PH1 - Stats

1) What are the different measures of tendency?
Numbers that represent the average or typical value within a distribution of data are
called measures of central tendency. The mean, median, and mode are the three
primary metrics of central tendency. Despite the fact that they are all measures of
central tendency, they are all calculated differently and each one measures something
unique.
1.1) Give the purpose/s of each.
- The researcher can use the mean to characterize the data distribution of variables
measured as intervals or ratios. The mean is also known as the average.
- When data are ordered from lowest to highest value, the median is the value that falls
at the midpoint of the distribution.
- The mode, which determines the category or score that appears the most frequently in
the distribution of data, is a measure of central tendency.
1.2) When do you need to use the formula for ungrouped data and for group data?
- When we require a method to compare them statistically. The central tendency
measures are single numbers that, without listing every single data value, provide
summary information about the complete set of data.

2) What are the different measures of variability?
- The different measures of variability are range, standard deviation, variance, standard
error, and coefficient of variation.
2.1) Give the purpose/s of each.

- Range is the distinction between the lowest and greatest values found in an
observational sample of data. It is frequently employed as a metric for population
variability in plant breeding.
- Standard Deviation is based on all of a sample's observations and can be further
processed algebraically. However, it gives extreme items more weight and ones
that are close to the mean less.
- Variance is referred to as the square of the standard deviation or the average of
the squared variation from the mean. It is written as the degree of freedom
divided by the sum of squares of all observations in a sample's departures from
the mean. It is a useful variability metric that enables the division of variability into
different components.
- Standard Error is a measurement of the uncontrolled variation that exists in a

sample. It is the mean difference between the sample estimate of the mean and
the population parameter.
- The coefficient of variation, which is stated in terms of the unit of the variable, is
an absolute measure of variation. A relative measure of dispersion or variation
is necessary for comparative studies. Since it lacks a unit, the coefficient of
variation serves this function. The coefficient of variation is the ratio of a sample's
standard deviation to its mean, represented as a percentage.
2.3) Why is there always less than 1 in the formula for a sample?
- An R f value of 1 or too near to it indicates that the spot and the solvent front travel
closely together and are therefore untrustworthy. R f values are always less than 1.
Because sample sizes are necessarily constrained and it is impossible to sample the
complete population in a survey or a census, sampling errors occur. If the population as
a whole is relatively small, there is a "correction" that may be used to lower the number
given by Cochran's formula. A sample of any given size offers more information about a
smaller population than a larger one.
3) Give the meaning of skewness and Kurtosis.
- Skewness is a metric for a distribution's asymmetry. When the left and right sides of a
distribution are not mirror reflections, it is asymmetrical. Right (or positive), left (or
negative), or zero skewness can all apply to a distribution. When compared to a left-
skewed distribution, a right-skewed distribution has a longer tail on the left side of its
apex.
- Kurtosis is a metric for a distribution's degree of tailiness. The tailness measures the
frequency of outliers. The tailedness of a distribution in comparison to a normal
distribution is known as excess kurtosis.
3.1) What is the significance of measures of central tendency and/ or measures of
variability in relation to skewness and kurtosis?
- The preferred central tendency measure frequently depends on the distribution's form.
A symmetrical distribution has an equal mean, median, and mode. The median is
frequently chosen as the preferable measure of central tendency for distributions that
contain outliers or are skewed because it is more robust to outliers than the mean. The
order of the mean, median, and mode is affected by the skewness's direction. The
skewness, or the direction of the tail, pulls the mean in that direction.

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1) What are the different measures of tendency?

2.1) Give the purpose/s of each.

- Standard Error is a measurement of the uncontrolled variation that exists in a

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