Test Bank For An Introduction To Theories of Personality 8E

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Instructor’s Manual with Tests

for
Olson and Hergenhahn
An Introduction to
Theories of Personality
Eighth Edition
prepared by
Matthew H. Olson
Hamline University
Prentice Hall
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Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 Pearson Education, Inc., Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as
Prentice Hall, 1 Lake St., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in
the United States of America. The contents, or parts thereof, may be reproduced with An
Introduction to Theories of Personality, Eighth Edition, by Olson and Hergenhahn, provided
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 14 13 12 11 10
ISBN-10: 0-205-80959-6
www.pearsonhighered.com ISBN-13: 978-0-205-80959-2
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: What Is Personality? 1

Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud 12
Chapter 3: Carl Jung 33
Chapter 4: Alfred Adler 51
Chapter 5: Karen Horney 67
Chapter 6: Erik H. Erikson 81
Chapter 7: Gordon Allport 98
Chapter 8: Raymond B. Cattell and Hans J. Eysenck 114
Chapter 9: B. F. Skinner 132
Chapter 10: John Dollard and Neal Miller 149
Chapter 11: Albert Bandura and Walter Mischel 164
Chapter 12: David M. Buss 178
Chapter 13: George Kelly 196
Chapter 14: Carl Rogers 211
Chapter 15: Abraham Maslow 225
Chapter 16: Rollo Reese May 240
Chapter 17: A Final Word 255
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 1: WHAT IS PERSONALITY?
Chapter Outline
I. Proposed Determinants of Personality

A. Genetics
B. Traits
C. Sociocultural determinants
D. Learning
E. Existential-humanistic considerations
F. Unconscious mechanisms
G. Cognitive processes
H. Personality as a composite of the above factors
II. Questions Confronting the Personality Theorist
A. What is the relative importance of the past, present, and future?
B. What motivates human behavior?
C. How important is the concept of self?
D. How important are unconscious mechanisms?
E. Is human behavior freely chosen or is it determined?
F. What can be learned by asking people about themselves?
G. Uniqueness versus commonality
H. Are people controlled externally or internally?
I. How are the mind and the body related?
J. What is the nature of human nature?
K. How consistent is human behavior?
III. How Do We Find the Answers?
A. Science as an epistemological pursuit
B. Science as a combination of rationalism and empiricism
C. The roles of scientific theory: Synthesizing and heuristic functions
D. The principle of verification
IV. Science and Personality Theory
A. Kuhn’s view of science and scientific paradigms
B. Popper’s view of science and the principle of falsifiability
1.1 Multiple Choice Questions
1) The term personality is derived from the Latin word persona, which means
A) mask.
B) mind.
C) brain.
D) the person.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 1
Skill: Factual
1
An Introduction to Theories of Personality
2) According to Kluckhohn and Murray, every human being is

A) like every other human being.
B) like some other human beings.
C) like no other human beings.
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 1, 2
Skill: Applied
3) According to the authors of your text, probably the most common lay explanation of personality is
based on
A) learning.
B) cultural norms.
C) genetics.
D) existential-humanistic considerations.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 2
Skill: Conceptual
4) The statement “He has an Irish temper” implies which of the following explanations of personality?
A) cultural expectations
B) learning
C) inherited characteristics
D) unconscious mechanisms
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 2
Skill: Conceptual
5) Findings by Bouchard and others suggest that the role of genetics in personality development is
A) substantial.
B) minimal.
C) nonexistent.
D) substantial in other animals but minimal in humans.
Answer: A
Skill: Applied
6) The question “How much of an attribute is accounted for by heredity and how much of it is accounted
for by experience?” defines the
A) mind-body problem.
B) nativism-empiricism controversy.
C) existential-humanistic controversy.
D) uniqueness-lawfulness controversy.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3
Skill: Conceptual
2
Chapter 1: What Is Personality?
7) A person who believes that a person’s IQ level is determined mainly by experience can be considered
a(n)
A) empiricist.
B) existentialist.
C) humanist.
D) nativist.
Answer: A
Skill: Conceptual
8) The researcher who is interested in knowing what organizations you belong to and the economic level
of your family is stressing determinants of personality.
A) genetic
B) sociocultural
C) existential-humanistic
D) unconscious
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4
Skill: Conceptual
9) Those emphasizing the learning process in their explanation of personality are

A) nativists.
B) existentialists.
C) humanists.
D) empiricists.
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4
Skill: Conceptual
10) Those theorists who say, “We are what we have been rewarded for being,” emphasize in their
explanation of personality.
A) learning
B) genetics
C) early experience
D) unconscious mechanisms
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4
Skill: Conceptual
11) According to the theorist emphasizing the learning process in the explanation of personality, the
difference between a successful person and an unsuccessful person is found in
A) cultural norms.
B) early experience.
C) the genes.
D) patterns of reward and punishment.
Answer: D
Skill: Conceptual
3
12) According to the theorist emphasizing the learning process in the explanation of personality, control
__________ and you can control personality development.
A) inheritance
B) cultural expectations
C) patterns of reward and punishment
D) early experience
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5
Skill: Conceptual
13) Theorists who emphasize the importance of either sociocultural determinants or learning in their
explanations of personality are said to accept
A) nativism.
B) unconscious thought processes.
C) free will.
D) environmentalism.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5
Skill: Conceptual
14) Which of these questions is the existential-humanistic theorist likely to ask?

A) Why are you the way you are?
B) What have you been rewarded for being?
C) What does it mean to be you?
D) Why doesn’t anyone like you?
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 5
Skill: Conceptual
15) Who is most likely to ask the question, “What is the significance of your awareness that you
ultimately must die?”
A) a learning theorist
B) a psychoanalytic theorist
C) an existential theorist
D) a geneticist
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5
Skill: Conceptual
16) The theorist assumes that a person knows a great deal about the determinants of his or her own
personality.
A) learning
B) trait
D) psychoanalytic
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 5
Skill: Conceptual
4
17) The so-called theorist is most interested in studying lapses of memory.

A) learning
B) trait
D) depth
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 5
Skill: Conceptual
18) The theorist emphasizing the unconscious assumes the person knows ______ determinants of his or
her own personality.
A) the unconscious
B) only the conscious
C) the existential-humanistic
D) few if any
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 6
Skill: Conceptual
19) According to Freud’s or Jung’s theories, the ultimate causes of behavior are
A) unconscious.
B) learned.
C) traits.
D) cultural norms.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 6
Skill: Applied
20) Which theory posits that your present experience and future goals are important determinants of
personality?
A) Learning Theory
B) Existential-Humanistic Theory
C) Trait Theory
D) Cognitive Theory
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 6
Skill: Conceptual
21) Behavior that is pulled by the future rather than pushed by the past is called ________ behavior.
A) teleological
B) hedonistic
C) humanistic
D) existential
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 7
Skill: Conceptual
5
22) Hedonism refers to

A) the search for meaning.
B) the tendency to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
C) goal-directed behavior.
D) attraction to men named Don.
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 7
Skill: Factual
23) The believes that all of the influences acting on a person at a given time can actually be known.
A) determinist
B) existentialist
C) free-willist
D) none of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 8
Skill: Conceptual
24) The intense study of the individual case is called research.

A) idiographic
B) nomothetic
C) introspective
D) humanistic
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9
Skill: Factual
25) The study of the average performance of groups of individuals is called research.
A) idiographic
B) nomothetic
C) introspective
D) humanistic
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9
Skill: Factual
26) Variables controlling a person’s behavior internally are called

A) person variables.
B) situation variables.
C) introspective variables.
D) unconscious variables.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9
Skill: Factual
6
27) Variables controlling a person’s behavior externally are called

A) person variables.
B) situation variables.
C) introspective variables.
D) unconscious variables.
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9
Skill: Factual
28) The mind-body problem consists of determining how

A) our behavior can be both freely chosen and determined at the same time.
B) mental events and bodily events are related to each other.
C) bodily experiences are similar to mental experiences.
D) the mind can inhibit undesirable behavior.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 9
Skill: Conceptual
29) Which of the following positions on the mind-body problem states that there is really no problem
because the mind does not exist?
A) physical monism
B) epiphenomenalism
C) parallelism
D) interactionism
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9
Skill: Factual
30) Which of the following positions on the mind-body problem claims that mental events are merely
irrelevant byproducts of bodily events?
A) physical monism
B) epiphenomenalism
C) parallelism
D) interactionism
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9
Skill: Factual
31) Which of the following positions on the mind-body problem claims that external events trigger mental
and bodily events at the same time?
A) physical monism
B) epiphenomenalism
C) parallelism
D) interactionism
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9
Skill: Factual
7
32) The theory of human nature states that people become what they experience.
A) rationalistic
B) empirical
C) existential
D) animalistic
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10
Skill: Conceptual
33) The conception of human nature claims that we inherit behavioral predispositions from our
evolutionary past, but these predispositions can be modified by rational thought or by cultural
influence.
A) empirical
B) evolutionary
C) existential
D) mechanistic
Answer: B
Skill: Factual
34) The theory of human nature assumes that we are born basically good.
A) rationalistic
B) existential
C) animalistic
D) humanistic
Answer: D
Skill: Factual
35) Traditionally, most personality theorists have assumed that

A) people are basically selfish and animalistic.
B) people are consistent.
C) people have the tendency to lie and deceive.
D) people are basically good.
Answer: B
Skill: Factual
36) _________ is the study of knowledge.

A) Introspection
B) Empiricism
C) Epistemology
D) Rationalism
Answer: C
Skill: Factual
8
37) __________ is the belief that sensory experience is the basis of all knowledge.
A) Determinism
B) Rationalism
C) Empiricism
D) Hedonism
Answer: C
Skill: Factual
38) Scientific theory combines and .

A) introspection; nativism
B) hedonism; epistemology
C) determinism; free will
D) rationalism; empiricism
Answer: D
Skill: Factual
39) A theory’s ability to explain several different observations is its ______ function.
A) synthetic
B) heuristic
C) empirical
D) deterministic
Answer: A
Skill: Factual
40) A theory’s ability to generate new research is referred to as its ______ function.
A) synthetic
B) heuristic
C) empirical
D) deterministic
Answer: B
Skill: Factual
41) According to Hall and Lindzey, the most important question to ask when evaluating a personality
theory is:
A) Does it generate empirical research?
B) Would it be approved by physical scientists?
C) Does it seem reasonable?
D) Does it explain everything that is known about personality?
Answer: A
Skill: Applied
9
42) In order to be useful, a scientific theory must

A) explain all phenomena in a research area.
B) generate new research.
C) be incapable of being proven incorrect.
D) all of the above
Answer: B
Skill: Conceptual
43) According to “the principle of verification,” a theory is only useful if it

A) is correct.
B) is understood by scientists.
C) has interesting premises and conclusions.
D) can be tested.
Answer: D
Skill: Conceptual
44) Thomas Kuhn called a point of view shared by a large number of scientists a
A) paradigm.
B) theory.
C) beam of light.
D) heuristic approach.
Answer: A
Skill: Applied
45) According to the authors of your text, the most important thing about paradigms is that
A) logically, only one can be correct.
B) they all generate different research methodologies.
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B
Answer: B
Skill: Conceptual
46) According to Popper, before a theory can be considered scientific it must

A) make risky predictions.
B) be falsifiable.
C) make nothing but correct predictions.
D) both A and B above
Answer: D
Skill: Applied
10
47) Popper’s principle of falsifiability is quite similar to

A) the principle of verification.
B) the Kuhn dictum.
C) the rationality debate.
D) the existential paradigm.
Answer: A
Skill: Applied
48) According to Marx and Goodson, progress in science occurs when

A) theories are wrong.
B) good people work together to solve problems.
C) technology makes the impossible possible.
D) all of the above
Answer: A
Skill: Applied
49) Which of the following would Popper consider to be nonscientific?

A) astrology
B) Freud’s theory of personality
C) Einstein’s theory of relativity
D) both A and B
Skill: Applied
50) According to Popper’s criteria, many theories of personality

A) are a scientifically sound as Einstein’s theory.
B) are based on pre-paradigmatic science.
C) are not scientific.
D) all of the above
Answer: C
Skill: Applied
1.2 Questions for Essay or Discussion
1. In your opinion, what are the most important questions about human personality? In other words, what
questions about human nature should be contained in a theory of personality?
2. In your opinion, can human personality be studied scientifically? Why or why not?
3. How important is it for a theory of personality to make risky, testable statements? Explain your answer.
11
CHAPTER 2: SIGMUND FREUD
Chapter Outline
I. Biographical Sketch
A. Born May 6, 1856, in Freiberg, Austria (now Pribor, Czech Republic)
B. Entered medical school at University of Vienna at 17 years of age
C. Entered private practice as a clinical neurologist in 1886
D. Married in 1886
E. Died September 23, 1939
II. Early Influences on Freud's Theory
A. Studied with Charcot (1885): Experiments with hypnotism
B. Visit with Bernheim (1889): Further experiments with hypnotism
C. Collaboration with Breuer (late 1870s) and the case of Anna O.
D. The development of free association
III. Instincts and Their Characteristics
A. All aspects of human personality are derived from biological instincts.
B. Characteristics of instinct
1. Source (biological deficiency)
2. Aim (correct the deficiency/restore balance)
3. Object (goal that satisfies)
4. Impetus (strength and direction of motive)
C. Life and death instincts
1. Libido or Eros/the Life Instincts
2. Thanatos/the Death Instinct
IV. Divisions of the Mind
A. The id (pure, unconscious instinctual energy)
1. Governed by the pleasure principle
2. Acts through reflexes and wish fulfillment (primary processes)
B. The ego (brings individual into contact with real goal objects)
1. Identification (matching id images with real objects)
2. Governed by the reality principle
3. Reality testing (secondary processes)
C. The superego (the moral arm of personality)
1. Conscience (from past punishments)
2. Ego ideal (from past rewards)
V. Cathexis and Anticathexis
A. Influenced by Helmholtz’s principle of conservation of energy
1. Applied the principle to psychic energy
B. Cathexis
1. Investment of psychic energy in wish-images as ideas or fantasies
2. Persists until the wish is satisfied
C. Anticathexis
1. Investment of psychic energy to prevent undesirable cathexes
D. Displacement
1. Superego and ego divert undesirable cathexes to alternative objects
12

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Instructor’s Manual with Tests

Olson and Hergenhahn

Chapter 1: What Is Personality? 1

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 1: WHAT IS PERSONALITY?

I. Proposed Determinants of Personality

1.1 Multiple Choice Questions

2) According to Kluckhohn and Murray, every human being is

9) Those emphasizing the learning process in their explanation of personality are

14) Which of these questions is the existential-humanistic theorist likely to ask?

17) The so-called theorist is most interested in studying lapses of memory.

22) Hedonism refers to

24) The intense study of the individual case is called research.

26) Variables controlling a person’s behavior internally are called

27) Variables controlling a person’s behavior externally are called

28) The mind-body problem consists of determining how

35) Traditionally, most personality theorists have assumed that

36) _________ is the study of knowledge.

38) Scientific theory combines and .

42) In order to be useful, a scientific theory must

43) According to “the principle of verification,” a theory is only useful if it

46) According to Popper, before a theory can be considered scientific it must

47) Popper’s principle of falsifiability is quite similar to

48) According to Marx and Goodson, progress in science occurs when

49) Which of the following would Popper consider to be nonscientific?

50) According to Popper’s criteria, many theories of personality

1.2 Questions for Essay or Discussion

CHAPTER 2: SIGMUND FREUD

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