PART-B: SAND-REPLA . OBJECTIVE: To determine dry density of soils in-place’ in-situ/ in field by the sand-replacement method. . THEORY: The in-place density of soil needed for determination of bearing capacity of soils, stability analysis, for the determination of degree of compaction of compacted soil, for the determination of pressures on underlying strata for calculation of settlement, for determination of lateral pressures ete. The core-cutter method is suitable for fine-grained soils (soil 90% of which passes the 4.15mm-IS sieve) free from aggregations. It is less accurate than the sand-replacement method and is not recommended, unless speed is essential or unless the soil is well compacted. The sand-replacement method is suitable for fine, medium and coarse-grained soils, For fine and medium grained soils a small pouring cylinder is required. For fine and medium grained soils a large pouring cylinder is required. . APPARATUS: i) Sand: Clean sand, uniformly graded natural sand passing the 1.00mm IS Sieve and retained on the 600i IS Sieve shall be used. It shall be fiee from organic matter, and shall have been oven dried and stored for a 7 days period to allow its water content to reach equilibrium with atmospheric humidity. The sand should not be stored in air-tight containers and should be thoroughly mixed before use. Ss Handle lomn T i i i 1 i i i 1 Shutter i Cone portion i ou. {— niote in the Ground oe inder for the Determination of DensitySand-Pouring Cylinder, iii) Weighing balance (accurate to 1g). iv) Cylindrical calibrating container, V) Plane Glass or Perspex Plate, vi) Metal Tray with hole, vii) Tools for excavating holes, and viii) Apparatus for Determination of Water content. 4, PROCEDURE: (A) Determination of the Density of Sand used in the Sand-Pouring Cylinder: @ Gi) ii) (iv) “ wi) Fill the sand pouring cylinder with sand up to about 10mm (1em) below the top edge of the cylinder, weigh it wit its shutter closed (Wis). Keep the cylinder on a plane glass plate; allow the sand to run out by opening the shutter when no further movement of sand is observed in the cylinder. Weigh the sand-pouring cylinder (W:). Determine the volume of the cylindrical calibrating container (V.) by measuring its internal dimensions. Place the sand-pouring cylinder concentrically on the top of the calibrating container, open the shutter and allow the sand to run out. Close the shutter when no further movement of sand is observed in the eylinder. Remove the cylinder and determine its weigh (Wss). The density of the dry sand as given below: Weight ofthe sand occupying the conical potion inthe _ yy, bottom of the cylinder Weight of the sand occupying the conical portion and the (Was-W3s) calibrating container We ight of the sand filling the calibrating container Weand = (Was-Wss)-(Wis-Wa2s) Volume of the eylindri calibrating container = Ve +. Density of the calibrated sand = 7 ayy 22(B) Determination of the field density of the soil 0) cn) Gi) (i) o) wi) Fill the sand pouring cylinder with the calibrating sand up to 10mm below the top of the cylinder and determine its weight (W.), Weigh the tray with the central hole (W2). Place the tray on a prepared surface of the soil; make a pit by excavating the soil using the hole in the tray as a pattern, to a depth of about 125mm (12.5 cm). Collect the excavated soil carefully into the tray, leaving no loose material in the hole. Weigh the tray with the excavated soil (Ws). Place the sand-pouring cylinder concentrically on the pit. Open the shutter and allow the sand to run out into the hole. After ensuring that no further sand is running out, close the shutter. Remove the eylinder and weigh it (W.). Collect a representative sample of the excavated soil in moisture can and keeps it in the hot-air oven for moisture content (%) determination. The bulk density of the soil (7s) is determined as follows: Weight of the soil excavated from the pit = W (W3 -W2) Weight of dry sand occupying pit and conical portion at the — (Wi Ws) bottom of the cylinder ‘Weight of the sand occupying the conical portion in the = (Wis - W2s) bottom of the eylinder (Wi-WaWis-Wos) Weight of the dry sand occupying the pit of the calibrated sand Weight of the dry sand occupying the pit Volume of the pit Densi (Wy = Wy) - Wis = Was) since Yeon Bulk density of the in -situ soil = 7, = Tele The dry density of the soil shall be calculated from the following formula to rw 8/ee Dry density of thesoil= 7, =7 where, y= Bulk density and w = water content of the soil (in decimals). 235. OBSEI VATIONS AND CALC! LATIONS ‘The observations are entered in the Tables 1 and 2. Table 1: Calibration of Sand Observations and Calculations Determination 2 1, _| Weight of sand pouring cylinder + sand (Wis), in g Weight of sand pouring cylinder alter running down > | the sand on glass plate (Wa), in g 3, _| Diameter of calibrating container, d, in em 4,_| Height of calibrating container, h, in em 3._| Volume of calibrating container (Vo), in om g__| Weight oF sand pouring eylinder after running, down the sand in calibrating container (W3s), in g 7_ | Weight of the sand occupying the conical portion in the bottom of the cylinder = (Wis - Was), in g g._ | Weight ofthe sand occupying the conical portion and the calibrating container = (Was — Was), in g Weight of the sand filling the ca = Woand = (Was — Was) - (Wis - Was), in g ibrating container 9. - Ms ant =F 10. | Density of the calibrated sand = y, g/cc Table 2: Determination of Soil Determination No. Observations and Calculations 2 Weight of sand pouring cylinder * sand (W,), ing 2,_| Weight of tay with central hole (We), ing 3,_| Weight of tray + soil excavated Irom the pit (Ws), ing i__ | Naight of sand pouring cylinder after running down the sand into the pit (W,), in g g_| Weight of the soi excavated Trom the pit=W= (We Wo), ing 24Weight of the sand occupying the pit and conical portion at the bottom of the cylinder = (Wi - Wa), in g Weight of the dry sand occupying the pit = (Wi —Wa) - (Wis = Was), in g WW W)- W.-W) 8, | Volume of the pit -V . ince Yoand 9. | Bulk density of then situ soil = 7, = 10. | Water content container No. TI, | Weight of container with lid Wy, ing 12._| Weight of container with lid and wet soil Wo, ing 13._| Weight of container with lid and dry soil Ws, in g 14, | Water content (w) of the soil = W.-W), 100% (Ww, -W,) 15. | Dry density of the soil= y, =", g/ee 6. RESULT: The Average dry density of in-place soil = 7, INFERENCE: Date of Experimentation Signature of the in-charge 25