Kinematics Tutorial soln

JURONG PIONEER JUNIOR COLLEGE

9749 H2 PHYSICS / 8867 H1 PHYSICS

KINEMATICS TUTORIAL SOLUTIONS

1 (a) Yes it is possible. An object is moving with constant velocity on a frictionless surface
or an object falling with terminal velocity in air.
(b) Yes it is possible. An object thrown upwards and resting momentarily at its maximum
height experiences acceleration of free fall.
(c) Yes it is possible. (1) An object being thrown upwards experiences acceleration of free
fall. Taking upward to be positive, its velocity is positive while its acceleration is
negative. (2) A car (moving to the right) that is slowing down. Taking right to be
positive, the velocity is positive (in the direction of motion) while the acceleration is
negative (in the opposite direction to that of motion). Refer notes p7: graph (e).

2 Velocity is determined by gradient of s-t graph. Gradient in first half of s-t graph is positive
and decreasing in magnitude, second half is negative and increasing in magnitude.
Gradient is zero in the middle. [ Ans: C ]

3 For the portion of the graph between 0 and point B, acceleration is positive, implying that
acceleration is in the same direction as direction of motion of object. Hence, object’s speed
keeps increasing until it reaches its maximum speed at point B. After point B, acceleration
becomes negative. This implies that the acceleration is now directed opposite to the
direction of motion. Hence, speed of the object will start to decrease after point B.
[ Ans: B ]

4
s/m a / ms−2

50
40 5
27.5
10 t/s
2 5 7 10
0 2 5 7 10 t/s
-5

5 (a) (i) The height may be determined by the area under the graph prior to hitting the
1
ground (i.e. height of drop =  v1  t1  ).
2
(ii) t4

(b)

2022/JPJC/H2 Physics 1
 Kinematics Tutorial soln

6 (a) (i) Take downward as positive, given u = 0 m s−1, s = 125 m, a = g = 9.81 m s−2.
1 2s 2(125)
Using s = ut + at2  t =  = 5.05 s
2 g 9.81

(ii) Using v = u + at , final velocity is v = 0 + (9.81)(5.05) = 49.5 m s1

(b) Take downward as positive, given s = 125 m, a = g = 9.81 m s2, t = 4.0 s.

1 1
Using s = ut + at2 , we have 125 = u(4.0) + (9.81)(4.0)2
2 2
 the initial downward velocity, u = 11.6 m s1

(c) (i) Take downward as positive, given u = −40.0 m s−1 , s = 125 m, a = g = 9.81 m s2
1 1
Using s = ut + at2 , we have 125 = (−40.0)t + (9.81)t2
2 2
 4.905t2 − 40t −125 = 0
 t = 10.6 s or t = −2.41 s (rejected since t > 0)

(ii) Take upward as positive, given u = 40.0 m s−1 , a = 9.81 m s2

Using v2 = u2 + 2as , let h be the maximum height from point of projection.
0 = 40.02 + 2(9.81)h  h = 81.5 m
Maximum height reached from bottom of cliff = 125 + 81.5 = 207 m

7 (a) (i) Let t1 be the time taken for the bottom edge to reach the light beam.
1
Using s = ut + at2 , where u = 0 m s−1, s = 1.00 m, g = 9.79 m s−2
2
2s1 2 1
t1    0.452 s
g 9.79

(ii) Let t2 be the time taken for the top edge to reach the light beam.
Since the time taken for plate to pass through the beam is 0.052 s,
t2 = t1 + 0.052 = 0.504 s
Using s2 = ut2 + 21 a(t2)2 , where u = 0 m s−1, a = g = 9.79 m s−2
s2 = 0 + 1
2
(9.79)(0.504)2  s2 = 1.24 m
Length of metal plate = 1.24  1.00 = 0.24 m

(b) 1. The effect of air resistance may cause the time taken to be of a higher value.
2. The metal plate does not fall vertically downwards with the base remaining
horizontal throughout. It may tilt as it falls and cause the time to be different.

8 (a) (i) Taking upward to be positive,

v 2  u 2  2as
0 = 20.02 + 2(9.81)s
Therefore, maximum height s = 20.4 m.

(ii) s  ut  21 at 2
0 = 20.0 t + 21 (9.81)t2
4.905 t2 – 20 t = 0
t = 0 or 4.08 s

Therefore, the time required is 4.08 s.

2022/JPJC/H2 Physics 2
 Kinematics Tutorial soln

(b) (i) v / m s1 (ii) s/m

20.4
20

0 t2 t/s
t1 t3

20 0 t/s
t1 t2 t3

(c) Air resistance always opposes motion of ball.

v1 v2

FR
Ball moving upward Ball moving upward in the
mg under free fall mg presence of air resistance

(i) With air resistance, there are now two forces decelerating the ball. The ball hence
experiences greater deceleration. As the deceleration is greater, the time taken for
velocity to decrease to zero, at maximum height, is shorter.

(ii) Since both Earth’s gravitational pull and air resistance are pointing downwards, this
causes the object’s velocity to decrease at a faster rate. The maximum height reached
by the object is hence lower than the case without air resistance.

(d)
v1 v2 R

R Ball moving upward in the Ball moving downward in the

presence of air resistance R presence of air resistance R
mg mg
Net deceleration Net acceleration
au = g + ar ad = g – ar
R
*ar has a non constant magnitude. ar =
m

For both cases, the distance travelled by the ball is the same. Since magnitude-wise,
ad < au, the average downward velocity is smaller than the average upward velocity. So
the ball takes a longer time to fall than to rise. Therefore, td is greater than tu.
velocity / m s1

tu td t/s

2022/JPJC/H2 Physics 3
 Kinematics Tutorial soln

9 (a) sA = (40)(20) = 800 m

50  25
(b) aB = = 1.25 m s2
20

(c) sB = 21 (20)(25 + 50) = 750 m

(d) For B to catch up with A, they must have the same displacement from t = 0.
sA = sB
800 + 40t = 750 + 50t
t = 5.0 s

(e) sA = sB = 800 + 40(5.0) = 1000 m

(f) sA = 40t OR Let t1 be the time when the two graphs

sB = 25t + 1
2
2
(1.25)t = 25t + 0.625t 2
intersect, when speed of B is 40 m s1.
40  25
sAB = 40t  25t  0.625t2 So, aB = = 1.25 (from (b))
t1
40  25
= 15t  0.625t2  t1 = = 12 s
1.25
ds A  B
For maximum sAB , let =0 Before t1, B is slower than A. After t1, B
dt
 15  2(0.625)t = 0  t = 12 s is faster than A. So the maximum
Maximum sAB = 15(12)  0.625(12)2 distance between cars occurs at t1.
= 90 m Refer left column for answer.

10 (a) The gradient of the graph, which represents acceleration of the ball, varies with
speed. Hence, the resultant force on the ball varies. Since weight is constant, the air
resistance experienced by the ball must be changing.

(b) When the velocity of the ball is zero, it is at the highest point of its motion. Only weight
acts on the ball at this point hence it experiences acceleration of free fall. The
magnitude can be obtained from the gradient of the tangent of the graph at this point.

(c) (i) Maximum height, H = Area under graph

H may be determined (approximately) by dividing the area into 3 sections:
(1) t = 0 to 0.5 s, (2) t = 0.5 s to 1.0 s, (3) t = 1.0 s to 1.75 s
1 1 1
H   0.5 15.25  25    0.5  8.25  15.25    0.75  8.25 
2 2 2
= 19 m

energy lost 21 m  25   m  9.8119 

2

(ii)   0.40
2 m  25 
2
initial KE 1

21.5
(d) (i) a = gradient of tangent =   13 m s2 [ refer graph in (e) ]
1 .6

(ii) mg + R = ma
R = ma – mg = m(a – g)
= (0.350)(13 – 9.81)
= 1.1 N

2022/JPJC/H2 Physics 4
 Kinematics Tutorial soln

(e)

Points to note:
 The gradient must
continue to decrease
 When the ball is back at
ground level, the area
under the graph in the two
sections must be equal.

11 (a)

Vertical component of initial velocity, uy = 15 sin 40 = 9.64 m s1

sy = uyt + 21 aYt2
45 = (9.64)t + 1
2
(9.81)t2
(4.905)t2  (9.64)t  45 = 0
( 9.64)  ( 9.64)2  4(4.905)( 45)
t= = 4.16 s
2(4.905)

(b) Horizontal component of initial velocity, ux = 15 cos 40 = 11.5 m s1

sx = uxt = (11.5)(4.16) = 47.8 m

(c) Just before hitting the ground:

vx = ux = 11.5 m s1 (uniform velocity in the horizontal direction)
v y  uy  ay t  (15 sin 40 )  ( 9.81)(4.16)  31.2 m s1
v  v x 2  v y 2  11.5 2  31.22  33.3 m s 1
vy 31.2
tan θ  
v x 11.5
θ  69 .8  (below the horizontal)

2022/JPJC/H2 Physics 5
 Kinematics Tutorial soln

12 (a) Let its initial velocity be u, projected at an angle of  above the horizontal.
Take rightward as positive, Take upward as positive,
ux = u cos  uy = u sin 
sx = uxt = (u cos )t sy = uyt + 21 ayt2 = (u sin )t + 1
2
(9.81)t2
40 = (u cos )(3.0) 10 = (u sin )(3.0) + 1
2
(9.81)(3.0)2
u cos  = 13.333 - - - (1) u sin  = 11.382 - - - (2)
(2) u sin 11.382
:   tan  = 0.854   = 40.5
(1) u cos  13.333

(b) Launch speed, u = u x2  u y2 = (13.333)2  (11.382)2 = 17.5 m s−1

(c) Let its final velocity be v, at an angle of φ from the horizontal.

vy
Horizontally, v x  u x  13.333 m s−1
Vertically, vy = uy + at = 11.382 + (9.81)(3.0) = 18.05 m s1 vx
13.333  v
2 1
v  vx  vy 
2 2
 (18.05)  22.4 m s ,
2

vy 18.05
tan φ    φ  53.5 (below the horizontal)
vx 13.333

13 (a) (i) Taking upward as positive,

u y  25 sin 45  17.7 m s–1

(ii) v y 2  u y 2  2as y
At maximum height, v y  0 .
0   25 sin 45   2  9.81 s y  sy = 16 m (shown)
2

(iii) 1. At height 16 m (maximum height), velocity is horizontal,

i.e. v = ux = u cos 45
1 1 1
K .E .  mv 2  m  u cos 45  = mu 2  cos 45 
2 2

2 2 2
= K (0.5) = 0.5K

gain in G.P.E. = loss in K.E.

G.P.E.at 16m – 0 = K – 0.5K
G.P.E.at 16m = 0.5K

1
2. At height 8.0 m, G.P .E .at 8 m  G.P .E .at16 m (since change in G.P.E. = mgh)
2
1
= (0.5K) = 0.25K
2

loss in K.E. = gain in G.P.E.

K  K .E .at 8.0 m  0.25K  0  K .E .at 8.0 m  0.75K

2022/JPJC/H2 Physics 6
 Kinematics Tutorial soln

(b) (i)

(ii)

14 (a) Horizontally:
x  (u cos  )t
x
t ........... (1)
u cos 

Vertically:
1
h  (u sin  )t  ( g )t 2
2
1
h  (u sin  )t  gt 2 ............ (2)
2

Sub (1) into (2):

 x  g x2 
h  u sin   
 2 u 2 cos2  

 u cos    
gx 2
h  x tan  
2u 2 cos2 
gx 2
h   x tan   2
2u cos2 

 9.81 23.3 
2

(b) 2  23.3 tan 40 

2u 2 cos2 40
 9.81 23.3 
2

 2  23.3 tan 40
2u 2 cos2 40 
 9.81 23.3 
2

u

2 cos2 40 2  23.3 tan 40 
 14.5 m s1

2022/JPJC/H2 Physics 7
 Kinematics Tutorial soln

15 (a) Vertically, take upward as positive:

1
Using sy  u y t  ay t 2
2
1
h = (15.0 sin 50)t  gt 2 - - - - (1)
2

Horizontally, take rightward as positive:

Using s x  u x t
x = (15.0 cos 50)t - - - - (2)

h
(b)  tan 30 - - - - (3)
x

(1) h (15.0 sin 50 )t  21 gt 2 (15.0 sin 50 )t 1

gt 2
(c) :  
  2

(2) x (15.0 cos 50 )t (15.0 cos 50 )t (15.0 cos 50 )t



1
gt 2
 tan 50   2

(15.0 cos 50 )t

1
gt 2
Sub into (3): tan 50  2
= tan 30
(15.0 cos 50 )t
1
gt
 tan 50  tan 30  2

15.0 cos 50

 t = 1.208 s = 1.21 s

(d) vx = ux = 15.0 cos 50 = 9.642 m s1

vy = uy + ayt = 15.0 sin 50 + (9.81)(1.208) = 0.3598 m s1

v  v x2  v y2  (9.642)2  (0.3598)2 = 9.65 m s1

vy 0.3598
tan  = 
vx 9.642
 = 2.1

Velocity of stone is 9.65 m s1 at an angle of 2.1 below horizontal.

1 2
(e) From (1), h = (15.0 sin 50)t  gt
2
1
= (15.0 sin 50)(1.208)  (9.81)(1.208)2 = 6.723 m
2

From (2), x = (15.0 cos 50)(1.208) = 11.65 m

Distance OA = displacement = x 2  h2 = (11.65)2  (6.723)2 = 13.45 m

2022/JPJC/H2 Physics 8