DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

KUMAUN UNIVERSITY, NAINITAL

‘FINAL DRAFT SYLLABUS’

FOR
B.Sc. BOTANY

[AS PER NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY-2020]

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

2022

Botany UG (NEP) KUN

 Prepared by:
Prof. Surendra Singh Bargali (Head)
Prof. Yaswant Singh Rawat
Prof. Lalit Mohan Tewari
Dr. Kiran Bargali
Dr. Sushma Tamta
Dr. Neelu Lodhiyal
Dr. Anil Kumar Bisht
Dr. Kapil Khulbe
Dr. Harsh Kumar Chauhan
Dr. Prabha Pant
Dr. Naveen Chandra Pandey
Dr. Hem Chandra Joshi
Department of Botany, D.S.B. Campus,
Kumaun University, Nainital -263001

External Experts (NEP-2020 Workshop)

Prof. Gulshan Kumar Dhingra Dr. Balwant Kumar
Head, Department of Botany Head, Department of Botany
Shri Dev Suman Uttarakhand University Soban Singh Jeena University
Chamba, Tehri Garhwal-249145 Almora-263601

External Experts (BOS-2022)

Prof. N.K. Dubey, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
Prof. C.M. Sharma, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar
Prof. P.L. Uniyal, University of Delhi, New Delhi

Botany UG (NEP) KUN

 MEMBERS PRESENT IN BOS (29.06.2022)

Prof. S.S. Bargali

D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital

Prof. N.K. Dubey

Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi

Prof. C.M. Sharma

H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar

Prof. P.L. Uniyal

University of Delhi, New Delhi

Prof. LM. Tewari

D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital

Dr. Kiran Bargali

D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital

Dr. Anjala Durgapal

Government Degree College, Nanakmatta

Dr. A.K. Paliwal

Government P.G. College, Rudrapur

Dr. S.S. Maurya

P.N.G P.G. College, Ramnagar

Dr. Prem Prakash

M.B.P.G. College, Haldwani

Botany UG (NEP) KUN

 Semester-wise Titles of the Papers in B. Sc (Botany)
Year Semester Course Paper title Theory/ Credits
Code Practical
Certificate Course in Basic Botany
First I BOT101T Microbes, Algae, Fungi and Theory 4
Year Bryophytes
BOT102P Practical/Lab course Practical 2
II BOT201T Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Theory 4
Angiosperms
BOT202P Practical/Lab course Practical 2
Diploma Course in Developmental Botany
Second III BOT301T Morphology, Anatomy and Theory 4
Year Embryology
BOT302P Practical/Lab course Practical 2
IV BOT401T Cytogenetics and Plant Theory 4
Breeding
BOT402P Practical/Lab course Practical 2
Bachelor of Science
Third V BOT501T Molecular Biology and Plant Theory 4
Year Biotechnology
BOT502T Economic Botany Theory 4

BOT503 P Practical/Lab course Practical 2

BOT504R Project I-Local Plant Diversity Practical 4
VI BOT 601T Physiology and Biochemistry Theory 4
BOT602T Ecology and Biostatistics Theory 4
BOT603P Practical/Lab course Practical 2
Project II-Local Ecosystem Practical 4
Studies

Minor elective courses (4 credits)

First I/II
Year PSME01T Plant Science 1 Theory 4

Second III/IV
Year PSME02T Plant Science 2 Theory 4

Botany UG (NEP) KUN

 Vocational/ skill enhancement courses (3 credits)

Bio-fertilizers Theory 3

Herbal Technology Theory 3

Nursery and Gardening Theory 3

BOT604R Floriculture Theory 3
Medicinal Botany Theory 3
Conservation and Natural Theory 3
Resource Management
Ethnobotany Theory 3
Mushroom cultivation Theory 3

Intellectual Property Rights Theory 3

Botany UG (NEP) KUN

 Year wise Structure of B.Sc. in Botany (Core/elective courses and Projects)
Subject: Botany
Course/ Year Semester Paper-1 Credits/hrs Paper-2 Credits/ Paper-3 Credits/hrs Research Credits Total
Entry-Exit hrs project /hrs Credits/hrs
level
Certificate I I Microbes, 4/60 Practical/ 2/60 - - - - 6/120
Course in Algae, Fungi Lab course
Basic Botany and
Bryophytes
II Pteridophytes, 4/60 Practical/ 2/60 - - - - 6/120
Gymnosperms Lab course
and
Angiosperms
Diploma II III Morphology, 4/60 Practical/ 2/60 - - - - 6/120
Course in Anatomy and Lab course
Developmental Embryology
Botany IV Cytogenetics 4/60 Practical/ 2/60 - - - - 6/120
and Plant Lab course
Breeding
Bachelor of III V Molecular 4/60 Economic 4/60 Practical 2/60 Project-I 4/60 14/240
Science Biology and Botany /Lab
Plant course
Biotechnology
VI Physiology 4/60 Ecology and 4/60 Practical 2/60 Project-II 4/60 14/240
and Biostatistics /Lab
Biochemistry course

Botany UG (NEP) KUN

COURSE INTRODUCTION
The new curriculum of B.Sc. in Science (Botany) offers essential knowledge and technical skills
to study plants in a holistic manner. Students would be trained in all areas of plant biology using
a unique combination of core, elective and vocational papers with significant inter-disciplinary
components. Students would be exposed to cutting-edge technologies that are currently being
used in the study of plant life forms, their evolution and interactions with other organisms within
the ecosystem. Students would also become aware of the social and environmental significance
of plants and their relevance to the national economy.
B.Sc. Botany Programme covers academic activities within the classroom sessions along
with practical concepts at laboratory sessions. Infield, outstation activities and projects would
also be organized for real-life experience and learning. Candidates who have curiosity in plants
kingdom, ecosystem, love exploring exotic places and wish to work as researchers or professions
like Botanist, Conservationist, Ecologist, etc. can choose B.Sc. Botany course.

Programme outcomes (POs):

Transformed curriculum shall develop educated outcome-oriented candidature, fostered with
discovery- learning, equipped with practice & skills to deal practical problems and versed with
recent pedagogical trends in education including e-learning, flipped class and hybrid learning to
develop into responsible citizen for nation-building and transforming the country towards the
future with their knowledge gained in the field of plant science.

PO1 CBCS syllabus with a combination of general and specialized education shall
introduce the concepts of breadth and depth in learning.
PO2 Shall produce competent plant biologists who can employ and implement their
gained knowledge in basic and applied aspects that will profoundly influence the
prevailing paradigm of agriculture, industry, healthcare and environment to provide
sustainable development.
PO3 Will increase the ability of critical thinking, development of scientific attitude,
handling of problems and generating solutions, improve practical skills, enhance
communication skill, social interaction, and increase awareness in judicious use of
plant resources by recognizing the ethical value system.
PO4 The training provided to the students will make them competent enough for doing
jobs in Govt. and private sectors of academia, research and industry along with
graduate preparation for national as well as international competitive examinations,
especially UGC-CSIR NET, UPSC Civil Services Examination, IFS, NSC, FCI,
BSI, FRI etc.

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 PO5 Certificate and diploma courses are framed to generate self- entrepreneurship and
self- employability, if multi exit option is opted.
PO6 Lifelong learning is achieved by drawing attention to the vast world of knowledge
of plants and their domestication.

Programme specific objectives (PSOs): B.Sc. I Year Certificate Course in Basic Botany

 This certificate course will provide knowledge on various fields of basic Botany.
 The syllabus is prepared to enable students for competitive exams in frontier areas of
plant sciences.
 Students will be able to know about habit, habitat, morphology, anatomy and
reproduction of various plant groups.

Programme specific outcomes (PSOs): B.Sc. II Year/ Diploma Course in Developmental

Botany

 This programme will provide knowledge on plant morphogenesis, anatomy

embryology and plant genetics.
 Laboratory sessions following theory will provide easy understanding of internal
structure of various plant parts, structural organization, reproductive biology and
genetics.
 This course will help students to become a plant morphologist.

Programme specific outcomes (PSOs): B.Sc. III Year/ Bachelor of Science

 The three year learning outcome of graduation will provide understanding of plant
systematic, economic botany, developmental biology, ecology, statistics, physiology,
biochemistry.
 It will provide expertise in conservation biology and reproduction biology.
 After completing this course successfully students will be able to contribute in the
field of plant sciences. The research project will help to develop research aptitude for
higher education and scientific research.

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 DETAILED SYLLABUS OF B.Sc. I YEAR FOR CERTIFICATE COURSE IN BASIC
BOTANY

Course Year Semester

Certificate Course in Basic B.Sc. I I
Botany

Paper 1: Microbes, Algae, Fungi and Bryophytes (Course code: BOT101T) Credit: 4

Course Outcome

After the completion of the course the students will be able to:
1. Develop understanding about the classification and diversity of different microbes including
viruses, Algae, Fungi & Lichens & their economic importance.
2. Develop conceptual skill about identifying microbes, pathogens, biofertilizers & lichens.
3. Gain knowledge about developing commercial enterprise of microbial products.
4. Learn host –pathogen relationship and disease management.
5. Gain Knowledge about uses of microbes in various fields.
6. Understand the structure and reproduction of certain selected bacteria algae, fungi and lichens
7. Develop critical understanding on morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Bryophytes.

Unit Topic No. of

lectures/
hrs
(60)
1 Microbes : 15
Viruses-discovery, general structure, replication (general account), DNA virus
(T-phage); Lytic and lysogenic cycle, RNA virus (TMV); economic
importance; bacteria–discovery, general characteristics and cell structure;
reproduction–vegetative, asexual and recombination (conjugation,
transformation and transduction); economic importance.
2 Algae: 15
General characteristics; Range of thallus organization and reproduction;
classification of algae; morphology and life-cycles of: Nostoc,
Chlamydomonas, Oedogonium, Vaucheria, Sargassum, Polysiphonia;
economic importance of algae.
3 Fungi : 15
Introduction-general characteristics, ecology and significance, range of somatic
thallus organization, cell wall composition, nutrition, reproduction and
classification (G.C. Ainsworth); life cycle of Stemonitis (Myxomycota)

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 Rhizopus (Zygomycota) Penicillium (Ascomycota), Puccinia, Agaricus
(Basidiomycota); Alternaria (Deutromycota), Symbiotic associations: Lichens-
General account, reproduction and significance; Mycorrhiza: ectomycorrhiza,
endomycorrhiza and their significance.
4 Bryophytes: 15
General characteristics, adaptations to land habit, classification (up to family),
morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Marchantia, Anthoceros and
Funaria; ecology and economic importance of bryophytes.

Suggested readings
 Barsanti, L. and Gualtieri, P. (2014). Algae: Anatomy, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2nd
Edition. CRC/ Taylor & Francis, NY.
 Lee, R.E. (2018). Phycology, Fifth Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
 Marjorie, Kelly and Cowan, Heidi Smith. (2017). Microbiology: A Systems Approach.
McGraw Hill New York, 5th edition.
 Pandey, S.N and Trivedi, P.S. (2015). A text book of Botany Vol.I Vikas publishingHouse
Pvt/ Ltd, New Delhi.
 Parihar, N.S. (1991). An Introduction to Embryophyta Vol. I Bryophyta. Central Book
Depot, Allahabad.
 Mehrotra, R.S. and K.R. Aneja. (1999). An Introduction to Mycology. New Age International
Publisher.
 Pelczar M.J., Chan E.C.S and Kreig N.R. (1997). Microbiology. Tata MacGraw Hill.
 Raven, P.H., Johnson, G.B., Losos, J.B., Singer, S.R. (2005). Biology. Tata McGraw Hill,
Delhi, India.
 Robert Edward Lee. (2018). Phycology. Cambridge University Press, U.K. 5th edition.
 Sethi, I.K. and Walia, S.K. (2011). Text book of Fungi and Their Allies, MacMillan
Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Delhi.
 Sharma, O. P. (2011). Algae. Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, U.K. 1st edition.
 Tortora, G.J., Funke, B.R., Case, C.L. (2011). Microbiology: An Introduction, Pearson
Benjamin Cummings, U.S.A. 13th edition.
 Vashishta, P.C., Sinha, A.K., Kumar, A. (2010). Bryophyta, S. Chand. Delhi, India.
 Webster, J. and Weber, R. (2007). Introduction to Fungi. Third Edition. Cambridge
UniversityPress. Cambridge and New York.
 Willey, J M., Sherwood, L.M. and Woolverton, C.J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology, 11th
Edition, McGraw-Hill, USA.

Paper 2: Practical/ Lab course (Course code: BOT102P) Credit: 2

Course Outcome

After the completion of the course the students will be able to:
1. Understand the instruments, techniques, lab etiquettes and practices for working in a microbiology
laboratory.
2. Develop skills for identifying microbes and using them for Industrial, Agriculture and Environment
purposes.
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 3. Practical skills in the field and laboratory experiments in Microbiology and Pathology.
4. Learn to identify algae, lichens and plant pathogens along with their symbiotic and parasitic
associations.
5. Students would learn to create their small digital reports where they can capture the zoomed in and
zoomed out pictures as well as videos in case they are able to find some rare structure or
phenomenon related to Bryophytes.
6. Understand morphology, anatomy, reproduction and developmental changes therein through
typological study and create a knowledge base in understanding diversity, economic values &
taxonomy of bryophytes.

Unit Topic No. of

Lectures/
hrs
(60)
1 EMs/Models of viruses – T-Phage and TMV, Line drawing/Photograph of 15
Lytic and Lysogenic Cycle.
Types of Bacteria from temporary/permanent slides/photographs; EM of
bacterium; Binary Fission; Conjugation; Structure of root nodule; Gram
staining technique
2 Study of vegetative and reproductive structures of Nostoc, Chlamydomonas 15
(electron micrographs), Oedogonium, Vaucheria, Sargassum and
Polysiphonia through temporary preparations and permanent
slides/specimens.
3 Rhizopus and Penicillium: Asexual stages from temporary mounts. 15
Alternaria: Specimens/photographs and tease mounts.
Puccinia: Herbarium specimens of Black Rust of Wheat and infected
Barberry leaves; section/tease mounts of spores on wheat and permanent
slides of both the hosts.
Agaricus: Specimens of button stage and full grown mushroom.
Lichens: Study of growth forms of lichens (crustose, foliose and fruticose).
Mycorrhiza: ecto mycorrhiza and endo mycorrhiza (Photographs).
4 Riccia, Marchantia and Anthoceros: Morphology of thallus, rhizoids and 15
scales, V.S. thallus through gemma cup, gemmae whole mount (all
temporary slides),
V.S antheridiophore, archegoniophore, L.S. sporophyte (all permanent
slides).
Funaria- Morphology, whole mount leaf, rhizoids, operculum, peristome,
annulus, spores (temporary slides); permanent slides showing antheridial
and archegonial heads, L.S capsule and protonema.

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 Suggested readings
 Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd ed., vol. 1-3, Springer Verlag, New
York, NY.
 Pandey, B.P. (2014). Modern Practical Botany Vol. I. S. Chand and Company Ltd.
Ramnagar, New Delhi.
 Purohit, S.D., Kundra, G. K. and Singhvi, A. (2013). Practical Botany (part I). Apex
Publishing House Durga Nursery Road Udaipur, Rajasthan.
 Sambamurty, A.V.S.S. (2006). A text book of Algae. I.K International Publishing
House,Pvt. Ltd.

Course Year Semester

Certificate Course in Basic B.Sc. I II
Botany

Paper 1: Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms (BOT201T)

Credit 4 Course Outcome

After the completion of the course the students will be able to:
1. Develop critical understanding on morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Pteridophytes,
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
2. Understanding of plant evolution and their transition to land habitat.
3. To learn the major patterns of diversity among plants, and the characters and types of data
used to classify plants.
4. To compare the different approaches to classification with regard to the analysis of data.
5. To become familiar with major taxa and their identifying characteristics, and to develop in
depth knowledge of the current taxonomy of a major plant family.
6. To discover and use diverse taxonomic resources, reference materials, herbarium collections,
publications.

Unit Topic No. of

Lectures/
hrs (60)
1 Pteridophytes 15
General characteristics, classification (up to family) including The
Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG) classification, early land plants
(Rhynia); morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Selaginella, Equisetum
and Pteris; heterospory and seed habit, stelar evolution; ecological and
economic importance of Pteridophytes, Telome theory.

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 2 Gymnosperms 15
General characteristics, classification (up to family), morphology, anatomy
and reproduction of Cycas, Pinus and Gnetum; ecological and economic
importance.
3 Introduction to plant taxonomy 10
Identification, classification, nomenclature, functions of herbarium, important
herbaria and botanical gardens of the world and India.
Important flora, botanical nomenclature (principles and rules (ICN); ranks and
names; binominal system, typification, author citation, valid publication,
rejection of names, principle of priority and its limitations).
Classification: Types of classification-artificial, natural and phylogenetic
Bentham and Hooker (upto series), Hutchinson classification and Angiosperm
Phylogeny Group (APG IV) classification.
4 Taxonomy of plant families: Ranunculaceae, Malvaceae, Rutaceae, 20
Fabaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Lamiaceae, Euphorbiaceae,
Orchidaceae and Poaceae.

Suggested readings
 Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG-2016). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
Classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the
Linnaean Society 181: 1-20.
 Bhatnagar, S.P. and Moitra, A. (1996). Gymnosperms. New Age International (P) Ltd
Publishers, New Delhi, India.
 Gangulee H.C., Kar, A.K. and Santra S.C. (2011). College Botany Vol II. 4th Edition New
Central Book Agency.
 Pandey, B.P. (2010). College Botany Vol II. S. Chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi,India.
 Parihar, N.S. (1976). Biology and Morphology of Pteridophytes. Central Book Depot.
 Parihar, N.S. (1991). An Introduction to Embryophyta. Vol. I. Bryophyta. Central Book
Depot, Allahabad.
 Sambamurty, A.V.S.S. (2010). Taxonomy of Angiosperms. I.K. International Pvt.
Ltd.
 Saxena N.B. and Saxena S. (2012). Plant Taxonomy Pragati Prakashan.
 Sharma O.P. (2013). Plant Taxonomy. MC GRAW HILL INDIA.
 Sharma, O.P. (1990). Textbook of Pteridophyta. MacMillan India Ltd. Delhi.
 Singh, G. (2012). Plant Systematics: Theory and Practice. Oxford and IBH Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi. 3rd edition.
 The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG Classification) (2016): A community –derived
classification for extant lycophytes and ferns. Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54(6): 563-
603. Doi:10.1111/jse.12229
 Vashishta, P.C., Sinha, A.K. and Kumar, A. (2010). Gymnosperms, S. Chand and Company
Ltd., Ramnagar, New Delhi, India.

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 Paper 2: Practical/Lab course (BOT202P) Credit: 2

Course outcomes:
1. The students will be made aware of the group of plants that have given rise to land habit and the
flowering plants. Through field study they will be able to see these plants growing in nature and
become familiar with the biodiversity.
2. Develop an understanding by observation and table study of representative members of
phylogenetically important groups to learn the process of evolution in a broad sense.
3. Understand morphology, reproduction and developmental changes therein through typological
study and create a knowledge base in understanding the basis of plant diversity, economic values
and taxonomy of plants.

Unit Topic No. of

Lectures/
hrs (60)
1 Selaginella: Morphology, whole mount leaf with ligule, strobilus, 15
microsporophyll and megasporophyll (temporary slides), T.S. stem, L.S.
strobilus (permanent slide).
Equisetum: Morphology, T.S. internode, L.S. strobilus, T.S and L.S.
Strobilus, whole mount sporangiophore, spores (wet and dry)
(temporary slides); T.S. rhizome (permanent slide).
Pteris: Morphology, T.S rachis, V.S. sporophyll, whole mount
sporangium and spores (temporary slides), T.S. rhizome, whole mount
prothallus with sex organs and young sporophyte (permanent slide).
2 Cycas: Morphology (coralloid roots, bulbil, leaf), T.S. coralloid root and 15
rachis, V.S. leaflet and microsporophyll, whole mount spores (temporary
slides), L.S. ovule, T.S. root (permanent slide).
Pinus: Morphology (long and dwarf shoots, male and female cones),
T.S. needle and stem, L.S./T.S. male cone, whole mount
microsporophyll and microspores (temporary slides), L.S. female cone,
TLS and RLS stem (permanent slide).
3 Taxonomic Identification: Description of an angiospermic plant, study 20
of vegetative and floral characters (description, V.S. flower, section of
ovary, floral diagram/s, floral formula/e) and systematic position of the
following families according to Bentham and Hooker’s system of
classification: Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Lamiaceae, and
Liliaceae.

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 4 Herbarium techniques: Plant collection, preservation and mounting of 10
two properly dried and pressed specimen of any wild plant with
herbarium label (to be submitted in the record book), digital/virtual
herbarium.

Suggested readings
 Pandey, B.P. (2014). Modern Practical Botany Vol. II. S. Chand and Company Ltd., NewDelhi.
 Bendre, A.M. and Kumar A. (2003). Manual of Practical Botany Vol. II. Rastogi Publications,
Meerut.
 Santra S.C. and Chatterjee (2005). College Botany Practical Vol. II New Central Book
Agency Pvt. Ltd.

DETAILED SYLLABUS OF B.Sc. II YEAR OR DIPLOMA COURSE IN

DEVELOPMENTAL BOTANY

Course Year Semester

Diploma Course in B.Sc. II III
Developmental Botany

Paper 1: Morphology, Anatomy and Embryology

(Course code: BOT301T) Credit: 4

Course outcomes:
1. Understand morphology, anatomy and Embryology.
2. Understand role of tissues in plant functions.
3. Understand the composition, modifications, internal structure & architecture of plants.
4. Understand reproduction and developmental changes in plants.

Unit Topic No. of

Lectures/
hrs (60)
1 Meristematic and permanent tissues: Types of tissues, Root and 15
shoot apical meristems, Theories related to apical meristem, simple,
complex and secretary tissues.
Organs: Structure of dicot and monocot root, stem and leaf, root stem
transition.
4 Adaptive and protective systems: Epidermis, cuticle and stomata 15
Secondary growth: Structure and function of Vascular cambium,
secondary growth in stem and roots (Sunflower, Beet root), abnormal
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 secondary growth (Monocot stem: Dracaena; Dicot stem: Achyranthes,
Amaranthus, Bignonia, Boerhaavia, Bougainvillea, Chenopodium,
Mirabilis, Nyctanthes, Salvadora)
5 Pollination and fertilization: Pollination mechanisms and adaptation, 15
structure of anther and pollen, development of male and female
gametophytes, double fertilization.
6 Embryo and endosperm: Types of ovules and embryo sacs; 15
embryo and endosperm; types of endosperm; dicot and monocot
embryo; apomixis and polyembryony.

Suggested readings
 Beck, C.B. (2010). An Introduction to Plant Structure and Development, II edition.
 Bhatnagar S.P, Dantu, P.K. Bhojwai S.S. (2018). The embryology of Angiosperms. Vikas
Publ. House. New Delhi.
 Bhojwani, S.S. and Bhatnagar, S.P. (2010). The Embryology of Angiosperms. Vikas
Publication House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 5th edition.
 Fosket, D.E. (1994). Plant, Growth and Development: A Molecular Approach, Academic
Press.
 Hopkins, W.G. (2006). The Green World: Plant Development, Chelsea House Publication.
 Johri, B.M. (1984). Embryology of Angiosperms. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
 Leins, P., Tucker, S.C. and Endress, P.K. (1988). Aspects of floral development. J. Cramer.
Germany.
 Maheshwari, P. (1971). An Introduction to Embryology of Angiosperms. McGraw Hill
Book Co. London.
 Pandey, B.P. (2001) Plant Anatomy. S. Chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi.
 Raghwan, (1997). Molecular embryology of flowering plants. Cambridge Univ. Press.
Cambridge.
 Sharma, M.K. (2013) Plant Structures (An Introduction to Plant Anatomy). VayuEducation
of India.
 Sharma, P.C. (2017). Text Book of Plant Anatomy. Arjun Publishing House.
 Shivanna, K.R. (2003). Pollen Biology and Biotechnology, Science Publishers. Verlag.

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 Paper 2: Practical/Lab Course (Course code: BOT302P) Credits: 02

Course outcomes:
1. Understand cell structure in monocot and dicot plants.
2. Understand cell structure, secondary growth and adaptive anatomy in plants.
3. Understand the pollination and seed dispersal mechanism.
4. Study the structure of ovules and female gametophytes.

Unit Topic No. of

Lectures (60
hrs)
1 Study of meristems through permanent slides and photographs. 15
Tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma), complex and
secretary tissues. Anatomy of monocot and dicot Stem; monocot and
dicot leaf; monocotand dicot root
2 Adaptive anatomy: Xerophytes, Hydrophytes, Epiphytes 15
Normal and abnormal secondary growth in different plants
3 Pollination types and seed dispersal mechanisms (photographs and 15
specimens)
4 Structure of anther (young and mature). 15
Types of ovules: anatropous, orthotropous, circinotropous,
amphitropous, campylotropous.
Female gametophyte: Polygonum (monosporic) type of embryo sac
development (permanent slides/photographs)
Ultrastructure of mature egg apparatus cells through electron
micrographs (permanent slides/photographs)

Suggested readings
 Pandey, B.P. (2014). Modern Practical Botany Vol. II. S. Chand and Company Ltd.
Ramnagar, New Delhi.
 Pandey, B.P. (2001). Plant Anatomy. S. Chand and Company Ltd., Ram Nagar, NewDelhi.
 Sundara, R.S. (2002). Practical Manual Anatomy and Embryology. Anmol Publisher,New
Delhi.

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 Course Year Semester
Diploma Course in B.Sc. II IV
Developmental Botany
Paper 1: Cytogenetics and Plant Breeding (course code: BOT401 T)

Credit 4 Course outcomes:

1. Understand the structure and chemical composition of chromatin and concept of cell division.
2. Interpret the Mendel’s principles; acquire knowledge on cytoplasmic inheritance and sex- linked
inheritance.
3. Understand the plant breeding systems and heterosis and mutation in plant breeding.
Unit Topic No. of
Lectures (60
hrs)
1 Heredity: (Pre-mandelian genetics, brief life history of Mendel, laws of 15
Inheritance, modified mandelian ratios, lethal genes, co-dominance,
incomplete dominance, chi square, pedigree analysis, multiple allelism,
chromosome theory of inheritance, sex-determination and sex-linked
inheritance, cytoplasmic inheritance
Linkage and crossing over: Linkage: concept and history, complete
and incomplete linkage, bridges experiment, coupling and repulsion,
recombination frequency, linkage maps based on two and three factor
crosses.
2 Crossing over: Concept and significance, cytological proof of crossing 15
over; mutations and chromosomal aberrations (types of mutations,
effects of physical and chemical mutagens, numerical chromosomal
changes: euploidy, polyploidy and aneuploidy; structural chromosomal
changes: deletions, duplications, inversions and translocations).
3 Plant breeding: introduction and objectives; breeding systems, 15
important achievements and undesirable consequences of plant
breeding); methods of crop improvement; centres of origin and
domestication of crop plants, plant genetic resources; acclimatization;
selection methods.
4 Hybridization: for self, cross and vegetatively propagated plants – 15
procedure, advantages and limitations; inbreeding depression and
heterosis (history, genetic basis of inbreeding depression and heterosis;
applications); crop improvement and breeding (role of mutations;
polyploidy; distant hybridization and role of biotechnology in crop
improvement).

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Botany UG (NEP) KUN
 Suggested readings
 Alberts, B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K. and Watson, J.D. (2014). Molecular
Biology of the Cell. Garland Publishing Inc., New York. 6th edition.
 Gardner, E.J., Simmons, M.J. and Snustad, D.P. (1991). Principles of Genetics, John Wiley &
Sons.
 Hartwell, L.H., Hood, L., Goldberg, M.L., Reynolds, A.E., Silver, L.M., Veres, R.C.
(2006). Genetics-From Genes to Genomes, McGraw Hill
 Lewin, B. (2008). Genes IX, Jones and Barlett Publishers.
 Lodish, H., Berk, A., Zipursky, S.L., Maztsudaira, P., Baltimore, Dand Darnell, l. (2016).
Molecular Cell Biology (8th Edition). W.H. Freeman and Co., New York, USA.
 Rastogi, V.B. (2019). Genetics. 4th Edition. MEDTECH: A Division of Scientific
International.
 Russel P. J. (2010). Genetics-A Molecular Approach, Pearson Education Inc.
 Singh R. J. (2002). Plant Cytogenetics, CRC Press.
 Singh, B.D. (2005). Plant Breeding: Principles and Methods. Kalyani Publishers. 7th
edition.
 Strickberger M.W. (2008). Genetics, Pearson (Prentice Hall).
 Watson, J.D. (2013). Molecular Biology of the Genes, Banjamin. 7th Edition.

Paper 2: Practical/Lab Course (Course code: BOT402 P)

Credit 4: Course outcomes

1. Interpret the Mendel’s principles; and understand the monohybrid and dihybrid crosses
andtheir ratio and chromosomal changes.
2. Learn the basic structure and function of cells and instruments used in molecular biology.

Unit Topic No. of

Lectures (60
hrs)
1 Mendel’s laws through seed ratios. Laboratory exercises in probability 15
and chi-square.
Monohybrid cross (dominance and incomplete dominance)
Dihybrid cross and gene interactions.
Pedigree analysis for dominant and recessive autosomal and sex linked
traits.
Incomplete dominance and gene interaction through seed ratios (9:7,
9:6:1, 13:3, 15:1, 12:3:1, 9:3:4).
Contribution of Mendel.

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Botany UG (NEP) KUN
 2 Study of aneuploidy: Down’s, Klinefelter’s and Turner’s syndromes 15
through photographs.
Photographs/permanent slides showing translocation ring, laggards and
inversion bridge.
3 Hybridization techniques - Emasculation, Bagging (For demonstration 15
only).
Induction of polyploidy in plants (For demonstration only).
4 Techniques used for Crop Improvement. 15
Contribution of Dr. M.S. Swaminathen, T.S. Venkataraman, B.P. Pal,
Dharampal Singh, V. Santhanam in plant breeding.

Suggested readings
 Singh, R.J. (2021). Practical Manual on Plant Cytogenetics. CRC Press, Taylor and
Francis Group, Routledge.

DETAILED SYLLABUS OF B. Sc III YEAR OR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

Course Year Semester

Bachelor of Science B.Sc. III V

Paper 1: Cell and Molecular Biology, and Biotechnology (Course code: BOT501T)
Credit 4
Course outcomes:
1. Understand cell structure, nucleic acids, organization of DNA in prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, DNA
replication mechanism, genetic code and transcription process.
2. Know about processing and modification of RNA and translation process, function and regulationof
expression.
3. Understand the basic tools and techniques used in Plant tissue culture.

Unit Topic No. of

Lectures (60
hrs)
1 Cell Biology: The cell theories, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, cell 18
organelles (Mitochondria, Chloroplast, ER, golgi body, lysosomes,
peroxisomes, glyoxisomes, nucleus, chromatin; DNA packaging in
eukaryotes, euchromatin and heterochromatin, nucleolus and ribosome
structure), cell membrane and cell wall; models of membrane structure,
cell cycle (overview of cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis, molecular
controls).

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Botany UG (NEP) KUN
 2 Molecular Biology: Genetic material (DNA: Miescher to Watson and 18
Crick- historic perspective, Griffith’s and Avery’s transformation
experiments, Hershey-Chase bacteriophage experiment, DNA structure,
types of DNA, types of genetic material); DNA replication (Prokaryotes);
Transcription (Prokaryotes) Types of structures of RNA (mRNA, tRNA,
rRNA); Translation (Prokaryotes), Regulation of gene expression
(Prokaryotes: Lac operon and Tryptophan operon).
3 Plant tissue culture: Culture types on the basis of explants and media 12
composition, General lab setup and instrumentation, micropropagation,
brief account of protoplast culture, somatic embryogenesis with their
applications.
4 Recombinant DNA techniques: Blotting techniques: Northern, Southern 12
and Western Blotting, Molecular DNA markers i.e. RAPD, RFLP, SNPs,
PCR, hybridoma and monoclonal antibodies, ELISA and
Immunodetection.

Suggested readings:
 Alberts, B., Johnson, A.D., Lewis, J., Morgan, D., Raff, M. and Roberts, K. (2014).
Molecular Biology of the Cell. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, USA.; 1464 pages
 Berk, A., Kaiser, C.A., Lodish, H., Amon, A., Ploegh, H, Bretscher (Author), Monty Krieger,
A.,Martin, K.C. (Eds). (2016) Molecular Cell Biology. Freeman & Co., USA.
 Brown, T. A. (2017). Genomes 4. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, USA.
 Buchanan, B.B., Gruissem, W. and Jones, R.L (2015). Biochemistry and molecular biology
of plants. Wiley Publisher; pages: 1264p
 Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. (2009). The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 5th edition. ASM
Press and Sunderland, Washington, D.C.; Sinauer Associates, MA.
 De Robertis, E.D.P. and De Robertis, E.M.F. (2006). Cell and Molecular Biology. 8th edition.
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
 Karp, G. (2010). Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. 6th Edition. John
Wiley and Sons. Inc.

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Botany UG (NEP) KUN
 Paper 2: Economic Botany (Course code: BOT502T) Credit: 4

Course outcomes
1. Know about the importance of medicinal plants and its useful parts, economically
important plants in our daily life and also about the traditional medicines and herbs, and
its relevance in modern times.

Unit Topic No. of

Lectures (60
hrs)
1 Origin of cultivated plants (concept of centres of origin, their importance 15
with reference to Vavilov’s work)
2 A brief knowledge of botany and commercial utilization and uses of the 15
following plants:
Cereals and millets- Wheat, Rice and Maize, Ragi, Pearl millet.
Sugar yielding plants- Sugarcane and Sugar beet.
Fruits- Mango, Apple, Banana, Citrus and Litchi.
Fibers- Cotton, Jute, Hemp, Coir, Agave and Semal.
Vegetables- Root vegetables stem vegetables and fruit vegetables.
Timbers- Teak, Shisham, Sal, Chir and Deodar.
3 Oils, Beverages, Fumitories, masticatories, Spices and Condiments 15
Medicinal plants- Aconitum, Atropa, Cinchona, Rauwolfia, Ephedra,
Withania, and Alovera.
Bioprospects of medicinal plants.
4 Lesser known plants of Uttarakhand and their economic importance 15
(Jhangora- Barnyard Millet, Koni- Foxtail millet, Jakhya, Bhangjeera,
Tarur,)
Wild edible plants of Uttarakhand: Kilmora, Hisalu, Ghigaru, Kafal,
Timla, Bedu, Jamun, Lingura, Kachnar, Bichhu-Ghas.
Conservation of traditional crops: Role of organizations (NBPGR,
CIMAP, ICAR, VPKAS, GBPUAT)

Suggested readings
 Kochhar, S.L. (2011). Economic Botany in the Tropics, MacMillan Publishers India Ltd.,
New Delhi. 4th edition.
 Kochhar, S.L. (2016). Economic Botany: A comprehensive study, Fifth edition,
Cambridge University Press, NY.
 Pandey, B.P. (1999). Economic Botany. S. Chand, New Delhi.
 Singh, H.B. and R.K. Arora. (1978). Wild edible plants of India (1st ed.). ICAR Publication,
New Delhi.
 Wickens, G.E. (2004). Economic Botany: Principles and Practices, Springer, ISBN 978-0- 7923-
6781-9.

16
Botany UG (NEP) KUN
 Paper 3: Lab Course (Course code: BOT503P) Credit: 2
Course outcomes
1. Know about the commercial products produced from plants.
2. Understand about the ethno-botanical details of plants.
3. Learn about the chemistry of plants and herbal preparations.

Unit Topic No. of

Lectures
(60 hrs)
1 Structure of prokaryotic cells (bacteria), viruses, eukaryotic cells with the help 15
of light and electron micrographs.
Study of the photomicrographs of cell organelles, structure of plant cell
through temporary mounts.
Study of mitosis and meiosis (temporary mounts and permanent slides).
Demonstration of the effect of temperature, organic solvent on semi
permeable membrane.
Study of plasmolysis, deplasmolysis, Endo- and Exo-osmosis.
2 Instruments and equipments used in molecular biology 15
The cell size measurements (either length or breadth/diameter) by micrometry.
Study the structure of nuclear pore complex by photograph (from Gerald
Karp) Study of special chromosomes (polytene and lampbrush) either by
slides or photographs.
Study DNA packaging by micrographs.
Preparation of the karyotype and ideogram from given photograph of somatic
metaphase chromosome.
3 Study of economically important plants: 15
Cereals: Wheat, Rice, Maize
Millets: Fingermillet, Foxtail, Ragi
Pulses: Gram, Green gram, Pea, Pigeon pea, Soyabean, Chick pea
Timbers: Shisam, Sal, Teak, Deodar, Pine
Medicinal plants: Dhatura, Berginia, Hedychium, Poppy, Basil, Barberry
Beverages: Tea, Coffee
Oils: Mustard, Seseame, Coconut, Linseed, Groundnut, Castor, Laung, Sandal
wood, Mentha
Spices: Coriander, Cardmum, Curcuma, Cinamom, Laung, Cumin, Thyme,
Nigella, Cinamom leaf.
Fibers: Jute, Coconut, Hemp, Urtica, Cotton
Wild edible plants:
Sugars and starch yielding plants: Sugarcane, Potato, Beet root
Fruits and vegetables cultivated in the area.
Gums and Resins.

17
Botany UG (NEP) KUN
 Suggested readings
 Bhojwani, S.S. and Razdan, M.K., (1996). Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice.
Elsevier Science Amsterdam. The Netherlands.
 Glick, B.R., Pasternak, J.J. (2003). Molecular Biotechnology- Principles and Applications
of recombinant DNA. ASM Press, Washington.
 Kochhar, S.L. (2016). Economic Botany: A comprehensive study, Fifth edition,
Cambridge University Press, NY.
 Pandey, B.P. (1999). Economic Botany. S. Chand, New Delhi.
 Wickens, G.E. (2004). Economic Botany: Principles and Practices, Springer, ISBN 978-0- 7923-
6781-9.
Paper 4: Project in Botany for Pre-graduation (Course code: BOT504R) Credit: 4
(Based on Local Plant Diversity)

Course Year Semester

Bachelor of Science B.Sc. III VI

Paper 1: Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (BOT601T) Credit: 4

Course outcome
1. Understand the role of physiological and metabolic processes for plant growth and
development.
2. Learn the symptoms of mineral deficiency in crops and their management.
3. Assimilate knowledge about Biochemical constitution of plant diversity.
4. Know the role of plants in development of natural products, nutraceuticals, dietary
supplements, antioxidants.
5.
Unit Topic No. of
Lectures (60
hrs)
1 Plant-water relations: Importance of water, water potential and its 18
components; transpiration and its significance; factors affecting
transpiration; root pressure and guttation.
Mineral nutrition: Essential elements, macro and micronutrients; criteria
of essentiality of elements; role of essential elements; transport of ions
across cell membrane, active and passive transport, carriers, channels and
Pumps.

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Botany UG (NEP) KUN
 2 Photosynthesis: (photosynthetic Pigments (Chl a, b, xanthophylls, 18
carotene); photosystem I and II, electron transport and mechanism of ATP
synthesis; C3, C4 and CAM pathways of carbon fixation;
photorespiration).
Respiration (glycolysis, anaerobic respiration, TCA cycle; oxidative
phosphorylation, glyoxylate cycle).

3 Nitrogen metabolism: Biological nitrogen fixation; nitrate and ammonia 12

assimilation.
Plant growth regulators: Discovery and physiological roles of auxins,
gibberellins, cytokinins, ABA, ethylene.
4 Biochemistry: General introduction to carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. 12
Enzymes (structure and properties; mechanism of enzyme catalysis and
enzyme inhibition, factors affecting enzyme action).

Suggested readings

 Bajracharya, D., (1999). Experiments in Plant Physiology- A Laboratory Manual. Narosa

Publishing House, New Delhi.
 Buchanan, B., Gruissem, G. and Jones, R. (2000). Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
of Plants, American Society of Plant Physiologists, USA.
 Davies P J. (2004). Plant Hormones: Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction, Action. 3rd
Edition, Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
 Hopkins, W.G., Huner, N.P., (2009). Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley and
Sons, U.S.A. 4th Edition.
 Nelson, D.L., and Cox, M.M. (2008). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (5th ed.).
W.H.Freeman & Co., New York.
 Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., (2014). Plant Physiology. Sinauer Associates Inc., U.S.A. 6th
Edition.

Paper 2: Ecology and Biostatistics (Course code: BOT602T) Credit: 4

Course outcome
1. Acquaint the students with complex interrelationship between organisms and environment;
2. Make them understand methods for studying vegetation, community patterns and processes,
ecosystem functions, and principles of phytogeography.
3. Understanding the strategies for sustainable natural resource management and biodiversity
conservation.
4. Practical knowledge of the different statistics tools and techniques.

19
Botany UG (NEP) KUN
Unit Topic No. of
Lectures (60
hrs)
1 Ecological factors: 12
Soil (Origin, formation, composition, soil profile)
Plant adaptation in relation to water (Hydrophytes and xerophytes),
light (Sciophytes and heliophytes) and temperature
Pollution: Water, Soil and Radioactive.
2 Ecosystem: Types, structure, energy flow, trophic organization, food 18
chains and food webs, ecological pyramids.
Biogeochemical cycles: Cycling of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous.
Population: Characteristics, Growth curves, Ecotypes and Ecads
Plant communities: Characteristics, plant succession, Biological
spectrum
Biodiversity conservation
3 Biostatistics: Definition and scope of statistics, sampling techniques, 18
representation of data: tabular, graphical etc
Measures of central tendency: Arithmetic mean, mode, median.
4 Measures of dispersion: range, mean deviation, variation, standard 12
deviation;
Chi-square test for goodness of fit
Regression analysis

Suggested readings
 Banerjee, P.K. (2006). Introduction to Biostatistics. S. Chand and Company Ltd., Ram
Nagar, New Delhi.
 Chapman, J.L. and Reiss, M.J. (2003). Ecology: Principles and Applications. Second
Edition. Cambridge University Press, UK. ISBN 0 521 58802 2. 335 pages.
 Odum, E.P. (2011). Fundamental of Ecology. 5th Edition. Saunders. ISBN
9780030584145. 613 pages.
 Rastogi, V.B. (2015). Biostatistics. Medtech, 3rd Edition.
 Real, L.A. and Brown, J.H. (Eds.) (1991). Foundations of Ecology: Classic Papers with
Commentaries. The University of Chicago Press. ISBN-10 0-226-70594-3. 904 pages.
 Sharma, P.D. (2010) Ecology and Environment. Rastogi Publications, Meerut, India. 8th
edition.
 Shukla, R.S. and Chandel P.S. (2005). A text book of Plant Ecology. S. Chand and
Company Ltd., Ram Nagar, New Delhi.
 Singh, J.S. Singh S.P. and Gupta, S.R. (2014). Ecology, Environment and Resource
Conservation. S. Chand and Compony Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

20
Botany UG (NEP) KUN
 Paper 3: Practical/lab Course (Course code: BOT603P) Credit: 2
Course outcome
1. Understand the role of different physiological and metabolic processes of plants.
2. Gaining practical knowledge implemented in the biodiversity assessment and conservation.
3. Practical knowledge of the different statistics tools and techniques.

Unit Topic No. of

Lectures (60
hrs)
1 Demonstration of process of diffusion, osmosis and plasmolysis 18
Demonstration of transpiration in dorsivental leaf by four leaf and cobalt
chloride method.
Determination of rate of transpiration by Ganong’s/Farm potometer.
Demonstration of the effect of light intensity and bicarbonate
concentration on O2 evolution in photosynthesis by Wilmott’ s bublar
Determination of R.Q of different respiratory substrates by Ganong’s
respirometer
Demonstration of anaerobic respiration in germinating seeds.
2 Test of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. 12
3 Observation and study of different ecosystems mentioned in the 18
syllabus.
Study of instruments used to measure microclimatic variables: Soil
thermometer, maximum and minimum thermometer, rain gauge and lux
meter.
Determination of pH, and analysis of soil samples for soil moisture,
organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus.
Comparison of bulk density, porosity and rate of infiltration of water in
soil of three habitats.
Study of ecological adaptations in hydrophytes and xerophytes.
Study of biotic interactions of stem parasite (Cuscuta), root parasite
(Orobanche), epiphytes, predation (insectivorous plants) through
specimen or diagrams.
Determination of minimum quadrat size for the study of herbaceous
vegetation by species area curve method (species to be listed).
Quantitative analysis of herbaceous vegetation in the college campus for
frequency, density, abundance and A/F ratio.
Population structure study of dominant tree species of the locality.

21
Botany UG (NEP) KUN
 4 Analysis of statistical data: mean, median and mode by analyzing the 12
given data of individual, discrete and continuous series, standard error
and deviation
Numerical based on correlation coefficient
Numerical based on chi square value
Representation of data by making graphs and diagrams etc.
Comment upon given graphs, diagrams etc.

Suggested readings
 Plummer, D.T. (1996). An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry. Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi. 3rd edition.
 Zar, J.H. (2012). Biostatistical Analysis. Pearson Publication. U.S.A. 4th edition.

Paper 4: Project in Botany for Pre-graduation (Course code: BOT604R) Credits: 04

(Based on Local Ecosystem studies)

Minor Elective Courses in Botany

Paper 1: Plant Science 1 (Course code: PSME01T) Credit: 4

Course Outcome

After the completion of the course the students will be able to:
1. Develop understanding about the classification and diversity of different microbes including
viruses, Algae, Fungi & Lichens & their economic importance.
2. Gain knowledge about uses of microbes in various fields.
3. Understand the structure and reproduction of certain selected bacteria algae, fungi and lichens
4. Develop critical understanding on morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Bryophytes,
Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms.
5. Understand the basic concepts of plant taxonomy
6. Understand morphology, anatomy and embryology.

22
Botany UG (NEP) KUN
 Unit Topic Credits

1 Microbes: General characteristics and economic importance of bacteria and 1

viruses.
Algae: General characteristics; range of thallus, reproduction and economic
importance
Fungi: General characteristics, reproduction, ecology and significance.
2 Bryophytes: General characteristics, adaptations to land habit, reproduction and 1
economic importance of bryophytes.
Pteridophytes: General characteristics, ecological and economic importance of
Pteridophytes.
3 Gymnosperms: General characteristics, ecological and economic importance. 1
Introduction to plant taxonomy: Identification, classification, nomenclature,
functions of herbarium, important herbaria and botanical gardens of the world
and India.
4 Plant Embryology: Embryo, Types of ovules and embryo sacs; endosperm; 1
types of endosperm; dicot and monocot embryo, pollination, fertilization.

Plant Anatomy: Types of tissues, Root and shoot apical meristems, simple,
complex and secretary tissues, structure of dicot and monocot root, stem and
leaf.

Paper 2: Plant Science II (Course code: PSME02T) Credit: 4

Course Outcome
After the completion of the course the students will be able to
1. Understand the basic biochemical and physiological process in plants.
2. Understand the basic of plant tissue culture techniques used in molecular biology.
3. Understand the concept of biodiversity and its conservation and global warming.
4. Learn the concepts of mendelian genetics, plant breeding methods, crop evolution and uses of
plants.

S.No. Topics Credit

1 Plant Physiology and Biochemistry: Photosynthesis, respiration, nitrogen
1
fixation, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and secondary metabolites.
2 Plant Biotechnology: Plant tissue culture, recombinant DNA technology and 1
techniques used in molecular biology.

23
Botany UG (NEP) KUN
3 Biodiversity and Conservation: Species, population, species interaction, 1
ecosystem, ecological succession, environment pollution, biodiversity, In situ
and ex situ conservation, International Union for Conservation of Nature
(IUCN), and Climate change and its consequence.
4 Plant Breeding and Utilization: Mendelian principles, plant breeding 1
methods, and evolution of major crop plants, economics and utilization of plant
resources.

Vocational/Skill Enhancement Courses in Botany

i) Bio-fertilizers Credit: 3
Course outcome
1. Develop conceptual skill about identifying microbes, and bio-fertilizers.
2. Gain knowledge about developing commercial enterprise of bio-fertilizers.

Unit Topic No. of

lecturers/
hrs (45)
1 General account about the microbes used as biofertilizer – 10
Rhizobium – isolation, identification, mass multiplication, carrier
based inoculants, Actinorrhizal symbiosis.
2 Azospirillum: isolation and mass multiplication – carrier based 15
inoculant, associative effect of different microorganisms.
Azotobacter: classification, characteristics – crop response to
Azotobacter inoculum, maintenance and mass multiplication
Cyanobacteria (blue green algae), Azolla and Anabaena azollae
association, nitrogen fixation, factors affecting growth, blue green
algae and Azolla in rice cultivation
3 Mycorrhizal association, types of mycorrhizal association, 10
taxonomy, occurrence and distribution, phosphorus nutrition,
growth and yield – colonization of VAM – isolation and inoculum
production of VAM, and its influence on growth and yield of crop
Plants

24
Botany UG (NEP) KUN
 4 Organic farming – Green manuring and organic fertilizers, 10
Recycling of biodegradable municipal, agricultural and Industrial
wastes – biocompost making methods, types and method of
vermicomposting – field Application.
National and state institutes related to the activity.

Suggested readings
 Dubey, R.C. (2005). A Text Book of Biotechnology. S.Chand and Co, New Delhi.
 John Jothi Prakash, E. (2004). Outlines of Plant Biotechnology. Emkay Publication, New
Delhi.
 Kumaresan, V. (2005). Biotechnology, Saras Publications, New Delhi.
 Sathe, T.V. (2004). Vermiculture and Organic Farming. Daya Publishers.
 Subha Rao, N.S. (2000). Soil Microbiology, Oxford and IBH Publishers, New Delhi.
 Vayas, S.C, Vayas, S. and Modi, H.A. (1998). Bio-fertilizers and organic Farming. Akta
Prakashan, Nadiad.

ii) Herbal Technology Credit: 3

Course outcome
1. Develop conceptual skill about traditional Indian medicinal system, herbal medicines, their
processing, storage and marketing.
2. Gain knowledge about developing commercial enterprise of herbal medicines.
3. Learn the basic tools and techniques for phytochemical analysis and propagation of the
medicinal plants.
Unit Topic No. of
lecturers/
hrs
(45)
1 Herbal medicines: history and scope - definition of medical terms - 10
role of medicinal plants in Siddha systems of medicine; cultivation -
harvesting - processing - storage - marketing and utilization of
medicinal plants.
2 Pharmacognosy - systematic position medicinal uses of the following 15
herbs in curing various ailments; Tulsi, Ginger, Fenugreek, Indian
Goose berry and Ashoka.
Phytochemistry - active principles and methods of their testing -
identification and utilization of the medicinal herbs; Catharanthus
roseus (cardiotonic), Withania somnifera (drugs acting on nervous
system), Clerodendron phlomoides (anti-rheumatic) and Centella
asiatica (memory booster).

25
Botany UG (NEP) KUN
 3 Analytical pharmacognosy: Drug adulteration - types, methods of 10
drug evaluation - Biological testing of herbal drugs - Phytochemical
screening tests for secondary metabolites (alkaloids, flavonoids,
steroids, triterpenoids, phenolic compounds).
4 Medicinal plant banks micro propagation of important species 10
(ashwagandha, neem and tulsi- Herbal foods-future of
pharmacognosy).
National and state institutes related to the activity.

Suggested readings

 Arber, A. (1999). Herbal plants and Drugs. Mangal Deep Publications.

 Chopra, R.N., Nayar S.L. and Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants,
C.S.I.R, New Delhi.
 Green, A. (2000). Principles of Ayurveda, Thomsons, London.
 Kokate, C.K. (1999). Pharmacognosy, Nirali Prakashan.
 Miller, L. and Miller, B. (1998). Ayurveda and Aromatherapy. Banarsidass, Delhi.
 Sivarajan V.V. and Balachandran I. (1994). Ayurvedic drugs and their plant source.
Oxford IBH publishing Co.

iii) Nursery and Gardening Credit: 3

Course outcome
1. Develop conceptual of nursery and gardening.
2. Gain knowledge about developing commercial enterprise of nursery.

Unit Topic No. of

lecturers/
hrs (45)
1 Nursery: definition, objectives and scope and building up of 15
infrastructure for nursery, planning and seasonal activities - Planting -
direct seeding and transplants.
Seed: Structure and types - Seed dormancy; causes and methods of
breaking dormancy-Seed storage: Seed banks, factors affecting seed
viability, genetic erosion – Seed production technology - seed testing
and certification
2 Vegetative propagation: air-layering, cutting, selection of cutting, 10
collecting season, treatment of cutting, rooting medium and planting of
cuttings - Hardening of plants – green house - mist chamber, shed root,
shade house and glass house

26
Botany UG (NEP) KUN
 3 Gardening: definition, objectives and scope - different types of 10
gardening-landscape and home gardening - parks and its components -
plant materials and design-computer applications in landscaping -
Gardening operations: soil laying, manuring, watering, management of
pests and diseases and harvesting.
4 Sowing/raising of seeds and seedlings - Transplanting of seedlings - 10
Study of cultivation of different vegetables: cabbage, brinjal, lady’s
finger, onion, garlic, tomatoes, and carrots - Storage and marketing
procedures.
National and state institutes related to the activity.

Suggested readings
 Agrawal, P.K. (1993). Hand Book of Seed Technology, Dept. of Agriculture and
Cooperation, National Seed Corporation Ltd., New Delhi.
 Bose T.K. and Mukherjee, D. (1972). Gardening in India, Oxford and IBH Publishing
Co., New Delhi.
 Jules J. (1979). Horticultural Science. (3rd Ed.), W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco,
USA.
 Kumar, N. (1997). Introduction to Horticulture, Rajalakshmi Publications, Nagercoil.
 Sandhu, M.K. (1989). Plant Propagation, Wile Eastern Ltd., Bangalore, Madras.

iv) Floriculture Credit: 3

Course outcome
1. Develop conceptual skill about floriculture.
2. Gain knowledge about developing commercial enterprise of commercial floriculture.
Unit Topic No. of
lecturers/
hrs
(45)
1 Introduction: History of gardening; Importance and scope of 15
floriculture.
Nursery Management and Routine Garden Operations: Sexual and
vegetative methods of propagation; Soil sterilization; Seed sowing;
Pricking; Planting and transplanting; Role of plant growth regulators.
2 Ornamental Plants: Flowering annuals; Herbaceous perennials; Shade 10
and ornamental trees; Cacti and succulents; Palms and Cycads; Ferns;
Cultivation of plants in pots; Indoor gardening; Bonsai.

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Botany UG (NEP) KUN
 3 Principles of Garden Designs: English, Italian, French, Persian, 10
Mughal and Japanese gardens; Features of a garden (Garden wall,
Fencing, Steps, Hedge, Edging, Lawn, Flower beds, Shrubbery,
Borders, Water garden. Some Famous gardens of India.
4 Commercial Floriculture: Factors affecting flower production; 10
Production and packaging of cut flowers; Flower arrangements;
Methods to prolong vase life; Cultivation of Important cut flowers
(Carnation, Aster, Chrysanthemum, Dahlia, Gerbera, Gladiolous,
Marigold, Rose, Lilium, Orchids). Diseases and Pests of Ornamental
Plants.
National and state institutes related to the activity.

Suggested readings
 Randhawa, G.S. and Mukhopadhyay, A. (1986). Floriculture in India. Allied Publishers.

v) Medicinal Botany Credit: 3

Course outcome
1. Understand the traditional Indian medicinal systems and their importance.
2. To learn the strategies for the conservation of medicinal plants.
3. Gain knowledge about developing commercial enterprise of herbal medicines.

Unit Topic No. of

lecturers/
hrs (45)
1 History, Scope and Importance of Medicinal Plants. Indigenous 10
Medicinal Sciences; Definition and Scope-Ayurveda: History,
origin, panchamahabhutas, saptadhatu and tridosha concepts,
Rasayana, plants used in ayurvedic treatments, Siddha
2 Origin of Siddha medicinal systems, Basis of Siddha system, 10
plants used in Siddha medicine. Unani: History, concept: Umoor-
e- tabiya, tumors treatments/ therapy, polyherbal formulations.

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Botany UG (NEP) KUN
 3 Conservation of endangered and endemic medicinal plants. 15
Definition: endemic and endangered medicinal plants, Red list
criteria; In situ conservation: Biosphere reserves, sacred groves,
National Parks; Ex situ conservation: Botanical Gardens,
Ethnomedicinal plant Gardens. Propagation of Medicinal Plants:
Objectives of the nursery, its classification, important
components of a nursery, sowing, pricking, use of green house
for nursery production, propagation through cuttings, layering,
grafting and budding
4 Ethno-botany and Folk medicines. Definition; Ethnobotany in 10
India: Methods to study ethnobotany; Applications of Ethno-
botany: National interacts, Palaeo-ethnobotany. folk medicines of
ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, ethnoecology, ethnic communities
of India. Application of natural products to certain diseases-
Jaundice, cardiac, infertility, diabetics, Blood pressure and skin
diseases.
National and state institutes related to the activity.

Suggested readings
 Jain, S.K. (1989). Method of Approaches in Ethnobotany. Lucknow.
 Jain, S.K. (2010). A Mannual of Ethnobotany. Scientific Publishers.
 Jain, S.K. and Mudgal, V. (1999). A handbook of Ethnobotany. Dehradun.
 Krattigar, F. Anatole (1994). Widening Perspectives on Biodiversity. Dehradun.
 Martin, G.J. (1994). Ethnobotany: A Method Mannual. London.
 Pande, P.C., Pokharia D.S. and Bhatt J.C. (1999 Ed.). Ethnobotany of
Kumaun Himalaya. Jodhpur.
 Purohit, S.S. and Vyas, S.P. (2008). Medicinal Plant Cultivation: A Scientific Approach,
2nd edn. Agrobios, India.
 Trivedi, P.C. (2006). Medicinal Plants: Ethnobotanical Approach, Agrobios, India.
 Wariko, K. (1995). Society and culture in the Himalaya. New Delhi.
 Yamin, F. (1995). The Biodiversity Conservation and Intellectual Property
Rights. Switzerland.

vi) Conservation and Management of biodiversity (Conservation and Natural Resource

Management) Credit: 3

Course outcome
1. Understand the importance, benefits and services of biodiversity.
2. To learn the strategies for the conservation of biodiversity.

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Botany UG (NEP) KUN
 Unit Topic No. of
lecturers/
hrs (45)
1 Plant diversity and its scope- Genetic diversity, Species diversity, Plant 10
diversity at the ecosystem level, Agrobiodiversity and cultivated plant
taxa, wild taxa. Values and uses of Biodiversity: Ethical and aesthetic
values, Precautionary principle, Methodologies for valuation, Uses of
plants, Uses of microbes
2 Loss of Biodiversity; Loss of genetic diversity, Loss of species 15
diversity, Loss of ecosystem diversity, Loss of agrobiodiversity,
Projected scenario for biodiversity loss.
Management of Plant Biodiversity: Organizations associated with
biodiversity management-Methodology for execution-IUCN, UNEP,
UNESCO, WWF, NBPGR; Biodiversity legislation and conservations,
Biodiversity information management and communication.
3 Conservation of Biodiversity: Conservation of genetic diversity, 10
species diversity and ecosystem diversity, In situ and ex situ
conservation, Social approaches to conservation, Biodiversity
awareness programmes, Sustainable development
4 Role of plants in relation to Human Welfare a) Importance of 10
forestry their utilization and commercial aspects b) Avenue trees, c)
Ornamental plants of India. d) Alcoholic beverages through ages.
Fruits and nuts: Important fruit crops their commercial importance.
Wood and its uses.
National and state institutes related to the activity.

Suggested readings
 Barbour, M.G., Burk, J.H. and Pitts, W.D. (1987). Terrestrial Plant Ecology.
Benjamin/Cummings Publication Company, California
 Baskin and Baskin, (2001). Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of
Dormancy and Germination Elsevier
 Kormondy, E.J. (2017). Concept of Ecology. Pearson India.
 Krishnamurthy, K.V. (2004). An Advanced Text Book of Biodiversity – Principles and
Practices. Oxford and IBH Publications Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
 Odum, E.P. (1983). Basic Ecology Saunders, Philadelphia
 Singh, J.S. Singh S.P. and Gupta, S.R. (2014). Ecology, Environment and
Resource Conservation. S. Chand and Compony Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
 Smith, R.L. (1996). Ecology and Field Biology Harper Collins, New York.

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Botany UG (NEP) KUN
vii) Ethno-botany Credit: 3

Course outcomes
1. To learn the proper documentation and presentation of traditional knowledge about plants.
2. To use important plants by the tribal communities for various purposes.
3. To learn the conservation of wild growing plants and their socioeconomic impacts.

Unit Topic No. of

lecturers/
hrs (45)
1 Ethno-botany: Introduction, concept, scope and objectives; 10
Ethnobotany as an interdisciplinary science. The relevance of
ethnobotany in the present context; Major and minor ethnic
groups or Tribals of India, and their life styles. Plants used by the
tribals: a) Food plants b) Intoxicants and beverages c) Resins and
oils and miscellaneous uses
2 Methodology of Ethnobotanical studies 10
a) Field work b) Herbarium c) Ancient Literature d) Temples and
sacred places e) Indigenous knowledge system
3 Role of ethno-botany in modern Medicine 15
Medico-ethnobotanical sources in India; Significance of the
following plants in ethno botanical practices (along with their
habitat and morphology) a) Azadirachta indica b) Ocimum
sanctum c) Vitex negundo d) Gloriosa superba e) Tribulus
terrestris f) Pongamia pinnata g) Cassia fistula h) Indigofera
tinctoria. Role of ethnobotany in modern medicine with special
example Rauvolfia serpentina, Trichopus zeylanicus, Artemisia,
Withania.
Role of ethnic groups in conservation of plant genetic resources.
Endangered taxa and forest management (participatory forest
management).
4 Ethnobotany and legal aspects 10
Ethnobotany as a tool to protect interests of ethnic groups.
Sharing of wealth concept with few examples from India.
Biopiracy, Intellectual Property Rights and Traditional
Knowledge.
National and state institutes related to the activity.

31
Botany UG (NEP) KUN
 Suggested readings
 Colton C.M. (1997). Ethnobotany-Principles and applications. John Wiley and sons
Chichester.
 Jain S.K. (1981). Glimpses of Indian. Ethnobotany, Oxford and I B H, New Delhi.
 Jain S.K. (1989). Methods and approaches in ethnobotany. Society of Ethnobotanists,
Lucknow, India.
 Jain S.K. (1990). Contributions of Indian ethnobotany. Scientific publishers, Jodhpur.
 Jain S.K. (1995). Manual of Ethnobotany, Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, 1995.
 Rajiv K. Sinha (1996). Ethnobotany The Renaissance of Traditional Herbal Medicine –
INA –SHREE Publishers, Jaipur).
 Rama Ro, N and A.N. Henry (1996). The Ethnobotany of Eastern Ghats in Andhra
Pradesh, India. Botanical Survey of India. Howrah.

viii) Mushroom Cultivation Credit: 3

Course outcome
1. Understand the economic importance of mushroom cultivation.
2. To learn the basic tools and techniques used in mushroom cultivation.
3. To learn the skills for developing commercial enterprise of mushroom cultivation.
Unit Topic No. of
lecturers/
hrs (45)
1 Introduction, history. Nutritional and medicinal value of edible 10
mushrooms; Poisonous mushrooms. Types of edible mushrooms
available in India- Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus citrinopileatus,
Agaricus bisporus.
2 Cultivation methods: Infrastructure: substrates (locally available) 15
Polythene bag, vessels, Inoculation hook, inoculation loop, low cost
stove, sieves, culture rack, mushroom unit (Thatched house) water
sprayer, tray, small polythene bag. Pure culture: Medium,
sterilization, preparation of spawn, multiplication. Mushroom bed
preparation - paddy straw, sugarcane trash, maize straw, banana
leaves. Factors affecting the mushroom bed preparation - Low cost
technology, Composting technology in mushroom production
3 Storage and nutrition: Short-term storage (Refrigeration - upto 24 10
hours) Long term Storage (canning, pickels, papads), drying, storage
in salt solutions. Nutrition- Proteins - amino acids, mineral elements
nutrition - Carbohydrates, Crude fibre content - Vitamins.
4 Food preparation: Delicacies of mushroom and its value addition, 10
Research Centres - National level and Regional level. Cost benefit

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Botany UG (NEP) KUN
 ratio - Marketing in India and abroad, Export Value.
National and state institutes related to the activity.

Suggested readings
 Bahl, N. (2000). Hand book of Mushrooms. Oxford & Ibh Publishing Co. Pvt Ltd.
 Marimuthu, T. Krishnamoorthy, A.S. Sivaprakasam, K. and Jayarajan. R. (1991). Oyster
Mushrooms, Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Coimbatore.
 Swaminathan, M. (1990). Food and Nutrition. Bappco, The Bangalore Printing and
Publishing Co. Ltd., No. 88, Mysore Road, Bangalore - 560018.
 Tewari, P. and Kapoor, S.C. (1988). Mushroom cultivation, Mittal Publications, Delhi.

ix) Intellectual Property Rights Credit: 3

1. Understand the basic concepts of intellectual property rights.
2. To learn the procedure for obtaining the intellectual property rights.

Unit Topic No. of

lecturers/ hrs
(45)
1 Introduction to intellectual property right (IPR) 10
Concept and kinds. Economic importance. IPR in India and world:
Genesis and scope, some important examples. IPR, WTO TRIPS
and WIPO.

33
Botany UG (NEP) KUN
 2 Patents 10
Objectives, Rights, Patent Act 1970 and its amendments.
Procedure of obtaining patents, Working of patents, Infringement.
Copyrights
Introduction, Works protected under copyright law, Rights,
Transfer of Copyright, Infringement.
Trademarks
Objectives, Types, Rights, Protection of goodwill, Infringement,
Passing off, Defenses, Domain name.
Geographical Indications
Objectives, Justification, International Position, Multilateral
Treaties, National Level, Indian Position.
3 Protection of Traditional Knowledge 10
Objective, Concept of Traditional Knowledge, Holders, Issues
concerning, Bio-Prospecting and Bio-Piracy, Alternative ways,
Protectability, need for a Sui-Generis regime, Traditional
Knowledge on the International Arena, at WTO, at National level
Traditional Knowledge Digital Library.
Industrial Designs
Objectives, Rights, Assignments, Infringements, Defenses of
Design Infringement
4 Protection of Plant Varieties 15
Plant Varieties Protection-Objectives, Justification, International
Position, Plant varieties protection in India. Rights of farmers,
Breeders and Researchers. National gene bank, Benefit sharing.
Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001.
Information Technology Related Intellectual Property Rights
Computer Software and Intellectual Property, Database and Data
Protection, Protection of Semi-conductor chips, Domain Name
Protection.
Biotechnology and Intellectual Property Rights.
Patenting Biotech Inventions: Objective, Applications, Concept of
Novelty, Concept of inventive step, Microorganisms, Moral Issues
in Patenting Biotechnological inventions.

34
Botany UG (NEP) KUN
 Suggested readings
 Acharya N.K. (2001). Textbook on intellectual property rights, Asia Law House.
 Ganguli P. (2001). Intellectual Property Rights: Unleashing the Knowledge Economy,
Tata McGraw-Hill.
 Guru M. and Rao M.B. (2003). Understanding Trips: Managing Knowledge in
Developing Countries, Sage Publications.
 Miller, A.R. and Davis M.H. (2000). Intellectual Property: Patents, Trademarks and
Copyright in Nutshell, West Group Publishers.
 Watal, J. (2003) Intellectual property rights in the WTO and developing countries,
Oxford University Press, Oxford.

35
Botany UG (NEP) KUN