
is allowed in the Philippines. Foreign investors and their counsels who ignore the FIA do so at their own peril.
Foreign investors and their counsels who rely on opinions of SEC legal officers that obviously contradict the FIA do
so also at their own peril.
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Occasional opinions of SEC legal officers that obviously contradict the FIA should immediately raise a red flag.
There are already numerous opinions of SEC legal officers that cite the definition of a "Philippine national" in Section
3(a) of the FIA in determining whether a particular corporation is qualified to own and operate a nationalized or
partially nationalized business in the Philippines. This shows that SEC legal officers are not only aware of, but also
rely on and invoke, the provisions of the FIA in ascertaining the eligibility of a corporation to engage in partially
nationalized industries. The following are some of such opinions:
1. Opinion of 23 March 1993, addressed to Mr. Francis F. How;
2. Opinion of 14 April 1993, addressed to Director Angeles T. Wong of the Philippine Overseas Employment
Administration;
3. Opinion of 23 November 1993, addressed to Messrs. Dominador Almeda and Renato S. Calma;
4. Opinion of 7 December 1993, addressed to Roco Bunag Kapunan Migallos & Jardeleza;
5. SEC Opinion No. 49-04, addressed to Romulo Mabanta Buenaventura Sayoc & De Los Angeles;
6. SEC-OGC Opinion No. 17-07, addressed to Mr. Reynaldo G. David; and
7. SEC-OGC Opinion No. 03-08, addressed to Attys. Ruby Rose J. Yusi and Rudyard S. Arbolado.
The SEC legal officers’ occasional but blatant disregard of the definition of the term "Philippine national" in the FIA
signifies their lack of integrity and competence in resolving issues on the 60-40 ownership requirement in favor of
Filipino citizens in Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution.
The PSE President argues that the term "Philippine national" defined in the FIA should be limited and interpreted to
refer to corporations seeking to avail of tax and fiscal incentives under investment incentives laws and cannot be
equated with the term "capital" in Section 11, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution. Pangilinan similarly contends that
the FIA and its predecessor statutes do not apply to "companies which have not registered and obtained special
incentives under the schemes established by those laws."
Both are desperately grasping at straws. The FIA does not grant tax or fiscal incentives to any enterprise. Tax and
fiscal incentives to investments are granted separately under the Omnibus Investments Code of 1987, not under the
FIA. In fact, the FIA expressly repealed Articles 44 to 56 of Book II of the Omnibus Investments Code of 1987, which
articles previously regulated foreign investments in nationalized or partially nationalized industries.
The FIA is the applicable law regulating foreign investments in nationalized or partially nationalized industries. There
is nothing in the FIA, or even in the Omnibus Investments Code of 1987 or its predecessor statutes, that states,
expressly or impliedly, that the FIA or its predecessor statutes do not apply to enterprises not availing of tax and
fiscal incentives under the Code. The FIA and its predecessor statutes apply to investments in all domestic
enterprises, whether or not such enterprises enjoy tax and fiscal incentives under the Omnibus Investments Code of
1987 or its predecessor statutes. The reason is quite obvious – mere non-availment of tax and fiscal
incentives by a non-Philippine national cannot exempt it from Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution
regulating foreign investments in public utilities. In fact, the Board of Investments’ Primer on Investment
Policies in the Philippines,34 which is given out to foreign investors, provides:
PART III. FOREIGN INVESTMENTS WITHOUT INCENTIVES
Investors who do not seek incentives and/or whose chosen activities do not qualify for incentives, (i.e.,
the activity is not listed in the IPP, and they are not exporting at least 70% of their production) may go
ahead and make the investments without seeking incentives. They only have to be guided by the
Foreign Investments Negative List (FINL).
The FINL clearly defines investment areas requiring at least 60% Filipino ownership. All other areas
outside of this list are fully open to foreign investors. (Emphasis supplied)
V.
Right to elect directors, coupled with beneficial ownership,
translates to effective control.
The 28 June 2011 Decision declares that the 60 percent Filipino ownership required by the Constitution to engage in
certain economic activities applies not only to voting control of the corporation, but also to the beneficial
ownership of the corporation. To repeat, we held:
Mere legal title is insufficient to meet the 60 percent Filipino-owned "capital" required in the
Constitution. Full beneficial ownership of 60 percent of the outstanding capital stock, coupled
with 60 percent of the voting rights, is required. The legal and beneficial ownership of 60 percent of
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the outstanding capital stock must rest in the hands of Filipino nationals in accordance with the
constitutional mandate. Otherwise, the corporation is "considered as non-Philippine national[s]."
(Emphasis supplied)
This is consistent with Section 3 of the FIA which provides that where 100% of the capital stock is held by "a trustee
of funds for pension or other employee retirement or separation benefits," the trustee is a Philippine national if "at
least sixty percent (60%) of the fund will accrue to the benefit of Philippine nationals." Likewise, Section 1(b) of the
Implementing Rules of the FIA provides that "for stocks to be deemed owned and held by Philippine citizens or
Philippine nationals, mere legal title is not enough to meet the required Filipino equity. Full beneficial ownership of
the stocks, coupled with appropriate voting rights, is essential."
Since the constitutional requirement of at least 60 percent Filipino ownership applies not only to voting control of the
corporation but also to the beneficial ownership of the corporation, it is therefore imperative that such requirement
apply uniformly and across the board to all classes of shares, regardless of nomenclature and category, comprising
the capital of a corporation. Under the Corporation Code, capital stock35 consists of all classes of shares issued to
stockholders, that is, common shares as well as preferred shares, which may have different rights, privileges or
restrictions as stated in the articles of incorporation.36
The Corporation Code allows denial of the right to vote to preferred and redeemable shares, but disallows denial of
the right to vote in specific corporate matters. Thus, common shares have the right to vote in the election of
directors, while preferred shares may be denied such right. Nonetheless, preferred shares, even if denied the right
to vote in the election of directors, are entitled to vote on the following corporate matters: (1) amendment of articles
of incorporation; (2) increase and decrease of capital stock; (3) incurring, creating or increasing bonded
indebtedness; (4) sale, lease, mortgage or other disposition of substantially all corporate assets; (5) investment of
funds in another business or corporation or for a purpose other than the primary purpose for which the corporation
was organized; (6) adoption, amendment and repeal of by-laws; (7) merger and consolidation; and (8) dissolution of
corporation.37
Since a specific class of shares may have rights and privileges or restrictions different from the rest of the shares in
a corporation, the 60-40 ownership requirement in favor of Filipino citizens in Section 11, Article XII of the
Constitution must apply not only to shares with voting rights but also to shares without voting rights. Preferred
shares, denied the right to vote in the election of directors, are anyway still entitled to vote on the eight specific
corporate matters mentioned above. Thus, if a corporation, engaged in a partially nationalized industry, issues
a mixture of common and preferred non-voting shares, at least 60 percent of the common shares and at
least 60 percent of the preferred non-voting shares must be owned by Filipinos. Of course, if a corporation
issues only a single class of shares, at least 60 percent of such shares must necessarily be owned by Filipinos. In
short, the 60-40 ownership requirement in favor of Filipino citizens must apply separately to each class of
shares, whether common, preferred non-voting, preferred voting or any other class of shares. This uniform
application of the 60-40 ownership requirement in favor of Filipino citizens clearly breathes life to the constitutional
command that the ownership and operation of public utilities shall be reserved exclusively to corporations at least 60
percent of whose capital is Filipino-owned. Applying uniformly the 60-40 ownership requirement in favor of Filipino
citizens to each class of shares, regardless of differences in voting rights, privileges and restrictions, guarantees
effective Filipino control of public utilities, as mandated by the Constitution.
Moreover, such uniform application to each class of shares insures that the "controlling interest" in public utilities
always lies in the hands of Filipino citizens. This addresses and extinguishes Pangilinan’s worry that foreigners,
owning most of the non-voting shares, will exercise greater control over fundamental corporate matters requiring
two-thirds or majority vote of all shareholders.
VI.
Intent of the framers of the Constitution
While Justice Velasco quoted in his Dissenting Opinion38 a portion of the deliberations of the Constitutional
Commission to support his claim that the term "capital" refers to the total outstanding shares of stock, whether
voting or non-voting, the following excerpts of the deliberations reveal otherwise. It is clear from the following
exchange that the term "capital" refers to controlling interest of a corporation, thus:
MR. NOLLEDO. In Sections 3, 9 and 15, the Committee stated local or Filipino equity and foreign
equity; namely, 60-40 in Section 3, 60-40 in Section 9 and 2/3-1/3 in Section 15.
MR. NOLLEDO. In teaching law, we are always faced with this question: "Where do we base the equity
requirement, is it on the authorized capital stock, on the subscribed capital stock, or on the paid-up
capital stock of a corporation"? Will the Committee please enlighten me on this?
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MR. VILLEGAS. We have just had a long discussion with the members of the team from the UP Law
Center who provided us a draft. The phrase that is contained here which we adopted from the UP
draft is "60 percent of voting stock."
MR. NOLLEDO. That must be based on the subscribed capital stock, because unless declared
delinquent, unpaid capital stock shall be entitled to vote.
MR. NOLLEDO. Thank you.
With respect to an investment by one corporation in another corporation, say, a corporation with 60-40
percent equity invests in another corporation which is permitted by the Corporation Code, does the
Committee adopt the grandfather rule?
MR. VILLEGAS. Yes.39
xxxx
MR. AZCUNA. May I be clarified as to that portion that was accepted by the Committee.
MR. VILLEGAS. The portion accepted by the Committee is the deletion of the phrase "voting stock or
controlling interest."
MR. AZCUNA. Hence, without the Davide amendment, the committee report would read: "corporations
or associations at least sixty percent of whose CAPITAL is owned by such citizens."
MR. VILLEGAS. Yes.
MR. AZCUNA. So if the Davide amendment is lost, we are stuck with 60 percent of the capital to be
owned by citizens.
MR. AZCUNA. But the control can be with the foreigners even if they are the minority. Let us say
40 percent of the capital is owned by them, but it is the voting capital, whereas, the Filipinos
own the nonvoting shares. So we can have a situation where the corporation is controlled by
foreigners despite being the minority because they have the voting capital. That is the anomaly
that would result here.
MR. BENGZON. No, the reason we eliminated the word "stock" as stated in the 1973 and 1935
Constitutions is that according to Commissioner Rodrigo, there are associations that do not
have stocks. That is why we say "CAPITAL."
MR. AZCUNA. We should not eliminate the phrase "controlling interest."
MR. BENGZON. In the case of stock corporations, it is assumed.40 (Boldfacing and underscoring
supplied)
Thus, 60 percent of the "capital" assumes, or should result in, a "controlling interest" in the corporation.
The use of the term "capital" was intended to replace the word "stock" because associations without stocks can
operate public utilities as long as they meet the 60-40 ownership requirement in favor of Filipino citizens prescribed
in Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution. However, this did not change the intent of the framers of the Constitution
to reserve exclusively to Philippine nationals the "controlling interest" in public utilities.
During the drafting of the 1935 Constitution, economic protectionism was "the battle-cry of the nationalists in the
Convention."41 The same battle-cry resulted in the nationalization of the public utilities.42 This is also the same intent
of the framers of the 1987 Constitution who adopted the exact formulation embodied in the 1935 and 1973
Constitutions on foreign equity limitations in partially nationalized industries.
The OSG, in its own behalf and as counsel for the State,43 agrees fully with the Court’s interpretation of the term
"capital." In its Consolidated Comment, the OSG explains that the deletion of the phrase "controlling interest" and
replacement of the word "stock" with the term "capital" were intended specifically to extend the scope of the entities
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qualified to operate public utilities to include associations without stocks. The framers’ omission of the phrase
"controlling interest" did not mean the inclusion of all shares of stock, whether voting or non-voting. The OSG
reiterated essentially the Court’s declaration that the Constitution reserved exclusively to Philippine nationals the
ownership and operation of public utilities consistent with the State’s policy to "develop a self-reliant and
independent national economy effectively controlled by Filipinos."
As we held in our 28 June 2011 Decision, to construe broadly the term "capital" as the total outstanding capital
stock, treated as a single class regardless of the actual classification of shares, grossly contravenes the intent and
letter of the Constitution that the "State shall develop a self-reliant and independent national economy effectively
controlled by Filipinos." We illustrated the glaring anomaly which would result in defining the term "capital" as the
total outstanding capital stock of a corporation, treated as a single class of shares regardless of the actual
classification of shares, to wit:
Let us assume that a corporation has 100 common shares owned by foreigners and 1,000,000 non-
voting preferred shares owned by Filipinos, with both classes of share having a par value of one peso
(₱ 1.00) per share. Under the broad definition of the term "capital," such corporation would be
considered compliant with the 40 percent constitutional limit on foreign equity of public utilities since the
overwhelming majority, or more than 99.999 percent, of the total outstanding capital stock is Filipino
owned. This is obviously absurd.
In the example given, only the foreigners holding the common shares have voting rights in the election
of directors, even if they hold only 100 shares. The foreigners, with a minuscule equity of less than
0.001 percent, exercise control over the public utility. On the other hand, the Filipinos, holding more
than 99.999 percent of the equity, cannot vote in the election of directors and hence, have no control
over the public utility. This starkly circumvents the intent of the framers of the Constitution, as well as
the clear language of the Constitution, to place the control of public utilities in the hands of Filipinos. x x
x
Further, even if foreigners who own more than forty percent of the voting shares elect an all-Filipino board of
directors, this situation does not guarantee Filipino control and does not in any way cure the violation of the
Constitution. The independence of the Filipino board members so elected by such foreign shareholders is highly
doubtful. As the OSG pointed out, quoting Justice George Sutherland’s words in Humphrey’s Executor v. US,44 "x x x
it is quite evident that one who holds his office only during the pleasure of another cannot be depended upon to
maintain an attitude of independence against the latter’s will." Allowing foreign shareholders to elect a controlling
majority of the board, even if all the directors are Filipinos, grossly circumvents the letter and intent of the
Constitution and defeats the very purpose of our nationalization laws.
VII.
Last sentence of Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution
The last sentence of Section 11, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution reads:
The participation of foreign investors in the governing body of any public utility enterprise shall be
limited to their proportionate share in its capital, and all the executive and managing officers of such
corporation or association must be citizens of the Philippines.
During the Oral Arguments, the OSG emphasized that there was never a question on the intent of the framers of the
Constitution to limit foreign ownership, and assure majority Filipino ownership and control of public utilities. The
OSG argued, "while the delegates disagreed as to the percentage threshold to adopt, x x x the records show they
clearly understood that Filipino control of the public utility corporation can only be and is obtained only through the
election of a majority of the members of the board."
Indeed, the only point of contention during the deliberations of the Constitutional Commission on 23 August 1986
was the extent of majority Filipino control of public utilities. This is evident from the following exchange:
THE PRESIDENT. Commissioner Jamir is recognized.
MR. JAMIR. Madam President, my proposed amendment on lines 20 and 21 is to delete the phrase
"two thirds of whose voting stock or controlling interest," and instead substitute the words "SIXTY
PERCENT OF WHOSE CAPITAL" so that the sentence will read: "No franchise, certificate, or any other
form of authorization for the operation of a public utility shall be granted except to citizens of the
Philippines or to corporations or associations organized under the laws of the Philippines at least
SIXTY PERCENT OF WHOSE CAPITAL is owned by such citizens."
xxxx
THE PRESIDENT: Will Commissioner Jamir first explain?
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MR. JAMIR. Yes, in this Article on National Economy and Patrimony, there were two previous sections
in which we fixed the Filipino equity to 60 percent as against 40 percent for foreigners. It is only in this
Section 15 with respect to public utilities that the committee proposal was increased to two-thirds. I
think it would be better to harmonize this provision by providing that even in the case of public utilities,
the minimum equity for Filipino citizens should be 60 percent.
MR. ROMULO. Madam President.
THE PRESIDENT. Commissioner Romulo is recognized.
MR. ROMULO. My reason for supporting the amendment is based on the discussions I have had with
representatives of the Filipino majority owners of the international record carriers, and the subsequent
memoranda they submitted to me. x x x
Their second point is that under the Corporation Code, the management and control of a corporation is
vested in the board of directors, not in the officers but in the board of directors. The officers are only
agents of the board. And they believe that with 60 percent of the equity, the Filipino majority
stockholders undeniably control the board. Only on important corporate acts can the 40-percent foreign
equity exercise a veto, x x x.
x x x x45
MS. ROSARIO BRAID. Madam President.
THE PRESIDENT. Commissioner Rosario Braid is recognized.
MS. ROSARIO BRAID. Yes, in the interest of equal time, may I also read from a memorandum by the
spokesman of the Philippine Chamber of Communications on why they would like to maintain the
present equity, I am referring to the 66 2/3. They would prefer to have a 75-25 ratio but would settle for
66 2/3. x x x
xxxx
THE PRESIDENT. Just to clarify, would Commissioner Rosario Braid support the proposal of two-thirds
rather than the 60 percent?
MS. ROSARIO BRAID. I have added a clause that will put management in the hands of Filipino
citizens.
x x x x46
While they had differing views on the percentage of Filipino ownership of capital, it is clear that the framers of the
Constitution intended public utilities to be majority Filipino-owned and controlled. To ensure that Filipinos control
public utilities, the framers of the Constitution approved, as additional safeguard, the inclusion of the last sentence of
Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution commanding that "[t]he participation of foreign investors in the governing
body of any public utility enterprise shall be limited to their proportionate share in its capital, and all the executive
and managing officers of such corporation or association must be citizens of the Philippines." In other words, the last
sentence of Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution mandates that (1) the participation of foreign investors in the
governing body of the corporation or association shall be limited to their proportionate share in the capital of such
entity; and (2) all officers of the corporation or association must be Filipino citizens.
Commissioner Rosario Braid proposed the inclusion of the phrase requiring the managing officers of the corporation
or association to be Filipino citizens specifically to prevent management contracts, which were designed primarily to
circumvent the Filipinization of public utilities, and to assure Filipino control of public utilities, thus:
MS. ROSARIO BRAID. x x x They also like to suggest that we amend this provision by adding a phrase
which states: "THE MANAGEMENT BODY OF EVERY CORPORATION OR ASSOCIATION SHALL IN
ALL CASES BE CONTROLLED BY CITIZENS OF THE PHILIPPINES." I have with me their position
paper.
THE PRESIDENT. The Commissioner may proceed.
MS. ROSARIO BRAID. The three major international record carriers in the Philippines, which
Commissioner Romulo mentioned – Philippine Global Communications, Eastern Telecommunications,
Globe Mackay Cable – are 40-percent owned by foreign multinational companies and 60-percent
owned by their respective Filipino partners. All three, however, also have management contracts with
these foreign companies – Philcom with RCA, ETPI with Cable and Wireless PLC, and GMCR with ITT.
Up to the present time, the general managers of these carriers are foreigners. While the foreigners in
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these common carriers are only minority owners, the foreign multinationals are the ones managing and
controlling their operations by virtue of their management contracts and by virtue of their strength in the
governing bodies of these carriers.47
xxxx
MR. OPLE. I think a number of us have agreed to ask Commissioner Rosario Braid to propose an
amendment with respect to the operating management of public utilities, and in this amendment, we
are associated with Fr. Bernas, Commissioners Nieva and Rodrigo. Commissioner Rosario Braid will
state this amendment now.
Thank you.
MS. ROSARIO BRAID. Madam President.
THE PRESIDENT. This is still on Section 15.
MS. ROSARIO BRAID. Yes.
MR. VILLEGAS. Yes, Madam President.
xxxx
MS. ROSARIO BRAID. Madam President, I propose a new section to read: ‘THE MANAGEMENT
BODY OF EVERY CORPORATION OR ASSOCIATION SHALL IN ALL CASES BE CONTROLLED BY
CITIZENS OF THE PHILIPPINES."
This will prevent management contracts and assure control by Filipino citizens. Will the
committee assure us that this amendment will insure that past activities such as management contracts
will no longer be possible under this amendment?
xxxx
FR. BERNAS. Madam President.
THE PRESIDENT. Commissioner Bernas is recognized.
FR. BERNAS. Will the committee accept a reformulation of the first part?
MR. BENGZON. Let us hear it.
FR. BERNAS. The reformulation will be essentially the formula of the 1973 Constitution which reads:
"THE PARTICIPATION OF FOREIGN INVESTORS IN THE GOVERNING BODY OF ANY PUBLIC
UTILITY ENTERPRISE SHALL BE LIMITED TO THEIR PROPORTIONATE SHARE IN THE CAPITAL
THEREOF AND..."
MR. VILLEGAS. "ALL THE EXECUTIVE AND MANAGING OFFICERS OF SUCH CORPORATIONS
AND ASSOCIATIONS MUST BE CITIZENS OF THE PHILIPPINES."
MR. BENGZON. Will Commissioner Bernas read the whole thing again?
FR. BERNAS. "THE PARTICIPATION OF FOREIGN INVESTORS IN THE GOVERNING BODY OF

ANY PUBLIC UTILITY ENTERPRISE SHALL BE LIMITED TO THEIR PROPORTIONATE SHARE IN
THE CAPITAL THEREOF..." I do not have the rest of the copy.
MR. BENGZON. "AND ALL THE EXECUTIVE AND MANAGING OFFICERS OF SUCH
CORPORATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS MUST BE CITIZENS OF THE PHILIPPINES." Is that correct?
MR. VILLEGAS. Yes.
MR. BENGZON. Madam President, I think that was said in a more elegant language. We accept the
amendment. Is that all right with Commissioner Rosario Braid?
xxxx
MR. DE LOS REYES. The governing body refers to the board of directors and trustees.
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
MR. BENGZON. Yes, the governing body refers to the board of directors.
MR. REGALADO. It is accepted.
MR. RAMA. The body is now ready to vote, Madam President.
VOTING
xxxx
The results show 29 votes in favor and none against; so the proposed amendment is approved.
xxxx
THE PRESIDENT. All right. Can we proceed now to vote on Section 15?
MR. RAMA. Yes, Madam President.
THE PRESIDENT. Will the chairman of the committee please read Section 15?
MR. VILLEGAS. The entire Section 15, as amended, reads: "No franchise, certificate, or any other form
of authorization for the operation of a public utility shall be granted except to citizens of the Philippines
or to corporations or associations organized under the laws of the Philippines at least 60 PERCENT OF
WHOSE CAPITAL is owned by such citizens." May I request Commissioner Bengzon to please
continue reading.
MR. BENGZON. "THE PARTICIPATION OF FOREIGN INVESTORS IN THE GOVERNING BODY OF

THE CAPITAL THEREOF AND ALL THE EXECUTIVE AND MANAGING OFFICERS OF SUCH
CORPORATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS MUST BE CITIZENS OF THE PHILIPPINES."
MR. VILLEGAS. "NOR SHALL SUCH FRANCHISE, CERTIFICATE OR AUTHORIZATION BE

EXCLUSIVE IN CHARACTER OR FOR A PERIOD LONGER THAN TWENTY-FIVE YEARS
RENEWABLE FOR NOT MORE THAN TWENTY-FIVE YEARS. Neither shall any such franchise or
right be granted except under the condition that it shall be subject to amendment, alteration, or repeal
by Congress when the common good so requires. The State shall encourage equity participation in
public utilities by the general public."
VOTING
xxxx
The results show 29 votes in favor and 4 against; Section 15, as amended, is approved.48 (Emphasis
supplied)
The last sentence of Section 11, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution, particularly the provision on the limited
participation of foreign investors in the governing body of public utilities, is a reiteration of the last sentence of
Section 5, Article XIV of the 1973 Constitution,49 signifying its importance in reserving ownership and control of
public utilities to Filipino citizens.
VIII.
The undisputed facts
There is no dispute, and respondents do not claim the contrary, that (1) foreigners own 64.27% of the common
shares of PLDT, which class of shares exercises the sole right to vote in the election of directors, and thus
foreigners control PLDT; (2) Filipinos own only 35.73% of PLDT’s common shares, constituting a minority of the
voting stock, and thus Filipinos do not control PLDT; (3) preferred shares, 99.44% owned by Filipinos, have no
voting rights; (4) preferred shares earn only 1/70 of the dividends that common shares earn;50 (5) preferred shares
have twice the par value of common shares; and (6) preferred shares constitute 77.85% of the authorized capital
stock of PLDT and common shares only 22.15%.
Despite the foregoing facts, the Court did not decide, and in fact refrained from ruling on the question of whether
PLDT violated the 60-40 ownership requirement in favor of Filipino citizens in Section 11, Article XII of the 1987
Constitution. Such question indisputably calls for a presentation and determination of evidence through a hearing,
which is generally outside the province of the Court’s jurisdiction, but well within the SEC’s statutory powers. Thus,
for obvious reasons, the Court limited its decision on the purely legal and threshold issue on the definition of the
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
term "capital" in Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution and directed the SEC to apply such definition in
determining the exact percentage of foreign ownership in PLDT.
IX.
PLDT is not an indispensable party;
SEC is impleaded in this case.
In his petition, Gamboa prays, among others:
xxxx
5. For the Honorable Court to issue a declaratory relief that ownership of common or voting shares is
the sole basis in determining foreign equity in a public utility and that any other government rulings,
opinions, and regulations inconsistent with this declaratory relief be declared unconstitutional and a
violation of the intent and spirit of the 1987 Constitution;
6. For the Honorable Court to declare null and void all sales of common stocks to foreigners in excess
of 40 percent of the total subscribed common shareholdings; and
7. For the Honorable Court to direct the Securities and Exchange Commission and Philippine Stock
Exchange to require PLDT to make a public disclosure of all of its foreign shareholdings and
their actual and real beneficial owners.
Other relief(s) just and equitable are likewise prayed for. (Emphasis supplied)
As can be gleaned from his prayer, Gamboa clearly asks this Court to compel the SEC to perform its statutory duty
to investigate whether "the required percentage of ownership of the capital stock to be owned by citizens of the
Philippines has been complied with [by PLDT] as required by x x x the Constitution."51 Such plea clearly negates
SEC’s argument that it was not impleaded.
Granting that only the SEC Chairman was impleaded in this case, the Court has ample powers to order the SEC’s
compliance with its directive contained in the 28 June 2011 Decision in view of the far-reaching implications of this
case. In Domingo v. Scheer,52 the Court dispensed with the amendment of the pleadings to implead the Bureau of
Customs considering (1) the unique backdrop of the case; (2) the utmost need to avoid further delays; and (3) the
issue of public interest involved. The Court held:
The Court may be curing the defect in this case by adding the BOC as party-petitioner. The petition
should not be dismissed because the second action would only be a repetition of the first. In Salvador,
et al., v. Court of Appeals, et al., we held that this Court has full powers, apart from that power and
authority which is inherent, to amend the processes, pleadings, proceedings and decisions by
substituting as party-plaintiff the real party-in-interest. The Court has the power to avoid delay in the
disposition of this case, to order its amendment as to implead the BOC as party-respondent.
Indeed, it may no longer be necessary to do so taking into account the unique backdrop in this
case, involving as it does an issue of public interest. After all, the Office of the Solicitor General
has represented the petitioner in the instant proceedings, as well as in the appellate court, and
maintained the validity of the deportation order and of the BOC’s Omnibus Resolution. It cannot, thus,
be claimed by the State that the BOC was not afforded its day in court, simply because only the
petitioner, the Chairperson of the BOC, was the respondent in the CA, and the petitioner in the instant
recourse. In Alonso v. Villamor, we had the occasion to state:
There is nothing sacred about processes or pleadings, their forms or contents.

Their sole purpose is to facilitate the application of justice to the rival claims of
contending parties. They were created, not to hinder and delay, but to facilitate and
promote, the administration of justice. They do not constitute the thing itself, which courts
are always striving to secure to litigants. They are designed as the means best adapted to
obtain that thing. In other words, they are a means to an end. When they lose the
character of the one and become the other, the administration of justice is at fault and
courts are correspondingly remiss in the performance of their obvious duty.53 (Emphasis
supplied)
In any event, the SEC has expressly manifested54 that it will abide by the Court’s decision and defer to the
Court’s definition of the term "capital" in Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution. Further, the SEC entered
its special appearance in this case and argued during the Oral Arguments, indicating its submission to the
Court’s jurisdiction. It is clear, therefore, that there exists no legal impediment against the proper and
immediate implementation of the Court’s directive to the SEC.
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
PLDT is an indispensable party only insofar as the other issues, particularly the factual questions, are concerned. In
other words, PLDT must be impleaded in order to fully resolve the issues on (1) whether the sale of 111,415 PTIC
shares to First Pacific violates the constitutional limit on foreign ownership of PLDT; (2) whether the sale of common
shares to foreigners exceeded the 40 percent limit on foreign equity in PLDT; and (3) whether the total percentage of
the PLDT common shares with voting rights complies with the 60-40 ownership requirement in favor of Filipino
citizens under the Constitution for the ownership and operation of PLDT. These issues indisputably call for an
examination of the parties’ respective evidence, and thus are clearly within the jurisdiction of the SEC. In short,
PLDT must be impleaded, and must necessarily be heard, in the proceedings before the SEC where the factual
issues will be thoroughly threshed out and resolved.
Notably, the foregoing issues were left untouched by the Court. The Court did not rule on the factual issues
raised by Gamboa, except the single and purely legal issue on the definition of the term "capital" in Section 11,
Article XII of the Constitution. The Court confined the resolution of the instant case to this threshold legal issue in
deference to the fact-finding power of the SEC.
Needless to state, the Court can validly, properly, and fully dispose of the fundamental legal issue in this case even
without the participation of PLDT since defining the term "capital" in Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution does
not, in any way, depend on whether PLDT was impleaded. Simply put, PLDT is not indispensable for a complete
resolution of the purely legal question in this case.55 In fact, the Court, by treating the petition as one for
mandamus,56 merely directed the SEC to apply the Court’s definition of the term "capital" in Section 11, Article XII of
the Constitution in determining whether PLDT committed any violation of the said constitutional provision. The
dispositive portion of the Court’s ruling is addressed not to PLDT but solely to the SEC, which is the
administrative agency tasked to enforce the 60-40 ownership requirement in favor of Filipino citizens in
Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution.
Since the Court limited its resolution on the purely legal issue on the definition of the term "capital" in Section 11,
Article XII of the 1987 Constitution, and directed the SEC to investigate any violation by PLDT of the 60-40
ownership requirement in favor of Filipino citizens under the Constitution,57 there is no deprivation of PLDT’s
property or denial of PLDT’s right to due process, contrary to Pangilinan and Nazareno’s misimpression. Due
process will be afforded to PLDT when it presents proof to the SEC that it complies, as it claims here, with Section
11, Article XII of the Constitution.
X.
Foreign Investments in the Philippines
Movants fear that the 28 June 2011 Decision would spell disaster to our economy, as it may result in a sudden flight
of existing foreign investors to "friendlier" countries and simultaneously deterring new foreign investors to our
country. In particular, the PSE claims that the 28 June 2011 Decision may result in the following: (1) loss of more
than ₱ 630 billion in foreign investments in PSE-listed shares; (2) massive decrease in foreign trading transactions;
(3) lower PSE Composite Index; and (4) local investors not investing in PSE-listed shares.58
Dr. Bernardo M. Villegas, one of the amici curiae in the Oral Arguments, shared movants’ apprehension. Without
providing specific details, he pointed out the depressing state of the Philippine economy compared to our
neighboring countries which boast of growing economies. Further, Dr. Villegas explained that the solution to our
economic woes is for the government to "take-over" strategic industries, such as the public utilities sector, thus:
JUSTICE CARPIO:
I would like also to get from you Dr. Villegas if you have additional information on whether this high
FDI59 countries in East Asia have allowed foreigners x x x control [of] their public utilities, so that we can
compare apples with apples.
DR. VILLEGAS:
Correct, but let me just make a comment. When these neighbors of ours find an industry strategic, their
solution is not to "Filipinize" or "Vietnamize" or "Singaporize." Their solution is to make sure that
those industries are in the hands of state enterprises. So, in these countries, nationalization
means the government takes over. And because their governments are competent and honest
enough to the public, that is the solution. x x x 60 (Emphasis supplied)
If government ownership of public utilities is the solution, then foreign investments in our public utilities serve no
purpose. Obviously, there can never be foreign investments in public utilities if, as Dr. Villegas claims, the "solution
is to make sure that those industries are in the hands of state enterprises." Dr. Villegas’s argument that foreign
investments in telecommunication companies like PLDT are badly needed to save our ailing economy contradicts
his own theory that the solution is for government to take over these companies. Dr. Villegas is barking up the wrong
tree since State ownership of public utilities and foreign investments in such industries are diametrically opposed
concepts, which cannot possibly be reconciled.
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
In any event, the experience of our neighboring countries cannot be used as argument to decide the present case
differently for two reasons. First, the governments of our neighboring countries have, as claimed by Dr. Villegas,
taken over ownership and control of their strategic public utilities like the telecommunications industry. Second, our
Constitution has specific provisions limiting foreign ownership in public utilities which the Court is sworn to uphold
regardless of the experience of our neighboring countries.
In our jurisdiction, the Constitution expressly reserves the ownership and operation of public utilities to Filipino
citizens, or corporations or associations at least 60 percent of whose capital belongs to Filipinos. Following Dr.
Villegas’s claim, the Philippines appears to be more liberal in allowing foreign investors to own 40 percent of public
utilities, unlike in other Asian countries whose governments own and operate such industries.
XI.
Prospective Application of Sanctions
In its Motion for Partial Reconsideration, the SEC sought to clarify the reckoning period of the application and
imposition of appropriate sanctions against PLDT if found violating Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution.1avvphi1
As discussed, the Court has directed the SEC to investigate and determine whether PLDT violated Section 11,
Article XII of the Constitution. Thus, there is no dispute that it is only after the SEC has determined PLDT’s violation,
if any exists at the time of the commencement of the administrative case or investigation, that the SEC may impose
the statutory sanctions against PLDT. In other words, once the 28 June 2011 Decision becomes final, the SEC shall
impose the appropriate sanctions only if it finds after due hearing that, at the start of the administrative case or
investigation, there is an existing violation of Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution. Under prevailing
jurisprudence, public utilities that fail to comply with the nationality requirement under Section 11, Article XII and the
FIA can cure their deficiencies prior to the start of the administrative case or investigation.61
XII.
Final Word
The Constitution expressly declares as State policy the development of an economy "effectively controlled" by
Filipinos. Consistent with such State policy, the Constitution explicitly reserves the ownership and operation of public
utilities to Philippine nationals, who are defined in the Foreign Investments Act of 1991 as Filipino citizens, or
corporations or associations at least 60 percent of whose capital with voting rights belongs to Filipinos. The FIA’s
implementing rules explain that "[f]or stocks to be deemed owned and held by Philippine citizens or Philippine
nationals, mere legal title is not enough to meet the required Filipino equity. Full beneficial ownership of the
stocks, coupled with appropriate voting rights is essential." In effect, the FIA clarifies, reiterates and confirms
the interpretation that the term "capital" in Section 11, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution refers to shares with
voting rights, as well as with full beneficial ownership. This is precisely because the right to vote in the election
of directors, coupled with full beneficial ownership of stocks, translates to effective control of a corporation.
Any other construction of the term "capital" in Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution contravenes the letter and
intent of the Constitution. Any other meaning of the term "capital" openly invites alien domination of economic
activities reserved exclusively to Philippine nationals. Therefore, respondents’ interpretation will ultimately result in
handing over effective control of our national economy to foreigners in patent violation of the Constitution, making
Filipinos second-class citizens in their own country.
Filipinos have only to remind themselves of how this country was exploited under the Parity Amendment, which
gave Americans the same rights as Filipinos in the exploitation of natural resources, and in the ownership and
control of public utilities, in the Philippines. To do this the 1935 Constitution, which contained the same 60 percent
Filipino ownership and control requirement as the present 1987 Constitution, had to be amended to give Americans
parity rights with Filipinos. There was bitter opposition to the Parity Amendment62 and many Filipinos eagerly
awaited its expiration. In late 1968, PLDT was one of the American-controlled public utilities that became Filipino-
controlled when the controlling American stockholders divested in anticipation of the expiration of the Parity
Amendment on 3 July 1974.63 No economic suicide happened when control of public utilities and mining
corporations passed to Filipinos’ hands upon expiration of the Parity Amendment.
Movants’ interpretation of the term "capital" would bring us back to the same evils spawned by the Parity
Amendment, effectively giving foreigners parity rights with Filipinos, but this time even without any
amendment to the present Constitution. Worse, movants’ interpretation opens up our national economy to
effective control not only by Americans but also by all foreigners, be they Indonesians, Malaysians or Chinese,
even in the absence of reciprocal treaty arrangements. At least the Parity Amendment, as implemented by the
Laurel-Langley Agreement, gave the capital-starved Filipinos theoretical parity – the same rights as Americans to
exploit natural resources, and to own and control public utilities, in the United States of America. Here, movants’
interpretation would effectively mean a unilateral opening up of our national economy to all foreigners, without any
reciprocal arrangements. That would mean that Indonesians, Malaysians and Chinese nationals could effectively
control our mining companies and public utilities while Filipinos, even if they have the capital, could not control
similar corporations in these countries.
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
The 1935, 1973 and 1987 Constitutions have the same 60 percent Filipino ownership and control requirement for
public utilities like PLOT. Any deviation from this requirement necessitates an amendment to the Constitution as
exemplified by the Parity Amendment. This Court has no power to amend the Constitution for its power and duty is
only to faithfully apply and interpret the Constitution.
WHEREFORE, we DENY the motions for reconsideration WITH FINALITY. No further pleadings shall be
entertained.
SO ORDERED.
ANTONIO T. CARPIO
Associate Justice
WE CONCUR:
MARIA LOURDES P.A. SERENO

Chief Justice
PRESBITERO J. VELASCO, JR. TERESITA J. LEONARDO-DE CASTRO

Associate Justice Associate Justice
ARTURO D. BRION DIOSDADO M. PERALTA

LUCAS P. BERSAMIN MARIANO C. DEL CASTILLO

ROBERTO A. ABAD MARTIN S. VILLARAMA, JR.

JOSE PORTUGAL PEREZ JOSE C. MENDOZA

BIENVENIDO L. REYES ESTELA M. PERLAS-BERNABE

C E RTI F I CATI O N
Pursuant to Section 13, Article VIII of the Constitution, I certify that the conclusions in the above Resolution had
been reached in consultation before the case was assigned to the writer of the opinion of the Court.
MARIA LOURDES P.A. SERENO

Chief Justice
Footnotes
*
The Heirs of Wilson P. Gamboa substituted petitioner Wilson P. Gamboa per Resolution dated 17 April 2012
which noted the Manifestation of Lauro Gamboa dated 12 April 2012.
1
Rol/o(Vol.lll),pp.l431-1451. Dated II July2011.
2
Id. at 1563-1613. Dated 14 July 2011.
3
Id. at 1454-1537. Dated 15 July 2011.
4
Id. at 1669-1680. Through its Office of the General Counsel and Commissioner Manuel llubeiio B. Gaite. In
its Manifestation and Omnibus Motion dated 29 July 20 II, the SEC manifested that the position of the OSG
on the meaning of the term "capital" does not reflect the view of the SEC.
The SEC sought a partial re~onsideration praying that the statement on SEC's unlawful neglect of its
statutory duty be expunged and for clarification on the reckoning period of the imposition of any
sanctions against PLOT.
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
5
Id. at 1614-1627. Dated 13 July 2011. On behalfofthe SEC, by special appearance. The OSG prayed that
the Court's decision "be cured of its procedural defect which however should not prevail over the substantive
aspect of the Decision."
6
I d. at 2102-2124. Filed on 15 December 20 II.
7
Salvacion v. Central Bank of the Philippines, 343 Phil. 539 (1997).
8
150-B Phil. 380 (1972).
9
Rollo (Vol. III), p. 1583.
10
Addressed to Gov. Lilia Bautista of the Board of Investments.
11
A typographical error in DOJ Opinion No. 130 where it states 80%.
12
Republic Act No. 8799.
13
General Counsel and Commissioner Manuel Huberto B. Gaite of the Securities and Exchange Commission.
14
TSN (Oral Arguments), 26 June 2012, pp. 81-83. Emphasis supplied.
15
SEC En Banc Case No. 09-09-177, 25 March 2010.
16
SEC Opinion No. 49-04, Re: Corporations considered as Philippine Nationals, dated 22 December 2004,
addressed to Romulo Mabanta Buenaventura Sayoc & De Los Angeles and signed by General Counsel
Vernette G. Umali-Paco; SEC-OGC Opinion No. 03-08, dated 15 January 2008, addressed to Attys. Ruby
Rose J. Yusi and Rudyard S. Arbolado and signed by General Counsel Vernette G. Umali-Paco; SEC-OGC
Opinion No. 09-09, dated 28 April 2009, addressed to Villaraza Cruz Marcelo Angangco and signed by
General Counsel Vernette G. Umali-Paco; SECOGC Opinion No. 08-10, dated 8 February 2010, addressed
to Mr. Teodoro B. Quijano and signed by General Counsel Vernette G. Umali-Paco; SEC-OGC Opinion No.
23-10, dated 18 August 2010, addressed to Castillo Laman Tan Pantaleon and San Jose and signed by
General Counsel Vernette G. Umali-Paco; SEC-OGC Opinion No. 18-07, dated 28 November 2007,
addressed to Mr. Rafael C. Bueno, Jr. and signed by General Counsel Vernette G. Umali-Paco.
In SEC Opinion No. 32-03, dated 2 June 2003, addressed to National Telecommunications
Commissioner Armi Jane R. Borje, SEC General Counsel Vernette G. Umali-Paco stated:
In this light, it is imperative that we reiterate the policy of this Commission (SEC) in refraining from
rendering opinions that might prejudice or affect the outcome of a case, which is subject to present
litigation before the courts, or any other forum for that matter. The opinion, which may be rendered
thereon, would not be binding upon any party who would in all probability, if the opinion happens to be
adverse to his or its interest, take issue therewith and contest it before the proper venue. The
Commission, therefore, has to refrain from giving categorical answers to your query.
17
370 Phil. 538 (1999).
18
G.R. No. 152685, 4 December 2007, 539 SCRA 365.
19
Rollo (Vol. III), pp. 1392-1393.
20
Supra.
21
Supra.
22
De Leon, Hector S., TEXTBOOK ON THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION, 2005 Edition, pp. 32, 33.
23
Section 10, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution.
24
Bernas, Joaquin G., S.J., THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES: A
COMMENTARY, 1996 Edition, p. 1044, citing Smith, Bell and Co. v. Natividad, 40 Phil. 136, 148 (1919);
Luzon Stevedoring Corporation v. Anti-Dummy Board, 150-B Phil. 380, 403-404 (1972).
25
Issued on 17 July 1987.
26
Articles 44 to 56 of the Omnibus Investments Code of 1987 were later repealed by the Foreign Investments
Act of 1991. See infra, p. 26.
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
27
Article 48. Authority to Do Business. No alien, and no firm association, partnership, corporation or any other
form of business organization formed, organized, chartered or existing under any laws other than those of the
Philippines, or which is not a Philippine national, or more than forty percent (40%) of the outstanding capital of
which is owned or controlled by aliens shall do business or engage in any economic activity in the Philippines
or be registered, licensed, or permitted by the Securities and Exchange Commission or by any other bureau,
office, agency, political subdivision or instrumentality of the government, to do business, or engage in any
economic activity in the Philippines without first securing a written certificate from the Board of Investments to
the effect:
xxxx
(3) That such business or economic activity by the applicant would not conflict with the Constitution or
laws of the Philippines;
xxxx
28
Presidential Decree No. 1789.
29
Article 69. Authority to Do Business. No alien, and no firm, association, partnership, corporation or any
other form of business organization formed, organized, chartered or existing under any laws other than those
of the Philippines, or which is not a Philippine national, or more than thirty (30%) per cent of the outstanding
capital of which is owned or controlled by aliens shall do business or engage in any economic activity in the
Philippines, or be registered, licensed, or permitted by the Securities and Exchange Commission or by any
other bureau, office, agency, political subdivision or instrumentality of the government, to do business, or
engage in any economic activity in the Philippines, without first securing a written certificate from the Board of
Investments to the effect:
xxxx
(3) That such business or economic activity by the applicant would not conflict with the Constitution or
xxxx
30
An Act Prescribing Incentives And Guarantees To Investments In The Philippines, Creating A Board Of
Investments, Appropriating The Necessary Funds Therefor And For Other Purposes.
31
Section 3 of RA No. 5455 states:
Section 3. Permissible Investments. If an investment by a non-Philippine national in an

enterprise not registered under the Investment Incentives Act is such that the total participation
by non-Philippine nationals in the outstanding capital thereof shall exceed thirty per cent, the
enterprise must obtain prior authority from the Board of Investments, which authority shall be
granted unless the proposed investment
(a) Would conflict with existing constitutional provisions and laws regulating the degree of
required ownership by Philippine nationals in the enterprise; or
(b) Would pose a clear and present danger of promoting monopolies or combinations in
restraint of trade; or
(c) Would be made in an enterprise engaged in an area adequately being exploited by

Philippine nationals; or
(d) Would conflict or be inconsistent with the Investments Priorities Plan in force at the
time the investment is sought to be made; or
(e) Would not contribute to the sound and balanced development of the national economy
on a self-sustaining basis.
xxxx
32
Executive Order No. 858, Promulgating the Eighth Regular Foreign Investment Negative List, signed on 5
February 2010, http://www.boi.gov.ph/pdf/laws/eo/EO%20858.pdf (accessed 17 August 2011).
33
TSN (Oral Arguments), 26 June 2012, pp. 71-74.
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
34
Published by the Board of Investments. For on-line copy, see
http://www.fdi.net/documents/WorldBank/databases/philippines/primer.htm (accessed 3 September 2012)
35
In his book, Fletcher explains:
The term "stock" has been used in the same sense as "capital stock" or "capital," and it has been said
that "tis primary meaning is capital, in whatever form it may be invested. More commonly, it is now
being used to designate shares of the stock in the hands of the individual shareholders, or the
certificates issued by the corporation to them. (Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Private Corporations,
1995 Revised Volume, Vol. 11, § 5079, p. 13; citations omitted).
36
SECTION 137. Outstanding capital stock defined. - The term "outstanding capital stock" as used in this
Code, means the total shares of stock issued to subscribers or stockholders, whether or not fully or partially
paid, except treasury shares.
SEC. 6. Classification of shares. - The shares of stock of stock corporations may be divided into
classes or series of shares, or both, any of which classes or series of shares may have such rights,
privileges or restrictions as may be stated in the articles of incorporation: Provided, That no share may
be deprived of voting rights except those classified and issued as "preferred" or "redeemable" shares,
unless otherwise provided in this Code: Provided, further, That there shall always be a class or series
of shares which have complete voting rights. Any or all of the shares or series of shares may have a
par value or have no par value as may be provided for in the articles of incorporation: Provided,
however, That banks, trust companies, insurance companies, public utilities, and building and loan
associations shall not be permitted to issue no-par value shares of stock.
Preferred shares of stock issued by any corporation may be given preference in the distribution of the
assets of the corporation in case of liquidation and in the distribution of dividends, or such other
preferences as may be stated in the articles of incorporation which are not violative of the provisions of
this Code: Provided, That preferred shares of stock may be issued only with a stated par value. The
board of directors, where authorized in the articles of incorporation, may fix the terms and conditions of
preferred shares of stock or any series thereof: Provided, That such terms and conditions shall be
effective upon the filing of a certificate thereof with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Shares of capital stock issued without par value shall be deemed fully paid and non-assessable and
the holder of such shares shall not be liable to the corporation or to its creditors in respect thereto:
Provided; That shares without par value may not be issued for a consideration less than the value of
five (₱ 5.00) pesos per share: Provided, further, That the entire consideration received by the
corporation for its no-par value shares shall be treated as capital and shall not be available for
distribution as dividends.
A corporation may, furthermore, classify its shares for the purpose of insuring compliance with
constitutional or legal requirements.
Except as otherwise provided in the articles of incorporation and stated in the certificate of stock, each
share shall be equal in all respects to every other share.
xxxx
37
Under Section 6 of the Corporation Code.
38
Dissenting Opinion to the 28 June 2011 Decision.
39
Record of the Constitutional Commission, Vol. III, pp. 255-256.
40
Id. at 360.
41
Aruego, Jose M., THE FRAMING OF THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION, Vol. II, 1936, p. 658.
42
Id.
43
The OSG stated, "It must be stressed that when the OSG stated its concurrence with the Honorable Court’s
ruling on the proper definition of capital, it did so, not on behalf of the SEC, its individual client in this case.
Rather, the OSG did so in the exercise of its discretion not only in its capacity as statutory counsel of the SEC
but as counsel for no less than the State itself."
44
295 U.S. 602, 55 S.Ct. 869, U.S. 1935 (27 May 1935).
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
45
Record of the Constitutional Commission, Vol. 3, pp. 650-651 (23 August 1986).
46
47
Record of the Constitutional Commission, Vol. 3, p. 652 (23 August 1986).
48
49
Section 5, Article XIV of the 1973 Constitution provides:
Section 5. No franchise, certificate, or any other form of authorization for the operation of a public utility
shall be granted except to citizens of the Philippines or to corporations or associations organized under
the laws of the Philippines at least sixty per centum of the capital of which is owned by such citizens,
nor shall such franchise, certificate, or authorization be exclusive in character or for a longer period
than fifty years. Neither shall any such franchise or right be granted except under the condition that it
shall be subject to amendment, alteration, or repeal by the National Assembly when the public interest
so requires. The State shall encourage equity participation in public utilities by the general public. The
participation of foreign investors in the governing body of any public utility enterprise shall be
limited to their proportionate share in the capital thereof. (Emphasis supplied)
50
For the year 2009.
51
SEC. 17. Grounds when articles of incorporation or amendment may be rejected or disapproved. – The
Securities and Exchange Commission may reject the articles of incorporation or disapprove any amendment
thereto if the same is not in compliance with the requirements of this Code: Provided, That the Commission
shall give the incorporators a reasonable time within which to correct or modify the objectionable
portions of the articles or amendment. The following are grounds for such rejection or disapproval:
xxxx
(4) That the percentage of ownership of the capital stock to be owned by citizens of the
Philippines has not been complied with as required by existing laws or the Constitution.
(Emphasis supplied)
Section 5 of R.A. No. 8799 provides:
Section 5. Powers and Functions of the Commission.– 5.1. The Commission shall act with
transparency and shall have the powers and functions provided by this Code, Presidential Decree No.
902-A, the Corporation Code, the Investment Houses Law, the Financing Company Act and other
existing laws. Pursuant thereto the Commission shall have, among others, the following powers and
functions:
(a) Have jurisdiction and supervision over all corporations, partnerships or associations who are the
grantees of primary franchises and/or a license or a permit issued by the Government;
xxxx
(c) Approve, reject, suspend, revoke or require amendments to registration statements, and registration
and licensing applications;
xxxx
(f) Impose sanctions for the violation of laws and the rules, regulations and orders, issued pursuant
thereto;
xxxx
(i) Issue cease and desist orders to prevent fraud or injury to the investing public;
xxxx
(m) Suspend, or revoke, after proper notice and hearing the franchise or certificate of registration of
corporations, partnership or associations, upon any of the grounds provided by law; and
(n) Exercise such other powers as may be provided by law as well as those which may be implied from,
or which are necessary or incidental to the carrying out of, the express powers granted the Commission
to achieve the objectives and purposes of these laws.
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52
466 Phil. 235 (2004).
53
Id. at 266-267.
54
In its Manifestation and Omnibus Motion dated 29 July 2011, the SEC stated: "The Commission respectfully
manifests that the position of the Office of the Solicitor General (‘OSG’) on the meaning of the term "capital"
does not reflect the view of the Commission. The Commission’s position has been laid down in countless
opinions that needs no reiteration. The Commission, however, would submit to whatever would be the
final decision of this Honorable Court on the meaning of the term "capital." (Emphasis supplied;
citations omitted)
In its Memorandum, the SEC stated: "In the event that this Honorable Court rules with finality on the
meaning of "capital", the SEC will yield to the Court and follow its interpretation."
55
In Lucman v. Malawi, 540 Phil. 289 (2006), the Court defined indispensable parties as parties ininterest
without whom there can be no final determination of an action.
56
Section 3, Rule 65 of the Rules of Court states:
SEC. 3. Petition for mandamus. – When any tribunal, corporation, board, officer or person unlawfully
neglects the performance of an act which the law specifically enjoins as a duty resulting from an office,
trust, or station, or unlawfully excludes another from the use and enjoyment of a right or office to which
such other is entitled, and there is no other plain, speedy and adequate remedy in the ordinary course
of law, the person aggrieved thereby may file a verified petition in the proper court, alleging the facts
with certainty and praying that judgment be rendered commanding the respondent, immediately or at
some other time to be specified by the court, to do the act required to be done to protect the rights of
the petitioner and to pay the damages sustained by the petitioner by reason of the wrongful acts of the
respondent.
xxxx
57
See Lucman v. Malawi, supra, where the Court referred to the Department of Interior and Local Government
(though not impleaded) for investigation and appropriate action the matter regarding the withdrawals of
deposits representing the concerned barangays’ Internal Revenue Allotments.
58
Rollo (Vol. III), pp. 1444-1445.
59
Foreign Direct Investments.
60
TSN (Oral Arguments), 26 June 2012, p. 117.
61
See Halili v. Court of Appeals, 350 Phil. 906 (1998); United Church Board for World Ministries v. Sebastian,
242 Phil. 848 (1988).
62
Urbano A. Zafra, The Laurel-Langley Agreement and the Philippine Economy, p. 43 (1973). See also
Mabanag v. Lopez Vito, 78 Phil. 1 (1947).
63
See Hadi Salehi Esfahani, The Political Economy of the Philippines’ Telecommunications Sector, World
Bank Policy Research Department (1994).
The Lawphil Project - Arellano Law Foundation
DISSENTING OPINION
VELASCO, JR., J.:
Before Us are separate motions for recon~ideration of the Court's June 28, 2011 Decision, 1 which partially granted
the petition for prohibition, injunction and declaratory relief interposed by Wilson P. Gamboa (petitioner or Gamboa).
Very simply, the Court held that the term "capital" appearing in Section 11, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution refers
only to common shares or shares of stock entitled to vote in the election of the members of the board of directors of
a public utility, and not to the total outstanding capital stock.
Respondents Manuel V. Pangilinan (Pangilinan) and Napoleon L.Nazare no (Nazareno) separately moved for
reconsideration on procedural and substantive grounds, but reserved their main arguments against the majority's
holding on the meaning of "capital." The Office of the Solicitor General (OSG), which initially representL:d the
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Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), also requested recon~itkratiun even as it manifested agreement with
the majority's construal ct' the \Vord "capital." Unable to join the OSG's stand on the determinative issue of capital,
the SEC sought leave to join the fray on its mvn. fn its Jtdotion to Admit A1anifestation and Omnibus Motion, the
SEC stated that the OSG’s position on said issue does not reflect its own and in fact diverges from what the
Commission has consistently adopted prior to this case. And because the decision in question has a penalty
component which it is tasked to impose, SEC requested clarification as to when the reckoning period of
application of the appropriate sanctions may be imposed on Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company
(PLDT) in case the SEC determines that it has violated Sec. 11, Art. XII of the Constitution.
To the foregoing motions, the main petitioner, now deceased, filed his Comment and/or Opposition to Motions for
Reconsideration.
Acting on the various motions and comment, the Court conducted and heard the parties in oral arguments on April
17 and June 26, 2012.
After considering the parties’ positions as articulated during the oral arguments and in their pleadings and respective
memoranda, I vote to grant reconsideration. This disposition is consistent with my dissent, on procedural and
substantive grounds, to the June 28, 2011 majority Decision.
Conspectus
The core issue is the meaning of the word "capital" in the opening sentence of Sec. 11, Art. XII of the 1987
Constitution which reads:
capital is owned by such citizens; nor shall such franchise, certificate, or authorization be exclusive
in character or for a longer period than fifty years. Neither shall any such franchise or right be granted
except under the condition that it shall be subject to amendment, alteration, or repeal by the Congress
when the common good so requires. The State shall encourage equity participation in public utilities by
the general public. The participation of foreign investors in the governing body of any public
utility enterprise shall be limited to their proportionate share in its capital, and all the executive
and managing officers of such corporation or association must be citizens of the Philippines.
(Emphasis supplied.)
For an easier comprehension of the two contrasting positions on the contentious meaning of the word "capital," as
found in the first sentence of the aforequoted provision, allow me to present a brief comparative analysis showing
the dissimilarities.
The majority, in the June 28, 2011 Decision, as reiterated in the draft resolution, is of the view that the word "capital"
in the first sentence of Sec. 11, Art. XII refers to common shares or voting shares only; thus limiting foreign
ownership of such shares to 40%. The rationale, as stated in the basic ponencia, is that this interpretation ensures
that control of the Board of Directors stays in the hands of Filipinos, since foreigners can only own a maximum of
40% of said shares and, accordingly, can only elect the equivalent percentage of directors. As a necessary corollary,
Filipino stockholders can always elect 60% of the Board of Directors which, to the majority, translates to control over
the corporation.
The opposite view is that the word "capital" in the first sentence refers to the entire capital stock of the corporation or
both voting and non-voting shares and NOT solely to common shares. From this standpoint, 60% control over the
capital stock or the stockholders owning both voting and non-voting shares is assured to Filipinos and, as a
consequence, over corporate matters voted upon and decisions reached during stockholders’ meetings. On the
other hand, the last sentence of Sec. 11, Art. XII, with the word "capital" embedded in it, is the provision that ensures
Filipino control over the Board of Directors and its decisions.
To resolve the conflicting interpretations of the word "capital," the first sentence of Sec. 11, Art. XII must be read and
considered in conjunction with the last sentence of said Sec. 11 which prescribes that "the participation of foreign
investors in the governing body of any public utility enterprise shall be limited to their proportionate share in its
capital." After all, it is an established principle in constitutional construction that provisions in the Constitution must
be harmonized.
It has been made very clear during the oral arguments and even by the parties’ written submissions that control by
Filipinos over the public utility enterprise exists on three (3) levels, namely:
1. Sixty percent (60%) control of Filipinos over the capital stock which covers both voting and non-voting shares and
inevitably over the stockholders. This level of control is embodied in the first sentence of Sec. 11, Art. XII which
reads:
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capital is owned by such citizens x x x.
The word "capital" in the above provision refers to capital stock or both voting and non-voting shares. Sixty percent
(60%) control over the capital stock translates to control by Filipinos over almost all decisions by the stockholders
during stockholders’ meetings including ratification of the decisions and acts of the Board of Directors. During said
meetings, voting and even non-voting shares are entitled to vote. The exercise by non-voting shares of voting rights
over major corporate decisions is expressly provided in Sec. 6 of the Corporation Code which reads:
Sec. 6. x x x x
Where the articles of incorporation provide for non-voting shares in the cases allowed by this Code, the
holders of such shares shall nevertheless be entitled to vote on the following matters:
1. Amendment of the articles of incorporation;
2. Adoption and amendment of by-laws;
3. Sale, lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge or other disposition of all or substantially all of the
corporate property;
4. Incurring, creating or increasing bonded indebtedness;
5. Increase or decrease of capital stock;
6. Merger or consolidation of the corporation with another corporation or other corporations;
7. Investment of corporate funds in another corporation or business in accordance with this

Code; and
8. Dissolution of the corporation.
Construing the word "capital" in the first sentence of Sec. 11, Art. XII of the Constitution as capital stock would
ensure Filipino control over the public utility with respect to major corporate decisions. If we adopt the view
espoused by Justice Carpio that the word "capital" means only common shares or voting shares, then foreigners
can own even up to 100% of the non-voting shares. In such a situation, foreigners may very well exercise control
over all major corporate decisions as their ownership of the nonvoting shares remains unfettered by the 40% cap
laid down in the first sentence of Sec. 11, Art. XII. This will spawn an even greater anomaly because it would give
the foreigners the opportunity to acquire ownership of the net assets of the corporation upon its dissolution to
include what the Constitution enjoins––land ownership possibly through dummy corporations. With the view of
Justice Carpio, Filipinos will definitely lose control over major corporate decisions which are decided by stockholders
owning the majority of the non-voting shares.
2. Sixty percent (60%) control by Filipinos over the common shares or voting shares and necessarily over the Board
of Directors of the public utility. Control on this level is guaranteed by the last sentence of Sec. 11, Art. XII which
reads:
The participation of foreign investors in the governing body of any public utility enterprise shall
be limited to their proportionate share in its "capital" x x x.
In its ordinary signification, "participation" connotes "the action or state of taking part with others in an activity."2 This
participation in its decision-making function can only be the right to elect board directors. Hence, the last sentence
of Sec. 11, Art. XII of the Constitution effectively restricts the right of foreigners to elect directors to the
board in proportion to the limit on their total shareholdings. Since the first part of Sec. 11, Art. XII of the
Constitution specifies a 40% limit of foreign ownership in the total capital of the public utility corporation, then the
rights of foreigners to be elected to the board of directors, is likewise limited to 40 percent. If the foreign ownership
of common shares is lower than 40%, the participation of foreigners is limited to their proportionate share in the
capital stock.
In the highly hypothetical public utility corporation with 100 common shares and 1,000,000 preferred non-voting
shares, or a total of 1,000,100 shares cited in the June 28, 2011 Decision, foreigners can thus only own up to
400,040 shares of the corporation, consisting of the maximum 40 (out of the 100) voting shares and 400,000 non-
voting shares. And, assuming a 10- member board, the foreigners can elect only 4 members of the board using the
40 voting shares they are allowed to own.
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Following, in fine, the dictates of Sec. 11, Art. XII, as couched, the foreign shareholders’ right to elect
members of the governing board of a given public utility corporation is proportional only to their right to
hold a part of the total shareholdings of that entity. Since foreigners can only own, in the maximum, up to 40%
of the total shareholdings of the company, then their voting entitlement as to the numerical composition of the
board would depend on the level of their shareholding in relation to the capital stock, but in no case shall it
exceed the 40% threshold.
Contrary to the view of Justice Carpio that the objective behind the first sentence of Sec. 11, Art. XII is to ensure
control of Filipinos over the Board of Directors by limiting foreign ownership of the common shares or voting shares
up to 40%, it is actually the first part of the aforequoted last sentence of Sec. 11, Art. XII that limits the rights
of foreigners to elect not more than 40% of the board seats thus ensuring a clear majority in the Board of
Directors to Filipinos. If we follow the line of reasoning of Justice Carpio on the meaning of the word "capital" in the
first sentence, then there is no need for the framers of the Constitution to incorporate the last sentence in Sec. 11,
Art. XII on the 40% maximum participation of the foreigners in the Board of Directors. The last sentence would be a
useless redundancy, a situation doubtless unintended by the framers of the Constitution. A construction that renders
a part of the law or Constitution being construed superfluous is an aberration,3 for it is at all times presumed that
each word used in the law is intentional and has a particular and special role in the approximation of the policy
sought to be attained, ut magis valeat quam pereat.
3. The third level of control proceeds from the requirement tucked in the second part of the ultimate sentence that
"all the executive and managing officers of the corporation must be citizens of the Philippines." This assures
full Filipino control, at all times, over the management of the public utility.
To summarize, the Constitution, as enacted, establishes not just one but a three-tiered control-enhancing-and-
locking mechanism in Sec. 11, Article XII to ensure that Filipinos will always have full beneficial ownership and
control of public utility corporations:
1. 40% ceiling on foreign ownership in the capital stock that ensures sixty percent (60%) Filipino control over the
capital stock which covers both voting and non-voting shares. As a consequence, Filipino control over the
stockholders is assured. (First sentence of Sec. 11, Art. XII). Thus, foreigners can own only up to 40% of the capital
stock.
2. 40% ceiling on the right of foreigners to elect board directors that guarantees sixty percent (60%) Filipino control
over the Board of Directors. (First part of last sentence of Sec. 11, Art. XII).
3. Reservation to Filipino citizens of the executive and managing officers, regardless of the level of alien equity
ownership to secure total Filipino control over the management of the public utility enterprise (Second part of last
sentence of Sec. 11, Art. XII). Thus, all executive and managing officers must be Filipinos.
Discussion
Undoubtedly there is a clash of conflicting opinions as to what "capital" in the first sentence of Sec. 11, Art. XII
means. The majority says it refers only to common or voting shares. The minority says it includes both voting and
non-voting shares. A resort to constitutional construction is unavoidable.
It is settled though that the "primary source from which to ascertain constitutional intent or purpose is the language
of the constitution itself."4 To this end, the words used by the Constitution should as much as possible be
understood in their ordinary meaning as the Constitution is not a lawyer’s document.5 This approach, otherwise
known as the verba legis rule, should be applied save where technical terms are employed.6
The plain meaning of "capital" in the first

sentence of Sec. 11, Art. XII of the Constitution
includes both voting and non-voting shares
J.M. Tuason & Co., Inc. v. Land Tenure Administration illustrates the verba legis rule. There, the Court cautions
against departing from the commonly understood meaning of ordinary words used in the Constitution, viz.:
We look to the language of the document itself in our search for its meaning. We do not of course stop
there, but that is where we begin. It is to be assumed that the words in which constitutional
provisions are couched express the objective sought to be attained. They are to be given their
ordinary meaning except where technical terms are employed in which case the significance thus
attached to them prevails. As the Constitution is not primarily a lawyer's document, it being essential for
the rule of law to obtain that it should ever be present in the people's consciousness, its language as
much as possible should be understood in the sense they have in common use. What it says
according to the text of the provision to be construed compels acceptance and negates the power of
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the courts to alter it, based on the postulate that the framers and the people mean what they say. Thus,
there are cases where the need for construction is reduced to a minimum.7 (Emphasis supplied.)
The primary reason for the verba legis approach, as pointed out by Fr. Joaquin Bernas during the June 26, 2012
arguments, is that the people who ratified the Constitution voted on their understanding of the word capital in its
everyday meaning. Fr. Bernas elucidated thus:
x x x Over the years, from the 1935 to the 1973 and finally even under the 1987 Constitution, the
prevailing practice has been to base the 60-40 proportion on total outstanding capital stock, that is, the
combined total of common and non-voting preferred shares. This is what occasioned the case under
consideration.
What is the constitutional relevance of this continuing practice? I suggest that it is relevant for
determining what the people in the street voted for when they ratified the Constitution. When the draft
of a Constitution is presented to the people for ratification, what the people vote on is not the
debates in the constituent body but the text of the draft. Concretely, what the electorate voted
on was their understanding of the word capital in its everyday meaning they encounter in daily
life. We cannot attribute to the voters a jurist’s sophisticated meaning of capital and its breakdown into
common and preferred. What they vote on is what they see. Nor do they vote on what the drafters saw
as assumed meaning, to use Bengzon’s explanation. In the language of the sophisticates, what voters
in a plebiscite vote on is verba legis and not anima legis about which trained jurists debate.
What then does it make of the contemporary understanding by SEC etc. Is the contemporary
understanding unconstitutional or constitutional? I hesitate to characterize it as constitutional or
unconstitutional. I would merely characterize it as popular. What I mean is it reflects the common
understanding of the ordinary populi, common but incomplete.8 (Emphasis supplied.)
"Capital" in the first sentence of Sec. 11, Art. XII must then be accorded a meaning accepted, understood, and used
by an ordinary person not versed in the technicalities of law. As defined in a non-legal dictionary, capital stock or
capital is ordinarily taken to mean "the outstanding shares of a joint stock company considered as an aggregate"9
or "the ownership element of a corporation divided into shares and represented by certificates."10
The term "capital" includes all the outstanding shares of a company that represent "the proprietary claim in a
business."11 It does not distinguish based on the voting feature of the stocks but refers to all shares, be they
voting or non-voting. Neither is the term limited to the management aspect of the corporation but clearly refers to
the separate aspect of ownership of the corporate shares thereby encompassing all shares representing the equity
of the corporation.
This plain meaning, as understood, accepted, and used in ordinary parlance, hews with the definition given by Black
who equates capital to capital stock12 and defines it as "the total number of shares of stock that a corporation may
issue under its charter or articles of incorporation, including both common stock and preferred stock."13 This
meaning is also reflected in legal commentaries on the Corporation Code. The respected commentator Ruben E.
Agpalo defines "capital" as the "money, property or means contributed by stockholders for the business or enterprise
for which the corporation was formed and generally implies that such money or property or means have been
contributed in payment for stock issued to the contributors."14 Meanwhile, "capital stock" is "the aggregate of the
shares actually subscribed [or] the amount subscribed and paid-in and upon which the corporation is to conduct
its operations, or the amount paid-in by its stockholders in money, property or services with which it is to conduct its
business."15
This definition has been echoed by numerous other experts in the field of corporation law. Dean Villanueva wrote,
thus:
In defining the relationship between the corporation and its stockholders, the capital stock represents
the proportional standing of the stockholders with respect to the corporation and corporate matters,
such as their rights to vote and to receive dividends.
In financial terms, the capital stock of the corporation as reflected in the financial statement of
the corporation represents the financial or proprietary claims of the stockholders to the net
assets of the corporation upon dissolution. In addition, the capital stock represents the totality of
the portion of the corporation’s assets and receivables which are covered by the trust fund doctrine and
provide for the amount of assets and receivables of the corporation which are deemed protected for the
benefit of the corporate creditors and from which the corporation cannot declare any dividends. 16
Similarly, renowned author Hector S. de Leon defines "capital" and "capital stock" in the following manner:
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Capital is used broadly to indicate the entire property or assets of the corporation. It includes the
amount invested by the stockholders plus the undistributed earnings less losses and expenses. In the
strict sense, the term refers to that portion of the net assets paid by the stockholders as consideration
for the shares issued to them, which is utilized for the prosecution of the business of the corporation. It
includes all balances or instalments due the corporation for shares of stock sold by it and all unpaid
subscription for shares.
xxxx
The term is also used synonymously with the words "capital stock," as meaning the amount subscribed
and paid-in and upon which the corporation is to conduct its operation (11 Fletcher Cyc. Corp., p. 15
[1986 ed.]) and it is immaterial how the stock is classified, whether as common or preferred.17
(Emphasis and underscoring supplied.)
Hence, following the verba legis approach, I see no reason to stray away from what appears to be a common and
settled acceptation of the word "capital," given that, as used in the constitutional provision in question, it stands
unqualified by any restrictive or expansive word as to reasonably justify a distinction or a delimitation of the
meaning of the word. Ubi lex non distinguit nos distinguere debemus, when the law does not distinguish, we must
not distinguish.18 Using this plain meaning of "capital" within the context of Sec. 11, Art. XII, foreigners are entitled to
own not more than 40% of the outstanding capital stock, which would include both voting and non-voting
shares.
Extraneous aids to ferret out constitutional intent
When the seeming ambiguity on the meaning of "capital" cannot be threshed out by looking at the language of the
Constitution, then resort to extraneous aids has become imperative. The Court can utilize the following extraneous
aids, to wit: (1) proceedings of the convention; (2) changes in phraseology; (3) history or realities existing at the time
of the adoption of the Constitution; (4) prior laws and judicial decisions; (5) contemporaneous construction; and (6)
consequences of alternative interpretations.19 I submit that all these aids of constitutional construction affirm that the
only acceptable construction of "capital" in the first sentence of Sec. 11, Art. XII of the 1987 Constitution is that it
refers to all shares of a corporation, both voting and non-voting.
Deliberations of the Constitutional Commission

of 1986 demonstrate that capital means both
voting and non-voting shares (1st extrinsic aid)
The proceedings of the 1986 Constitutional Commission that drafted the 1987 Constitution were accurately recorded
in the Records of the Constitutional Commission.
To bring to light the true meaning of the word "capital" in the first line of Sec. 11, Art. XII, one must peruse, dissect
and analyze the entire deliberations of the Constitutional Commission pertinent to the article on national economy
and patrimony, as quoted below:
August 13, 1986, Wednesday
PROPOSED RESOLUTION NO. 496
RESOLUTION TO INCORPORATE IN THE NEW CONSTITUTION AN ARTICLE ON NATIONAL

ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY
Be it resolved as it is hereby resolved by the Constitutional Commission in session assembled, To

incorporate the National Economy and Patrimony of the new Constitution, the following provisions:
ARTICLE____
NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY
SECTION 1. The State shall develop a self-reliant and independent national economy. x x x
xxxx
SEC. 3. x x x The exploration, development, and utilization of natural resources shall be under the full
control and supervision of the State. Such activities may be directly undertaken by the State, or it may
enter into co-production, joint venture, production-sharing agreements with Filipino citizens or
corporations or associations at least sixty percent of whose voting stock or controlling interest
is owned by such citizens. x x x
xxxx
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SEC. 9. The Congress shall reserve to citizens of the Philippines or to corporations or associations at
least sixty per cent of whose voting stock or controlling interest is owned by such citizens or such
higher percentage as Congress may prescribe, certain areas of investments when the national interest
so dictates.
xxxx
SEC. 15. No franchise, certificate, or any other form of authorization for the operation of a public utility
the laws of the Philippines at least two-thirds of whose voting stock or controlling interest is
owned by such citizens. Neither shall any such franchise or right be granted except under the
condition that it shall be subject to amendment, alteration, or repeal by Congress when the common
good so requires. The State shall encourage equity participation in public utilities by the general public.
(Origin of Sec. 11, Article XII)
xxxx
MR. NOLLEDO. In Sections 3, 9 and 15, the Committee stated local or Filipino equity and foreign
equity; namely, 60-40 in Section 3, 60-40 in Section 9, and 2/3-1/3 in Section 15.
MR. NOLLEDO. In teaching law, we are always faced with this question: "Where do we base the equity
requirement, is it on the authorized capital stock, on the subscribed capital stock, or on the paid-up
capital stock of a corporation?" Will the Committee please enlighten me on this?
MR. VILLEGAS. We have just had a long discussion with the members of the team from the UP Law
Center who provided us a draft. The phrase that is contained here which we adopted from the UP draft
is "60 percent of voting stock."
MR. NOLLEDO. That must be based on the subscribed capital stock, because unless declared
delinquent, unpaid capital stock shall be entitled to vote.
MR. NOLLEDO. Thank you.
With respect to an investment by one corporation in another corporation, say, a corporation with 60-40
percent equity invests in another corporation which is permitted by the Corporation Code, does the
Committee adopt the grandfather rule?
MR. VILLEGAS. Yes.20
August 14, 1986, Thursday
MR. FOZ. Mr. Vice-President, in Sections 3 and 9, the provision on equity is both 60 percent, but I
notice that this is now different from the provision in the 1973 Constitution in that the basis for the
equity provision is voting stock or controlling interest instead of the usual capital percentage as
provided for in the 1973 Constitution. We would like to know what the difference would be between the
previous and the proposed provisions regarding equity interest.
MR. VILLEGAS. Commissioner Suarez will answer that.
MR. SUAREZ. Thank you.
As a matter of fact, this particular portion is still being reviewed by this Committee. In Section 1, Article
XIII of the 1935 Constitution, the wording is that the percentage should be based on the capital which is
owned by such citizens. In the proposed draft, this phrase was proposed: "voting stock or controlling
interest." This was a plan submitted by the UP Law Center.
Three days ago, we had an early morning breakfast conference with the members of the UP Law
Center and precisely, we were seeking clarification regarding the difference. We would have three
criteria to go by: One would be based on capital, which is capital stock of the corporation, authorized,
subscribed or paid up, as employed under the 1935 and the 1973 Constitution. The idea behind the
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introduction of the phrase "voting stock or controlling interest" was precisely to avoid the perpetration of
dummies, Filipino dummies of multinationals. It is theoretically possible that a situation may develop
where these multinational interests would not really be only 40 percent but will extend beyond that in
the matter of voting because they could enter into what is known as a voting trust or voting agreement
with the rest of the stockholders and, therefore, notwithstanding the fact that on record their capital
extent is only up to 40-percent interest in the corporation, actually, they would be managing and
controlling the entire company. That is why the UP Law Center members suggested that we utilize the
words "voting interest" which would preclude multinational control in the matter of voting, independent
of the capital structure of the corporation. And then they also added the phrase "controlling interest"
which up to now they have not been able to successfully define the exact meaning of. But they
mentioned the situation where theoretically the board would be controlled by these multinationals, such
that instead of, say, three Filipino directors out of five, there would be three foreign directors and,
therefore, they would be controlling the management of the company with foreign interest. That is why
they volunteered to flesh out this particular portion which was submitted by them, but up to now, they
have not come up with a constructive rephrasing of this portion. And as far as I am concerned, I am not
speaking in behalf of the Committee, I would feel more comfortable if we go back to the wording of
the 1935 and the 1973 Constitution, that is to say, the 60-40 percentage could be based on the
capital stock of the corporation.
MR. FOZ. I understand that that was the same view of Dean Carale who does not agree with the others
on this panel at the UP Law Center regarding the percentage of the ratio.
MR. SUAREZ. That is right. Dean Carale shares my sentiment about this matter.
MR. BENGZON. I also share the sentiment of Commissioner Suarez in that respect. So there are
already two in the Committee who want to go back to the wording of the 1935 and the 1973
Constitution.21
August 15, 1986, Friday
MR. MAAMBONG. I ask that Commissioner Treñas be recognized for an amendment on line 14.
THE PRESIDENT. Commissioner Treñas is recognized.
MR. TREÑAS. Madam President, may I propose an amendment on line 14 of Section 3 by deleting
therefrom "whose voting stock and controlling interest." And in lieu thereof, insert the CAPITAL so
the line should read: "associations at least sixty percent of the CAPITAL is owned by such
citizens.
MR. VILLEGAS. We accept the amendment.
MR. TREÑAS. Thank you.
THE PRESIDENT. The amendment of Commissioner Treñas on line 14 has been accepted by the
Committee.
Is there any objection? (Silence) The Chair hears none; the amendment is approved.
xxxx
THE PRESIDENT. Commissioner Suarez is recognized.
MR. SUAREZ. Thank you, Madam President.
Two points actually are being raised by Commissioner Davide’s proposed amendment. One has
reference to the percentage of holdings and the other one is the basis for that percentage. Would the
body have any objection if we split it into two portions because there may be several Commissioners
who would be willing to accept the Commissioner’s proposal on capital stock in contradistinction to a
voting stock for controlling interest?
MR. VILLEGAS. The proposal has been accepted already.
MR. DAVIDE. Yes, but it was 60 percent.
MR. SUAREZ. So, it is now 60 percent as against wholly owned?
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
MR. DAVIDE. Yes.
MR. SUAREZ. Is the Commissioner not insisting on the voting capital stock because that was already
accepted by the Committee?
MR. DAVIDE. Would it mean that it would be 100-percent voting capital stock?
MR. SUAREZ. No, under the Commissioner’s proposal it is just "CAPITAL" not "stock."
MR. DAVIDE. No, I want it to be very clear. What is the alternative proposal of the Committee?
How shall it read?
MR. SUAREZ. It will only read something like: "the CAPITAL OF WHICH IS FULLY owned."
MR. VILLEGAS. Let me read lines 12 to 14 which state:
… enter into co-production, joint venture, production sharing agreements with Filipino citizens
or corporations or associations at least 60 percent of whose CAPITAL is owned by such
citizens.
We are going back to the 1935 and 1973 formulations.
MR. DAVIDE. I cannot accept the proposal because the word CAPITAL should not really be the
guiding principle. It is the ownership of the corporation. It may be voting or not voting, but that
is not the guiding principle.
MR. SUAREZ. So, the Commissioner is insisting on the use of the term "CAPITAL STOCK"?
MR. DAVIDE. Yes, to be followed by the phrase "WHOLLY owned."
MR. SUAREZ. Yes, but we are only concentrating on the first point – "CAPITAL STOCK" or
merely "CAPITAL."
MR. DAVIDE. CAPITAL STOCK?
MR. SUAREZ. Yes, it is "CAPITAL STOCK."
SUSPENSION OF SESSION
At 4:42 p.m., the session was resumed.
THE PRESIDENT. The session is resumed.
Commissioner Davide is to clarify his point.
MR. VILLEGAS. Yes, Commissioner Davide has accepted the word "CAPITAL" in place of
"voting stock or controlling interest." This is an amendment already accepted by the
Committee.
We would like to call for a vote on 100-percent Filipino versus 60- percent Filipino.
MR. ALONTO. Is it 60 percent?
MR. VILLEGAS. Sixty percent, yes.
MR. GASCON. Madam President, shall we vote on the proposed amendment of Commissioner Davide
of "ONE HUNDRED PERCENT?"
MR. VILLEGAS. Yes.
MR. GASCON. Assuming that it is lost, that does not prejudice any other Commissioner to make any
recommendations on other percentages?
MR. VILLEGAS. I would suggest that we vote on "sixty," which is indicated in the committee report.
MR. GASCON. It is the amendment of Commissioner Davide that we should vote on, not the
committee report.
MR. VILLEGAS. Yes, it is all right.
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
MR. AZCUNA. Madam President.
THE PRESIDENT. Commissioner Azcuna is recognized.
MR. AZCUNA. May I be clarified as to that portion that was accepted by the Committee?
MR. VILLEGAS. The portion accepted by the Committee is the deletion of the phrase "voting
stock or controlling interest."
MR. AZCUNA. Hence, without the Davide amendment, the committee report would read:
"corporations or associations at least sixty percent of whose CAPITAL is owned by such
citizens."
MR. VILLEGAS. Yes.
MR. AZCUNA. So if the Davide amendment is lost, we are stuck with 60 percent of the capital to
be owned by citizens?
MR. AZCUNA. But the control can be with the foreigners even if they are the minority. Let us say 40
percent of the capital is owned by them, but it is the voting capital, whereas, the Filipinos own the
nonvoting shares. So we can have a situation where the corporation is controlled by foreigners despite
being the minority because they have the voting capital. That is the anomaly that would result there.
Constitutions is that according to Commissioner Rodrigo, there are associations that do not have
stocks. That is why we say "CAPITAL."
MR. BENGZON. In the case of stock corporations, it is assumed.
MR. AZCUNA. Yes, but what I mean is that the control should be with the Filipinos.
MR. BENGZON. Yes, that is understood.
MR. AZCUNA. Yes, because if we just say "sixty percent of whose capital is owned by the Filipinos,"
the capital may be voting or nonvoting.
MR. BENGZON. That is correct.
MR. AZCUNA. My concern is the situation where there is a voting stock. It is a stock corporation. What
the Committee requires is that 60 percent of the capital should be owned by Filipinos. But that would
not assure control because that 60 percent may be non-voting.
MS. AQUINO. Madam President.
MR. ROMULO. May we vote on the percentage first?
THE PRESIDENT. Before we vote on this, we want to be clarified first.
MS. AQUINO. Madam President.
THE PRESIDENT. Commissioner Aquino is recognized.
MS. AQUINO. I would suggest that we vote on the Davide amendment which is 100-percent capital,
and if it is voted down, then we refer to the original draft which is "capital stock" not just "capital."
MR. AZCUNA. The phrase "controlling interest" is an important consideration.
THE PRESIDENT. Let us proceed to vote then.
MR. PADILLA. Madam President.
THE PRESIDENT. The Vice-President, Commissioner Padilla, is recognized.
MR. PADILLA. The Treñas amendment has already been approved. The only one left is the
Davide amendment which is substituting the "sixty percent" to "WHOLLY owned by Filipinos."
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
(The Treñas amendment deleted the phrase "whose voting stocks and controlling interest" and inserted
the word "capital." It approved the phrase "associations at least sixty percent of the CAPITAL is owned
by such citizens.)(see page 16)
Madam President, I am against the proposed amendment of Commissioner Davide because that is an
ideal situation where domestic capital is available for the exploration, development and utilization of
these natural resources, especially minerals, petroleum and other mineral oils. These are not only risky
business but they also involve substantial capital. Obviously, it is an ideal situation but it is not practical.
And if we adopt the 100-percent capital of Filipino citizens, I am afraid that these natural resources,
particularly these minerals and oil, et cetera, may remain hidden in our lands, or in other offshore
places without anyone being able to explore, develop or utilize them. If it were possible to have a 100-
percent Filipino capital, I would prefer that rather than the 60 percent, but if we adopt the 100 percent,
my fear is that we will never be able to explore, develop and utilize our natural resources because we
do not have the domestic resources for that.
MR. DAVIDE. Madam President, may I be allowed to react?
THE PRESIDENT. Commissioner Davide is recognized.
MR. DAVIDE. I am very glad that Commissioner Padilla emphasized minerals, petroleum and mineral
oils. The Commission has just approved the possible foreign entry into the development, exploration
and utilization of these minerals, petroleum and other mineral oils by virtue of the Jamir amendment. I
voted in favour of the Jamir amendment because it will eventually give way to vesting in exclusively
Filipino citizens and corporations wholly owned by Filipino citizens the right to utilize the other natural
resources. This means that as a matter of policy, natural resources should be utilized and exploited
only by Filipino citizens or corporations wholly owned by such citizens. But by virtue of the Jamir
amendment, since we feel that Filipino capital may not be enough for the development and utilization of
minerals, petroleum and other mineral oils, the President can enter into service contracts with foreign
corporations precisely for the development and utilization of such resources. And so, there is nothing to
fear that we will stagnate in the development of minerals, petroleum, and mineral oils because we now
allow service contracts. It is, therefore, with more reason that at this time we must provide for a 100-
percent Filipinization generally to all natural resources.
MR. VILLEGAS. I think we are ready to vote, Madam President.
THE PRESIDENT. The Acting Floor Leader is recognized.
MR. MAAMBONG. Madam President, we ask that the matter be put to a vote.
THE PRESIDENT. Will Commissioner Davide please read lines 14 and 15 with his amendment.
MR. DAVIDE. Lines 14 and 15, Section 3, as amended, will read: "associations whose CAPITAL stock
is WHOLLY owned by such citizens."
VOTING
THE PRESIDENT. As many as are in favour of this proposed amendment of Commissioner Davide on
lines 14 and 15 of Section 3, please raise their hand. (Few Members raised their hand.)
As many as are against the amendment, please raise their hand. (Several Members raised their hand.)
The results show 16 votes in favour and 22 against; the amendment is lost.
MR. MAAMBONG. Madam President, I ask that Commissioner Davide be recognized once more for
further amendments.
THE PRESIDENT. Commissioner Davide is recognized.
MR. DAVIDE. Thank you, Madam President.
This is just an insertion of a new paragraph between lines 24 and 25 of Section 3 of the same page. It
will read as follows: THE GOVERNING AND MANAGING BOARDS OF SUCH CORPORATIONS
SHALL BE VESTED EXCLUSIVELY IN CITIZENS OF THE PHILIPPINES.
MR. VILLEGAS. Which corporations is the Commissioner referring to?
MR. DAVIDE. This refers to corporations 60 percent of whose capital is owned by such citizens.
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
MR. VILLEGAS. Again the amendment will read…
MR. DAVIDE. "THE GOVERNING AND MANAGING BODIES OF SUCH CORPORATIONS SHALL BE
VESTED EXCLUSIVELY IN CITIZENS OF THE PHILIPPINES."
REV. RIGOS. Madam President.
THE PRESIDENT. Commissioner Rigos is recognized.
REV. RIGOS. I wonder if Commissioner Davide would agree to put that sentence immediately after
"citizens" on line 15.
MR. ROMULO. May I ask a question. Presumably, it is 60-40?
MR. DAVIDE. Yes.
MR. ROMULO. What about the 40 percent? Would they not be entitled to a proportionate seat in the
board?
MR. DAVIDE. Under my proposal, they should not be allowed to sit in the board.
MR. ROMULO. Then the Commissioner is really proposing 100 percent which is the opposite way?
MR. DAVIDE. Not necessarily, because if 40 percent of the capital stock will be owned by aliens who
may sit in the board, they can still exercise their right as ordinary stockholders and can submit the
necessary proposal for, say, a policy to be undertaken by the board.
MR. ROMULO. But that is part of the stockholder’s right – to sit in the board of directors.
MR. DAVIDE. That may be allowed but this is a very unusual and abnormal situation so the
Constitution itself can prohibit them to sit in the board.
MR. ROMULO. But it would be pointless to allow them 40 percent when they cannot sit in the board nor
have a say in the management of the company. Likewise, that would be extraordinary because both the
1935 and the 1973 Constitutions allowed not only the 40 percent but commensurately they were
represented in the board and management only to the extent of their equity interest, which is 40
percent. The management of a company is lodged in the board; so if the 60 percent, which is
composed of Filipinos, controls the board, then the Filipino part has control of the company.
I think it is rather unfair to say: "You may have 40 percent of the company, but that is all. You cannot
manage, you cannot sit in the board." That would discourage investments. Then it is like having a one
hundredpercent ownership; I mean, either we allow a 60-40 with full rights to the 40 percent, limited as
it is as to a minority, or we do not allow them at all. This means if it is allowed; we cannot have it both
ways.
MR. DAVIDE. The aliens cannot also have everything. While they may be given entry into subscriptions
of the capital stock of the corporation, it does not necessarily follow that they cannot be deprived of the
right of membership in the managing or in the governing board of a particular corporation. But it will not
totally deprive them of a say because they can still exercise the ordinary rights of stockholders. They
can submit their proposal and they can be heard.
MR. ROMULO. Yes, but they have no vote. That is like being represented in the Congress but not
being allowed to vote like our old resident Commissioners in the United States. They can be heard;
they can be seen but they cannot vote.
MR. DAVIDE. If that was allowed under that situation, why can we not do it now in respect to our
natural resources? This is a very critical and delicate issue.
MR. ROMULO. Precisely, we used to complain how unfair that was. One can be seen and heard but he
cannot vote.
MR. DAVIDE. We know that under the corporation law, we have the rights of the minority stockholders.
They can be heard. As a matter of fact, they can probably allow a proxy to vote for them and, therefore,
they still retain that specific prerogative to participate just like what we did in the Article on Social
Justice.
MR. ROMULO. That would encourage dummies if we give them proxies.
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
MR. DAVIDE. As a matter of fact, when it comes to encouraging dummies, by allowing 40-percent
ownership to come in we will expect the proliferation of corporations actually owned by aliens using
dummies.
MR. ROMULO. No, because 40 percent is a substantial and fair share and, therefore, the bona fide
foreign investor is satisfied with that proportion. He does not have to look for dummies. In fact, that is
what assures a genuine investment if we give a foreign investor the 40 percent and all the rights that go
with it. Otherwise, we are either discouraging the investment altogether or we are encouraging
circumvention. Let us be fair. If it is 60-40, then we give him the right, limited as to his minority position.
MR. MAAMBONG. Madam President, the body would like to know the position of the Committee so
that we can put the matter to a vote.
MR. VILLEGAS. The Committee does not accept the amendment.
THE PRESIDENT. The Committee does not accept.
Will Commissioner Davide insist on his amendment?
MR. DAVIDE. We request a vote.
THE PRESIDENT. Will Commissioner Davide state his proposed amendment again?
MR. DAVIDE. The proposed amendment would be the insertion of a new paragraph to Section 3,
between lines 24 and 25, page 2, which reads: "THE GOVERNING AND MANAGING BODIES OF
SUCH CORPORATIONS SHALL BE VESTED EXCLUSIVELY IN CITIZENS OF THE PHILIPPINES."
THE PRESIDENT. Commissioner Padilla is recognized.
MR. PADILLA. Madam President, may I just say that this Section 3 speaks of "co-production, joint
venture, production sharing agreements with Filipino citizens." If the foreign share of, say, 40 percent
will not be represented in the board or in management, I wonder if there would be any foreign investor
who will accept putting capital but without any voice in management. I think that might make the
provision on "coproduction, joint venture and production sharing" illusory.
VOTING
THE PRESIDENT. If the Chair is not mistaken, that was the same point expressed by Commissioner
Romulo, a member of the Committee.
As many as are in favour of the Davide amendment, please raise their hand. (Few Members raised
their hand.)
As many as are against, please raise their hand. (Several Members raised their hand.)
As many as are abstaining, please raise their hand. (One Member raised his hand.)
xxxx
THE PRESIDENT. Commissioner Garcia is recognized.
MR. GARCIA. My amendment is on Section 3, the same item which Commissioner Davide tried
to amend. It is basically on the share of 60 percent. I would like to propose that we raise the 60
percent to SEVENTY-FIVE PERCENT so the line would read: "SEVENTY-FIVE PERCENT of
whose CAPITAL is owned by such citizens."
THE PRESIDENT. What does the Committee say?
SUSPENSION OF SESSION
MR. VILLEGAS. The Committee insists on staying with the 60 percent – 60-40.
Madam President, may we ask for a suspension of the session.
THE PRESIDENT. The session is suspended.
It was 5:07 p.m.

8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
RESUMPTION OF SESSION
At 5:31 p.m., the session was resumed.
THE PRESIDENT. The session is resumed.
MR. SARMIENTO. Madam President.
THE PRESIDENT. The Acting Floor Leader, Commissioner Sarmiento, is recognized.
MR. SARMIENTO: Commissioner Garcia still has the floor. May I ask that he be recognized.
THE PRESIDENT. Commissioner Garcia is recognized.
MR. GARCIA. Thank you very much, Madam President.
I would like to propose the following amendment on Section 3, line 14 on page 2. I propose to
change the word "sixty" to SEVENTY-FIVE. So, this will read: "or it may enter into co-
production, joint venture, production sharing agreements with Filipino citizens or corporations
or associations at least SEVENTY-FIVE percent of whose CAPITAL stock or controlling interest
is owned by such citizens."
MR. VILLEGAS. This is just a correction. I think Commissioner Azcuna is not insisting on the
retention of the phrase "controlling interest," so we will retain "CAPITAL" to go back really to
the 1935 and 1973 formulations.
MR. BENNAGEN. May I suggest that we retain the phrase "controlling interest"?
MR. VILLEGAS. Yes, we will retain it. (The statement of Commissioner Villegas is possibly erroneous
considering his consistent statement, especially during the oral arguments, that the Constitutional
Commission rejected the UP Proposal to use the phrase "controlling interest.")
THE PRESIDENT. Are we now ready to vote?
MR. SARMIENTO. Yes, Madam President.
VOTING
THE PRESIDENT. As many as are in favour of the proposed amendment of Commissioner Garcia for
"SEVENTY-FIVE" percent, please raise their hand. (Few Members raised their hand.)
As many as are against the amendment, please raise their hand. (Several Members raised their hand.)
As many as are abstaining, please raise their hand. (One Member raised his hand.)
The results show 16 votes in favour, 18 against and 1 abstention; the Garcia amendment is lost.
MR. SARMIENTO. Madam President, may I ask that Commissioner Foz be recognized.
THE PRESIDENT. Commissioner Foz is recognized.
MR. FOZ. After losing by only two votes, I suppose that this next proposal will finally get the vote of the
majority. The amendment is to provide for at least TWO-THIRDS.
MR. SUAREZ. It is equivalent to 66 2/3.
THE PRESIDENT. Will the Commissioner repeat?
MR. FOZ. I propose "TWO-THIRDS of whose CAPITAL is owned by such citizens." Madam
President, we are referring to the same provision to which the previous amendments have been
suggested. First, we called for a 100-percent ownership; and then, second, we called for a 75-
percent ownership by Filipino citizens.
So my proposal is to provide for at least TWO-THIRDS of the capital to be owned by Filipino citizens. I
would like to call the attention of the body that the same ratio or equity requirement is provided in the
case of public utilities. And if we are willing to provide such equity requirements in the case of public
utilities, we should at least likewise provide the same equity ratio in the case of natural resources.
MR. VILLEGAS. Commissioner Romulo will respond.

8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
MR. ROMULO. I just want to point out that there is an amendment here filed to also reduce the ratio in
Section 15 to 60-40.
THE PRESIDENT. Commissioner Padilla is recognized.
MR. PADILLA. The 60 percent which appears in the committee report has been repeatedly upheld in
various votings. One proposal was whole – 100 percent; another one was 75 percent and now it is 66
2/3 percent. Is not the decision of this Commission in voting to uphold the percentage in the committee
report already a decision on this issue?
MR. FOZ. Our amendment has been previously brought to the attention of the body.
MR. VILLEGAS. The Committee does not accept the Commissioner’s amendment. This has been
discussed fully and, with only one-third of the vote, it is like having nothing at all in decision-making. It
can be completely vetoed.
MR. RODRIGO. Madam President.
THE PRESIDENT. Commissioner Rodrigo is recognized.
MR. RODRIGO. This is an extraordinary suggestion. But considering the circumstances that the
proposals from the 100 percent to 75 percent lost, and now it went down to 66 2/3 percent, we might go
down to 65 percent next time. So I suggest that we vote between 66 2/3 and 60 percent. Which does
the body want? Then that should be the end of it; otherwise, this is ridiculous. After this, if the 66 2/3
percent will lose, then somebody can say: "Well, how about 65 percent?"
THE PRESIDENT. The Chair was made to understand that Commissioner Foz’ proposal is the last
proposal on this particular line. Will Commissioner Foz restate his proposal?
MR. FOZ. My proposal is "TWO-THIRDS of whose CAPITAL or controlling interest is owned by such
citizens."
VOTING
THE PRESIDENT. We now put Commissioner Foz’ amendment to a vote.
As many as are in favour of the amendment of Commissioner Foz, please raise their hand. (Few
Members raised their hand.)
As many as are against, please raise their hand. (Several Members raised their hand.)
The results show 17 votes in favour, 20 against, and not abstention; the amendment is lost.22
xxxx
August 22, 1986, Friday
THE PRESIDENT. Commissioner Nolledo is recognized.
MR. NOLLEDO. Thank you, Madam President.
I would like to propound some questions to the chairman and members of the committee. I have
here a copy of the approved provisions on Article on the National Economy and Patrimony. On
page 2, the first two lines are with respect to the Filipino and foreign equity and I said: "At least
sixty percent of whose capital or controlling interest is owned by such citizens."
I notice that this provision was amended by Commissioner Davide by changing "voting stocks"
to "CAPITAL," but I still notice that there appears the term "controlling interest" which seems to
refer to assocaitions other than corporations and it is merely 50 percent plus one percent which
is less than 60 percent. Besides, the wordings may indicate that the 60 percent may be based
not only on capital but also on controlling interest; it could mean 60 percent or 51 percent.
Before I propound the final question, I would like to make a comment in relation to Section 15
since they are related to each other. I notice that in Section 15, there still appears the phrase
"voting stock or controlling interest." The term "voting stocks" as the basis of the Filipino
equity means that if 60 percent of the voting stocks belong to Filipinos, foreigners may now
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
own more than 40 percent of the capital as long as the 40 percent or the excess thereof will
cover nonvoting stock. This is aside from the fact that under the Corporation Code, even
nonvoting shares can vote on certain instances. Control over investments may cover aspects of
management and participation in the fruits of production or exploitation.
So, I hope the committee will consider favorably my recommendation that instead of using
"controlling interests," we just use "CAPITAL" uniformly in cases where foreign equity is
permitted by law, because the purpose is really to help the Filipinos in the exploitation of
natural resources and in the operation of public utilities. I know the committee, at its own
instance, can make the amendment.
What does the committee say?
MR. VILLEGAS. We completely agree with the Commissioner’s views. Actually, it was really an
oversight. We did decide on the word "CAPITAL." I think it was the opinion of the majority that
the phrase "controlling interest" is ambiguous.
So, we do accept the Commissioner’s proposal to eliminate the phrase "or controlling interest"
in all the provisions that talk about foreign participation.
MR. NOLLEDO. Not only in Section 3, but also with respect to Section 15.
Thank you very much.
MR. MAAMBONG. Madam President.
THE PRESIDENT. Commissioner Maambong is recognized.
MR. MAAMBONG. In view of the manifestation of the committee, I would like to be clarified on the use
of the word "CAPITAL."
MR. VILLEGAS. Yes, that was the word used in the 1973 and 1935 Constitutions.
MR. MAAMBONG. Let us delimit ourselves to that word "CAPITAL". In the Corporation Law, if I
remember correctly, we have three types of capital: the authorized capital stock, the subscribed
capital stock and the paid-up capital stock.
The authorized capital stock could be interpreted as the capital of the corporation itself because
that is the totality of the investment of the corporation as stated in the articles of incorporation.
When we refer to 60 percent, are we referring to the authorized capital stock or the paid-up
capital stock since the determinant as to who owns the corporation, as far as equity is
concerned, is the subscription of the person?
I think we should delimit ourselves also to what we mean by 60 percent. Are we referring to the
authorized capital stock or to the subscribed capital stock, because the determination, as I said,
on the controlling interest of a corporation is based on the subscribed capital stock? I would
like a reply on that.
MR. VILLEGAS. Commissioner Suarez, a member of the committee, would like to answer that.
THE PRESIDENT. Commissioner Suarez is recognized.
MR. SUAREZ. Thank you, Madam President.
We stated this because there might be a misunderstanding regarding the interpretation of the term
"CAPITAL" as now used as the basis for the percentage of foreign investments in appropriate instances
and the interpretation attributed to the word is that it should be based on the paidup capital. We
eliminated the use the phrase "voting stock or controlling interest" because that is only used in
connection with the matter of voting. As a matter of fact, in the declaration of dividends for private
corporations, it is usually based on the paid-up capitalization.
So, what is really the dominant factor to be considered in matters of determining the 60-40 percentage
should really be the paid-up capital of the corporation.
MR. MAAMBONG. I would like to get clarification on this. If I remember my corporation law correctly,
we usually use a determinant in order to find out what the ratio of ownership is, not really on the paid-
up capital stock but on the subscribed capital stock.
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
For example, if the whole authorized capital stock of the corporation is ₱ 1 million, if the subscription is
60 percent of ₱ 1 million which is ₱ 600,000, then that is supposed to be the determinant whether there
is a sharing of 60 percent of Filipinos or not. It is not really on the paid-up capital because once a
person subscribes to a capital stock then whether that capital stock is paid up or not, does not really
matter, as far as the books of the corporation are concerned. The subscribed capital stock is supposed
to be owned by the person who makes the subscription. There are so many laws on how to collect the
delinquency and so on.
I view of the Commissioner’s answer, I would like to know whether he is determined to put on the
record that in order to determine the 60-40 percent sharing, we have to determine whether we will use
a determinant which is the subscribed capital stock or the paid-up capital stock.
MR SUAREZ. We are principally concerned about the interpretation which would be attached to it; that
is, it should be limited to authorized capital stock, not to subscribed capital stock.
I will give the Commissioner an illustration of what he is explaining to the Commission.
MR. MAAMBONG. Yes, thank you.
MR. SUAREZ. Let us say the authorized capital stock is ₱ 1 million. Under the present rules in the
Securities and Exchange Commission, at least 25 percent of that amount must be subscribed and at
least 25 percent of this subscribed capital must be paid up.
Now, let us discuss the basis of 60-40. To illustrate the matter further, let us say that 60 percent of the
subscriptions would be allocated to Filipinos and 40 percent of the subscribed capital would be held by
foreigners. Then we come to the paid-up capitalization. Under the present rules in the Securities and
Exchange Commission, a foreign corporation is supposed to subscribe to a 40-percent share which
must be fully paid up.
On the other hand, the 60 percent allocated to Filipinos need not be paid up. However, at least 25
percent of the subscription must be paid up for purposes of complying with the Corporation Law. We
can illustrate the matter further by saying that the compliance of 25 percent paid-up of the subscribed
capital would be fulfilled by the full payment of the 40 percent by the foreigners.
So, we have a situation where the Filipino percentage of 60 may not even comply with the 25-percent
requirement because of the totality due to the fully payment of the 40-percent of the foreign investors,
the payment of 25 percent paid-up on the subscription would have been considered fulfilled. That is
exactly what we are trying to avoid.
MR. MAAMBONG I appreciate very much the explanation but I wonder if the committee would
subscribe to that view because I will stick to my thinking that in the computation of the 60-40 ratio, the
basis should be on the subscription. If the subscription is being done by 60 percent Filipinos, whether it
is paid-up or not and the subscription is accepted by the corporation, I think that is the proper
determinant. If we base the 60-40 on the paid-up capital stock, we have a problem here where the 40
percent is fully paid up and the 60 percent is not fully paid up – this may be contrary to the provisions of
the Constitution. So I would like to ask for the proper advisement from the Committee as to what should
be the proper interpretation because this will cause havoc on the interpretation of our Corporation Law.
MR. ROMULO. Madam President.
MR. ROMULO. We go by the established rule which I believe is uniformly held. It is based on the
subscribed capital. I know only of one possible exception and that is where the bylaws prohibit the
subscriber from voting. But that is a very rare provision in bylaws. Otherwise, my information and belief
is that it is based on the subscribed capital.
MR. MAAMBONG. It is, therefore, the understanding of this Member that the Commissioner is
somewhat revising the answer of Commissioner Suarez to that extent?
MR. ROMULO. No, I do not think we contradict each other. He is talking really of the instance where
the subscriber is a non-resident and, therefore, must fully pay. That is how I understand his position.
MR. MAAMBONG. My understanding is that in the computation of the 60-40 sharing under the present
formulation, the determinant is the paid-up capital stock to which I disagree.
MR. ROMULO. At least, from my point of view, it is the subscribed capital stock.
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
MR. MAAMBONG. Then that is clarified.23
xxxx
August 23, 1986, Saturday
MS. ROSARIO BRAID. Madam President, I propose a new section to read: "THE MANAGEMENT
BODY OF EVERY CORPORATION OR ASSOCIATION SHALL IN ALL CASES BE CONTROLLED BY
CITIZENS OF THE PHILIPPINES."
This will prevent management contracts and assure control by Filipino citizens. Will the committee
assure us that this amendment will insure that past activities such as management contracts will no
longer be possible under this amendment?
MR. ROMULO. Madam President, if I may reply.
MR. ROMULO. May I ask the proponent to read the amendment again.
MS. ROSARIO BRAID. The amendment reads: "THE MANAGEMENT BODY OF EVERY
CORPORATION OR ASSOCIATION SHALL IN ALL CASES BE CONTROLLED BY CITIZENS OF THE
PHILIPPINES."
MR. DE LOS REYES. Madam President, will Commissioner Rosario Braid agree to a reformulation of
her amendment for it to be more comprehensive and all-embracing?
THE PRESIDENT. Commissioner de los Reyes is recognized.
MR. DE LOS REYES. This is an amendment I submitted to the committee which reads: "MAJORITY
OF THE DIRECTORS OR TRUSTEES AND ALL THE EXECUTIVE AND MANAGING OFFICERS OF
SUCH CORPORATION OR ASSOCIATION MUST BE CITIZENS OF THE PHILIPPINES."
This amendment is more direct because it refers to particular officers to be all-Filipino citizens.
MR. BENGZON. Madam President.
THE PRESIDENT. Commissioner Bengzon is recognized.
MR. BENGZON. The committee sitting out here accepts the amendment of Commissioner de los
Reyes which subsumes the amendment of Commissioner Rosario Braid.
THE PRESIDENT. So this will be a joint amendment now of Commissioners Rosario Braid, de los
Reyes and others.
MR. REGALADO. Madam President, I join in that amendment with the request that it will be the last
sentence of Section 15 because we intend to put an anterior amendment. However, that particular
sentence which subsumes also the proposal of Commissioner Rosario Braid can just be placed as the
last sentence of the article.
THE PRESIDENT. Is that acceptable to the committee?
MR. VILLEGAS. Yes, Madam President.
MS. ROSARIO BRAID. Thank you.
MR. RAMA, The body is now ready to vote on the amendment.
FR. BERNAS. Madam President.
THE PRESIDENT. Commissioner Bernas is recognized.
FR. BERNAS. Will the committee accept a reformulation of the first part?
MR. BENGZON. Let us hear it.
FR. BERNAS. The reformulation will be essentially the formula of the 1973 Constitution which
reads: "THE PARTICIPATION OF FOREIGN INVESTORS IN THE GOVERNING BODY OF ANY
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PUBLIC UTILITY ENTERPRISE SHALL BE LIMITED TO THEIR PROPORTIONATE SHARE IN THE

CAPITAL THEREOF AND…"
MR. VILLEGAS. "ALL THE EXECUTIVE AND MANAGING OFFICERS OF SUCH CORPORATIONS
AND ASSOCIATIONS MUST BE CITIZENS OF THE PHILIPPINES."
MR. BENGZON. Will Commissioner Bernas read the whole thing again?
FR. BERNAS. "THE PARTICIPATION OF FOREIGN INVESTORS IN THE GOVERNING BODY OF

THE CAPITAL THEREOF…" I do not have the rest of the copy.
MR. BENGZON. "AND ALL THE EXECUTIVE AND MANAGING OFFICERS OF SUCH
CORPORATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS MUST BE CITIZENS OF THE PHILIPPINES." Is that
correct?
MR. VILLEGAS. Yes.
MR. BENGZON. Madam President, I think that was said in a more elegant language. We accept
the amendment. Is that all right with Commissioner Rosario Braid?
THE PRESIDENT. The original authors of this amendment are Commissioners Rosario Braid, de
los Reyes, Regalado, Natividad, Guingona and Fr. Bernas.
MR. DE LOS REYES. The governing body refers to the board of directors and trustees.
MR. BENGZON. Yes, the governing body refers to the board of directors.
MR. REGALADO. It is accepted.
MR. RAMA. The body is now ready to vote, Madam President.
VOTING
THE PRESIDENT. As many as are in favour of this proposed amendment which should be the last
sentence of Section 15 and has been accepted by the committee, pleas raise their hand. (All Members
raised their hand.)
As many as are against, please raise their hand. (No Member raised his hand.)
The results show 29 votes in favour and none against; so the proposed amendment is
approved.24
It can be concluded that the view advanced by Justice Carpio is incorrect as the deliberations easily reveal that the
intent of the framers was not to limit the definition of the word "capital" as meaning voting shares/stocks.
The majority in the original decision reproduced the CONCOM deliberations held on August 13 and August 15,
1986, but neglected to quote the other pertinent portions of the deliberations that would have shed light on the true
intent of the framers of the Constitution.
It is conceded that Proposed Resolution No. 496 on the language of what would be Art. XII of the Constitution
contained the phrase "voting stock or controlling interest," viz:
PROPOSED RESOLUTION NO. 496
RESOLUTION TO INCORPORATE IN THE NEW CONSTITUTION AN ARTICLE ON NATIONAL

ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY
Be it resolved as it is hereby resolved by the Constitutional Commission in session assembled, To

incorporate the National Economy and Patrimony of the new Constitution, the following provisions:
ARTICLE____
NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY
xxxx
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
SEC. 15. No franchise, certificate, or any other form of authorization for the operation of a public utility
the laws of the Philippines at least two-thirds of whose voting stock or controlling interest is
owned by such citizens. Neither shall any such franchise or right be granted except under the
condition that it shall be subject to amendment, alteration, or repeal by Congress when the common
good so requires. The State shall encourage equity participation in public utilities by the general
public.25 (This became Sec. 11, Art. XII)(Emphasis supplied.)
The aforequoted deliberations disclose that the Commission eventually and unequivocally decided to use
"capital," which refers to the capital stock of the corporation, "as was employed in the 1935 and 1973
Constitution," instead of the proposed "voting stock or controlling interest" as the basis for the percentage
of ownership allowed to foreigners. The following exchanges among Commissioners Foz, Suarez and Bengzon
reflect this decision, but the majority opinion in the June 28, 2011 Decision left their statements out:
MR. FOZ. Mr. Vice-President, in Sections 3 and 9,26 the provision on equity is both 60 percent, but
I notice that this is now different from the provision in the 1973 Constitution in that the basis for
the equity provision is voting stock or controlling interest instead of the usual capital
percentage as provided for in the 1973 Constitution. We would like to know what the difference
would be between the previous and the proposed provisions regarding equity interest.
xxxx
MR. SUAREZ. x x x As a matter of fact, this particular portion is still being reviewed x x x. In Section 1,
Article XIII of the 1935 Constitution, the wording is that the percentage should be based on the
capital which is owned by such citizens. In the proposed draft, this phrase was proposed:
"voting stock or controlling interest." This was a plan submitted by the UP Law Center.
x x x We would have three criteria to go by: One would be based on capital, which is capital stock
of the corporation, authorized, subscribed or paid up, as employed under the 1935 and the 1973
Constitution. The idea behind the introduction of the phrase "voting stock or controlling interest" was
precisely to avoid the perpetration of dummies, Filipino dummies of multinationals. It is theoretically
possible that a situation may develop where these multinational interests would not really be only 40
percent but will extend beyond that in the matter of voting because they could enter into what is known
as a voting trust or voting agreement with the rest of the stockholders and, therefore, notwithstanding
the fact that on record their capital extent is only up to 40- percent interest in the corporation, actually,
they would be managing and controlling the entire company. That is why the UP Law Center members
suggested that we utilize the words "voting interest" which would preclude multinational control in the
matter of voting, independent of the capital structure of the corporation. And then they also added the
phrase "controlling interest" which up to now they have not been able to successfully define the
exact meaning of. x x x And as far as I am concerned, I am not speaking in behalf of the Committee, I
would feel more comfortable if we go back to the wording of the 1935 and the 1973 Constitution,
that is to say, the 60-40 percentage could be based on the capital stock of the corporation.
xxxx
MR. BENGZON. I also share the sentiment of Commissioner Suarez in that respect. So there are
already two in the Committee who want to go back to the wording of the 1935 and the 1973
Constitution.27
In fact, in another portion of the CONCOM deliberations conveniently glossed over by the June 28, 2011 Decision,
then Commissioner Davide strongly resisted the retention of the term "capital" as used in the 1935 and 1973
Constitution on the ground that the term refers to both voting and nonvoting. Eventually, however, he came around
to accept the use of "CAPITAL" along with the majority of the members of the Committee on Natural Economy and
Patrimony in the afternoon session held on August 15, 1986:
MR. TREÑAS. x x x may I propose an amendment on line 14 of Section 3 by deleting therefrom

"whose voting stock and controlling interest." And in lieu thereof, insert the CAPITAL so the line
should read: "associations at least sixty percent of the CAPITAL is owned by such citizens.
MR. VILLEGAS. We accept the amendment.
MR. TREÑAS. Thank you.
THE PRESIDENT. The amendment of Commissioner Treñas on line 14 has been accepted by the
Committee.
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Is there any objection? (Silence) The Chair hears none; the amendment is approved.28
xxxx
MR. SUAREZ. x x x Two points are being raised by Commissioner Davide’s proposed amendment.
One has reference to the percentage of holdings and the other one is the basis for the percentage x x x
x Is the Commissioner not insisting on the voting capital stock because that was already
accepted by the Committee?
MR. DAVIDE. Would it mean that it would be 100-percent voting capital stock?
MR. SUAREZ. No, under the Commissioner’s proposal it is just "CAPITAL" not "stock."
MR. DAVIDE. No, I want it to be very clear. What is the alternative proposal of the Committee? How
shall it read?
MR. SUAREZ. It will only read something like: "the CAPITAL OF WHICH IS FULLY owned."
MR. VILLEGAS. Let me read lines 12 to 14 which state:
… enter into co-production, joint venture, production sharing agreements with Filipino
citizens or corporations or associations at least 60 percent of whose CAPITAL is owned by
such citizens.
We are going back to the 1935 and 1973 formulations.
MR. DAVIDE. I cannot accept the proposal because the word CAPITAL should not really be the
guiding principle. It is the ownership of the corporation. It may be voting or not voting, but that
is not the guiding principle.
xxxx
THE PRESIDENT…. Commissioner Davide is to clarify his point.
MR. VILLEGAS. Yes, Commissioner Davide has accepted the word "CAPITAL" in place of
"voting stock or controlling interest." This is an amendment already accepted by the
Committee.29
The above exchange precedes the clarifications made by then Commissioner Azcuna, which were cited in the June
28, 2011 Decision. Moreover, the statements made subsequent to the portion quoted in the June 28, 2011 Decision
emphasize the CONCOM’s awareness of the plain meaning of the term "capital" without the qualification espoused
in the majority’s decision:
MR. AZCUNA. May I be clarified as to [what] was accepted x x x.
MR. VILLEGAS. The portion accepted by the Committee is the deletion of the phrase "voting stock
or controlling interest."
MR. AZCUNA. Hence, without the Davide amendment, the committee report would read: "corporations
or associations at least sixty percent of whose CAPITAL is owned by such citizens."
MR. VILLEGAS. Yes.
MR. AZCUNA. So if the Davide amendment is lost, we are stuck with 60 percent of the capital to
be owned by citizens?
MR. AZCUNA. But the control can be with the foreigners even if they are the minority. Let us say 40
percent of the capital is owned by them, but it is the voting capital, whereas, the Filipinos own the
nonvoting shares. So we can have a situation where the corporation is controlled by foreigners despite
being the minority because they have the voting capital. That is the anomaly that would result here.
Constitutions is that xxx there are associations that do not have stocks. That is why we say "CAPITAL."
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
MR. BENGZON. In the case of stock corporation, it is assumed.
MR. AZCUNA. Yes, but what I mean is that the control should be with the Filipinos.
MR. BENGZON. Yes, that is understood.
MR. AZCUNA. Yes, because if we just say "sixty percent of whose capital is owned by the
Filipinos," the capital may be voting or non-voting.
MR. BENGZON. That is correct.30
More importantly, on the very same August 15, 1986 session, Commissioner Azcuna no longer insisted on retaining
the delimiting phrase "controlling interest":
MR. GARCIA. Thank you very much, Madam President.
I would like to propose the following amendment on Section 3, line 14 on page 2. I propose to change
the word "sixty" to SEVENTY-FIVE. So, this will read: "or it may enter into co-production, joint venture,
production sharing agreements with Filipino citizens or corporations or associations at least SEVENTY-
FIVE percent of whose CAPITAL stock or controlling interest is owned by such citizens."
MR. VILLEGAS. This is just a correction. I think Commissioner Azcuna is not insisting on the
retention of the phrase "controlling interest," so we will retain "CAPITAL" to go back really to
the 1935 and 1973 formulations.31 (Emphasis supplied.)
The later deliberations held on August 22, 1986 further underscore the framers’ true intent to include both voting and
non-voting shares as coming within the pale of the word "capital." The UP Law Center attempted to limit the scope
of the word along the line then and now adopted by the majority, but, as can be gleaned from the following
discussion, the framers opted not to adopt the proposal of the UP Law Center to add the more protectionist
phrase "voting stock or controlling interest":
MR. NOLLEDO. x x x I would like to propound some questions xxx. I have here a copy of the approved
provisions on Article on the National Economy and Patrimony. x x x
I notice that this provision was amended by Commissioner Davide by changing "voting stocks" to
"CAPITAL," but I still notice that there appears the term "controlling interest" x x x. Besides, the
wordings may indicate that the 60 percent may be based not only on capital but also on controlling
interest; it could mean 60 percent or 51 percent.
Before I propound the final question, I would like to make a comment in relation to Section 15 since
they are related to each other. I notice that in Section 15, there still appears the phrase "voting stock or
controlling interest." The term "voting stocks" as the basis of the Filipino equity means that if 60 percent
of the voting stocks belong to Filipinos, foreigners may now own more than 40 percent of the capital as
long as the 40 percent or the excess thereof will cover nonvoting stock. This is aside from the fact that
under the Corporation Code, even nonvoting shares can vote on certain instances. Control over
investments may cover aspects of management and participation in the fruits of production or
exploitation.
So, I hope the committee will consider favorably my recommendation that instead of using
"controlling interests," we just use "CAPITAL" uniformly in cases where foreign equity is
permitted by law, because the purpose is really to help the Filipinos in the exploitation of
natural resources and in the operation of public utilities. x x x
What does the committee say?
MR. VILLEGAS. We completely agree with the Commissioner’s views. Actually, it was really an
oversight. We did decide on the word "CAPITAL." I think it was the opinion of the majority that
the phrase "controlling interest" is ambiguous.
So, we do accept the Commissioner’s proposal to eliminate the phrase "or controlling interest"
in all the provisions that talk about foreign participation.
MR. NOLLEDO. Not only in Section 3, but also with respect to Section 15.32 (Emphasis supplied.)
In fact, on the very same day of deliberations, the Commissioners clarified that the proper and more specific
"interpretation" that should be attached to the word "capital" is that it refers to the "subscribed capital," a corporate
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
concept defined as "that portion of the authorized capital stock that is covered by subscription agreements whether
fully paid or not"33 and refers to both voting and non-voting shares:
MR. MAAMBONG. x x x I would like to be clarified on the use of the word "CAPITAL."
MR. VILLEGAS. Yes, that was the word used in the 1973 and the 1935 Constitutions.
MR. MAAMBONG. Let us delimit ourselves to that word "CAPITAL." In the Corporation Law, if I
remember correctly, we have three types of capital: the authorized capital stock, the subscribed capital
stock and the paid-up capital stock.
xxxx
I would like to get clarification on this. If I remember my corporation law correctly, we usually use a
determinant in order to find out what the ratio of ownership is, not really on the paid-up capital
stock but on the subscribe capital stock.
xxxx
x x x I would like to know whether (Commissioner Suarez) is determined to put on the record that in
order to determine the 60-40 percent sharing, we have to determine whether we will use a determinant
which is the subscribed capital stock or the paid-up capital stock.
MR. SUAREZ. We are principally concerned about the interpretation which would be attached to
it, that is, it should be limited to authorized capital stock, not to subscribed capital stock.
I will give the Commissioner an illustration of what he is explaining to the Commission.
xxxx
Let us say authorized capital stock is ₱ 1 million. Under the present rules in the [SEC], at least 25
percent of that amount must be subscribed and at least 25 percent of this subscribed capital must be
paid up.
Now, let us discuss the basis of 60-40. To illustrate the matter further, let us say that 60 percent of the
subscriptions would be allocated to Filipinos and 40 percent of the subscribed capital stock would be
held by foreigners. Then we come to the paid-up capitalization. Under the present rules in the [SEC], a
foreign corporation is supposed to subscribe to 40-percent share which must be fully paid up.
On the other hand, the 60 percent allocated to Filipinos need not be paid up. However, at least 25
percent of the subscription must be paid up for purposes of complying with the Corporation Law. We
can illustrate the matter further by saying that the compliance of 25 percent paid-up of the subscribed
capital would be fulfilled by the full payment of the 40 percent by the foreigners.
So, we have a situation where the Filipino percentage of 60 may not even comply with the 25-percent
requirement because of the totality due to the full payment of the 40-percent of the foreign investors,
the payment of 25 percent paid-up on the subscription would have been considered fulfilled. That is
exactly what we are trying to avoid.
MR. MAAMBONG. I appreciate very much the explanation but I wonder if the committee would
subscribe to that view because I will stick to my thinking that in the computation of the 60-40 ratio, the
basis should be on the subscription. x x x
xxxx
MR. ROMULO. We go by the established rule which I believe is uniformly held. It is based on the
subscribed capital. x x x
xxxx
I do not think that we contradict each other. (Commisioner Suarez) is talking really of the instance
where the subscriber is a non-resident and, therefore, must fully pay. That is how I understand his
position.
MR. MAAMBONG. My understanding is that in the computation of the 60-40 sharing under the present
formulation, the determinant is the paid-up capital stock to which I disagree.
MR . ROMULO. At least, from my point of view, it is the subscribed capital stock."34

8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
Clearly, while the concept of voting capital as the norm to determine the 60-40 Filipino-alien ratio was initially
debated upon as a result of the proposal to use "at least two-thirds of whose voting stock or controlling interest is
owned by such citizens,"35 in what would eventually be Sec. 11, Art. XII of the Constitution, that proposal was
eventually discarded. And nowhere in the records of the CONCOM can it be deduced that the idea of full ownership
of voting stocks presently parlayed by the majority was earnestly, if at all, considered. In fact, the framers decided
that the term "capital," as used in the 1935 and 1973 Constitutions, should be properly interpreted as the
"subscribed capital," which, again, does not distinguish stocks based on their board-membership voting features.
Indeed, the phrase "voting stock or controlling interest" was suggested for and in fact deliberated, but was similarly
dropped in the approved draft provisions on National Economy and Patrimony, particularly in what would become
Sections 236 and 10,37 Article XII of the 1987 Constitution. However, the framers expressed preference to the
formulation of the provision in question in the 1935 and 1973 Constitutions, both of which employed the word
"capital" alone. This was very apparent in the aforementioned deliberations and affirmed by amicus curiae Dr.
Bernardo Villegas, Chair of the Committee on the National Economy and Patrimony in charge of drafting Section 11
and the rest of Article XII of the Constitution. During the June 26, 2012 oral arguments, Dr. Villegas manifested that:
x x x Justice Abad was right. [If i]t was not in the minds of the Commissioners to define capital broadly,
these additional provisions would be meaningless. And it would have been really more or less
expressing some kind of a contradiction in terms. So, that is why I was pleasantly surprised that one of
the most pro-Filipino members of the Commission, Atty. Jose Suarez, who actually voted "NO" to the
entire Constitution has only said, was one of the first to insist, during one of the plenary sessions that
we should reject the UP Law Center recommendation. In his words, I quote "I would feel more
comfortable if we go back to the wording of the 1935 and 1970 Constitutions that is to say the
60-40 percentage could be based on the capital stock of the corporation." The final motion was
made by Commissioner Efren Treñas, in the same plenary session when he moved, "Madam
President, may I propose an amendment on line 14 of Section 3 by deleting therefrom ‘whose voting
stock and controlling interest’ and in lieu thereof, insert capital, so the line should read: "associations of
at least sixty percent (60%) of the capital is owned by such citizens." After I accepted the amendment
since I was the chairman of the National Economy Committee, in the name of the Committee,
the President of the Commission asked for any objection. When no one objected, the President
solemnly announced that the amendment had been approved by the Plenary. It is clear,
therefore, that in the minds of the Commissioners the word "capital" in Section 11 of Article XII
refers, not to voting stock, but to total subscribed capital, both common and preferred.38
There was no change in phraseology from the 1935 and

1973 Constitutions, or a transitory provision that signals
such change, with respect to foreign ownership in public
utility corporations (2nd extrinsic aid)
If the framers wanted the word "capital" to mean voting capital stock, their terminology would have certainly been
unmistakably limiting as to leave no doubt about their intention. But the framers consciously and purposely
excluded restrictive phrases, such as "voting stocks" or "controlling interest," in the approved final draft, the
proposal of the UP Law Center, Commissioner Davide and Commissioner Azcuna notwithstanding. Instead, they
retained "capital" as "used in the 1935 and 1973 Constitutions."39 There was, therefore, a conscious design to avoid
stringent words that would limit the meaning of "capital" in a sense insisted upon by the majority. Cassus omissus
pro omisso habendus est––a person, object, or thing omitted must have been omitted intentionally. More
importantly, by using the word "capital," the intent of the framers of the Constitution was to include all types of
shares, whether voting or nonvoting, within the ambit of the word.
History or realities or circumstances prevailing during the

drafting of the Constitution validate the adoption of the plain
meaning of "Capital" (3rd extrinsic aid)
This plain, non-exclusive interpretation of "capital" also comes to light considering the economic backdrop of the
1986 CONCOM when the country was still starting to rebuild the financial markets and regain the foreign investors’
confidence following the changes caused by the toppling of the Martial Law regime. As previously pointed out, the
Court, in construing the Constitution, must take into consideration the aims of its framers and the evils they wished
to avoid and address. In Civil Liberties Union v. Executive Secretary,40 We held:
A foolproof yardstick in constitutional construction is the intention underlying the provision under
consideration. Thus, it has been held that the Court in construing a Constitution should bear in
mind the object sought to be accomplished by its adoption, and the evils, if any, sought to be
prevented or remedied. A doubtful provision will be examined in the light of the history of the times,
and the condition and circumstances under which the Constitution was framed. The object is to
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
ascertain the reason which induced the framers of the Constitution to enact the particular
provision and the purpose sought to be accomplished thereby, in order to construe the whole
as to make the words consonant to that reason and calculated to effect that purpose. (Emphasis
supplied.)
It is, thus, proper to revisit the circumstances prevailing during the drafting period. In an astute observation of the
economic realities in 1986, quoted by respondent Pangilinan, University of the Philippines School of Economics
Professor Dr. Emmanuel S. de Dios examined the nation’s dire need for foreign investments and foreign exchange
during the time when the framers deliberated on what would eventually be the National Economy and Patrimony
provisions of the Constitution:
The period immediately after the 1986 EDSA Revolution is well known to have witnessed the
country’s deepest economic crisis since the Second World War. Official data readily show this
period was characterised by the highest unemployment, highest interest rates, and largest contractions
in output the Philippine economy experienced in the postwar period. At the start of the Aquino
administration in 1986, total output had already contracted by more than seven percent annually for two
consecutive years (1984 and 1985), inflation was running at an average of 35 percent, unemployment
more than 11 percent, and the currency devalued by 35 percent.
The proximate reason for this was the moratorium on foreigndebt payments the country had
called in late 1983, effectively cutting off the country’s access to international credit markets (for
a deeper contemporary analysis of what led to the debt crisis, see de Dios 1984). The country
therefore had to subsist only on its current earnings from exports, which meant there was a
critical shortage of foreign exchange. Imports especially of capital goods and intermediate
goods therefore had to be drastically curtailed x x x.
For the same reasons, obviously, new foreign investments were unlikely to be forthcoming. This is
recorded by Bautista 2003:158, who writes:
Long-term capital inflows have been rising at double-digit rates since 1980, except during
1986-1990, a time of great political and economic uncertainty following the period of
martial law under President Marcos.
The foreign-exchange controls then effectively in place will have made importing inputs difficult for new
enterprises, particularly foreign investors (especially Japanese) interested in relocating some of
theirexport-oriented but import-dependent operations to the Philippines. x x x The same foreign-
exchange restrictions would have made the freedom to remit profits a dicey affairs. Finally, however,
the period was also characterised by extreme political uncertainty, which did not cease even after the
Marcos regime was toppled.41 x x x
Surely, it was far from the minds of the framers to alienate and disenfranchise foreign investors by imposing an
indirect restriction that only exacerbates the dichotomy between management and ownership without the actual
guarantee of giving control and protection to the Filipino investors. Instead, it can be fairly assumed that the framers
intended to avoid further economic meltdown and so chose to attract foreign investors by allowing them to 40%
equity ownership of the entirety of the corporate shareholdings but, wisely, imposing limits on their participation in
the governing body to ensure that the effective control and ultimate economic benefits still remained with the Filipino
shareholders.
Judicial decisions and prior laws use and/or treat

"capital" as "capital stock" (4th extrinsic aid)
That the term "capital" in Sec. 11, Art. XII is equivalent to "capital stock," which encompasses all classes of shares
regardless of their nomenclature or voting capacity, is easily determined by a review of various laws passed prior to
the ratification of the 1987 Constitution. In 1936, for instance, the Public Service Act42 established the nationality
requirement for corporations that may be granted the authority to operate a "public service,"43 which include most of
the present-day public utilities, by referring to the paid-up "capital stock" of a corporation, viz:
Sec. 16. Proceedings of the Commission, upon notice and hearing. – The Commission shall have
power, upon proper notice and hearing in accordance with the rules and provisions of this Act, subject
to the limitations and exceptions mentioned and saving provisions to the contrary:
(a) To issue certificates which shall be known as certificates of public convenience, authorizing
the operation of public service within the Philippines whenever the Commission finds that the
operation of the public service proposed and the authorization to do business will promote the
public interest in a proper and suitable manner. Provided, That thereafter, certificates of public
convenience and certificates of public convenience and necessity will be granted only to
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citizens of the Philippines or of the United States or to corporations, co-partnerships,

associations or joint-stock companies constituted and organized under the laws of the
Philippines; Provided, That sixty per centum of the stock or paid-up capital of any such
corporations, co-partnership, association or joint-stock company must belong entirely to
citizens of the Philippines or of the United States: Provided, further, That no such certificates
shall be issued for a period of more than fifty years. (Emphasis supplied.)
The heading of Sec. 2 of Commonwealth Act No. (CA) 108, or the Anti-Dummy Law, which was approved on
October 30, 1936, similarly conveys the idea that the term "capital" is equivalent to "capital stock"44:
Section 2. Simulation of minimum capital stock — In all cases in which a constitutional or legal
provision requires that, in order that a corporation or association may exercise or enjoy a right,
franchise or privilege, not less than a certain per centum of its capital must be owned by
citizens of the Philippines or of any other specific country, it shall be unlawful to falsely simulate the
existence of such minimum stock or capital as owned by such citizens, for the purpose of evading
said provision. The president or managers and directors or trustees of corporations or associations
convicted of a violation of this section shall be punished by imprisonment of not less than five nor more
than fifteen years, and by a fine not less than the value of the right, franchise or privilege, enjoyed or
acquired in violation of the provisions hereof but in no case less than five thousand pesos.45 (Emphasis
and underscoring supplied.)
Pursuant to these legislative acts and under the aegis of the Constitutional nationality requirement of public utilities
then in force, Congress granted various franchises upon the understanding that the "capital stock" of the grantee is
at least 60% Filipino. In 1964, Congress, via Republic Act No. (RA) 4147,46 granted Filipinas Orient Airway, Inc. a
legislative franchise to operate an air carrier upon the understanding that its "capital stock" was 60% percent
Filipino-owned. Section 14 of RA 4147, provided:
Sec. 14. This franchise is granted with the understanding that the grantee is a corporation sixty per
cent of the capital stock of which is the bona fide property of citizens of the Philippines and that
the interest of such citizens in its capital stock or in the capital of the Company with which it may merge
shall at no time be allowed to fall below such percentage, under the penalty of the cancellation of this
franchise. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied.)
The grant of a public utility franchise to Air Manila. Inc. to establish and maintain air transport in the country a year
later pursuant to RA 450147 contained exactly the same Filipino capitalization requirement imposed in RA 4147:
Sec. 14. This franchise is granted with the understanding that the grantee is a corporation, sixty per
cent of the capital stock of which is owned or the bona fide property of citizens of the
Philippines and that the interest of such citizens in its capital stock or in the capital of the company
with which it may merge shall at no time be allowed to fall below such percentage, under the penalty of
the cancellation of this franchise. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied.)
In like manner, RA 5514,48 which granted a franchise to the Philippine Communications Satellite Corporation in
1969, required of the grantee to execute management contracts only with corporations whose "capital or capital
stock" are at least 60% Filipino:
Sec. 9. The grantee shall not lease, transfer, grant the usufruct of, sell or assign this franchise to any
person or entity, except any branch or instrumentality of the Government, without the previous approval
of the Congress of the Philippines: Provided, That the grantee may enter into management contract
with any person or entity, with the approval of the President of the Philippines: Provided, further, That
such person or entity with whom the grantee may enter into management contract shall be a citizen of
the Philippines and in case of an entity or a corporation, at least sixty per centum of the capital or
capital stock of which is owned by citizens of the Philippines. (Emphasis supplied.)
In 1968, RA 5207,49 otherwise known as the "Atomic Energy Regulatory Act of 1968," considered a corporation sixty
percent of whose capital stock as domestic:
Sec. 9. Citizenship Requirement. No license to acquire, own, or operate any atomic energy facility
shall be issued to an alien, or any corporation or other entity which is owned or controlled by an alien, a
foreign corporation, or a foreign government.
For purposes of this Act, a corporation or entity is not owned or controlled by an alien, a foreign
corporation of a foreign government if at least sixty percent (60%) of its capital stock is owned by
Filipino citizens. (Emphasis supplied.)
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Anent pertinent judicial decisions, this Court has used the very same definition of capital as equivalent to the entire
capital stockholdings in a corporation in resolving various other issues. In National Telecommunications
Commission v. Court of Appeals,50 this Court, thus, held:
The term "capital" and other terms used to describe the capital structure of a corporation are of
universal acceptance, and their usages have long been established in jurisprudence. Briefly,
capital refers to the value of the property or assets of a corporation. The capital subscribed is
the total amount of the capital that persons (subscribers or shareholders) have agreed to take
and pay for, which need not necessarily be, and can be more than, the par value of the shares.
In fine, it is the amount that the corporation receives, inclusive of the premiums if any, in
consideration of the original issuance of the shares. In the case of stock dividends, it is the amount
that the corporation transfers from its surplus profit account to its capital account. It is the same amount
that can loosely be termed as the "trust fund" of the corporation. The "Trust Fund" doctrine considers
this subscribed capital as a trust fund for the payment of the debts of the corporation, to which the
creditors may look for satisfaction. Until the liquidation of the corporation, no part of the subscribed
capital may be returned or released to the stockholder (except in the redemption of redeemable
shares) without violating this principle. Thus, dividends must never impair the subscribed capital;
subscription commitments cannot be condoned or remitted; nor can the corporation buy its own shares
using the subscribed capital as the consideration therefor.51
This is similar to the holding in Banco Filipino v. Monetary Board52 where the Court treated the term "capital" as
including both common and preferred stock, which are usually deprived of voting rights:
It is clear from the law that a solvent bank is one in which its assets exceed its liabilities. It is a basic
accounting principle that assets are composed of liabilities and capital. The term "assets" includes
capital and surplus" (Exley v. Harris, 267 p. 970, 973, 126 Kan., 302). On the other hand, the term
"capital" includes common and preferred stock, surplus reserves, surplus and undivided
profits. (Manual of Examination Procedures, Report of Examination on Department of Commercial and
Savings Banks, p. 3-C). If valuation reserves would be deducted from these items, the result would
merely be the networth or the unimpaired capital and surplus of the bank applying Sec. 5 of RA 337 but
not the total financial condition of the bank.
In Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Court of Appeals,53 the Court alluded to the doctrine of equality of
shares in resolving the issue therein and held that all shares comprise the capital stock of a corporation:
A common stock represents the residual ownership interest in the corporation. It is a basic class of
stock ordinarily and usually issued without extraordinary rights or privileges and entitles the
shareholder to a pro rata division of profits. Preferred stocks are those which entitle the shareholder to
some priority on dividends and asset distribution. Both shares are part of the corporation’s capital
stock. Both stockholders are no different from ordinary investors who take on the same
investment risks. Preferred and common shareholders participate in the same venture, willing
to share in the profit and losses of the enterprise. Moreover, under the doctrine of equality of
shares --- all stocks issued by the corporation are presumed equal with the same privileges and
liabilities, provided that the Articles of Incorporation is silent on such differences.54 (Emphasis
supplied.)
The SEC has reflected the popular contemporaneous

construction of capital in computing the nationality
requirement based on the total capital stock, not only
the voting stock, of a corporation (5th extrinsic aid)
The SEC has confirmed that, as an institution, it has always interpreted and applied the 40% maximum foreign
ownership limit for public utilities to the total capital stock, and not just its total voting stock.
In its July 29, 2011 Manifestation and Omnibus Motion, the SEC reaffirmed its longstanding practice and history of
enforcement of the 40% maximum foreign ownership limit for public utilities, viz:
5. The Commission respectfully submits that it has always performed its duty under Section 17(4) of
the Corporation Code to enforce the foreign equity restrictions under Section 11, Article XII of the
Constitution on the ownership of public utilities.
xxxx
8. Thus, in determining compliance with the Constitutional restrictions on foreign equity, the
Commission consistently construed and applied the term "capital" in its commonly accepted
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usage, that is – the sum total of the shares subscribed irrespective of their nomenclature and
whether or not they are voting or non-voting (Emphasis supplied).
9. This commonly accepted usage of the term ‘capital’ is based on persuasive authorities such as the
widely esteemed Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Private Corporations, and doctrines from American
Jurisprudence. To illustrate, in its Opinion dated February 15, 1988 addresses to Gozon, Fernandez,
Defensor and Associates, the Commission discussed how the term ‘capital’ is commonly used:
"Anent thereto, please be informed that the term ‘capital’ as applied to corporations, refers
to the money, property or means contributed by stockholders as the form or basis for the
business or enterprise for which the corporation was formed and generally implies that
such money or property or means have been contributed in payment for stock issued to
the contributors. (United Grocers, Ltd. v. United States F. Supp. 834, cited in 11 Fletcher,
Cyc. Corp., 1986, rev. vol., sec. 5080 at 18). As further ruled by the court, ‘capital of a
corporation is the fund or other property, actually or potentially in its possession,
derived or to be derived from the sale by it of shares of its stock or his exchange by
it for property other than money. This fund includes not only money or other property
received by the corporation for shares of stock but all balances of purchase money, or
instalments, due the corporation for shares of stock sold by it, and all unpaid subscriptions
for shares.’" (Williams v. Brownstein, 1F. 2d 470, cited in 11 Fletcher, Cyc. Corp., 1058 rev.
vol., sec. 5080, p. 21).
The term ‘capital’ is also used synonymously with the words ‘capital stock’, as meaning
the amount subscribed and paidin and upon which the corporation is to conduct its
operation. (11 Fletcher, Cyc. Corp. 1986, rev. vol., sec. 5080 at 15). And, as held by the
court in Haggard v. Lexington Utilities Co., (260 Ky 251, 84 SW 2d 84, cited in 11 Fletcher,
Cyc. Corp., 1958 rev. vol., sec. 5079 at 17), ‘The capital stock of a corporation is the
amount paidin by its stockholders in money, property or services with which it is to conduct
its business, and it is immaterial how the stock is classified, whether as common or
preferred.’
The Commission, in a previous opinion, ruled that the term ‘capital’ denotes the sum total
of the shares subscribed and paid by the shareholders or served to be paid, irrespective of
their nomenclature. (Letter to Supreme Technotronics Corporation, dated April 14, 1987)."
(Emphasis ours)
10. Further, in adopting this common usage of the term ‘capital,’ the Commission believed in good faith
and with sound reasons that it was consistent with the intent and purpose of the Constitution. In an
Opinion dated 27 December 1995 addressed to Joaquin Cunanan & Co. the Commission observed
that:
"To construe the 60-40% equity requirement as merely based on the voting shares,
disregarding the preferred non-voting share, not on the total outstanding subscribed
capital stock, would give rise to a situation where the actual foreign interest would not
really be only 40% but may extend beyond that because they could also own even the
entire preferred non-voting shares. In this situation, Filipinos may have the control in the
operation of the corporation by way of voting rights, but have no effective ownership of the
corporate assets which includes lands, because the actual Filipino equity constitutes only
a minority of the entire outstanding capital stock. Therefore, in essence, the company,
although controlled by Filipinos, is beneficially owned by foreigners since the
actual ownership of at least 60% of the entire outstanding capital stocks would be
in the hands of foreigners. Allowing this situation would open the floodgates to
circumvention of the intent of the law to make the Filipinos the principal
beneficiaries in the ownership of alienable lands." (Emphasis ours)
11. The foregoing settled principles and esteemed authorities relied upon by the Commission show that
its interpretation of the term ‘capital’ is reasonable.
12. And, it is well settled that courts must give due deference to an administrative agency’s reasonable
interpretation of the statute it enforces.55
It should be borne in mind that the SEC is the government agency invested with the jurisdiction to determine at the
first instance the observance by a public utility of the constitutional nationality requirement prescribed vis-à-vis the
ownership of public utilities56 and to interpret legislative acts, like the FIA. The rationale behind the doctrine of
primary jurisdiction lies on the postulate that such administrative agency has the "special knowledge, experience
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and tools to determine technical and intricate matters of fact…"57 Thus, the determination of the SEC is afforded
great respect by other executive agencies, like the Department of Justice (DOJ),58 and by the courts.
Verily, when asked as early as 1988– "Would it be legal for foreigners to own in a public utility entity more than 40%
of the common shares but not more than 40% of the total outstanding capital stock which would include both
common and non-voting preferred shares?" –the SEC, citing Fletcher, invariably answered in the affirmative,
whether the poser was made in light of the present or previous Constitutions:
The pertinent provision of the Philippine Constitution under Article XII, Section 7, reads in part thus:
"No franchise, certificate, or any form of authorization for the operation of a public utility shall be
granted except to citizens of the Philippines, or to corporations or associations organized under the
laws of the Philippines at least sixty per centum of whose capital is owned by such citizens. . ." x x x
The issue raised on your letter zeroes in on the meaning of the word "capital" as used in the
above constitutional provision. Anent thereto, please be informed that the term "capital" as applied
to corporations, refers to the money, property or means contributed by stockholders as the form or
basis for the business or enterprise for which the corporation was formed and generally implies that
such money or property or means have been contributed in payment for stock issued to the
contributors. (United Grocers, Ltd. v. United States F. Supp. 834, cited in 11 Fletcher, Cyc. Corp., 1986,
rev. vol., sec. 5080 at 18). As further ruled by the court, "capital of a corporation is the fund or other
property, actually or potentially in its possession, derived or to be derived from the sale by it of shares
of its stock or his exchange by it for property other than money. This fund includes not only money or
other property received by the corporation for shares of stock but all balances of purchase money, or
installments, due the corporation for shares of stock sold by it, and all unpaid subscriptions for shares."
(Williams v. Brownstein, 1F. 2d 470, cited in 11 Fletcher, Cyc. Corp., 1058 rev. vol., sec. 5080, p. 21).
The term "capital" is also used synonymously with the words "capital stock", as meaning the amount
subscribed and paid-in and upon which the corporation is to conduct its operation. (11 Fletcher, Cyc.
Corp. 1986, rev. vol., sec. 5080 at 15). And, as held by the court in Haggard v. Lexington Utilities Co.,
(260 Ky 251, 84 SW 2d 84, cited in 11 Fletcher, Cyc. Corp., 1958 rev. vol., sec. 5079 at 17), "The
capital stock of a corporation is the amount paid-in by its stockholders in money, property or
services with which it is to conduct its business, and it is immaterial how the stock is classified,
whether as common or preferred."
The Commission, in a previous opinion, ruled that the term ‘capital’ denotes the sum total of the
shares subscribed and paid by the shareholders or served to be paid, irrespective of their
nomenclature. (Letter to Supreme Technotronics Corporation, dated April 14, 1987). Hence, your
query is answered in the affirmative.59 (Emphasis supplied.)
As it were, the SEC has held on the same positive response long before the 1987 Constitution came into effect, a
matter of fact which has received due acknowledgment from this Court. In People v. Quasha,60 a case decided
under the 1935 Constitution, this Court narrated that in 1946 the SEC approved the incorporation of a common
carrier, a public utility, where Filipinos, while not holding the controlling vote, owned the majority of the capital, viz:
The essential facts are not in dispute. On November 4, 1946, the Pacific Airways Corporation
registered its articles of incorporation with the [SEC]. The articles were prepared and the registration
was effected by the accused, who was in fact the organizer of the corporation. The articles stated that
the primary purpose of the corporation was to carry on the business of a common carrier by air, land, or
water, that its capital stock was ₱ 1,000,000, represented by 9,000 preferred and 100,000 common
shares, each preferred share being of the par value of ₱ 100 and entitled to 1/3 vote and each
common share, of the par value of ₱ 1 and entitled to one vote; that the amount of capital stock
actually subscribed was ₱ 200,000, and the names of the subscriber were Arsenio Baylon, Eruin E.
Shannahan, Albert W. Onstott, James O’bannon, Denzel J. Cavin, and William H. Quasha, the first
being a Filipino and the other five all Americans; that Baylon’s subscription was for 1,145 preferred
shares, of the total value of ₱ 114,500 and 6,500 common shares, of the total par value of ₱ 6,500,
while the aggregate subscriptions of the American subscribers were for 200 preferred shares, of the
total par value of ₱ 20,000 and 59,000 common shares, of the total par value of ₱ 59,000; and that
Baylon and the American subscribers had already paid 25 percent of their respective subscriptions.
Ostensibly the owner of, or subscriber to, 60.005 per cent of the subscribed capital stock of the
corporation, Baylon, did not have the controlling vote because of the difference in voting power
between the preferred shares and the common shares. Still, with the capital structure as it was,
the articles of incorporation were accepted for registration and a certificate of incorporation
was issued by the [SEC]. (Emphasis supplied.)
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The SEC has, through the years, stood by this interpretation. In an Opinion dated November 21, 1989, the SEC held
that the basis of the computation for the nationality requirement is the total outstanding capital stock, to wit:
As to the basis of computation of the 60-40 percentage nationality requirement under existing laws
(whether it should be based on the number of shares or the aggregate amount in pesos of the par
value of the shares), the following definitions of corporate terms are worth mentioning.
"The term capital stock signifies the aggregate of the shares actually subscribed". (11 Fletcher, Cyc.
Corps. (1971 Rev. Vol.) sec. 5082, citing Goodnow v. American Writing Paper Co., 73 NJ Eq. 692, 69 A
1014 aff'g 72 NJ Eq. 645, 66 A, 607).
"Capital stock means the capital subscribed (the share capital)". (Ibid., emphasis supplied).
"In its primary sense a share of stock is simply one of the proportionate integers or units, the sum of
which constitutes the capital stock of corporation. (Fletcher, sec. 5083).
The equitable interest of the shareholder in the property of the corporation is represented by the term
stock, and the extent of his interest is described by the term shares. The expression shares of stock
when qualified by words indicating number and ownership expresses the extent of the owner's interest
in the corporate property (Ibid, Sec. 5083, emphasis supplied).
Likewise, in all provisions of the Corporation Code the stockholders’ right to vote and receive dividends
is always determined and based on the "outstanding capital stock", defined as follows:
"SECTION 137. Outstanding capital stock defined. — The term "outstanding capital stock" as used in
this Code, means the total shares of stock issued to subscribers or stockholders, whether or not fully or
partially paid (as long as there is a binding subscription agreement, except treasury shares."
The computation, therefore, should be based on the total outstanding capital stock, irrespective of the
amount of the par value of the shares.
Then came SEC-OGC Opinion No. 08-14 dated June 02, 2008:
The instant query now centers on whether both voting and nonvoting shares are included in the
computation of the required percentage of Filipino equity, As a rule, the 1987 Constitution does not
distinguish between voting and non-voting shares with regard to the computation of the percentage
interest by Filipinos and non-Filipinos in a company. In other words, non-voting shares should be
included in the computation of the foreign ownership limit for domestic corporation. This was
the rule applied [in SEC Opinion No. 04-30 x x x It was opined therein that the ownership of the shares
of stock of a corporation is based on the total outstanding or subscribed/issued capital stock regardless
of whether they are classified as common voting shares or preferred shares without voting rights. This
is in line with the policy of the State to develop an independent national economy effectively controlled
by Filipinos. x x x (Emphasis added.)
The SEC again echoed the same interpretation in an Opinion issued last April 19, 2011 wherein it stated, thus:
This is, thus, the general rule, such that when the provision merely uses the term "capital" without
qualification (as in Section 11, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution, which deals with equity structure in a
public utility company), the same should be interpreted to refer to the sum total of the outstanding
capital stock, irrespective of the nomenclature or classification as common, preferred, voting or non-
voting.61
The above construal is in harmony with the letter and spirit of Sec. 11, Art. XII of the Constitution and its counterpart
provisions in the 1935 and 1973 Constitution and, thus, is entitled to respectful consideration. As the Court declared
in Philippine Global Communications, Inc. v. Relova:62
x x x As far back as In re Allen, (2 Phil. 630) a 1903 decision, Justice McDonough, as ponente, cited
this excerpt from the leading American case of Pennoyer v. McConnaughy, decided in 1891: "The
principle that the contemporaneous construction of a statute by the executive officers of the
government, whose duty it is to execute it, is entitled to great respect, and should ordinarily
control the construction of the statute by the courts, is so firmly embedded in our jurisprudence
that no authorities need be cited to support it.’ x x x There was a paraphrase by Justice Malcolm of
such a pronouncement in Molina v. Rafferty, (37 Phil. 545) a 1918 decision:" Courts will and should
respect the contemporaneous construction placed upon a statute by the executive officers whose duty
it is to enforce it, and unless such interpretation is clearly erroneous will ordinarily be controlled thereby.
(Ibid, 555) Since then, such a doctrine has been reiterated in numerous decisions.63 (Emphasis
supplied.)
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Laxamana v. Baltazar64 restates this long-standing dictum: "[w]here a statute has received a contemporaneous
and practical interpretation and the statute as interpreted is re-enacted, the practical interpretation is accorded
greater weight than it ordinarily receives, and is regarded as presumptively the correct interpretation of the law. The
rule here is based upon the theory that the legislature is acquainted with the contemporaneous interpretation of a
statute, especially when made by an administrative body or executive officers charged with the duty of administering
or enforcing the law, and therefore impliedly adopts the interpretation upon re-enactment."65 Hence, it can be safely
assumed that the framers, in the course of deliberating the 1987 Constitution, knew of the adverted SEC
interpretation.
Parenthetically, it is immaterial whether the SEC opinion was rendered by the banc or by the SEC-Office of the
General Counsel (OGC) considering that the latter has been given the authority to issue opinions on the laws that
the SEC implements under SEC-EXS. Res. No. 106, Series of 2002.66 The conferment does not violate Sec. 4.667
of the Securities and Regulation Code (SRC) that proscribes the non-delegation of the legislative rule making power
of the SEC, which is in the nature of subordinate legislation. As may be noted, the same Sec. 4.6 does not mention
the SEC’s power to issue interpretative "opinions and provide guidance on and supervise compliance with such
rules,"68 which is incidental to the SEC’s enforcement functions. A legislative rule and an interpretative rule are two
different concepts and the distinction between the two is established in administrative law.69 Hence, the various
opinions issued by the SEC-OGC deserve as much respect as the opinions issued by the SEC en banc.
Nonetheless, the esteemed ponente posits that the SEC, contrary to its claim, has been less than consistent in its
construal of "capital." During the oral arguments, he drew attention to various SEC Opinions, nine (9) to be precise,
that purportedly consider "capital" as referring only to voting stocks.
Refuting this position, the SEC in its Memorandum dated July 25, 2012 explained in some detail that the
Commission has been consistent in applying the term "capital" to the total outstanding capital stock,
whether voting or non-voting. The SEC Opinions referred to by Justice Carpio, which cited the provisions of the
FIA, is not, however, pertinent or decisive of the issue on the meaning of "capital." The said SEC Memorandum
states:
During the oral arguments held on 26 June 2012, the SEC was directed to explain nine (9) of its
Opinions in relation to the definition of "capital" as used in Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution,
namely: (1) Opinion dated 3 March 1993 for Mr. Francis F. How; (2) Opinion dated 14 April 1993 for
Director Angeles T. Wong; (3) Opinion dated 23 November 1993 for Mssrs. Dominador Almeda and
Renato S. Calma; (4) Opinion dated 7 December 1993 for Roco Buñag Kapunan Migallos & Jardeleza
Law Offices; (5) Opinion dated 22 December 2004 for Romulo Mabanta Buenaventura Sayoc & De Los
Angeles; (6) Opinion dated 27 September 2007 for Reynaldo G. David; (7) Opinion dated 28 November
2007 for Santiago & Santiago law Offices; (8) Opinion dated 15 January 2008 for Attys. Ruby Rose J.
Yusi and Rudyard S. Arbolado; and (9) Opinion dated 18 August 2010 for Castillo Laman Tan
Pantaleon & San Jose.
xxxx
With due respect, the issue of whether "capital" refers to outstanding capital stock or only
voting stocks was never raised in the requests for these opinions. In fact, the definition of "capital"
could not have been a relevant and/or a material issue in some of these opinions because the common
and preferred shares involved have the same voting rights. Also, some Opinions mentioned the FIA to
emphasize that the said law mandates the application of the Control Test. Moreover, these Opinions
state they are based solely on the facts disclosed and relevant only to the issues raised therein.
For one, the Opinion dated 3 March 1993 for Mr. Francis F. How does not discuss whether "capital"
refers to total outstanding capital stock or only voting stocks. Instead, it talks about the
application of the Control test in a mining corporation by looking into the nationality of its investors. The
FIA is not mentioned to provide a definition of "capital," but to explain the nationality
requirement pertinent to investors of a mining corporation.
The Opinion dated 14 April 1993 for Dir. Angeles T. Wong also does not define "capital" as referring
to total outstanding capital or only to voting shares, but talks about the application of the
Control Test x x x. The FIA is again mentioned only to explain the nationality required of investors of a
corporation engaged in overseas recruitment.
The Opinion dated 23 November 1993 for Mssrs. Dominador Almeda and Renato S. Calma
distinguishes between the nationality of a corporation as an investing entity and the nationality
of a corporation as an investee corporation. The FIA is mentioned only in the discussion of the
nationality of the investors of a corporation owning land in the Philippines, composed of a
trustee for pension or other employee retirement or separation benefits, where the trustee is a
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Philippine national and at least sixty percent (60%) of the fund will accrue to the benefit of Philippine
nationals, and another domestic corporation which is 100% foreign owned.
Unlike the Decision rendered by this Honorable Court on 28 June 2011, the Opinion dated 07
December 1993 for Roco Buñag Kapunan Migallos & Jardeleza does not parley on the issue of the
proper interpretation of "capital" because it is not a relevant and/or a material issue in this
opinion xxx. The FIA is mentioned only to explain the application of the control test. Note,
however, that manufacturing fertilizer is neither a nationalized or partly nationalized activity, which is
another reason why this Opinion has no relevance in this case.
The Opinion dated 22 December 2004 for Romulo Mabanta Buenaventura Sayoc & De Los Angeles
focuses on the nationality of the investors of a corporation that will acquire land wherein one of the
investors is a foundation. It confirms the view that the test for compliance with the nationality
requirement is based on the total outstanding capital stock irrespective of the amount of the par
value of shares. The FIA is used merely to justify the application of the Control Test as adopted in the
Department of Justice Opinion, No. 18, Series of 1989, dated 19 January 1989m viz –
xxxx
The Opinion dated 27 September 2007 for Mr. Reynaldo G. David, likewise, does not discuss
whether "capital" refers to total outstanding capital stock or only to voting stocks, but rather
whether the Control Test is applicable in determining the nationality of the proposed corporate
bidder or buyer of PNOC-EDC shares. x x x The FIA was cited only to emphasize that the said law
mandates the application of the Control Test.
The Opinion dated 28 November 2007 for Santiago & Santiago Law Offices maintains and supports
the position of the Commission that Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution makes no
distinction between common and preferred shares, thus, both shares should be included in the
computation of the foreign equity cap for domestic corporations. Simply put, the total outstanding
capital stock, without regard to how the shares are classified, should be used as the basis in
determining the compliance by public utilities with the nationality requirement as provided for in Section
11, Article XII of the Constitution. Notably, all shares of the subject corporation, Pilipinas First, have
voting rights, whether common or preferred. Hence, the issue on whether "capital" refers to total
outstanding capital stock or only to voting stocks has no relevance in this Opinion.
In the same way, the Opinion dated 15 January 2008 for Attys. Ruby Rose J. Yusi and Rudyard S.
Arbolada never discussed whether "capital" refers to outstanding capital stock or only to voting
stocks, but rather whether the Control Test is applicable or not. The FIA was used merely to justify
the application of the Control Test. More importantly, the term "capital" could not have been relevant
and/or material issue in this Opinion because the common and preferred shares involved have the
same voting rights.
The Opinion dated 18 August 2010 for Castillo Laman Tan Pantaleon & San Jose reiterates that the
test for compliance with the nationality requirement is based on the total outstanding capital
stock, irrespective of the amount of the par value of the shares. The FIA is mentioned only to
explain the application of the Control Test and the Grandfather Rule in a corporation owning land
in the Philippines by looking into the nationality of its investors. (Emphasis supplied).70
In view of the foregoing, it is submitted that the long-established interpretation and mode of computing by the SEC
of the total capital stock strongly recognize the intent of the framers of the Constitution to allow access to much-
needed foreign investments confined to 40% of the capital stock of public utilities.
Consequences of alternative interpretation: mischievous

effects of the construction proposed in the petition and
sustained in the June 28, 2011 Decision. (6th extrinsic aid)
Filipino shareholders will not

control the fundamental corporate
matters nor own the majority
economic benefits of the public
utility corporation.
Indeed, if the Court persists in adhering to the rationale underlying the majority’s original interpretation of "capital"
found in the first sentence of Section 11, Article XII, We may perhaps be allowing Filipinos to direct and control the
daily business of our public utilities, but would irrevocably and injudiciously deprive them of effective "control"
over the major and equally important corporate decisions and the eventual beneficial ownership of the
corporate assets that could include, among others, claim over our soil––our land. This undermines the clear
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textual commitment under the Constitution that reserves ownership of disposable lands to Filipino citizens. The
interplay of the ensuing provisions of Article XII is unmistakable:
SECTION 2. All lands of the public domain x x x forests or timber, wildlife, flora and fauna, and other
natural resources are owned by the State. With the exception of agricultural lands, all other natural
resources shall not be alienated. The exploration, development, and utilization of natural
resources shall be under the full control and supervision of the State. x x x
xxxx
SECTION 3. Lands of the public domain are classified into agricultural, forest or timber, mineral lands,
and national parks. Agricultural lands of the public domain may be further classified by law according to
the uses which they may be devoted. Alienable lands of the public domain shall be limited to
agricultural lands. Private corporations or associations may not hold such alienable lands except by
lease, for a period not exceeding twenty-five years, renewable for not more than twenty-five years, and
not to exceed one thousand hectares in area. Citizens of the Philippines may lease not more than five
hundred hectares, or acquire not more than twelve hectares thereof by purchase, homestead or grant.
xxxx
SECTION 7. Save in cases of hereditary succession, no private lands shall be transferred or

conveyed except to individuals, corporations or associations qualified to acquire or hold lands
of the public domain. (Emphasis supplied.)
Consider the hypothetical case presented in the original ponencia:
Let us assume that a corporation has 100 common shares owned by foreigners and 1,000,000 non-
voting preferred shares owned by Filipinos, with both classes of share having a par value of one peso
(₱ 1.00) per share. Under the broad definition of the term "capital," such corporation would be
considered compliant with the 40 percent constitutional limit on foreign equity of public utilities since the
overwhelming majority, or more than 99.999 percent, of the total outstanding capital stock is Filipino
owned. This is obviously absurd.
Albeit trying not to appear to, the majority actually finds fault in the wisdom of, or motive behind, the provision in
question through "highly unlikely scenarios of clinical extremes," to borrow from Veterans Federation Party v.
COMELEC.71 It is submitted that the flip side of the ponencia’s hypothetical illustration, which will be exhaustively
elucidated in this opinion, is more anomalous and prejudicial to Filipino interests.
For instance, let us suppose that the authorized capital stock of a public utility corporation is divided into 100
common shares and 1,000,000 non-voting preferred shares. Since, according to the Court’s June 28, 2011
Decision, the word "capital" in Sec. 11, Art. XII refers only to the voting shares, then the 40% cap on foreign
ownership applies only to the 100 common shares. Foreigners can, therefore, own 100% of the 1,000,000 nonvoting
preferred shares. But then again, the ponencia continues, at least, the "control" rests with the Filipinos because the
60% Filipino-owned common shares will necessarily ordain the majority in the governing body of the public utility
corporation, the board of directors/trustees. Hence, Filipinos are assured of control over the day-to-day activities of
the public utility corporation.
Let us, however, take this corporate scenario a little bit farther and consider the irresistible implications of changes
and circumstances that are inevitable and common in the business world. Consider the simple matter of a possible
investment of corporate funds in another corporation or business, or a merger of the public utility corporation, or a
possible dissolution of the public utility corporation. Who has the "control" over these vital and important
corporate matters? The last paragraph of Sec. 6 of the Corporation Code provides:
Where the articles of incorporation provide for non-voting shares in the cases allowed by this Code, the
holders of such (non-voting) shares shall nevertheless be entitled to vote on the following
matters:
1. Amendment of the articles of incorporation;
2. Adoption and amendment of by-laws;
3. Sale, lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge or other disposition of all or substantially all of the
corporate property;
4. Incurring, creating or increasing bonded indebtedness;
5. Increase or decrease of capital stock;
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6. Merger or consolidation of the corporation with another corporation or other corporations;
7. Investment of corporate funds in another corporation or business in accordance with this Code; and
8. Dissolution of the corporation."(Emphasis and underscoring supplied.)
In our hypothetical case, all 1,000,100 (voting and non-voting) shares are entitled to vote in cases involving
fundamental and major changes in the corporate structure, such as those listed in Sec. 6 of the Corporation Code.
Hence, with only 60 out of the 1,000,100 shares in the hands of the Filipino shareholders, control is definitely in the
hands of the foreigners. The foreigners can opt to invest in other businesses and corporations, increase its bonded
indebtedness, and even dissolve the public utility corporation against the interest of the Filipino holders of the
majority voting shares. This cannot plausibly be the constitutional intent.
Consider further a situation where the majority holders of the total outstanding capital stock, both voting and non-
voting, decide to dissolve our hypothetical public utility corporation. Who will eventually acquire the beneficial
ownership of the corporate assets upon dissolution and liquidation? Note that Sec. 122 of the Corporation
Code states:
Section 122. Corporate liquidation.–Every corporation whose charter expires by its own limitation or is
annulled by forfeiture or otherwise, or whose corporate existence for other purposes is terminated in
any other manner, shall nevertheless be continued as a body corporate for three (3) years… to
dispose of and convey its property and to distribute its assets, but not for the purpose of
continuing the business for which it was established.
At any time during said three (3) years, the corporation is authorized and empowered to convey all of
its property to trustees for the benefit of stockholders, members, creditors, and other persons in
interest. From and after any such conveyance by the corporation of its property in trust for the benefit of
its stockholders, members, creditors and others in interest, all interest which the corporation had in
the property terminates, the legal interest vests in the trustees, and the beneficial interest in the
stockholders, members , creditors or other persons in interest. (Emphasis and underscoring
supplied.)
Clearly then, the bulk of the assets of our imaginary public utility corporation, which may include private lands, will
go to the beneficial ownership of the foreigners who can hold up to 40 out of the 100 common shares and the entire
1,000,000 preferred non-voting shares of the corporation. These foreign shareholders will enjoy the bulk of the
proceeds of the sale of the corporate lands, or worse, exercise control over these lands behind the façade of
corporations nominally owned by Filipino shareholders. Bluntly, while the Constitution expressly prohibits the
transfer of land to aliens, foreign stockholders may resort to schemes or arrangements where such land will be
conveyed to their dummies or nominees. Is this not circumvention, if not an outright violation, of the fundamental
Constitutional tenet that only Filipinos can own Philippine land?
A construction of "capital" as referring to the total shareholdings of the company is an acknowledgment of the
existence of numerous corporate control-enhancing mechanisms, besides ownership of voting rights, that limits the
proportion between the separate and distinct concepts of economic right to the cash flow of the corporation and
the right to corporate control (hence, they are also referred to as proportionality-limiting measures). This corporate
reality is reflected in SRC Rule 3(E) of the Amended Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the SRC and
Sec. 3(g) of The Real Estate Investment Trust Act (REIT) of 2009,72 which both provide that control can exist
regardless of ownership of voting shares. The SRC IRR states:
Control is the power to govern the financial and operating policies of an enterprise so as to obtain
benefits from its activities. Control is presumed to exist when the parent owns, directly or indirectly
through subsidiaries, more than one half of the voting power of an enterprise unless, in exceptional
circumstances, it can be clearly demonstrated that such ownership does not constitute control. Control
also exists even when the parent owns one half or less of the voting power of an enterprise
when there is:
i. Power over more than one half of the voting rights by virtue of an agreement with other
investors;
ii. Power to govern the financial and operating policies of the enterprise under a statute or an
agreement;
iii. Power to appoint or remove the majority of the members of the board of directors or
equivalent governing body;
iv. Power to cast the majority of votes at meetings of the board of directors or equivalent
governing body. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied.)
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As shown above, ownership of voting shares or power alone without economic control of the company does
not necessarily equate to corporate control. A shareholder’s agreement can effectively clip the voting power of a
shareholder holding voting shares. In the same way, a voting right ceiling, which is "a restriction prohibiting
shareholders to vote above a certain threshold irrespective of the number of voting shares they hold,"73 can limit the
control that may be exerted by a person who owns voting stocks but who does not have a substantial economic
interest over the company. So also does the use of financial derivatives with attached conditions to ensure the
acquisition of corporate control separately from the ownership of voting shares, or the use of supermajority
provisions in the bylaws and articles of incorporation or association. Indeed, there are innumerable ways and
means, both explicit and implicit, by which the control of a corporation can be attained and retained even with very
limited voting shares, i.e.., there are a number of ways by which control can be disproportionately increased
compared to ownership74 so long as economic rights over the majority of the assets and equity of the corporation
are maintained.
Hence, if We follow the construction of "capital" in Sec. 11, Art. XII stated in the ponencia of June 28, 2011 and turn
a blind eye to these realities of the business world, this Court may have veritably put a limit on the foreign
ownership of common shares but have indirectly allowed foreigners to acquire greater economic right to
the cash flow of public utility corporations, which is a leverage to bargain for far greater control through the
various enhancing mechanisms or proportionality-limiting measures available in the business world.
In our extremely hypothetical public utility corporation with the equity structure as thus described, since the majority
recognized only the 100 common shares as the "capital" referred to in the Constitution, the entire economic right to
the cash flow arising from the 1,000,000 non-voting preferred shares can be acquired by foreigners. With this
economic power, the foreign holders of the minority common shares will, as they easily can, bargain with the holders
of the majority common shares for more corporate control in order to protect their economic interest and reduce their
economic risk in the public utility corporation. For instance, they can easily demand the right to cast the majority of
votes during the meeting of the board of directors. After all, money commands control.
The court cannot, and ought not, accept as correct a holding that routinely disregards legal and practical
considerations as significant as above indicated. Committing an error is bad enough, persisting in it is worse.
Foreigners can be owners of fully

nationalized industries
Lest it be overlooked, "capital" is an oft-used term in the Constitution and various legislative acts that regulate
corporate entities. Hence, the meaning assigned to it within the context of a constitutional provision limiting foreign
ownership in corporations can affect corporations whose ownership is reserved to Filipinos, or whose foreign equity
is limited by law pursuant to Sec. 10, Art. XII of the Constitution which states:
SECTION 10. The Congress shall, upon recommendation of the economic and planning agency, when
the national interest dictates, reserve to citizens of the Philippines or to corporations or
associations at least sixty per centum of whose capital is owned by such citizens, or such
higher percentage as Congress may prescribe, certain areas of investments. The Congress
shall enact measures that will encourage the formation and operation of enterprises whose
capital is wholly owned by Filipinos. (Emphasis supplied).
For instance, Republic Act No. 7042, also known as the Foreign Investments Act of 199175 (FIA), provides for the
formation of a Regular Foreign Investment Negative List (RFINL) covering investment areas/activities that are
partially or entirely reserved to Filipinos. The 8th RFINL76 provides that "No Foreign Equity" is allowed in the
following areas of investments/activities:
1. Mass Media except recording (Article XVI, Section 1 of the Constitution and Presidential
Memorandum dated May 4, 1994);
2. Practice of all professions (Article XII, Section 14 of the Constitution and Section 1, RA 5181);77
3. Retail trade enterprises with paid-up capital of less than $2,500,000 (Section 5, RA 8762);
4. Cooperatives (Chapter III, Article 26, RA 6938);
5. Private Security Agencies (Section 4, RA 5487);
6. Small-scale Mining (Section 3, RA 7076)
7. Utilization of Marine Resources in archipelagic waters, territorial sea, and exclusive economic zone
as well as small scale utilization of natural resources in rivers, lakes, bays, and lagoons (Article XII,
Section 2 of the Constitution);
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8. Ownership, operation and management of cockpits (Section 5, PD 449);
9. Manufacture, repair, stockpiling and/or distribution of nuclear weapons (Article II, Section 8 of the
Constitution);
10. Manufacture, repair, stockpiling and/or distribution of biological, chemical and radiological weapons
and anti-personnel mines (Various treaties to which the Philippines is a signatory and conventions
supported by the Philippines);
11. Manufacture of fire crackers and other pyrotechnic devices (Section 5, RA 7183).
If the construction of "capital," as espoused by the June 28, 2011 Decision, were to be sustained, the reservation of
the full ownership of corporations in the foregoing industries to Filipinos could easily be negated by the simple
expedience of issuing and making available non-voting shares to foreigners. After all, these non-voting shares do
not, following the June 28, 2011 Decision, form part of the "capital" of these supposedly fully nationalized industries.
Consequently, while Filipinos can occupy all of the seats in the board of directors of corporations in fully nationalized
industries, it is possible for foreigners to own the majority of the equity of the corporations through "non-voting"
shares, which are nonetheless allowed to determine fundamental corporate matters recognized in Sec. 6 of the
Corporation Code. Filipinos may therefore be unwittingly deprived of the "effective" ownership of corporations
supposedly reserved to them by the Constitution and various laws.
The Foreign Investments Act of 1991 does

not qualify or restrict the meaning of "capital"
in Sec. 11, Art. XII of the Constitution.
Nonetheless, Justice Carpio parlays the thesis that the FIA, and its predecessors, the Investments Incentives Act of
1967 ("1967 IIA"),78 Omnibus Investments Code of 1981 ("1981 OIC"),79 and the Omnibus Incentives Code of 1987
("1987 OIC"),80 (collectively, "Investment Incentives Laws") more particularly their definition of the term "Philippine
National," constitutes a good guide for ascertaining the intent behind the use of the term "capital" in Sec. 11, Art. XII
—that it refers only to voting shares of public utility corporations.
I cannot share this posture. The Constitution may only be amended through the procedure outlined in the
basic document itself.81 An amendment cannot, therefore, be made through the expedience of a legislative
action that diagonally opposes the clear provisions of the Constitution.
Indeed, the constitutional intent on the equity prescribed by Sec. 11, Art. XII cannot plausibly be fleshed out by
a look through the prism of economic statutes passed after the adoption of the Constitution, such as the
cited FIA, the Magna Carta for Micro, Small and Medium Industries (Republic Act No. 6977) and other kindred laws
envisaged to Filipinize certain areas of investment. It should be the other way around. Surely, the definition of a
"Philippine National" in the FIA, or for that matter, the 1987 OIC82 could not have influenced the minds of the 1986
CONCOM or the people when they ratified the Constitution. As heretofore discussed, the primary source whence to
ascertain constitutional intent or purpose is the constitutional text, or, to be more precise, the language of the
provision itself,83 as inquiry on any controversy arising out of a constitutional provision ought to start and end as
much as possible with the provision itself.84 Legislative enactments on commerce, trade and national economy
must be so construed, when appropriate, to determine whether the purpose underlying them is in accord
with the policies and objectives laid out in the Constitution. Surely, a law cannot validly broaden or restrict
the thrust of a constitutional provision unless expressly sanctioned by the Constitution itself. And the Court
may not read into the Constitution an intent or purpose that is not there. Any attempt to enlarge the breadth of
constitutional limitations beyond what its provision dictates should be stricken down.
In fact, it is obvious from the FIA itself that its framers deemed it necessary to qualify the term "capital" with the
phrase "stock outstanding and entitled to vote" in defining a "Philippine National" in Sec. 3(a). This only supports the
construal that the term "capital," standing alone as in Sec. 11, Art. XII of the Constitution, applies to all shares,
whether classified as voting or non-voting, and this is the interpretation in harmony with the Constitution.
In passing the FIA, the legislature could not have plausibly intended to restrict the 40% foreign ownership limit
imposed by the Constitution on all capital stock to only voting stock. Precisely, Congress enacted the FIA to
liberalize the laws on foreign investments. Such intent is at once apparent in the very title of the statute, i.e., "An Act
to Promote Foreign Investments," and the policy: "attract, promote and welcome productive investments from
foreign individuals, partnerships, corporations, and government,"85 expresses the same.
The Senate, through then Senator Vicente Paterno, categorically stated that the FIA is aimed at "liberalizing foreign
investments"86 because "Filipino investment is not going to be enough [and] we need the support and the
assistance of foreign investors x x x."87 The senator made clear that "the term ‘Philippine national’" means either
Filipino citizens or enterprises of which the "total Filipino ownership" is 60 percent or greater, thus:
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Senator Paterno. May I first say that the term "Philippine national" means either Filipino citizens
or enterprises of which the total Filipino ownership is 60 percent or greater. In other words, we
are not excluding foreign participation in domestic market enterprises with total assets of less than ₱ 25
million. We are merely limiting foreign participation to not more than 40 percent in this definition.88
Even granting, arguendo, that the definition of a "Philippine National" in the FIA was lifted from the Investment
Incentives Laws issued in 1967, 1981, and 1987 that defined "Philippine National" as a corporation 60% of whose
voting stocks is owned by Filipino citizens, such definition does not limit or qualify the nationality requirement
prescribed for public utility corporations by Sec. 11, Art. XII of the 1987 Constitution. The latter does not refer to the
definition of a "Philippine National." Instead, Sec. 11, Art. XII reiterates the use of the unqualified term "capital" in
the 1935 and 1973 Constitutions. In fact, neither the 1973 Constitutional Convention nor the 1986 CONCOM alluded
to the Investment Incentives Laws in their deliberations on the nationality requirement of public utility corporations.
With the unequivocal rejection of the UP Law Center proposal to use the qualifying "voting stock or controlling
interest," the non-consideration of the Investment Incentives Laws means that these laws are not pertinent to the
issue of the Filipino-foreign capital ratio in public utility corporations.
Besides, none of the Investment Incentives Laws defining a "Philippine National" has sought to expand or modify
the definition of "capital," as used in the Constitutions then existing. The definition of a "Philippine National" in these
laws was, to stress, only intended to identify the corporations qualified for registration to avail of the incentives
prescribed therein. The definition was not meant to find context outside the scope of the various Investment
Incentives Laws, much less to modify a nationality requirement set by the then existing Constitution. This much is
obvious in the very heading of the first of these Investment Incentives Laws, 1967 IIA :
SECTION 3. Definition of Terms. - For purposes of this Act:
xxxx
(f) "Philippine National" shall mean a citizen of the Philippines; or a partnership or association wholly
owned by citizens of the Philippines; or a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the
Philippines of which at least sixty per cent of the capital stock outstanding and entitled to vote is owned
and held by citizens of the Philippines xxxx (Emphasis and underscoring supplied.)
Indeed, the definition of a "Philippine National" in the FIA cannot apply to the ownership structure of enterprises
applying for, and those granted, a franchise to operate as a public utility under Sec. 11, Art. XII of the Constitution.
As aptly observed by the SEC, the definition of a "Philippine National" provided in the FIA refers only to a
corporation that is permitted to invest in an enterprise as a Philippine citizen (investorcorporation). The FIA does
not prescribe the equity ownership structure of the enterprise granted the franchise or the power to operate
in a fully or partially nationalized industry (investee-corporation). This is apparent from the FIA itself, which also
defines the act of an "investment" and "foreign investment":
Section 3. Definitions. – As used in this Act:
a) The term "Philippine national" shall mean a citizen of the Philippines, or a domestic partnership or
association wholly owned by citizens of the Philippines; or a corporation organized under the laws of
the Philippines of which at least sixty percent [60%] of the capital stock outstanding and entitled to vote
is owned and held by citizens of the Philippines x x x
b) The term "investment" shall mean equity participation in any enterprise organized or existing the
c) The term "foreign investment" shall mean as equity investment made by a non-Philippine
national in the form of foreign exchange and/or other assets actually transferred to the Philippines and
duly registered with the Central Bank which shall assess and appraise the value of such assets other
than foreign exchange.
In fact, Sec. 7 of the FIA, as amended, allows aliens or non-Philippine nationals to own an enterprise up to the
extent provided by the Constitution, existing laws or the FINL:
Sec. 7. Foreign investments in domestic market enterprises. – Non- Philippine nationals may own up to
one hundred percent [100%] of domestic market enterprises unless foreign ownership therein is
prohibited or limited by the Constitution and existing laws or the Foreign Investment Negative List
under Section 8 hereof. (Emphasis supplied.)
Hence, pursuant to the Eight Regular FINL, List A, the foreign "equity" is up to 40% in enterprises engaged in the
operation and management of public utilities while the remaining 60% of the "equity" is reserved to Filipino citizens
and "Philippine Nationals" as defined in Sec. 3(a) of the FIA. Notably, the term "equity" refers to the "ownership
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interest in… a business"89 or a "share in a publicly traded company,"90 and not to the "controlling" or "management"
interest in a company. It necessarily includes all and every share in a corporation, whether voting or non-voting.
Again, We must recognize the distinction of the separate concepts of "ownership" and "control" in modern corporate
governance in order to realize the intent of the framers of our Constitution to reserve for Filipinos the ultimate and
all-encompassing control of public utility entities from their daily administration to the acts of ownership enumerated
in Sec. 6 of the Corporation Code.91 As elucidated, by equating the word "capital" in Sec. 11, Art. XII to the limited
aspect of the right to control the composition of the board of directors, the Court could very well be depriving
Filipinos of the majority economic interest in the public utility corporation and, thus, the effective control and
ownership of such corporation.
The Court has no jurisdiction over PLDT and foreign

stockholders who are indispensable parties in interest
More importantly, this Court cannot apply a new doctrine adopted in a precedent-setting decision to parties that
have never been given the chance to present their own views on the substantive and factual issues involved in the
precedent-setting case.
To recall, the instant controversy arose out of an original petition filed in February 2007 for, among others,
declaratory relief on Sec. 11, Art. XII of the 1987 Constitution "to clarify the intent of the Constitutional Commission
that crafted the 1987 Constitution to determine the very nature of such limitation on foreign ownership."92
The petition impleaded the following personalities as the respondents: (1) Margarito B. Teves, then Secretary of
Finance and Chair of the Privatization Council; (2) John P. Sevilla, then undersecretary for privatization of the
Department of Finance; (3) Ricardo Abcede, commissioner of the Presidential Commission on Good Government;
(4) Anthoni Salim, chair of First Pacific Co. Ltd. and director of Metro Pacific Asset Holdings, Inc. (MPAH); (5)
Manuel V. Pangilinan, chairman of the board of PLDT; (6) Napoleon L. Nazareno, the president of PLDT; (7) Fe
Barin (Barin), then chair of the SEC; and (8) Francis Lim (Lim), then president of the PSE.
Notably, neither PLDT itself nor any of its stockholders were named as respondents in the petition, albeit it sought
from the Court the following main reliefs:
5. x x x to issue a declaratory relief that ownership of common or voting shares is the sole basis in
determining foreign equity in a public utility and that any other government rulings, opinions, and
regulations inconsistent with this declaratory relief be declared as unconstitutional and a violation of the
intent and spirit of the 1987 Constitution;
6. x x x to declare null and void all sales of common stocks to foreigners in excess of 40 percent of the
total subscribed common shareholdings; and
7. x x x to direct the [SEC] and [PSE] to require PLDT to make a public disclosure of all of its foreign
shareholdings and their actual and real beneficial owners."
Clearly, the petition seeks a judgment that can adversely affect PLDT and its foreign shareholders. If this Court were
to accommodate the petition’s prayer, as the majority did in the June 28, 2011 Decision and proposes to do
presently, PLDT stands to lose its franchise, while the foreign stockholders will be compelled to divest their voting
shares in excess of 40% of PLDT’s voting stock, if any, even at a loss. It cannot, therefore, be gainsaid that PLDT
and its foreign shareholders are indispensable parties to the instant case under the terms of Secs. 2 and 7, Rule 3
of the Rules of Civil Procedure, which read:
Section 2. Parties in interest.–Every action must be prosecuted and defended in the name of the real
party in interest. All persons having an interest in the subject of the action and in obtaining the relief
demanded shall be joined as plaintiffs. All persons who claim an interest in the controversy or the
subject thereof adverse to the plaintiff, or who are necessary to a complete determination or settlement
of the questions involved therein, shall be joined as defendants.
xxxx
Section 7. Compulsory joinder of indispensable parties.– Parties in interest without whom no final
determination can be had of an action shall be joined either as plaintiffs or defendants.
Yet, again, PLDT and its foreign shareholders have not been given notice of this petition to appear before, much
less heard by, this Court. Nonetheless, the majority has allowed such irregularity in contravention of the settled
jurisprudence that an action cannot proceed unless indispensable parties are joined93 since the non-joinder of these
indispensable parties deprives the court the jurisdiction to issue a decision binding on the indispensable parties that
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have not been joined or impleaded. In other words, if an indispensable party is not impleaded, any personal
judgment would have no effectiveness94 as to them for the tribunal’s want of jurisdiction.
In Arcelona v. Court of Appeals,95 We explained that the basic notions of due process require the observance of
this rule that refuses the effectivity of a decision that was rendered despite the non-joinder of indispensable parties:
Basic considerations of due process, however, impel a similar holding in cases involving jurisdiction
over the persons of indispensable parties which a court must acquire before it can validly pronounce
judgments personal to said defendants. Courts acquire jurisdiction over a party plaintiff upon the filing
of the complaint. On the other hand, jurisdiction over the person of a party defendant is assured upon
the service of summons in the manner required by law or otherwise by his voluntary appearance. As a
rule, if a defendant has not been summoned, the court acquires no jurisdiction over his person, and a
personal judgment rendered against such defendant is null and void. A decision that is null and void
for want of jurisdiction on the part of the trial court is not a decision in the contemplation of law
and, hence, it can never become final and executory.
Rule 3, Section 7 of the Rules of Court, defines indispensable parties as parties-in-interest without
whom there can be no final determination of an action. As such, they must be joined either as plaintiffs
or as defendants. The general rule with reference to the making of parties in a civil action
requires, of course, the joinder of all necessary parties where possible, and the joinder of all
indispensable parties under any and all conditions, their presence being a sine qua non for the
exercise of judicial power. It is precisely "when an indispensable party is not before the court
(that) the action should be dismissed." The absence of an indispensable party renders all
subsequent actions of the court null and void for want of authority to act, not only as to the
absent parties but even as to those present.96
Hence, the June 28, 2011 Decision having been rendered in a case where the indispensable parties have not been
impleaded, much less summoned or heard, cannot be given any effect and is, thus, null and void. Ergo, the assailed
June 28, 2011 Decision is virtually a useless judgment, at least insofar as it tends to penalize PLDT and its foreign
stockholders. It cannot bind and affect PLDT and the foreign stockholders or be enforced and executed against
them. It is settled that courts of law "should not render judgments which cannot be enforced by any process
known to the law,"97 hence, this Court should have refused to give cognizance to the petition.
The ineffectivity caused by the non-joinder of the indispensable parties, the deprivation of their day in court, and the
denial of their right to due process, cannot be cured by the sophistic expedience of naming PLDT in the fallo of the
decision as a respondent. The dispositive portion of the June 28, 2011 Decision all the more only highlights the
unenforceability of the majority’s disposition and serves as an implied admission of this Court’s lack of jurisdiction
over the persons of PLDT and its foreign stockholders when it did not directly order the latter to dispose the common
shares in excess of the 40% limit. Instead, it took the circuitous route of ordering the SEC, in the fallo of the assailed
decision, "to apply this definition of the term ‘capital’ in determining the extent of allowable ownership in respondent
PLDT and, if there is a violation of Sec. 11, Art. XII of the Constitution, to impose the appropriate sanctions under the
law."98
Clearly, since PLDT and the foreign stockholders were not impleaded as indispensable parties to the case,
the majority would want to indirectly execute its decision which it could not execute directly. The Court may
be criticized for violating the very rules it promulgated and for trenching the provisions of Sec. 5, Art. VIII of
the Constitution, which defines the powers and jurisdiction of this Court.
It is apropos to stress, as a reminder, that the Rules of Court is not a mere body of technical rules that can be
disregarded at will whenever convenient. It forms an integral part of the basic notion of fair play as expressed in this
Constitutional caveat: "No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law,"99 and
obliges this Court, as well as other courts and tribunals, to hear a person first before rendering a judgment for or
against him. As Daniel Webster explained, "due process of law is more clearly intended the general law, a law which
hears before it condemns; which proceeds upon enquiry, and renders judgment only after trial."100 The principle of
due process of law "contemplates notice and opportunity to be heard before judgment is rendered, affecting one’s
person or property."101 Thus, this Court has stressed the strict observance of the following requisites of procedural
due process in judicial proceedings in order to comply with this honored principle:
(1) There must be a court or tribunal clothed with judicial power to hear and determine the matter
before it;
(2) Jurisdiction must be lawfully acquired over the person of the defendant or over the property which is
the subject of the proceedings;
(3) The defendant must be given an opportunity to be heard; and
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(4) Judgment must be rendered upon lawful hearing.102
Apparently, not one of these requisites has been complied with before the June 28, 2011 Decision was rendered.
Instead, PLDT and its foreign stockholders were not given their day in court, even when they stand to lose their
properties, their shares, and even the franchise to operate as a public utility. This stands counter to our discussion in
Agabon v. NLRC,103 where We emphasized that the principle of due process comports with the simplest notions of
what is fair and just:
To be sure, the Due Process Clause in Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution embodies a system of
rights based on moral principles so deeply imbedded in the traditions and feelings of our people as to
be deemed fundamental to a civilized society as conceived by our entire history. Due process is that
which comports with the deepest notions of what is fair and right and just. It is a constitutional
restraint on the legislative as well as on the executive and judicial powers of the government
provided by the Bill of Rights.104
Parenthetically, the present petition partakes of a collateral attack on PLDT’s franchise as a public utility. Giving due
course to the recourse is contrary to the Court’s ruling in PLDT v. National Telecommunications Commission,105
where We declared a franchise to be a property right that can only be questioned in a direct proceeding.106 Worse,
the June 28, 2011 Decision facilitates and guarantees the success of that unlawful attack by allowing it to be
undertaken in the absence of PLDT.
The Philippine Government is barred by estoppel from

ordering foreign investors to divest voting shares
in public utilities in excess of the 40 percent cap
The Philippine government’s act of pushing for and approving the sale of the PTIC shares, which is equivalent to 12
million PLDT common shares, to foreign investors precludes it from asserting that the purchase violates the
Constitutional limit on foreign ownership of public utilities so that the foreign investors must now divest the common
PLDT shares bought. The elementary principle that a person is prevented from going back on his own act or
representation to the prejudice of another who relied thereon107 finds application in the present case.
Art. 1431 of the Civil Code provides that an "admission or representation is rendered conclusive upon the person
making it, and cannot be denied or disproved as against a person relying thereon." This rule is supported by Section
2(a) of Rule 131 of the Rules of Court on the burden of proof and presumptions, which states:
Section 2. Conclusive presumptions. – The following are instances of conclusive presumptions:
(a) Whenever a party has, by his own declaration, act, or omission, intentionally and deliberately led
another to believe a particular thing true, and to act upon such belief, he cannot, in any litigation arising
out of such declaration, act or omission, be permitted to falsify it.
The government cannot plausibly hide behind the mantle of its general immunity to resist the application of this
equitable principle for "the rule on non-estoppel of the government is not designed to perpetrate an injustice."108
Hence, this Court has allowed several exceptions to the rule on the government’s non-estoppel. As succinctly
explained in Republic of the Philippines v. Court of Appeals:109
The general rule is that the State cannot be put in estoppel by the mistakes or errors of its officials or
agents. However, like all general rules, this is also subject to exceptions, viz.:
"Estoppel against the public are little favored. They should not be invoked except in rare
and unusual circumstances and may not be invoked where they would operate to defeat
the effective operation of a policy adopted to protect the public. They must be applied with
circumspection and should be applied only in those special cases where the interests of
justice clearly require it. Nevertheless, the government must not be allowed to deal
dishonorably or capriciously with its citizens, and must not play an ignoble part or
do a shabby thing; and subject to limitations . . ., the doctrine of equitable estoppel
may be invoked against public authorities as well as against private individuals."
In Republic v. Sandiganbayan, the government, in its effort to recover ill-gotten wealth, tried to skirt the
application of estoppel against it by invoking a specific constitutional provision. The Court countered:
"We agree with the statement that the State is immune from estoppel, but this concept is
understood to refer to acts and mistakes of its officials especially those which are irregular
(Sharp International Marketing vs. Court of Appeals, 201 SCRA 299; 306 1991; Republic v.
Aquino, 120 SCRA 186 1983), which peculiar circumstances are absent in the case at bar.
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Although the State's right of action to recover ill-gotten wealth is not vulnerable to
estoppel[;] it is non sequitur to suggest that a contract, freely and in good faith
executed between the parties thereto is susceptible to disturbance ad infinitum. A
different interpretation will lead to the absurd scenario of permitting a party to
unilaterally jettison a compromise agreement which is supposed to have the
authority of res judicata (Article 2037, New Civil Code), and like any other contract,
has the force of law between parties thereto (Article 1159, New Civil Code; Hernaez vs.
Kao, 17 SCRA 296 1966; 6 Padilla, Civil Code Annotated, 7th ed., 1987, p. 711; 3 Aquino,
Civil Code, 1990 ed., p. 463) . . ."
The Court further declared that "(t)he real office of the equitable norm of estoppel is limited to
supply[ing] deficiency in the law, but it should not supplant positive law."110 (Emphasis supplied.)
Similarly, in Ramos v. Central Bank of the Philippines,111 this Court berated the government for reneging on its
representations and urged it to keep its word, viz:
Even in the absence of contract, the record plainly shows that the CB [Central Bank] made express
representations to petitioners herein that it would support the OBM [Overseas Bank of Manila], and
avoid its liquidation if the petitioners would execute (a) the Voting Trust Agreement turning over the
management of OBM to the CB or its nominees, and (b) mortgage or assign their properties to the
Central Bank to cover the overdraft balance of OBM. The petitioners having complied with these
conditions and parted with value to the profit of the CB (which thus acquired additional security for its
own advances), the CB may not now renege on its representations and liquidate the OBM, to the
detriment of its stockholders, depositors and other creditors, under the rule of promissory estoppel (19
Am. Jur., pages 657-658; 28 Am. Jur. 2d, 656-657; Ed. Note, 115 ALR, 157).
"The broad general rule to the effect that a promise to do or not to do something in the
future does not work an estoppel must be qualified, since there are numerous cases in
which an estoppel has been predicated on promises or assurances as to future conduct.
The doctrine of ‘promissory estoppel’ is by no means new, although the name has been
adopted only in comparatively recent years. According to that doctrine, an estoppel may
arise from the making of a promise even though without consideration, if it was intended
that the promise should be relied upon and in fact it was relied upon, and if a refusal to
enforce it would be virtually to sanction the perpetration of fraud or would result in other
injustice. In this respect, the reliance by the promises is generally evidenced by action or
forbearance on his part, and the idea has been expressed that such action or forbearance
would reasonably have been expected by the promisor. Mere omission by the promisee to
do whatever the promisor promised to do has been held insufficient ‘forbearance’ to give
rise to a promissory estoppel." (19 Am. Jur., loc. cit.)
The exception established in the foregoing cases is particularly appropriate presently since the "indirect" sale of
PLDT common shares to foreign investors partook of a propriety business transaction of the government which was
not undertaken as an incident to any of its governmental functions. Accordingly, the government, by concluding the
sale, has descended to the level of an ordinary citizen and stripped itself of the vestiges of immunity that is available
in the performance of governmental acts.112
Ergo, the government is vulnerable to, and cannot hold off, the application of the principle of estoppel that the
foreign investors can very well invoke in case they are compelled to divest the voting shares they have previously
acquired through the inducement of no less the government. In other words, the government is precluded from
penalizing these alien investors for an act performed upon its guarantee, through its facilities, and with its
imprimatur.
Under the "fair and equitable treatment" clause of our bilateral

investment treaties and fair trade agreements, foreign investors
have the right to rely on the same legal framework existing at the
time they made their investments
Not only is the government put in estoppel by its acts and representations during the sale of the PTIC shares to
MPAH, it is likewise bound by its guarantees in the Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) and Free Trade Agreements
(FTAs) with other countries.
To date, the Philippines has concluded numerous BITs and FTAs to encourage and facilitate foreign direct
investments in the country. These BITs and FTAs invariably contain guarantees calculated to ensure the safety and
stability of these foreign investments. Foremost of these is the commitment to give fair and equitable treatment
(FET) to the foreign investors and investments in the country.
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Take for instance the BIT concluded between the Philippines and China,113 Article 3(1) thereof provides that
"investments and activities associated with such investments of investors of either Contracting Party shall be
accorded equitable treatment and shall enjoy protection in the territory of the other Contracting Party."114 The
same assurance is in the Agreement on Investment of the Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic
Cooperation Between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the People’s Republic of China (ASEAN-
China Investment Agreement)115 where the Philippines assured Chinese investors that the country "shall accord to
[them] fair and equitable treatment and full protection and security."116 In the same manner, the Philippines
agreed to "accord investments [made by Japanese investors] treatment in accordance with international law,
including fair and equitable treatment and full protection and security"117 in the Agreement between the Republic
of the Philippines and Japan for Economic Partnership (JPEPA).118
Similar provisions are found in the ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Agreement (ACIA)119 and the BITs
concluded by the Philippines with, among others, the Argentine Republic,120 Australia,121 Austria,122
Bangladesh,123 Belgium,124 Cambodia,125 Canada,126 Chile,127 the Czech Republic,128 Denmark,129 Finland,130
France,131 Germany,132 India,133 Indonesia,134 Iran,135 Italy,136 Mongolia,137 Myanmar,138 Netherlands,139
Pakistan,140 Portuguese Republic,141 Romania,142 Russia,143 Saudi Arabia,144 Spain,145 Sweden,146
Switzerland,147 Thailand,148 Turkey,149 United Kingdom,150 and Vietnam.151
Explaining the FET as a standard concordant with the rule of law, Professor Vandevelde wrote that it requires the
host county to treat foreign investments with consistency, security, non-discrimination and reasonableness:
The thesis is that the awards issued to date implicitly have interpreted the fair and equitable treatment
standard as requiring treatment in accordance with the concept of the rule of law. That is, the concept
of legality is the unifying theory behind the fair and equitable treatment standard.
xxxx
Thus, international arbitral awards interpreting the fair and equitable treatment standard have
incorporated the substantive and procedural principles of the rule of law into that standard. The fair
and equitable treatment standard in BITs has been interpreted as requiring that covered
investment or investors receive treatment that is reasonable, consistent, non-discriminatory,
transparent, and in accordance with due process. As will be seen, these principles explain virtually
all of the awards applying the fair and equitable treatment standard. No award is inconsistent with this
theory of the standard.
Understanding fair and equitable treatment as legality is consistent with the purposes of the BITs. BITs
essentially are instruments that impose legal restraints on the treatment of covered investments and
investors by host states. The very essence of a BIT is a partial subordination of the sovereign's power
to the legal constraints of the treaty. Further, individual BIT provisions are themselves a reflection of the
principles of the rule of law. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied.)152
On the requirement of consistency, the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
explained in Tecnicas Medioambientales Tecmed S.A. v. The united Mexican States153 that the host country
must maintain a stable and predictable legal and business environment to accord a fair and equitable treatment
to foreign investors.
153. The Arbitral Tribunal finds that the commitment of fair and equitable treatment included in
Article 4(1) of the Agreement is an expression and part of the bona fide principle recognized in
international law, although bad faith from the State is not required for its violation:
To the modern eye, what is unfair or inequitable need not equate with the outrageous or
the egregious. In particular, a State may treat foreign investment unfairly and inequitably
without necessarily acting in bad faith.
154. The Arbitral Tribunal considers that this provision of the Agreement, in light of the good faith
principle established by international law, requires the Contracting Parties to provide to
international investments treatment that does not affect the basic expectations that were taken
into account by the foreign investor to make the investment. The foreign investor expects the
host State to act in a consistent manner, free from ambiguity and totally transparently in its
relations with the foreign investor, so that it may know beforehand any and all rules and
regulations that will govern its investments, as well as the goals of the relevant policies and
administrative practices or directives, to be able to plan its investment and comply with such
regulations. Any and all State actions conforming to such criteria should relate not only to the
guidelines, directives or requirements issued, or the resolutions approved thereunder, but also to the
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goals underlying such regulations. The foreign investor also expects the host State to act
consistently, i.e. without arbitrarily revoking any preexisting decisions or permits issued by the
State that were relied upon by the investor to assume its commitments as well as to plan and
launch its commercial and business activities. The investor also expects the State to use the
legal instruments that govern the actions of the investor or the investment in conformity with
the function usually assigned to such instruments, and not to deprive the investor of its
investment without the required compensation. In fact, failure by the host State to comply with such
pattern of conduct with respect to the foreign investor or its investments affects the investor’s ability to
measure the treatment and protection awarded by the host State and to determine whether the actions
of the host State conform to the fair and equitable treatment principle. Therefore, compliance by the
host State with such pattern of conduct is closely related to the above-mentioned principle, to
the actual chances of enforcing such principle, and to excluding the possibility that state action
be characterized as arbitrary; i.e. as presenting insufficiencies that would be recognized "…by any
reasonable and impartial man," or, although not in violation of specific regulations, as being contrary to
the law because:
...(it) shocks, or at least surprises, a sense of juridical propriety. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied
added.)
The Philippines, therefore, cannot, without so much as a notice of policy shift, alter and change the legal
and business environment in which the foreign investments in the country were made in the first place.
These investors obviously made the decision to come in after studying the country’s legal framework-its restrictions
and incentives––and so, as a matter of fairness, they must be accorded the right to expect that the same legal
climate and the same substantive set of rules will remain during the period of their investments.
The representation that foreigners can invest up to 40% of the entirety of the total stockholdings, and not just the
voting shares, of a public utility corporation is an implied covenant that the Philippines cannot renege without
violating the FET guarantee. Especially in this case where the Philippines made specific commitments to countries
like Japan and China that their investing nationals can own up to 40% of the equity of a public utility like a
telecommunications corporation. In the table contained in Schedule 1(B), Annex 6 of the JPEPA, the Philippines
categorically represented that Japanese investors’ entry into the Philippine telecommunications industry, specifically
corporations offering "voice telephone services," is subject to only the following requirements and conditions:
A. Franchise from Congress of the Philippines
B. Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity (CPCN) from the National Telecommunications
Commission
C. Foreign equity is permitted up to 40 percent.
D. x x x154 (Emphasis supplied.)
The same representation is made in the Philippines’ Schedule of Specific Commitments appended to the ASEAN-
China Agreement on Trade in Services.155
Further, as previously pointed out, it was the Philippine government that pushed for and approved the sale of the
111,415 PTIC shares to MPAH, thereby indirectly transferring the ownership of 6.3 percent of the outstanding
common shares of PLDT, to a foreign firm and so increasing the foreign voting shareholding in PLDT. Hence, the
presence of good faith may not be convincingly argued in favour of the Philippine government in a suit for violation
of its FET guarantee.
In fact, it has been held that a bona fide change in policy by a branch of government does not excuse compliance
with the FET obligations. In Occidental Exploration and Production Company (OEPC) v. the Republic of
Ecuador,156 the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) ruled that Ecuador violated
the US/Ecuador BIT by denying OEPC fair and equitable treatment when it failed to provide a predictable framework
for its investment planning. Ruling thus, the tribunal cited Ecuador’s change in tax law and its tax authority’s
unsatisfactory and vague response to OEPC’s consulta, viz:
183. x x x The stability of the legal and business framework is thus an essential element of fair and
equitable treatment.
184. The tribunal must note in this context that the framework under which the investment was
made and operates has been changed in an important manner by actions adopted by [the
Ecuadorian tax authority]. … The clarifications that OEPC sought on the applicability of VAT by
means of "consulta" made to [the Ecuadorian tax authority] received a wholly unsatisfactory and
thoroughly vague answer. The tax law was changed without providing any clarity abut its
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meaning and extend and the practice and regulations were also inconsistent with such
changes.
185. Various arbitral tribunals have recently insisted on the need for this stability. The tribunal in
Metalcad held that the Respondent "failed to ensure a transparent and predictable framework for
Metalcad’s business planning and investment. The totality of these circumstances demonstrate a lack
of orderly process and timely disposition in relation to an investor of a Party acting in the expectation
that it would be treated fairly and justly…" x x x
186. It is quite clear from the record of this case and from the events discussed in this Final Award that
such requirements were not met by Ecuador. Moreover, this is an objective requirement that does
not depend on whether the Respondent has proceeded in good faith or not.
187. The Tribunal accordingly holds that the Respondent has breached its obligations to accord fair
and equitable treatment under Article II (3)
(a) of the Treaty. x x x
xxxx
191. The relevant question for international law in this discussion is not whether there is an obligation
to refund VAT, which is the point on which the parties have argued most intensely, but rather whether
the legal and business framework meets the requirements of stability and predictability under
international law. It was earlier concluded that there is not a VAT refund obligation under international
law, except in the specific case of the Andean Community Law, which provides for the option of either
compensation or refund, but there is certainly an obligation not to alter the legal and business
environment in which the investment has been made. In this case it is the latter question that
triggers a treatment that is not fair and equitable. (Emphasis supplied.)
To maintain the FET guarantee contained in the various BITs and FTAs concluded by the country and avert a deluge
of investor suits before the ICSID, the UNCITRAL or other fora, any decision of this court that tends to
drastically alter the foreign investors’ basic expectations when they made their investments, taking into
account the consistent SEC Opinions and the executive and legislative branches’ Specific Commitments, must be
applied prospectively.
This Court cannot turn oblivious to the fact that if We diverge from the prospectivity rule and implement the
resolution on the present issue immediately and, without giving due deference to the foreign investors’ rights to due
process and the equal protection of the laws, compel the foreign stockholders to divest their voting shares against
their wishes at prices lower than the acquisition costs, these foreign investors may very well shy away from
Philippine stocks and avoid investing in the Philippines. Not to mention, the validity of the franchise granted to PLDT
and similarly situated public utilities will be put under a cloud of doubt. Such uncertainty and the unfair treatment of
foreign investors who merely relied in good faith on the policies, rules and regulations of the PSE and the SEC will
likely upset the volatile capital market as it would have a negative impact on the value of these companies that will
discourage investors, both local and foreign, from purchasing their shares. In which case, foreign direct investments
(FDIs) in the country (which already lags behind our Asian neighbors) will take a nosedive. Indeed, it cannot be
gainsaid that a sudden and unexpected deviation from the accepted and consistent construction of the term "capital"
will create a domino effect that may cripple our capital markets.
Therefore, in applying the new comprehensive interpretation of Sec. 11, Art. XII of the Constitution, the current
voting shares of the foreign investors in public utilities in excess of the 40% capital shall be maintained and honored.
Otherwise the due process guarantee under the Constitution and the long established precepts of justice, equity and
fair play would be impaired.
Prospective application of new laws or changes in interpretation
The June 28, 2011 Decision construed "capital" in the first sentence of Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution as
"full beneficial ownership of 60 percent of the outstanding capital stocks coupled with 60 percent of the voting
rights." In the Resolution denying the motions for reconsideration, it further amplified the scope of the word "capital"
by clarifying that "the 60- 40 ownership requirement in favor of Filipino citizens must apply separately to each class
of shares whether common, preferred, preferred voting or any other class of shares." This is a radical departure
from the clear intent of the framers of the 1987 Constitution and the long established interpretation ascribed to said
word by the Securities and Exchange Commission—that "capital" in the first sentence of Sec. 11, Art. XII means
capital stock or BOTH voting and non-voting shares. The recent interpretation enunciated in the June 28, 2011 and
in the Resolution at hand can only be applied PROSPECTIVELY. It cannot be applied retroactively to corporations
such as PLDT and its investors such as its shareholders who have all along relied on the consistent reading of
"capital" by SEC and the Philippine government to apply it to a public utility’s total capital stock.
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Lex prospicit, non respicit – "laws have no retroactive effect unless the contrary is provided."157 As a necessary
corollary, judicial rulings should not be accorded retroactive effect since "judicial decisions applying or interpreting
the laws or the Constitution shall form part of the legal system of the Philippines."158 It has been the constant
holding of the Court that a judicial decision setting a new doctrine or principle ("precedent-setting decision") shall not
retroactively apply to parties who relied in good faith on the principles and doctrines standing prior to the
promulgation thereof ("old principles/doctrines"), especially when a retroactive application of the precedent-setting
decision would impair the rights and obligations of the parties. So it is that as early as 1940, the Court has refused to
apply the new doctrine of jus sanguinis to persons who relied in good faith on the principle of jus soli adopted in Roa
v. Collector of Customs.159 Similarly, in Co v. Court of Appeals,160 the Court sustained petitioner Co’s bona fide
reliance on the Minister of Justice’s Opinion dated December 15, 1981 that the delivery of a "rubber" check as
guarantee for an obligation is not a punishable offense despite the Court’s pronouncement on September 21, 1987
in Que v. People that Batas Pambansa Blg. (BP) 22 nonetheless covers a check issued to guarantee the payment
of an obligation. In so ruling, the Court quoted various decisions applying precedent-setting decisions prospectively.
We held:
Judicial decisions applying or interpreting the laws or the Constitution shall form a part of the
legal system of the Philippines," according to Article 8 of the Civil Code. "Laws shall have no
retroactive effect, unless the contrary is provided," declares Article 4 of the same Code, a
declaration that is echoed by Article 22 of the Revised Penal Code: "Penal laws shall have a retroactive
effect insofar as they favor the person guilty of a felony, who is not a habitual criminal . . ."
xxxx
The principle of prospectivity has also been applied to judicial decisions which, "although in
themselves not laws, are nevertheless evidence of what the laws mean, . . . (this being) the
reason why under Article 8 of the New Civil Code, 'Judicial decisions applying or interpreting
the laws or the Constitution shall form a part of the legal system . . .' "
So did this Court hold, for example, in Peo. v. Jabinal, 55 SCRA 607, 611:
xxxx
So, too, did the Court rule in Spouses Gauvain and Bernardita Benzonan v. Court of Appeals, et al.
(G.R. No. 97973) and Development Bank of the Philippines v. Court of Appeals, et al. (G.R. No 97998),
Jan. 27, 1992, 205 SCRA 515, 527-528:
xxxx
A compelling rationalization of the prospectivity principle of judicial decisions is well set forth in the oft-
cited case of Chicot County Drainage Dist. v. Baxter States Bank, 308 US 371, 374 1940. The Chicot
doctrine advocates the imperative necessity to take account of the actual existence of a statute
prior to its nullification, as an operative fact negating acceptance of "a principle of absolute
retroactive invalidity."
xxxx
Much earlier, in De Agbayani v. PNB, 38 SCRA 429 xxx the Court made substantially the same
observations…
xxxx
Again, treating of the effect that should be given to its decision in Olaguer v. Military Commission No
34, — declaring invalid criminal proceedings conducted during the martial law regime against civilians,
which had resulted in the conviction and incarceration of numerous persons — this Court, in Tan vs.
Barrios, 190 SCRA 686, at p. 700, ruled as follows:
"In the interest of justice and consistency, we hold that Olaguer should, in principle,
be applied prospectively only to future cases and cases still ongoing or not yet final
when that decision was promulgated. x x x"
It would seem, then, that the weight of authority is decidedly in favor of the proposition that the Court’s
decision of September 21, 1987 in Que v. People, 154 SCRA 160 (1987) — i.e., that a check issued
merely to guarantee the performance of an obligation is nevertheless covered by B.P. Blg. 22 —
should not be given retrospective effect to the prejudice of the petitioner and other persons
similarly situated, who relied on the official opinion of the Minister of Justice that such a check
did not fall within the scope of B.P. Blg. 22. (Emphasis supplied).
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Indeed, pursuant to the doctrine of prospectivity, new doctrines and principles must be applied only to acts and
events transpiring after the precedent-setting judicial decision, and not to those that occurred and were caused by
persons who relied on the "old" doctrine and acted on the faith thereof.
Not content with changing the rule in the middle of the game, the majority, in the June 28, 2011 Decision, went a
little further by ordering respondent SEC Chairperson "to apply this definition of the term ‘capital’ in determining the
extent of allowable foreign ownership in respondent Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company, and if there is a
violation of Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution, to impose the appropriate sanctions under the law." This may
be viewed as unreasonable and arbitrary. The Court in the challenged June 28, 2011 Decision already made a
finding that foreigners hold 64.27% of the total number of PLDT common shares while Filipinos hold only
35.73%.161 In this factual setting, PLDT will, as clear as day, face sanctions since its present capital structure is
presently in breach of the rule on the 40% cap on foreign ownership of voting shares even without need of a SEC
investigation.
In answering the SEC’s query regarding the proper period of application and imposition of appropriate sanctions
against PLDT, Justice Carpio tersely stated that "once the 28 June 2011 Decision becomes final, the SEC shall
impose the appropriate sanctions only if it finds after due hearing that, at the start of the administrative cases or
investigation, there is an existing violation of Sec. 11, Art. XII of the Constitution."162 As basis therefor, Justice
Carpio cited Halili v. Court of Appeals163 and United Church Board for World Ministries (UCBWM) v. Sebastian.164
However, these cases do not provide a jurisprudential foundation to this mandate that may very well deprive PLDT
foreign shareholders of their voting shares. In fact, UCBWM v. Sebastian respected the voluntary transfer in a will by
an American of his shares of stocks in a land-holding corporation. In the same manner, Halili v. Court of Appeals
sustained as valid the waiver by an alien of her right of inheritance over a piece of land in favour of her son.
Nowhere in these cases did this Court order the involuntary dispossession of corporate stocks by alien stockholders.
At most, these two cases only recognized the principle validating the transfer of land to an alien who, after the
transfer, subsequently becomes a Philippine citizen or transfers the land to a Filipino citizen. They do not
encompass the situation that will eventually ensue after the investigation conducted by the SEC in accordance with
the June 28, 2011 and the present resolution. They do not justify the compulsory deprivation of voting shares in
public utility corporations from foreign stockholders who had legally acquired these stocks in the first instance.
The abrupt application of the construction of Sec. 11, Art. XII of the Constitution to foreigners currently holding voting
shares in a public utility corporation is not only constitutionally problematic; it is likewise replete with pragmatic
difficulties that could hinder the real-world translation of this Court’s Resolution. Although apparently benevolent, the
majority’s concession to allow "public utilities that fail to comply with the nationality requirement under Section 11,
Article XII and the FIA [to] cure their deficiencies prior to the start of the administrative case or
investigation"165 could indirectly occasion a compulsory deprivation of the public utilities’ foreign stockholders of
their voting shares. Certainly, these public utilities must immediately pare down their foreign-owned voting shares to
avoid the imposable sanctions. This holds true especially for PLDT whose 64.27% of its common voting shares are
foreign-subscribed and held. PLDT is, therefore, forced to immediately deprive, or at the very least, dilute the
property rights of their foreign stockholders before the commencement of the administrative proceedings, which
would be a mere farce considering the transparency of the public utility from the onset.
Even with the chance granted to the public utilities to remedy their supposed deficiency, the nebulous time-frame
given by the majority, i.e., "prior to the start of the administrative case or investigation,"166 may very well prove too
short for these public utilities to raise the necessary amount of money to increase the number of their authorized
capital stock in order to dilute the property rights of their foreign stockholders holding voting shares.167 Similarly, if
they induce their foreign stockholders to transfer the excess voting shares to qualified Philippine nationals, this
period before the filing of the administrative may not be sufficient for these stockholders to find Philippine nationals
willing to purchase these voting shares at the market price. This Court cannot ignore the fact that the voting shares
of Philippine public utilities like PLDT are listed and sold at large in foreign capital markets. Hence, foreigners who
have previously purchased their voting shares in these markets will not have a ready Philippine market to
immediately transfer their shares. More than likely, these foreign stockholders will be forced to sell their voting
shares at a loss to the few Philippine nationals with money to spare, or the public utility itself will be constrained to
acquire these voting shares to the prejudice of its retained earnings.168
Whatever means the public utilities choose to employ in order to cut down the foreign stockholdings of voting
shares, it is necessary to determine who among the foreign stockholders of these public utilities must bear the
burden of unloading the voting shares or the dilution of their property rights. In a situation like this, there is at present
no settled rule on who should be deprived of their property rights. Will it be the foreign stockholders who bought the
latest issuances? Or the first foreign stockholders of the public utility corporations? This issue cannot be realistically
settled within the time-frame given by the majority without raising more disputes. With these loose ends, the majority
cannot penalize the public utilities if they should fail to comply with the directive of complying with the "nationality
requirement under Section 11, Article XII and the FIA" within the unreasonably nebulous and limited period "prior to
the start of the administrative case or investigation."169
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
In the light of the new pronouncement of the Court that public utilities that fail to comply with the nationality
requirement under Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution CAN CURE THEIR DEFICIENCIES prior to the start of
the administrative case or investigation, I submit that affected companies like PLDT should be given reasonable
time to undertake the necessary measures to make their respective capital structure compliant, and the SEC, as the
regulatory authority, should come up with the appropriate guidelines on the process and supervise the same. SEC
should likewise adopt the necessary rules and regulations to implement the prospective compliance by all affected
companies with the new ruling regarding the interpretation of the provision in question. Such rules and regulations
must respect the due process rights of all affected corporations and define a reasonable period for them to comply
with the June 28, 2011 Decision.
A final note.
Year in and year out, the government’s trade managers attend economic summits courting businessmen to invest in
the country, doubtless promising them a playing field where the rules are friendly as they are predictable. So it would
appear odd if a branch of government would make business life complicated for investors who are already here.
Indeed, stability and predictability are the key pillars on which our legal system must be founded and run to
guarantee a business environment conducive to the country’s sustainable economic growth. Hence, it behoves this
Court to respect the basic expectations taken into account by the investors at the time they made the investments.
In other words, it is the duty of this Court to stand guard against any untoward change of the rules in the middle of
the game.
I, therefore, vote to GRANT the motions for reconsideration and accordingly REVERSE and SET ASIDE the June
28, 2011 Decision. The Court should declare that the word "capital" in the first sentence of Section 11, Article Xll of
the 1987 Constitution means the entire capital stock or both voting and non-voting shares.
Since the June 28, 2011 Decision was however sustained, I submit that said decision should take effect only on the
date of its finality and should be applied prospectively.
PLDT should be given time to umkrtake the nec~ssary meast1res to make its capital structure compliant, and th~
Securities and Exchange Commission should formulalc appropriate guidelines and supervise the process. Said
Commission should also adopt ruks and regulations to implement the prospective compliance by all affected
companies with the new ruling on the interpretation of Sec. 11, Art. XII of the Constitution. Such rules and
regulations must respect the due process rights of all affected corporations and provide a reasonable period for
them to com pi y with the June 28, 2011 Decision. The rights of foreigners over the voting shares they presently own
in excess of 40% of said shares should, in the meantime, be respected.
PRESBITERO J. VELASCO, JR.

Associate Justice
Footnotes
1 Penned by Justice Antonio T. Carpio.
2
Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language: Unabridged (1981), Springfield, MA,
p. 1646.
3 Allied Banking Corporation v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 124290, January 16, 1998, 284 SCRA 327, 367
and Inding v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 143047, July 14, 2004, 434 SCRA 388, 403.
4 Agpalo, Ruben E. Statutory Construction, 6th ed. (2009), p. 585.
5
Id.; citations omitted.
6 See also Macalintal v. Presidential Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 191618, November 23, 2010, 635 SCRA
783; La Bugal-B’Laan Tribal Assn., Inc. v. Ramos, G.R. No. 127882, December 1, 2002; Francisco v. House
of Representatives, November 10, 2010; Victoria v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 109005, January 10, 1994.
7 No. L-21064, February 18, 1970, 31 SCRA 413, 422-423.
8
Memorandum, The Meaning of "Capital," p. 10, read by Fr. Bernas as amicus curiae in the June 26, 2012
Oral Argument.
9 Webster’s Third New International Dictionary Unabridged, Merriam-Websters Inc., Springfield, MA. 1981, p.
322.
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
10 Id.; emphasis supplied.
11
Id.
12 Black’s law Dictionary, 9th Ed., for the iPhone/iPad/iPod touch, Version 2.0.0 (B10239), p. 236.
13 Id.; emphasis supplied.
14
Agpalo, Ruben E. Agpalo’s Legal Words and Phrases, 1987 Ed., p. 96 citing Ruben E. Agpalo Comments
on the Corporation Code, 1993 ed., p. 45.
15 Id.
16 Villanueva, Cesar Lapuz. Philippine Corporate Law. 2003 Ed., p. 537. Emphasis and underscoring
supplied.
17
De Leon, Hector S. The Corporation Code of the Philippines Annotated, 2002 Ed. Manila, Phil. P. 71-72
citing (SEC Opinion, Feb. 15, 1988 which states: The term "capital" denotes the sum total of the shares
subscribed and paid by the stockholders or agreed to be paid irrespective of their nomenclature. It would,
therefore, be legal for foreigners to own more than 40% of the common shares but not more than the 40%
constitutional limit of the outstanding capital stock which would include both common and non-voting
preferred shares." (Emphasis and underscoring supplied.)
18 Tongson v. Arellano, G.R. No. 77104, November 6, 1992, 215 SCRA 426.
19 Agpalo, Ruben E. Statutory Construction, 6th ed. (2009), p. 588.
20
Record of the (1986) Constitutional Commission, Vol. III, pp. 250-256.
21 Id. at 326-327.
22 Id. at 357-365.
23
Id. at 582-584.
24 Id. at 665-666.
25 Record of the (1986) Constitutional Commission, Vol. III, pp. 250-251.
26
Referring to Sections 2 and 10, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution.
27 Records of the Constitutional Commission, Volume III, pp. 326-327.
28
Id. at 357.
29 Records of the Constitutional Commission, Volume III, pp. 357-360.
30 Records of the Constitutional Commission, Volume III, p. 360.
31
Id. at 364.
32 Id. at 582.
33 Sundiang Jose, R. and Aquino, Timoteo B. Reviewer on Commercial Law, 2006 Ed., p. 257.
34
Records of the Constitutional Commission, Volume III, pp. 583-584.
35 See Bernas, S.J., The Intent of the 1986 Constitution Writers, 1995 ed., p. 849.
36 Section 2, Article XII, 1987 Constitution:
Section 2. All lands of the public domain, waters, minerals, coal, petroleum, and other mineral oils, all
forces of potential energy, fisheries, forests or timber, wildlife, flora and fauna, and other natural
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
resources are owned by the State. With the exception of agricultural lands, all other natural resources
shall not be alienated. The exploration, development, and utilization of natural resources shall be under
the full control and supervision of the State. The State may directly undertake such activities, or it may
enter into coproduction, joint venture, or production-sharing agreements with Filipino citizens, or
corporations or associations at least sixty per centum of whose capital is owned by such citizens. x x x
x (Emphasis supplied.)
37 Section 10, Article XII, 1987 Constitution:
Section 10. The Congress shall, upon recommendation of the economic and planning agency, when
the national interest dictates, reserve to citizens of the Philippines or to corporations or associations at
least sixty per centum of whose capital is owned by such citizens, or such higher percentage as
Congress may prescribe, certain areas of investments. The Congress shall enact measures that will
encourage the formation and operation of enterprises whose capital is wholly owned by Filipinos.
38
June 26, 2012 Oral Arguments TSN, pp. 115-116.
39 Records of the Constitutional Commission, Volume III, pp. 326, 583.
40 G.R. No. 83896, February 22, 1991, 194 SCRA 317.
41
Respondent Pangilinan’s Motion for Reconsideration dated July 14, 2011, pp. 36-37 citing Philippine
Institute of Development Studies, "Key Indicators of the Philippines, 1970-2011", at
http://econdb.pids.gov.ph/tablelists/table/326 and de Dios, E. (ed.) 1984 An Analysis of the Philippine
Economic Crisis. A workshop report. Quezon City: University of the Philippines; also de Dios, E. 2009
"Governance, institutions, and political economy" in: D. Canlas, M.E. Khan and J. Zhuang, eds. Diagnosing
the Philippine economy: toward inclusive growth. London: Anthem Press and Asian Development Bank. 295-
336 and Bautista, R. 2003 "International dimensions", in: A. Balisacan and H. Hill Eds. The Philippine
economy: development, policies, and challenges. Oxford University Press. 136- 171.
42 Commonwealth Act No. (CA) 146, as amended and modified by Presidential Decree No. 1, Integrated
Reorganization Plan and EO 546; Approved on November 7, 1936.
43 Sec. 13(b), CA 146: The term "public service" includes every person that now or hereafter may own,
operate, manage, or control in the Philippines, for hire or compensation, with general or limited clientele,
whether permanent, occasional or accidental, and done for general business purposes, any common carrier,
railroad, street railway, traction railway, sub-way motor vehicle, either for freight or passenger, or both with or
without fixed route and whether may be its classification, freight or carrier service of any class, express
service, steamboat or steamship line, pontines, ferries, and water craft, engaged in the transportation of
passengers or freight or both, shipyard, marine railways, marine repair shop, [warehouse] wharf or dock, ice
plant, ice-refrigeration plant, canal, irrigation system, gas, electric light, heat and power water supply and
power, petroleum, sewerage system, wire or wireless communications system, wire or wireless broadcasting
stations and other similar public services x x x.
44
"Headnotes, heading or epigraphs of sections of a statute are convenient index to the contents of its
provisions." (Agpalo, Ruben, Statutory Construction, Sixth Edition 2009, p. 166 citing In re Estate of Johnson,
39 Phil. 156 1918; Kare v. Platon, 56 Phil. 248 1931).
45
As amended by Republic Act No. 134, which was approved on June 14, 1947.
46 Entitled "An Act Granting A Franchise To Filipinas Orient Airways, Incorporated, To Establish And Maintain
Air Transport Service In The Philippines And Between The Philippines And Other Countries." Approved on
June 20, 1964.
47 Entitled "An Act Granting A Franchise To Air Manila, Incorporated, To Establish And Maintain Air Transport
Service In The Philippines And Between The Philippines And Other Countries." Approved on June 19, 1965.
48
Entitled "An Act Granting The Philippine Communications Satellite Corporation A Franchise To Establish
And Operate Ground Satellite Terminal Station Or Stations For Telecommunication With Satellite Facilities
And Delivery To Common Carriers." Approved on June 21, 1969
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
49 Entitled "An Act Providing For The Licensing And Regulation Of Atomic Energy Facilities And Materials,
Establishing The Rules On Liability For Nuclear Damage, And For Other Purposes," as amended by PD 1484.
Approved on June 15, 1968 and published in the Official Gazette on May 5, 1969.
50
G.R. No. 127937 July 28, 1999, 311 SCRA 508.
51 Emphasis supplied.
52 G.R. No. 70054, December 11, 1991, 204 SCRA 767. Emphasis and underscoring supplied.
53
G.R. No. 108576, January 20, 1999, 301 SCRA 152.
54 See also Republic Planters Bank v. Agana, G.R. No. 51765, March 3, 1997, 269 SCRA 1, where this Court
stated that "Shareholders, both common and preferred, are considered risk takers who invest capital in the
business and who can look only to what is left after corporate debts and liabilities are fully paid."
55 Citations omitted.
56
Ponencia, pp. 30-31.
57 Office of the Ombudsman v. Heirs of Margarita Vda. De Ventura, G.R. No. 151800, November 5, 2009, 605
SCRA 1.
58 In numerous Opinions, the DOJ refused to construe the Constitutional provisions on the nationality
requirement imposed by various legislative acts like the FIA, in relation to the 1987 Constitution, on
the ground that the interpretation and application of the said law properly fall within the jurisdiction of
the National Economic Development Authority (NEDA), in consultation with the Bureau of
Investments (BOI) and the Securities and Exchange Commission. (Opinion No. 16, Series 1999,
February 2, 1999 citing Sec. of Justice Opn. No. 3, current series; Nos. 16, 44 and 45, s. 1998; Opinion No.
13, Series of 2008, March 12, 2008 citing Sec. of Justice Op. NO. 53, current series No. 75, s. 2006.
59
SEC Opinion dated February 15, 1988.
60 93 Phil. 333 (1953).
61 SEC-OGC Opinion No. 26-11.
62
Philippine Global Communications, Inc. v. Relova, No. L-60548, November 10, 1986, 145 SCRA 385; citing
Philippine Association of Free Labor Unions [PAFLU] v. Bureau of Labor Relations, August 21, 1976, 72
SCRA 396, 402.
63 Id.
64 No. L-5955, September 19, 1952.
65
Id.
66 Annex "B" of the SEC Memorandum dated July 25, 2012 wherein the Commission Secretary certified that:
"During the Commission En Banc meeting held on July 2, 2002 at the Commission Room, 8th Florr, SEC
Building, EDSA, Greenhills, Mandaluyong City, the Commission En Banc approved the following:
"RESOLVED, That all opinions to be issues by the SEC pursuant to a formal request, prepared and
acted upon by the appropriate operating departments shall be reviewed by the OGC and be issued
under the signature of the SEC General Counsel. Henceforth, all opinions to be issues by the SEC
shall be numbered accordingly
(SEC-EXS. RES. NO. 106 s, of 2002)
67 SEC. 4.6, SRC: The Commission may, for purposes of efficiency, delegate any of its functions to any
department or office of the Commission, an individual Commissioner or staff member of the Commission
except its review or appellate authority and its power to adopt, alter and supplement any rule or regulation.
The Commission may review upon its own initiative or upon the petition of any interested party any
action of any department or office, individual Commissioner, or staff member of the Commission.
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
68 Sec. 5.1 (g), SRC.
69
Misamis Oriental Association of Coco Traders, Inc. v. Department of Finance Secretary, G.R. No. 108524,
November 10, 1994, 238 SCRA 63; citing Victorias Milling Co. v. Social Security Commission, 114 Phil. 555
(1962) and Philippine Blooming Mills v. Social Security System, 124 Phil. 499 (1966).
70 SEC Memorandum dated July 25, 2012, pp. 33-36.
71 G.R. Nos. 136781, 136786, 136795, October 6, 2000, 342 SCRA 244, 270.
72
Republic Act 9856, Lapsed into law on December 17, 2009.
73 Report on the Proportionality Principle in the European Union: External Study Commissioned by the
European Commission, p. 7.
74 This fact is recognized even by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD),
viz.:
"Economic literature traditionally identifies two main channels through which corporate investors may
decouple the cash flows and voting rights of shares, including the leveraging of voting power and
mechanisms to "lock in" control. The most commonly used such mechanisms are listed below. Not
covered by the present section are a number of company-internal arrangements that can in some
circumstances also be employed to leverage the control of certain shareholders. For instance, the
ongoing discussions in the United States about corporate proxies and the voting arrangements at
general meetings (e.g. majority versus plurality vote) may have important ramifications for the
allocation of control rights in US companies. In addition, a number of marketed financial instruments
are increasingly available that can be used by investors, including incumbent management, to hedge
their financial interest in a company while retaining voting rights.
Leveraging of voting power. The two main types PLMs used to bolster the voting powers of individuals,
hence creating controlling shareholders, are differentiated voting rights on company shares and multi-
firm structures. Mechanisms include:
Differentiated voting rights. The most straightforward – and, as the case may be, transparent – way of
leveraging voting power is to stipulate differential voting rights in the corporate charter or bylaws.
Companies have gone about this in a number of ways, including dualclass share structures and, in
addition to common stock, issuing non-voting shares or preference shares without or with limited voting
rights. The latter is a borderline case: preference shares have common characteristics with debt as well
as equity, and in most jurisdictions they assume voting rights if the issuers fail to honour their
preference commitments.
 Multi-firm structures. Voting rights can be separated from cash-flow rights even with a single class of
shares by creating a set of cascading shareholdings or a pyramidal hierarchy in which higher-tier
companies own shares in lower-tier companies. Pyramids are complementary to dual-class share
structures insofar as almost any pyramidal control structure can be reproduced through dual (or, rather,
multiple) share classes. However, for complex control structures, the controlling shareholders may
prefer pyramids since the underlying shares tend to be more liquid than stocks split into several
classes. (In the remainder of this paper the word "pyramid" is used jointly to denote truly pyramidal
structures and cascading shareholdings.)
Lock-in mechanisms. The other main category of PLMs consists of instruments that lock in control –
that is cut off, or in some cases bolster, the voting rights of common stock. A clear-cut lock-in
mechanism is voting right ceilings prohibiting shareholders from voting about a certain threshold
irrespective of the Corporate Affairs Division, Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2 rue André-Pascal, Paris 75116, France
www.oecd.org/daf/corporate-affairs/ number of voting shares they hold. Secondly, a type of lock-in
mechanism that confers greater voting right on selected shareholders is priority shares, which grant
their holders extraordinary power over specific types of corporate decisions. This type of lock-in
mechanism, when held by the state, is commonly referred to as a "golden share". Finally, company
bylaws or national legislation may contain supermajority provisions according to which a simple
majority is insufficient to approve certain major corporate changes.
Related or complementary instruments. Other instruments, while not themselves sources of

disproportionality, may either compound the effect of PLMs or produce some of the same corporate
governance consequences as PLMs. One example is cross-shareholdings, which can be used to
leverage the effectiveness of PLMs and, in consequence, are often an integral part of pyramidal
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structures. A second such instrument is shareholder agreements that, while their effects can be
replicated by shareholders acting in concert of their own accord, nevertheless add an element of
certainty to voting coalitions…" (Lack of Proportionality between Ownership and Control: Overview and
Issues for Discussion. Issued by the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development
(OECD) Steering Group on Corporate Governance, December 2007, pp. 12-13. Available from
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/21/32/40038351.pdf, last accessed February 7, 2012. See also Clarke,
Thomas and Chanlat, Jean Francois. European Corporate Governance: Readings and Perspectives.
(2009) Routledge, New York, p. 33; Report on the Proportionality Principle in the European Union:
External Study Commissioned by the European Commission. See also Hu and Black, supra.
75 Approved on June 13, 1991, and amended by Republic Act No. 8179.
76
Executive Order No. 858, February 5, 2010.
77 See also PD 1570 (Aeronautical engineering); RA 8559 (Agricultural Engineering); RA 9297 (Chemical
engineering); RA 1582 (Civil engineering) RA 7920 (Electrical Engineering); RA 9292 (Electronics and
Communication Engineering); RA 8560 (Geodetic Engineering); RA 8495 (Mechanical Engineering); PD 1536
(Metallurgical Engineering); RA 4274 (Mining Engineering); RA 4565 (Naval Architecture and Marine
Engineering); RA 1364 (Sanitary Engineering; RA 2382 as amended by RA 4224 (Medicine); RA 5527 as
amended by RA 6318, PD 6138, PD 498 and PD 1534 (Medical Technology); RA 9484 (Dentistry); RA 7392
(Midwifery); RA 9173 (Nursing); PD 1286 (Nutrition and Dietetics); RA 8050 (Optometry); RA 5921
(Pharmacy); RA 5680 (Physical and Occupational Therapy); RA 7431 (Radiologic and X-ray Technology); RA
9268 (Veterinary Medicine); RA 9298 (Accountancy); RA 9266 (Architecture); RA 6506 (Criminology); RA 754
(Chemistry); RA 9280 (Customs Brokerage); PD 1308 (Environmental Planning); RA 6239 (Forestry); RA
4209 (Geology); RA 8534 (Interior Design); RA 9053 (Landscape Architecture); Article VIII, Section 5 of the
Constitution, Rule 138, Section 2 of the Rules of Court of the Philippines (Law); RA 9246 (Librarianship); RA
8544 (Marine Deck Officers and Marine Engine Officers); RA 1378 (Master Plumbing): RA 5197 (Sugar
Technology); RA 4373 (Social Work); RA 7836 (Teaching); RA 8435 (Agriculture); RA 8550 (Fisheries); and
RA 9258 (Guidance Counselling).
78 Republic Act No. 5186, approved on September 16, 1967.
79
Presidential Decree 1789, Published in the Daily Express dated April 1, 1981 and Amended by Batas
Pambansa Blg. 391 otherwise known as "Investment Incentive Policy Act of 1983," approved April 28, 1983.
80 Executive Order (s1987) No. 226, known as the "Omnibus Investments Code of 1987," approved on July
16, 1987.
81 Section 1, Article XVII. Any amendment to, or revision of, this Constitution may be proposed by:
(1) The Congress, upon a vote of three-fourths of all its Members; or
(2) A constitutional convention.
Section 2. Amendments to this Constitution may likewise be directly proposed by the people through
initiative….
x x x x x x x x x
Section 4. Any amendment to, or revisions of, this Constitution under Section 1 hereof shall be valid
when ratified by a majority vote of the votes cast in a plebiscite which shall be held not earlier than sixty
days nor later than ninety days after the approval of such amendment or revision.
82
The 1987 OIC was enacted as EO 226 on July 16, 1987, or after the ratification of the 1987 Constitution.
83 Ang Bagong Bayani v. COMELEC, 412 Phil. 308 (2001).
84 See Dissenting Opinion of Justice Padilla in Romualdez-Marcos v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 119976,
September 18, 1995, 248 SCRA 300, 369.
85
Republic Act No. 7042, Section 2.
86 Record of the Senate, Vol. II, No. 57, p. 1965.
87 Id. at 1964.
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88 Id. Vol. 3, No. 76, p. 205.
89
Black’s Law Dictionary, 9th Ed., for the iPhone/iPad/iPod touch. Version: 2.1.0 (B12136), p. 619.
90 Id.
91 As early as 1932, Adolf A. Berle and Gardine C. Means in their book "The Modern Corporation and Private
Property" explained that the large business corporation is characterized by "separation of ownership and
control." See also Hu, Henry T.C. and Black, Bernard S., Empty Voting and Hidden (Morphable) Ownership:
Taxonomy, Implications, and Reforms. As published in Business Lawyer, Vol. 61, pp. 1011-1070, 2006;
European Corporate Governance Institute - Law Research Paper No. 64/2006; University of Texas Law, Law
and Economics Research Paper No. 70. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=887183; Ringe, Wolf-
Georg, Deviations from Ownership-Control Proportionality - Economic Protectionism Revisited (2010).
COMPANY LAW AND ECONOMIC PROTECTIONISM - NEW CHALLENGES TO EUROPEAN
INTEGRATION, U. Bernitz and W.G. Ringe, eds., OUP, 2010; Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper No.
23/2011. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1789089.
92
Rollo, p. 11.
93 Cortez v. Avila, 101 Phil 705 (1957); Borlasa v. Polistico, 47 Phil. 345 (1925).
94 Regalado, Remedial Law Compendium, p. 91.
95
G.R. No. 102900, October 2, 1997, 280 SCRA 20.
96 Id.; citing Echevarria v. Parsons Hardware Co., 51 Phil. 980, 987 (1927); Borlasa v. Polistico, 47 Phil. 345,
347 (1925); People et al. v. Hon. Rodriguez, et al., 106 Phil 325, 327 (1959), among others. Emphasis and
underscoring supplied.
97 Board of Ed. of City of San Diego v. Common Council of City of San Diego, 1 Cal.App. 311, 82 P. 89,
Cal.App. 2 Dist. 1905, July 13, 1905 citing Johnson v. Malloy, 74 Cal. 432. See also Kilberg v. Louisiana
Highway Commission, 8 La.App. 441 cited in Perry v. Louisiana Highway Commission 164 So. 335 La.App. 2
Cir. 1935. December 13, 1935 and Oregon v. Louisiana Power & Light Co., 19 La.App. 628, 140 So. 282;
Succession of Carbajal, 154 La. 1060, 98 So. 666 (1924) cited in In re Gulf Oxygen Welder's Supply Profit
Sharing Plan and Trust Agreement 297 So.2d 663 LA 1974. July 1, 1974 .
98
Gamboa v. Teves, G.R. No. 176579, June 28, 2011, 652 SCRA 690, 744.
99 Section 1, Article III, 1987 Constitution.
100 Oscar Palma Pagasian v. Cesar Azura, A.M. No. RTJ-89-425, April 17, 1990, 184 SCRA 391.
101
Lopez v. Director of Lands, 47 Phil. 23, 32 (1924); emphasis supplied.
102 Banco Español Filipino v. Palanca, 37 Phil. 921, 934 (1918).
103 G.R. No. 158693, November 17, 2004, 442 SCRA 573.
104
G.R. No. 158693, November 17, 2004, 442 SCRA 573. Emphasis supplied.
105 G.R. No. 84404, October 18, 1990, 190 SCRA 717.
106
Id. at 729.
107 PNB v. Palma, G.R. No. 157279, August 9, 2005; citing Laurel v. Civil Service Commission, G.R. No.
71562, October 28, 1991, 203 SCRA 195; Stokes v. Malayan Insurance Inc., 212 Phil. 705 (1984); Medija v.
Patcho, 217 Phil. 509 (1984); Llacer v. Muñoz, 12 Phil. 328 (1908).
108 Leca Realty Corporation v. Republic of the Philippines, represented by the Department of Public Works
and Highways, G.R. No. 155605, September 27, 2006, 503 SCRA 563.
109
G.R. No. 116111, January 21, 1999, 301 SCRA 366.
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110 Citing 31 CJS 675-676; Republic v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 108292, September 10, 1993, 226 SCRA
314.
111
No. L-29352, October 4, 1971, 41 SCRA 565; see also San Roque Realty and Development Corporation
v. Republic of the Philippines (through the Armed Forced of the Philippines), G.R. No. 155605, September 27,
2006.
112 Republic v. Vinzon, G.R. No. 154705, June 26, 2003, 405 SCRA 126; Air Transportation Office v. David
and Ramos. G.R. No. 159402, February 23, 2011. See also Minucher v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 142396,
February 11, 2003 citing Gary L. Maris’, ‘International Law, An Introduction,"
University Press of America, 1984, p. 119; D.W. Grieg, ‘International Law," London Butterworths, 1970,
p. 221.
113 Particularly relevant in the case of PLDT whose biggest group of foreign shareholders is Chinese,
followed by the Japanese and the Americans. Per the General Information Sheet (GIS) of PLDT as of June
14, 2012, the following are the foreign shareholders of PLDT: (1) Hong-Kong based J.P. Morgan Asset
Holdings (HK) Limited owns 49,023,801 common shares [including 8,533,253, shares of PLDT common stock
underlying ADS beneficially owned by NTT DoCoMo and 7,653,703 shares of PLDT common stock
underlying ADS beneficially-owned by non-Philippine wholly-owned subsidiaries of First Pacific Company,
Limited]; the Japanese firms, (2) NTT DoCoMo, Inc. holding 22,796,902 common shares; (3) NTT
Communications Corporation with 12,633,487 common shares; and the Americans, (4) HSBC OBO A/C 000-
370817-550 with 2,690,316 common shares; (5) Edward Tortorici and/or Anita R. Tortorici with 96,874
common shares; (6) Hare and Co., holding 34,811 common shares; and (7) Maurice Verstraete, with 29,744
common shares.
(http://www.pldt.com.ph/investor/Documents/GIS_(as%20of%2006%2029%2012)_final.pdf last
accessed September 25, 2012)
114
1992 Agreement Between the Government of The People’s Republic Of China and The Government of
the Republic of the Philippines Concerning Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection of Investments, Signed
in Manila, Philippines on July 20, 1992. Emphasis and underscoring supplied.
115 January 14, 2007.
116 ASEAN-China Investment Agreement, Article 7(1), emphasis and underscoring supplied. See also the
ASEAN-Korea Investment Agreement, Article 5 (1).
117
JPEPA, Article 91. Emphasis and underscoring supplied.
118 Signed on September 9, 2006.
119 ACIA, Article II (1) requires that the parties thereto must give "investments of investors of [the other
parties] fair and equitable treatment and full protection and security." Emphasis and underscoring supplied.
120
Article III (1) – Each Contracting Party shall at all times ensure fair and equitable treatment of the
investments by investors of the other Contracting Party and shall not impair the management, maintenance,
use, enjoyment or disposal thereof, through unjustified and discriminatory measures. (Emphasis and
underscoring supplied.)
121 Article 3(2) thereof provides that the Philippines "shall ensure that [Australian] investments are accorded
fair and equitable treatment."
122 Article 2 (1) – Each Contracting Party shall in its territory promote, as far as possible, investments of
investors of the other Contracting Party, admit such investments in accordance with its legislation and in any
case accord such investments fair and equitable treatment. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied.)
123
Article III (1) – Investments and returns of investors of each Contracting Party shall at all times be
accorded fair and equitable treatment and shall enjoy full protection and security in the territory of the other
Contracting Party. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied.)
124 Article II – Each Contracting Party shall promote investments in its territory by investors of the other
Contracting Party and shall admit such investments in accordance with its Constitution, laws, and regulations.
Such investments shall be accorded fair and equitable treatment. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied.)
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
125 Article II (2) – Investments of nationals of either Contracting Party shall at all times be accorded fair and
equitable treatment and shall enjoy adequate protection and security in the territory of the other Contracting
Party. Emphasis and underscoring supplied.)
126
Article II (2) – Each Contracting Party shall accord investments or returns of investors of the other
Contracting Party [:] (a) fair and equitable treatment in accordance with the principles of international law, and
(b) full protection and security. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied.)
127 Article IV (1) – Each Contracting Party shall guarantee fair and equitable treatment to investments made
by investors of the other Contracting Party on its territory and shall ensure that the exercise of the right thus
recognized shall not be hindered in practice. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied.)
128 Article II (2) – Investment[s[] of investors of [the] other Contracting Party shall at all times be accorded fair
and equitable treatment and enjoy full protection and security in the territory of the other Contracting Party.
(Emphasis and underscoring supplied.)
129
Article III (1) – Each Contracting Party shall accord to investments made by investors of the other
Contracting Party fair and equitable treatment. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied.)
130 Article 3(1) – Each Contracting Party shall guarantee fair and equitable treatment to investments made by
investors of the other Contracting Party in its territory. Emphasis and underscoring supplied.)
131 Article 3 – Either Contracting Party shall extend fair and equitable treatment in accordance with the
principles of International Law to investments made by nationals and companies of the other Contracting
Party in its territory and shall ensure that the exercise of the right thus recognized shall not be hindered.
Emphasis and underscoring supplied.)
132
Article 2 (1) – Each Contracting State shall promote as far as possible investments in its territory by
investors of the other Contracting Party and admit such investments in accordance with its Constitution, laws
and regulations as referred to in Article 1 paragraph 1. Such investments shall be accorded fair and equitable
treatment. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied.)
133 Article IV (1) – Each Contracting Party shall accord fair and equitable treatment to investments made by
investors of the other Contracting Party in its territory. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)
134 Article II (2) – Investments of investors of either Contracting party shall at all times be accorded fair and
Party. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)
135
Article 4(1) – Admitted investments of investors of one Contracting Party effected within the territory of the
other Contracting Party in accordance with the laws and regulations of the latter, shall receive in the other
Contracting Party full legal protection and fair treatment not less favourable than that accorded to its own
investor or investors of any third state which are in a comparable situation.
136 Article I – Each Contracting Party shall promote as far as possible the investments in its territory by
investors of the other Contracting party admit such investments according to its laws and regulations and
accord such investments equitable and reasonable treatment. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)
137 Article IV (2) – Each Contracting Party shall ensure fair and equitable treatment within its territory of the
investments of the investors of the other Contracting Party… (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)
138
Article I(1) – Each Contracting Party shall promote as far as possible investments in its territory by
nationals and companies of one Contracting Party and shall admit such investments in accordance with its
Constitution, laws and regulations. Such investments shall be accorded equitable and reasonable treatment.
((Emphasis and underscoring supplied)
139 Article 3 (2) – Investments of nationals of either Contracting Party shall, in their entry, operation,
management, maintenance, use enjoyment or disposal, be accorded fair and equitable treatment and shall
enjoy full protection and security in the territory of the other Contracting party. (Emphasis and underscoring
supplied)
140 Article I – Each Contracting Party shall promote as far as possible investments in its territory by investors
of the other Contracting Party and shall admit such investments in accordance with its Constitution, laws, and
regulations. Such investments shall be accorded equitable and reasonable treatment. (Emphasis supplied)
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
141 Article 2(1) – Each contracting party shall promote and encourage, as far as possible, within its territory
investments made by investors of the other Contracting Party and shall admit such investments into its
territory in accordance with its laws and regulations. It shall in any case accord such investments fair and
equitable treatment. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)
142
Article 2(3) – Each Contracting Party undertakes to provide in its territory a fair and equitable treatment for
investments of investors of the other Contracting Party. Neither Contracting Party shall in any way impair by
arbitrary, unreasonable or discriminatory measures the management, maintenance or use of investments as
well as the right to the disposal thereof. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)
143 Article III (1) – Each Contracting Party shall ensure in its territory fair and equitable treatment of the
investments made by the investor of the other Contracting Party and any activities in connection with such
investments exclude the use of discriminatory measures that might hinder management and administration of
investments. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)
144 Article @(1) – Each Contracting Party shall in its territory promote as far as possible investments by
investors of the other Contracting Party and admit such investments in accordance with its legislation. It shall
in any case accord such investments free and equitable treatment. (Emphasis supplied)
145
Article II – Each party shall promote, as far as possible, investments in its territory by investors of the
other Party and shall admit such investments in accordance with its existing laws and regulation. Such
investments shall be accorded equitable and fair treatment.(Emphasis and underscoring supplied)
146 Article III (1) – Each Contracting Party shall at all times ensure fair and equitable treatment of the
investments by investors of the other contracting party and shall not impair the management, maintenance,
use, enjoyment or disposal thereof nor the acquisition of goods and services or the sale of their production,
through unreasonable or discriminatory measures. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)
147 Article IV (1) – Investments and returns of investors of each Contracting Party shall at all times be
Contracting Party. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)
148
Article III (2) – Investments of national or companies of one Contracting Party in the territory of the other
Contracting Party, and also the returns therefrom, shall at all times be accorded fair and equitable treatment
and shall enjoy the constant protection and security in the territory of the host country. (Emphasis and
underscoring supplied)
149 Article II (1) – Each Contracting Party shall promote as far as possible investments in its territory of one
Contracting Party and shall admit, on a basis no less favourable than that accorded in similar situations to
investments of any third country, in accordance with its Constitution, laws and regulations. Such investments
shall be accorded equitable and reasonable treatment. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)
150 Article III (2) – Investments of nationals or companies of either Contracting Party shall at all times be
contracting party. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)
151
Article II (2) – Investments of investors of each Contracting Party shall at all times be accorded fair and
Party. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)
152 Kenneth J. Vandevelde, A Unified Theory of Fair and Equitable Treatment, 43 N.Y.U. J. Int'l L. & Pol. 43.
153 ICSID Case No. ARB AF/00/2, Award of May 29, 2003.
154
Annex 6 Referred to in Chapter 7 of the JPEPA: Schedule of Specific Commitments and List of Most-
Favored-Nation Treatment Exemptions. Last accessed at
http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asiapaci/philippine/epa0609/annex6.pdf on August 30, 20112.
155 Annex 1/SC1, ASEAN-China Agreement on Trade in Services. Last accessed at

http://www.asean.org/22160.htm on August 30, 2012.
156 London Court of International Arbitration Administered Case No. UN 3467, July 1, 2004. Last accessed at
http://arbitrationlaw.com/files/free_pdfs/Occidental%20v%20Ecuador%20-%20Award.pdf on August 30, 2012.
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
157 Article 4, Civil Code of the Philippines.
158
Article 8, Civil Code of the Philippines.
159 23 Phil. 315 (1912).
160 G.R. No. 100776, October 28, 1993, 227 SCRA 444, 448-455; Monge, et al. v. Angeles, et al., 101 Phil.
563 (1957); among others.
161
Decision, G.R. No. 176579, June 28, 2011.
162 Resolution, p. 47.
163 350 Phil. 906 (1998).
164
242 Phil. 848 (1988).
166 Id.
167
Sec. 38, Corporation Code. Power to increase or decrease capital stock; incur, create or increase bonded
indebtedness. - No corporation shall increase or decrease its capital stock or incur, create or increase any
bonded indebtedness unless approved by a majority vote of the board of directors and, at a stockholder's
meeting duly called for the purpose, two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital stock shall favor the increase or
diminution of the capital stock, or the incurring, creating or increasing of any bonded indebtedness. Written
notice of the proposed increase or diminution of the capital stock or of the incurring, creating, or increasing of
any bonded indebtedness and of the time and place of the stockholder's meeting at which the proposed
increase or diminution of the capital stock or the incurring or increasing of any bonded indebtedness is to be
considered, must be addressed to each stockholder at his place of residence as shown on the books of the
corporation and deposited to the addressee in the post office with postage prepaid, or served personally.
xxxx
Any increase or decrease in the capital stock or the incurring, creating or increasing of any bonded
indebtedness shall require prior approval of the Securities and Exchange Commission.
One of the duplicate certificates shall be kept on file in the office of the corporation and the other shall
be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and attached to the original articles of
incorporation.
From and after approval by the Securities and Exchange Commission and the issuance by the
Commission of its certificate of filing, the capital stock shall stand increased or decreased and the
incurring, creating or increasing of any bonded indebtedness authorized, as the certificate of filing may
declare: Provided, That the Securities and Exchange Commission shall not accept for filing any
certificate of increase of capital stock unless accompanied by the sworn statement of the
treasurer of the corporation lawfully holding office at the time of the filing of the certificate,
showing that at least twenty-five (25%) percent of such increased capital stock has been
subscribed and that at least twenty-five (25%) percent of the amount subscribed has been paid
either in actual cash to the corporation or that there has been transferred to the corporation
property the valuation of which is equal to twenty-five (25%) percent of the subscription:
Provided, further, That no decrease of the capital stock shall be approved by the Commission if its
effect shall prejudice the rights of corporate creditors. (Emphasis supplied.)
168 Sec. 41, Corporation Code. Power to acquire own shares. - A stock corporation shall have the power to
purchase or acquire its own shares for a legitimate corporate purpose or purposes, including but not limited to
the following cases: Provided, That the corporation has unrestricted retained earnings in its books to cover
the shares to be purchased or acquired:
1. To eliminate fractional shares arising out of stock dividends;
2. To collect or compromise an indebtedness to the corporation, arising out of unpaid subscription, in a

delinquency sale, and to purchase delinquent shares sold during said sale; and
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
3. To pay dissenting or withdrawing stockholders entitled to payment for their shares under the
provisions of this Code.
DISSENTING OPINION
ABAD, J.:
In the Decision dated June 28, 2011, the Court partially granted the petition for prohibition, injunction, declaratory
relieC and declaration of nullity of sale, of Wilson P. Gamboa, a Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company
(PLDT) stockholder, and ruled that the term "capital" in Section 11, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution refers only to
shares of stock entitled to vote in the election of directors, and thus only to common shares, and not to the total
outstanding capital stock (common and non-voting preferred shares). The Court also directed the Chairperson of the
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to apply this definition of the term "capital" in determining the extent of
allowable hm~ign ownership in PLDT, and to impose the appropriate sanctions if there is a violation of Section 11,
Article XII ofthe 1987 Constitution.
Respondents Manuel V. Pangilinan, Napoleon L. Nazareno, Francis Lim, Pablito V. Sanidad, Arno V. Sanidad, and
the SEC filed their respective motions for reconsideration.
Thereafter, the Court conducted oral arguments to hear the parties on the following issues:
1. Whether the term ''capital" in Section ll, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution refers only to shares of stock
with the right to vote in the election of directors (common shares), or to all kinds of shares of stock, including
those with no right to vote in the election of directors;
2. Assuming the term "capital" refers only to shares of stock with the right to vote in the election of directors,
whether this ruling of the Court should have retroactive effect to affect such shares of stock owned by
foreigners prior to this ruling;
3. Whether PLDT and its foreign stockholders are indispensable parties in the resolution of the legal issue on
the definition of the term "capital" in Section 11, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution; and
3.1. If so, whether the Court has acquired jurisdiction over the persons of PLDT and its foreign
stockholders.
I am constrained to maintain my dissent to the majority opinion.
One. To reiterate, the authority to define and interpret the meaning of "capital" in Section 11, Article XII of the 1987
Constitution belongs, not to the Court, but to Congress, as part of its policy making powers. This matter is
addressed to the sound discretion of the lawmaking department of government since the power to authorize and
control a public utility is admittedly a prerogative that stems from Congress.1 It may very well in its wisdom define
the limit of foreign ownership in public utilities.
Section 11, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution which reads:
Section 11. No franchise, certificate, or any other form of authorization for the operation of a public
utility shall be granted except to citizens of the Philippines or to corporations or associations organized
under the laws of the Philippines, at least sixty per centum of whose capital is owned by such citizens;
nor shall such franchise, certificate, or authorization be exclusive in character or for a longer period
than fifty years. Neither shall any such franchise or right be granted except under the condition that it
shall be subject to amendment, alteration, or repeal by the Congress when the common good so
requires. The State shall encourage equity participation in public utilities by the general public. The
participation of foreign investors in the governing body of any public utility enterprise shall be limited to
their proportionate share in its capital, and all the executive and managing officers of such corporation
or association must be citizens of the Philippines.
is one of the constitutional provisions that are not self-executing and need sufficient details for a meaningful
implementation. While the provision states that no franchise for the operation of a public utility shall be granted to a
corporation organized under Philippine laws unless at least 60% of its capital is owned by Filipino citizens, it does
not provide for the meaning of the term "capital."
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
As Fr. Joaquin G. Bernas, S.J. explained, acting as Amicus Curiae, the result of the absence of a clear definition of
the term "capital," was to base the 60-40 proportion on the total outstanding capital stock, that is, the combined total
of both common and non-voting preferred shares. But while this has become the popular and common
understanding of the people, it is still incomplete. He added that in the Foreign Investments Act of 1991 (FIA),
Congress tried to clarify this understanding by specifying what capital means for the purpose of determining
corporate citizenship, thus:
Sec. 3. Definitions. - As used in this Act:
a. The term "Philippine national" shall mean a citizen of the Philippines; of a domestic partnership or
association wholly owned by citizens of the Philippines; or a corporation organized under the laws of
the Philippines of which at least sixty percent (60%) of the capital stock outstanding and entitled to vote
is owned and held by citizens of the Philippines; or a corporation organized abroad and registered as
doing business in the Philippines under the Corporation Code of which one hundred percent (100%) of
the capital stock outstanding and entitled to vote is wholly owned by Filipinos or a trustee of funds for
pension or other employee retirement or separation benefits, where the trustee is a Philippine national
and at least sixty percent (60%) of the fund will accrue to the benefit of Philippine nationals: Provided,
That where a corporation and its non-Filipino stockholders own stocks in a Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC) registered enterprise, at least sixty percent (60%) of the capital stock outstanding
and entitled to vote of each of both corporations must be owned and held by citizens of the Philippines
and at least sixty percent (60%) of the members of the Board of Directors of each of both corporations
must be citizens of the Philippines, in order that the corporation, shall be considered a "Philippine
national." (As amended by Republic Act 8179)
Indeed, the majority opinion also resorted to the various investment Laws2 in construing the term "capital." But while
these laws admittedly govern foreign investments in the country, they do not expressly or impliedly seek to supplant
the ambiguity in the definition of the term "capital" nor do they seek to modify foreign ownership limitation in public
utilities. It is a rule that when the operation of the statute is limited, the law should receive a restricted construction.3
More particularly, much discussion was made on the FIA since it was enacted after the 1987 Constitution took effect.
Yet it does not seem to be a supplementary or enabling legislation which accurately defines the term "capital."
For one, it specifically applies only to companies which intend to invest in certain areas of investment. It does not
apply to companies which intend to apply for a franchise, much less to those which are already enjoying their
franchise. It aims "to attract, promote or welcome productive investments from foreign individuals, partnerships,
corporations and government, including their political subdivisions, in activities which significantly contribute to
national industrialization and socio-economic development."4 What the FIA provides are new rules for investing in
the country.
Moreover, with its adoption of the definition of the term "Philippine national," has the previous understanding that the
term "capital" referred to the total outstanding capital stock, as Fr. Bernas explained, been supplanted or modified?
While it is clear that the term "Philippine national" shall mean a corporation organized under Philippine laws at least
60% of the capital stock outstanding and entitled to vote is owned and held by Filipino citizens "as used in the
FIA," it is not evident whether Congress intended this definition to be used in all other cases where the term
"capital" presents itself as an issue.
Two. Granting that it is the Court, and not Congress, which must define the meaning of "capital," I submit that it
must be interpreted to encompass the entirety of a corporation’s outstanding capital stock (both common and
preferred shares, voting or non-voting).
First, the term "capital" is also used in the fourth sentence of Section 11, Article XII, as follows:
Section 11. xxx The participation of foreign investors in the governing body of any public utility
enterprise shall be limited to their proportionate share in its capital, and all the executive and managing
officers of such corporation or association must be citizens of the Philippines.
If the term "capital" as used in the first sentence is interpreted as pertaining only to shares of stock with the right to
vote in the election of directors, then such sentence will already prescribe the limit of foreign participation in the
election of the board of directors. On the basis of the first sentence alone, the capacity of foreign stockholders to
elect the directors will already be limited by their ownership of 40% of the voting shares. This will then render the
fourth sentence meaningless and will run counter to the principle that the provisions of the Constitution should be
read in consonance with its other related provisions.
Second, Dr. Bernardo M. Villegas, also an Amicus Curiae, who was the Chairman of the Committee on the National
Economy that drafted Article XII of the 1987 Constitution, emphasized that by employing the term "capital," the 1987
Constitution itself did not distinguish among classes of shares.
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
During their Committee meetings, Dr. Villegas explained that in both economic and business terms, the term
"capital" found in the balance sheet of any corporation always meant the entire capital stock, both common and
preferred. He added that even the non-voting shares in a corporation have a great influence in its major decisions
such as: (1) the amendment of the articles of incorporation; (2) the adoption and amendment of by-laws; (3) the
sale, lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge or other disposition of all or substantially all of the corporate property; (4)
incurring, creating or increasing bonded indebtedness; (5) the increase or decrease of capital stock; (6) the merger
or consolidation of the corporation with another corporation or other corporations; (7) the investment of corporate
funds in another corporation or business in accordance with this Code; and (8) the dissolution of the corporation.
Thus, the Committee decisively rejected in the end the proposal of the UP Law Center to define the term "capital" as
voting stock or controlling interest. To quote Dr. Villegas, "in the minds of the Commissioners the word ‘capital’ in
Section 11 of Article XII refers, not to voting stock, but to total subscribed capital, both common and preferred."
Finally, Dr. Villegas observed that our existing policy on foreign ownership in public utilities already discourages, as
it is, foreign investments to come in. To impose additional restrictions, such as the restrictive interpretation of the
term "capital," will only aggravate our already slow economic growth and incapacity to compete with our East Asian
neighbours.
The Court can simply adopt the interpretations given by Fr. Bernas and Dr. Villegas since they were both part of the
Constitutional Commission that drafted the 1987 Constitution. No one is in a better position to determine the intent
of the framers of the questioned provision than they are. Furthermore, their interpretations also coincide with the
long-standing practice to base the 60-40 proportion on the total outstanding capital stock, that is, both common and
preferred shares.
For sure, both common and preferred shares have always been considered part of the corporation’s capital stock.
Its shareholders are no different from ordinary investors who take on the same investment risks. They participate in
the same venture, willing to share in the profits and losses of the enterprise. Under the doctrine of equality of shares
– all stocks issued by the corporation are presumed equal with the same privileges and liabilities, provided that the
Articles of Incorporation is silent on such differences.5
As a final note, the Filipinization of public utilities under the 1987 Constitution is a recognition of the very strategic
position of public utilities both in the national economy and for national security.6 The participation of foreign capital
is enjoined since the establishment and operation of public utilities may require the investment of substantial capital
which Filipino citizens may not afford. But at the same time, foreign involvement is limited to prevent them from
assuming control of public utilities which may be inimical to national interest.7 Section 11, Article XII of the 1987
Constitution already provides three limitations on foreign participation in public utilities. The Court need not add
more by further restricting the meaning of the term ''capital" when none was intended by the flamers of the 1987
Constitution.
Based on these considerations, I vote to GRANT the motions for reconsideration.
ROBERTO A. ABAD
Associate Justice
Footnotes
1 Francisco, Jr. v. Toll Regulatory Board, G.R. No. 166910, October 19, 2010, 633 SCRA 470, 499.
2
These laws include the Investment Incentives Act of 1967, the Foreign Business Regulations Act of 1968,
the Omnibus Investments Code of 1981, the Omnibus Investments Code of 1987, and the Foreign
Investments Act of 1991.
3 Lokin, Jr. v. Commission on Elections, G.R. Nos. 179431-32 & 180443, June 22, 2010, 621 SCRA 385, 410.
4 Section 2, Foreign Investments Act of 1991.
5
Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 108576, January 20, 1999, 301 SCRA
152, 187.
6 BERNAS, JOAQUIN G., FOREIGN RELATIONS IN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, 1995 Ed., p. 87 citing Smith,
Bell and Co. v. Natividad, 40 Phil 136, 148 ( 1919); Luzon Stevedoring Corponaion v Anti-Dummy Board, 46
SCRA 474, 490 ( 1972); DE LEON, HECTORS., PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW (Principles and
Cases), 2004 Ed., Vol. 2, p. 940.
8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No. 176579
7 DE LEON, HECTOR S., PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW (Principles and Cas~s), 200:1 ic:J , Vol. 2, p.
946.

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8/23/23, 10:09 PM G.R. No.

Today is Wednesday, August 23, 2023

Republic of the Philippines

G.R. No. 176579 October 9, 2012

HEIRS OF WILSON P. GAMBOA,* Petitioners,

PABLITO V. SANIDAD and ARNO V. SANIDAD, Petitioner-in-Intervention.

We deny the motions for reconsideration.

This is egregious error.

SEC Opinion, correct?

That’s correct, Your Honor.

Can the Commission En Banc delegate this function to an SEC officer?

Yes, Your Honor, we have delegated it to the General Counsel.

It can be delegated. What cannot be delegated by the Commission En Banc to a commissioner

Novel opinions that [have] to be decided by the En Banc...

That’s correct, Your Honor.

Correct, Your Honor.

They are not rules and regulations.

Yes, Your Honor.14 (Emphasis supplied)

Compliance with the constitutional limitation(s) on engaging in nationalized activities must be

MR. VILLEGAS. That is right.

MR. VILLEGAS. That is right.

MR. VILLEGAS. Yes, that is the understanding of the Committee.

MR. NOLLEDO. Therefore, we need additional Filipino capital?

Fortifying the State policy of a Filipino-controlled economy, the Constitution decrees:

With respect to public utilities, the 1987 Constitution specifically ordains:

SEC. 3. Definitions. - As used in this Act:

Correct, Your Honor.

Yes, Your Honor.

Correct, Your Honor.

Correct, Your Honor.

Correct, Your Honor.

Correct, Your Honor.

Correct, Your Honor.33 (Emphasis supplied)

1. Opinion of 23 March 1993, addressed to Mr. Francis F. How;

6. SEC-OGC Opinion No. 17-07, addressed to Mr. Reynaldo G. David; and

PART III. FOREIGN INVESTMENTS WITHOUT INCENTIVES

MR. VILLEGAS. That is right.

MR. VILLEGAS. That is right.

MR. NOLLEDO. Thank you.

MR. VILLEGAS. Yes, that is the understanding of the Committee.

MR. NOLLEDO. Therefore, we need additional Filipino capital?

MR. VILLEGAS. Yes.39

MR. VILLEGAS. Yes.

MR. VILLEGAS. That is right.

MR. AZCUNA. We should not eliminate the phrase "controlling interest."

THE PRESIDENT. Commissioner Jamir is recognized.

THE PRESIDENT: Will Commissioner Jamir first explain?

MR. ROMULO. Madam President.

THE PRESIDENT. Commissioner Romulo is recognized.

MS. ROSARIO BRAID. Madam President.

THE PRESIDENT. Commissioner Rosario Braid is recognized.

THE PRESIDENT. The Commissioner may proceed.

MS. ROSARIO BRAID. Madam President.

THE PRESIDENT. This is still on Section 15.

MS. ROSARIO BRAID. Yes.

MR. VILLEGAS. Yes, Madam President.

FR. BERNAS. Madam President.

THE PRESIDENT. Commissioner Bernas is recognized.

MR. BENGZON. Let us hear it.

FR. BERNAS. "THE PARTICIPATION OF FOREIGN INVESTORS IN THE GOVERNING BODY OF