EARTH & LIFE SCIENCE  It helps to understand how life

LESSON: CONCEPT AND ORIGIN IN originated on earth and how it has

THE STUDY OF LIFE evolved over time.
Biology  It helps to understand our
 a branch of science that deals with environment we live, threats to our
the study of life. environment and how we could
 helps to know about the diversity in conserve our environment.
the living world, the ways by which  It helps to understand how the
it can be conserved, more about characters pass from generation to
ourselves. generation.
 the study of various aspects of living  It helps to improve our health.
organisms and their interactions with  It helps to increase food production.
the non-living components. What makes life amazing?
What is life?  Life on earth began more than 3.8
 The condition that distinguishes billion years ago, evolving from the
animals, plants, and microorganisms most basic of microbes into a
from inorganic matter. dazzling array of complexity
Three primary branches of biology overtime.
Traditional branchex of biological series  Every aspect of life from the smallest
Taxonomy- pagdistinguis sa animals submicroscopic living particle to the
Cytology- study of scells largest most imposing plant and
Genetics- study of genes animal species is included.
Ecology- study of organism on how they
interact to our environment
Physiology- study of animal body
Immunology- study of immune system
Biochemistry-study pf chemical process
Evolution-
Morphology- word structure
Embryology- study of embryo
B bacteriology- study of bacteria  All living things are made up of
Anatomy- structure of human biology cells. Some organisms are unicellular
Entomology- study of insects and consist of only a single cell that
Ethology – animal behavior carries out all life processes.
Herpetology- study about reptiles and
amphibians
Ichtclogy- study about fish
Mammalogy- study of mammals
Mycology- study of funji
Orniology- study of bird
Paleonthology- study of pre-historic of life
Virology- study of virus.  Other organisms are multi cellular
Modern branches of biology and are composed of many cells
 Bioinformatics which perform specialized and
 Molecular biology specific function.
 Pharmacogenomics
 Genomics
 Proteomics
Importance of studying biology
 It helps to understand how our body
is made, how it functions and how it
could be maintained in a healthy
manner.
 It helps to understand the resources
we use and potential threats to those
resources.
 There were experiments made to disprove
Early Beliefs about the Origin of Life the theory.
Spontaneous Generation Spallanzani's Experiment
 is the idea that life could appear from  In 1765 1767- Lazzaro Spallanzani,
non-living material? an Italian abbot and biologist tried
 also known as abiogenesis several variations on Needham's
Aristotle soup experiments.
(384-322 BC)
 First person to propose the idea of
spontaneous generation in 4th
century and held its position as the
belief on the origin of life until the
17th century.
Early Beliefs about the Origin of Life
They thought:
 frogs developed from falling drops of
rain There were experiments made to disprove
 mice could grow from wheat stored the theory.
in the dark Pasteur's Experiment
 and maggots from decaying meat  In 1860- Louis Pasteur he designed
Biogenesis flasks with long, specially curved,
 is the belief that life originates from swan like necks. This allowed
preexisting life. sterilized broth to be exposed to
Redi's Experiment fresh air from the outside, but any
 In 1668- Francisco Redi, an Italian microorganisms from the air would
physician, did an experiment to see if be trapped in a pool of water in the
the maggots on decaying meat came neck.
from fly eggs.

Current Beliefs about the origin of life

Divine Creation
There were experiments made to prove
 it is believed that life forms and
the theory of spontaneous generation.
everything in the universe were
Needham's Experiment
created through a supernatural power
 In 1745 1748 - John - Needham, a
rather than naturalistic means.
Scottish clergyman and naturalist
Spontaneous Origin
showed that microorganisms
 He hypothesized that many gases
flourished in various soups that had
present in Earth's early atmosphere,
been exposed to the air.
under very high temperatures, might
have formed simple organic
compounds such as amino acid.
 Alexander Oparin, a Russian
biochemist, proposed the idea on the
first organic compounds.
 These would have collected in lakes
and seas as Earth cooled, and over
time, fueled by energy from
lightening and UV radiation, could
have formed larger molecules such
as proteins.
Biogenetic Theory Examples:
 The invention of the microscope and 1. Houseflies are easily attracted to smelly
advances in science made it clear food.
that living things created other living 2. Sunflowers bend their stalks and follow
things. sun's direction
Summary 3. A baby cries when hungry.
 Biology is the science that deals with Growth
the study of life processes of living  It is an increase in size and volume
organisms and the search for by converting food to become a part
solutions to problems associated with of body cells.
them.  Living things exhibit growth from
 Biology is divided into many within the cells in a process called
branches and specialized fields that intussusception.
correlate and overlap with one  Nonliving things sometimes also
another. grow but only by accretion, which is
 There are many ideas about the growth by external addition of
origin of life. substances.
 The study of biology is important Development
because it helps us to understand the  All living things undergo defined
"hows" and "whys" of living system. stages in their life cycle called
 All living things are made up of cell. development, which starts with birth
Cell is the basic structural and and ends in death. No organism is
functional unit of life. immortal, but all living things have
 Cells are classified as prokaryote and ways of making sure that their
eukaryote, unicellular (single-celled species survive. This is achieved by
organism) and multi cellular (many the ability to reproduce their own
cells). The origin of life can be kind.
explained by the following beliefs: Reproduction
Spontaneous  Reproduction is a process by which
Generation, Biogenesis, Divine genetic information is passed on
Creation, and Spontaneous Origin. from one generation to another as
Lesson: Unifying themes in the study of life organisms produce offspring that
Movement resemble their parents.
 Most animals can move from one Organisms reproduce in two ways:
place to another by walking, flying, Sexual reproduction
swimming, gliding or jumping. Such  two individuals contributing their sex
movement is called locomotion or cells to produce a unique individual
motility. of their kind.
 Some animals such as sponges, Asexual reproduction
cannot locomote but can move parts  occurs when an organism makes
of their bodies. Plants also show copies of itself usually in lower life
slow movements of body parts like form.
in flowers blooming, tendrils Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
clinging for support, shoots bending  is used as a physical carrier of the
toward light, and vines creeping as transferred genetic information that
they grow. is passed from parent to offspring by
Irritability/ Sensitivity a process called sexual reproduction.
External factors or stimuli affect living Heredity
things.  Animals, plants, and microorganisms
tropism or response carry the common genetic material
 reaction of an organism to respond DNA, which is the molecule of life
appropriately against a stimuli. that carries the instructions for
sensitivity or irritability assembling the proteins responsible
 ability of an organism to respond for forming a variety of structures.
appropriately against a stimulus. Adaptation
  It is the ability to adjust to changes in
the environment.
Evolution The Life's Hierarchy of Organization from
 It refers to the changes in Atom (simple) to Biosphere (complex)
characteristics of a group of  The organism interacts with other
organisms (populations) over time. organisms of the same kind known
Evolutionary adaptation as population
 is a gradual or rapid change in body  Community is an array of
structure or behavior to be better populations sharing their habitat.
suited and to survive a new  These communities exist in an
environment. environment affected by both living
Charles Darwin and nonliving components known
 He published On the Origin of ecosystem. As
Species by Means of Natural  Biosphere make up all ecosystems on
Selection in 1859. Earth whether they support life on
 Fossils and other evidence document land, water, or lower atmosphere.
the evolution of life on Earth over The three domains of life
billions of years.  The living world has three major
Organization of Life divisions or domains: Bacteria,
 The six levels of organization of the Archaea, and Eukarya.
body and the major characteristic of  Of the three domains, Bacteria and
each level. Archaea are prokaryotes, while
1. Chemical level Eukarya are eukaryotes.
2.Cellular level Domain Bacteria
3. Tissue level (The True Bacteria)
4. Organ level  Also known as eubacteria, or simply
5. System level bacteria has very sturdy cell walls
CHEMICAL LEVEL and simpler genome structure.
 A unit of matter that comprises a  The most present-day bacteria.
chemical element.  i.e. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
 It is the smallest particle of an is one type of photosynthetic
element. eubacteria that has been vital in the
CELLULAR LEVEL history of life on earth.
 Cell is the basic organizational unit Domain Archaea
of life. (Ancient Bacteria)
 It is the simplest organization of  Also known as archaebacteria,
matter that exhibits the properties of derived from the Greek word for
life. "ancient ones".
 The structure and function of a  It comprise the first stages of life on
typical cell usually apply to all earth.
animals and plants.  i.e. Methanogens (methane
TISSUE LEVEL producing bacteria), grow only in an
 It is the level in which different cell oxygen-free environment because
types are joined together to form a oxygen poisons them.
structure called, tissue.  It lacks of peptidoglycan (a protein
ORGAN LEVEL cross-linked carbohydrate material)
 It is where different kinds of tissues Domain Eukarya
are joined to form a structure of a (Eukaryota)
body called organ.  It came from the Greek words for
ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL "true" and "nucleus", because they
 Different organs comprise an organ possess an internal structure called a
system with a specialized function. nucleus that encloses most of their
ORGANISM LEVEL genetic material.
 An organism is made up of different  All organisms other than the bacteria
organ systems with individualized are eukaryotes.
but coordinated functions. Summary:
  All living organism share common  1858- Rudolf Virchow, a German
characteristics that makes them physician, after extensive study of
different from non-living things such cellular pathology, concluded that
as movement, irritability, growth, cells must arise from preexisting
development and reproduction, cells.
heredity, adaption and evolution Cell Theory Development
 The biological levels of organization 1. All organisms are composed of one or
of living things arranged from the more cells. (Schleiden and Schwann) (1838-
simplest to most complex are: 39)
chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, 2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all
organ systems, organisms, living things. (Schleiden and Schwann)
populations, communities, (1838-39)
ecosystem, and biosphere. 3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
 The three domains of life are (Omnis cllula e cellula) (Virchow)(1858)
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. You sent
 Aerobic bacteria kailangan ng Cell Types and Organelles
oxygen anaerobic di kailangan Cell
Lesson 03: cell as the basic unit of life  The cell was first discovered and
Earliest Microscopic Observations named by Robert
 1665 an English scientist, Robert  Hooke in 1665. He said that it looked
Hooke, devised one of the earliest similar to cellula or small rooms
microscopes. which monks inhabited. Thus
 He named and coined the term "cell" deriving the name. However, what
and described it like a honeycomb. Hooke actually saw was the dead cell
 He discovered cell while looking at a walls of plant cells as they appeared
thin slice of cork from a bark of an under the microscope. The cell walls
oak tree. observed by Hooke made no
 It is called as cellulae using the Latin indication of the nucleus and other
word for a "small room." organelles found in the most living
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek cells. Anton van Leeuwenhoek was
 1673- Used a handmade microscope the first man to witness a live cell
to observe pond scum & discovered under a microscope.
single-celled organisms.  the basic unit of living organisms.
 He called them "animalcules".  are the smallest independent units of
 He also observed blood cells from life.
fishes, birds, frogs, dogs, and  the structure and function of a typical
humans. cell usually apply to all animals and
 Therefore, it was known that cells plants.
are found in animals as well as  Some organisms are single celled;
plants. others are multicellular.
Robert Hooke (1635-1703) Antoni van Two Types of Cells
Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) 1. Prokaryotic Cells
 Between the Hooke and 2. Eukaryotic Cells
Leeuwenhoek discoveries and the
mid-19th century, very little cell
advancements were made.
 This is probably due to the widely
accepted, traditional belief in
Spontaneous Generation.
 1838- German Botanist, Matthias
Schleiden, concluded that all plant
parts are made of cells.
 1839- German physiologist, Theodor
Schwann, who close friend of was a Prokaryotic Cells
Schleiden, stated that all animal
tissues are compose of cells.
  It is characterized by the absence of  This organelle is shaped like a bean
nucleus or other membrane-bound and made up two membranes. The
organelles. inner membrane is folded and these
 Thus, the cell's DNA is suspended in inholdings are called cristae, which
the cytoplasm. Though prokaryotic partitions the matrix and the
cells are simpler, they adapt very intermembrane space. The
quickly to the changing environment mitochondria supply the energy for
and have been present on the Earth the cell.
for the past 3 billion years. A 2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
bacterium is an example of a  This organelle is made up of
prokaryote. interconnected thin folded
Eukaryotic Cells membranes that are found
 It has nucleus and other membrane throughout the cytoplasm of the cell.
bound organelles. There are two types of ER.
 The nucleus encloses the DNA. a. Rough ER- with Ribosomes
 Due to the presence of these b. Smooth ER - without ribosomes
membrane bound organelles, 3. Golgi Apparatus
chemical reaction takes place in a  This organelle consists of layered
compartmentalized manner. stacks of flattened membranes that
 Eukaryotic cells may come co in process, sort, and deliver proteins. It
different sizes, shapes, appearance also packages proteins. Some of the
depending on their type and the proteins are stored within itself,
functions that they play. distributed to the other organelles,
 Animal and plant cells, being both and secreted outside the cell.
eukaryotic, have similar organelles 4. Ribosomes
present.  This small round structure found in
 A cell has three major parts: the cell consists of large small sub-
1. Cell membrane units made up of RNA and protein.
2. Nucleus These organelles can be found
3. Cytoplasm attached to the ER or floating in the
1. Cell Membrane cytoplasm. This is the site of protein
 this structure is made up of lipid synthesis.
bilayer with large protein molecules 5. Vacuole
that control the flow of substances  This organelle is a fluid-filled sac
into and out of the cell. that stores substances needed by the
2. Cytoplasm cell, which may include water, food,
 this constitutes about 90% of the cell ions, and enzymes. Small numerous
and houses the organelles. It is a vacuoles are found in an animal cell;
jelly-like clear substance that is however, a large central vacuole is
composed primarily of water and found in the plant cells. The vacuole
also contains amino acids, glucose in plant cell is filled with watery
and salts. It is also a site for many fluid which strengthens the cell and
chemical reactions in the cell. helps support the entire plant.
3. Nucleus 6. Peroxisome
 This structure is enveloped by  This structure contains enzymes
nuclear membrane and contains the involved in digesting fatty acids.
DNA and nucleolus. This nuclear They also absorb nutrients which the
membrane has pores that allow the cell has acquired. They also play a
molecules to pass between the part in the way organisms digest
nucleus and the cytoplasm. The alcohol (ethanol). In effect, you
chromosome inside the nucleus, would expect liver cells to have more
contains the genes carrying peroxisomes than most other cells in
instruction for protein synthesis. the human body.
The following are the organelles which can 7. Vesicle
be found in both plant and animal cells  This small membrane-bound sac
1. Mitochondrion functions to transport materials from
 one place to another inside the cell.
They also function in metabolism
and enzyme storage as well.
The following are the organelles found only
in animal cells
1. Centriole
 This is a cylinder-shaped organelle
that is made up of microtubules
arranged in a circle. There are nine
microtubules. They help the cell to
divide during mitosis and meiosis.
2. Lysosome
 This membrane-bound organelle is
basically a specialized vesicle that
contains variety of enzymes. It is
used to digest food or break down
the cell when the cell dies. It also
defends the cell from bacteria and
viruses.
The following are the organelles found only
in plant cells.
1. Cell Wall
 This structure is a rigid layer found
not only in plant cells but also in
algae, fungi, and most bacteria. Cell
walls also allow plants to grow to
great heights. A tree uses strong cell
walls to maintain its shape so it can
grow very high.
2. Chloroplast
 This organelle is made up of outer
and inner (singular for granum).
Each granum contains thylakoids
which contains chlorophyll a light
absorbing molecule that plays an
important role in photosynthesis.