Exercise 1: A protein molecule is spinning in an ultracentrifuge with average

angular velocity of 8400 s-1 at a fixed distance of 5 cm from the axis of rotation.
Find the centripetal acceleration it experiences.
Solution:
The protein travels in a circular trajectory of radius r= 0.05 m so that its
velocity is:
= 8400 × 0.05 = 420 /

The centripetal acceleration of protein is:

2
= = 3.5 × 106 m/ .

Exercise 2: (a) A cylindrical tube filled with blood is held vertically. The tube
has a radius and length of 1 cm and 10 cm, respectively. Calculate the pressure
at the bottom of the tube. (b) Calculate the pressure exerted on the ground by a
100 kg man standing squarely on his feet, each sole having an area of 200 cm2.
= 1.06 × 10 /
Solution:
a) The pressure at the bottom of the tube is equal to weight of the blood
divide by cross-sectional area of cylinder (Here we are neglecting atmospheric
pressure, the pressure due to column of air above the tube). We have:
mg ρ(пr h)g
P = = = ρgh
A пr
So that, the pressure is independent of radius r of the cylinder, and is
equal to:
P = 1.06 × 103 ∙ 9.8 ∙ 0.1 = 1040 Pa
We later show that the result here that P= ρgh is generally true for a fluid
hydrostatic equilibrium. It actually represents pressure increase at distance h
below top of surface.
b) Using the same principle, the pressure at the ground is given by:
mg 100 ∙ 9.8
P = = = 2.5 × 104 Pa,
Atotal 2∙200∙10−4
 where the factor of 2 is due to the weight being equally supported by both
feet and factor 10-4 converts unit from cm2 to m2.
Exercise 3: Anne is working on a research project that involves the use of a
centrifuge. Her samples must first experience an acceleration of 100g, but then
the acceleration must increase by a factor of 8. By how much will the rotation
speed have to increase? Express your answer as a multiple of the initial rotation
rate.
Solution:
2
= 100g = 1
,

2
= 800g = 2
,

2
800g ( 2) 2
,
= = 800g = = 2
, 100g 2 2
( 1) 1

= √8
Exercise 4: An adult dolphin is about 5.00 m long and weighs about 1600 N.
How fast must he be moving as he leaves the water in order to jump to a height
of 2.50 m? Ignore any effects due to air resistance.
Solution
+ = +

0+ = +0

= 2 = 2 9.80 (2.50 ) = 7.00 /

Exercise 5: When the palmaris longus muscle in the forearm is flexed, the wrist
moves back and forth (Figure shown below). If the muscle generates a force of
45.0 N and it is acting with an effective lever arm of 22.0 cm, what is the torque
that the muscle produces on the wrist?
Solution:
= = (0.220 m) (45.0 N) = 9.90 N ∙ m
Exercise 6: Susan ordinarily eats 2000 kcal of food per day. If her mass is 60 kg
and her height is 1.7 m, her surface area is probably close to 1.7 m2. Although
the body is only about two-thirds water, we will model it as being all water. (a)
Typically 80% of the calories we consume are converted to heat. If Susan’s
body has no way of getting rid of the heat produced, by how many degrees
Celsius would her body temperature rise in a day? (b) Would this be a noticeable
increase? (c) How does her body prevent the increase from happening? (The
specific capacity of water is 4186 / ∙ )
Solution:
a)
4184 J
Q 0.8(2.00 × 10 cal ×
∆T = = 1 cal = 26.7 K
mc (60.0 kg)(4186 J/kg ∙ K)
b) Yes, this is a noticeable temperature increase. In fact, a temperature increase
of this magnitude would kill her!

c) Her body prevent this increase by radiating and evaporating sweat.

Exercise 7: A potential difference exists between the inner and outer surfaces of
the membrane of a cell. The inner surface is negative relative to the outer
surface. If 1.5×10−20 J of work is required to eject a positive sodium ion (Na+)
from the interior of the cell, what is the potential difference between the inner
and outer surfaces of the cell?
Solution:
−W W 1.5 × 10 J
∆V = = = = 0.094 V
q e 1.60 × 10 C

Exercise 8: A defibrillator containing a 20.0-μF capacitor is used to shock the

heart of a patient by holding it to the patient’s chest. Just prior to discharging,
the capacitor has a voltage of 10.0 kV across its plates. How much energy is
released into the patient, assuming no energy losses?
Solution:
1 1
U = CV = (20.0 × 10 F)(10.0 × 10 V) = 1.00 × 10 J
2 2
Exercise 9: A recent study found that electrons having energies between 3.0 and
20 eV can cause breaks in a DNA molecule even though they do not ionize the
molecule. If the energy were to come from light, (a) what range of wavelengths
(in nanometers) could cause DNA breaks, and (b) in what part of the
electromagnetic spectrum does the light lie?
Solution:
(a)

ℎ (6.63 × 10 ∙ )(3.00 × 10 )
= = = 4.14 × 10
1.6 × 10
(3.00 ×
1
= 414

ℎ (6.63 × 10 ∙ ) 3.00 × 10
= = = 6.62 × 10
1.6 × 10
(20.00 ×
1
= 62.2
(b) The light lies in Ultraviolet range.

Exercise 10: A dental x ray typically affects 200 g of tissue and delivers about
4.0 μJ of energy using x rays that have wavelengths of 0.025 nm. What is the
energy (in electron volts) of such x-ray photons, and how many photons are
absorbed during the dental x ray? Assume the body absorbs all of the incident x
rays.
Solution:

ℎ (6.63 × 10 ∙ ) 3.00 × 10
= =
0.25 × 10
1
= 7.956 × 10 × = 5.0 × 10
1.60 × 10

4.0 × 10
= = = 5.0 × 10 ℎ
7.956 × 10
Exercise 11: Vitamin D is produced in the skin when 7-dehydrocholesterol
reacts with UVB rays (ultraviolet B) having wavelengths between 270 and 300
nm. What is the energy range of the UVB photons?
Solution:
270 nm:

ℎ (6.63 × 10 ∙ ) 3.00 × 10
= = = 7.37 × 10
270 × 10
300nm:

ℎ (6.63 × 10 ∙ ) 3.00 × 10
= = = 6.63 × 10
300 × 10

Exercise 12: A patient is injected with 7.88 μCi of radioactive iodine-131 that
has a half-life of 8.02 days. Assuming that 90% of the iodine ultimately finds its
way to the thyroid, what decay rate do you expect to find in the thyroid after 30
days?
Solution:
Decay constant:
2 ln 2
λ= = = 0.0864
/ 8.02
Decay rate after 30 days:
( . )( )
= = (0.90)(7.88 ) = 0.5