HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View

Part IV Acids and bases

Chemistry: Chapter 18 Salts and neutralization

Combined Science (Chemistry Part): Chapter 18 Salts and neutralization

Structured questions

Sections 18.1−18.3
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For each of the following reactions, state ONE observable change and write an ionic
equation for the reaction involved.

(a) Adding dilute sulphuric acid to aluminium oxide (2 marks)

(b) Adding dilute nitric acid to iron(II) hydroxide (2 marks)

(c) Adding dilute hydrochloric acid to copper(II) carbonate (2 marks)

(d) Mixing sodium sulphate solution with lead(II) nitrate solution (2 marks)

##
(a) The solid dissolves / a colourless solution forms / heat is given out. 1
Al2O3(s) + 6H (aq) → 2Al (aq) + 3H2O(l)
+ 3+
1
(b) The solid dissolves / a pale green solution forms / heat is given out. 1
Ca(OH)2(s) + 2H+(aq) → Ca2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) 1
(c) The solid dissolves / a blue solution forms / heat is given out / colourless
gas bubbles evolve. 1
CuCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) → Cu2+(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) 1
(d) A white precipitate forms / heat is given out. 1
Pb2+(aq) + SO42−(aq) →PbSO4(s) 1
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Section 18.4
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A student prepared zinc sulphate crystals by reacting zinc oxide with sulphuric acid in
the laboratory, as shown in the diagram below.

The student wrote the following procedure of the experiment in his notebook:
(1) Excess zinc oxide was added to 80.0 cm3 of 2.0 M sulphuric acid in a beaker.
(2) The mixture was heated for two minutes with stirring.
(3) The remaining zinc oxide was filtered off.
(4) The filtrate was allowed to cool overnight.

(a) With reference to the above diagram, state THREE aspects that are considered
unsafe in the laboratory. (3 marks)

(b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

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(c) State the purpose of heating the reaction mixture in Step (2). (1 mark)

(d) Explain why the student did not obtain any crystals next day even he followed
exactly the procedure written in his notebook. (1 mark)

##
(a) The student did not wear safety spectacles. 1
The two reagent bottles were not stoppered after use. 1
The beaker was almost full and the solution might boil over. 1
(b) ZnO(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2O(l) 1
(c) To speed up the reaction 1
(d) The solution was not saturated enough for the crystallization to occur. 1
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*Outline the steps in preparing solid calcium chloride from calcium carbonate. State
clearly other chemical reagents required, but need NOT mention the required apparatus.
(5 marks)

##
- Add excess calcium carbonate to dilute hydrochloric acid. 1
- Filter off the excess calcium carbonate. Heat the filtrate until it becomes
saturated. 1
- Leave the hot saturated solution aside to cool slowly at room temperature.

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Crystals form after some time. 1

- Filter the crystals out and wash the crystals with little cold distilled water.
Dry the calcium chloride crystals using filter paper or oven. 1
- Communication mark 1
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*Describe how you would prepare potassium nitrate crystals from potassium hydroxide
solution and dilute nitric acid in the school laboratory. (6 marks)

##
- Pipette a known volume of potassium hydroxide solution in a conical flask.
Add a few drops of methyl orange / phenolphthalein to the solution. 1
- Titrate potassium hydroxide solution with dilute nitric acid from a burette
until a persistent orange colour (using methyl orange) / pale pink colour
(using phenolphthalein) appears. Determine the volume of acid used. 1
- Add the same volume of dilute nitric acid as required by the titration to the
known volume of potassium hydroxide solution without adding any
indicators. 1
- Heat the solution until it becomes saturated. Leave the hot saturated
solution aside to cool slowly at room temperature. 1
- Filter the crystals out and wash the crystals with little cold distilled water.

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Dry the crystals using filter paper or oven. 1

- Communication mark 1
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In the preparation of magnesium carbonate, magnesium was burnt in air. Dilute
sulphuric acid was added to the product obtained and the reaction mixture was filtered.
Sodium carbonate solution was added to the filtrate and precipitation occurred. The
precipitate obtained was washed and dried.

(a) Write an equation for reaction of magnesium with oxygen in air. (1 mark)

(b) (i) With the aid of a chemical equation, name a side product produced during the
combustion of magnesium in air. (2 marks)

(ii) State the effect of the formation of side product on the percentage yield of the
reaction. (1 mark)

(iii) Suggest a reaction that can be used to prepare magnesium sulphate solution
from magnesium. (1 mark)

(c) Write an ionic equation for the precipitation reaction occurred. (1 mark)

(d) Explain why the precipitate needed to be washed. (1 mark)

##
(a) 2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s) 1
(b) (i) Magnesium nitride 1
3Mg(s) + N2(g) → Mg3N2(s) 1
(ii) The percentage yield of the reaction will be lower. 1
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(iii) The reaction between magnesium and dilute sulphuric acid 1

(c) Mg (aq) + CO3 (aq) → MgCO3(s)
2+ 2−
1
(d) To remove any soluble impurities on the precipitate. 1
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A student prepared dry sodium ethanoate crystals by titrating ethanoic acid with sodium
hydroxide solution (placed in a burette).

(a) Write the equation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide and ethanoic acid.
(1 mark)

(b) (i) Suggest an indicator that can be used to detect the end point of the titration.
(1 mark)

(ii) State the colour change at the end point of the titration. (1 mark)

*(c) After determining the volume of sodium hydroxide solution required for
neutralization, the student repeated the experiment using exactly the same volume
of acid and alkali, but without the use of indicator. Outline the procedure for
preparing dry sodium ethanoate crystals after the repeated titration. (5 marks)

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(a) CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → CH3COO−Na+(aq) + H2O(l) 1
(b) (i) Phenolphthalein 1
(ii) From colourless to very pale pink 1
(c) - Heat the resultant solution until it becomes saturated. 1

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- Leave the hot saturated solution aside to cool slowly at room

temperature. The crystals will form after some time. 1
- Filter the crystals out and wash the crystals with little distilled water.
1
- Dry the crystal using filter paper or oven. 1
- Communication mark 1
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|!|CMELF0041800007|!| |!|CSELF0041800007|!|
A student performed an experiment to prepare calcium hydroxide solid. The experiment
involved the following steps:

Step 1 Add 25 cm3 of 1 M calcium nitrate solution to a beaker.

Step 2 Add 25 cm3 of 1 M sodium hydroxide solution to the calcium
nitrate solution.
Step 3 Collect the solid formed.
Step 4 Wash the solid with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Step 5 Dry the solid.

(a) For Step 2,

(i) write an ionic equation for the reaction involved, and (1 mark)

(ii) explain whether calcium nitrate or sodium hydroxide is in excess. (2 marks)

(b) Suggest how the solid formed in Step 3 can be collected. (1 mark)

(c) Unfortunately, the student did not obtain any products in Step 4.
(i) Explain, with the aid of a chemical equation, why the student did not obtain
any products. (2 marks)

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(ii) Suggest ONE method to solve the problem in (c)(i). (1 mark)

(d) Suggest ONE method to dry the solid in Step 5. (1 mark)

(e) In this experiment, suggest ONE chemical that can be used to replace calcium
nitrate solution. (1 mark)

##
(a) (i) Ca2+(aq) + 2OH−(aq) → Ca(OH)2(s) 1
25
(ii) Number of moles of Ca(NO3)2 present = 1 mol dm−3 × dm3
1000
= 0.025 mol
25
Number of moles of NaOH present = 1 mol dm−3 × dm3
1000
= 0.025 mol 1
From the equation, mole ratio of Ca(NO3)2 : NaOH = 1 : 2.
∴ calcium nitrate is in excess. 1
(b) By filtration 1
(c) (i) Calcium hydroxide reacted with hydrochloric acid to form soluble
products. 1
Ca(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) 1
(ii) Wash the solid with distilled water instead of dilute hydrochloric acid.
1
(d) The solid can be dried between two pieces of filter paper / in an oven. 1
(e) Calcium chloride solution / calcium hydrogencarbonate solution 1
(Accept other reasonable answers) ___
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A student performs the following experiment to prepare dry barium sulphate crystals.
Step 1: Add excess barium metal to very dilute nitric acid.
Step 2: Filter off excess barium and collect the filtrate.

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Step 3: Add excess sulphuric acid to the filtrate.

Step 4: Filter off the product.

(a) For Step 1,

(i) write an equation for the reaction involved, and (1 mark)

(ii) suggest how to know that barium metal has been added in excess. (1 mark)

(b) (i) What will be observed in Step 3? (1 mark)

(ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

(c) What should be done after filtering the product in Step 4? (2 marks)

(d) Explain why barium sulphate CANNOT be prepared by adding barium to

sulphuric acid directly. (2 marks)

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(a) (i) Ba(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Ba(NO3)2(aq) + H2(g) 1
(ii) Excess barium metal sinks to the bottom / no more gas bubbles evolve.
1
(b) (i) A white precipitate forms. 1
(ii) Ba2+(aq) + SO42−(aq) → BaSO4(s) 1
(c) Wash the crystals with little cold distilled water. 1
Dry the crystals using filter paper or oven. 1
(d) Insoluble barium sulphate would form on the surface of barium. 1
This prevents barium from further reaction with sulphuric acid. 1
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To prepare solid lead(II) chloride, a student added excess lead(II) carbonate to dilute
hydrochloric acid. The reaction mixture was then filtered. The residue was washed with
distilled water and dried. However, his teacher told him that the solid obtained was not
pure lead(II) chloride.

(a) With the aid of a chemical equation, state ONE observable change when lead(II)
carbonate is added to dilute hydrochloric acid. (2 marks)

(b) Explain why the solid obtained was not pure lead(II) chloride. (2 marks)

(c) Suggest how pure lead(II) chloride can be prepared. (2 marks)

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(a) Colourless gas bubbles evolve. 1
PbCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → PbCl2(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) 1
(b) Excess lead(II) carbonate will be obtained in the residue together with
lead(II) chloride. 1
As lead(II) carbonate is insoluble in water, it cannot be removed by
washing the residue with distilled water. 1
(c) Mix lead(II) nitrate solution with sodium chloride solution. 1
Filter the precipitates out and wash them with distilled water. Dry the
precipitates using filter paper or oven. 1
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A student prepared magnesium sulphate by adding excess magnesium ribbons to dilute
sulphuric acid. After the reaction is completed, unreacted magnesium was removed by
method X. Some magnesium sulphate solids were obtained after a few days by method
Y.

(a) How can the student know that the reaction is completed? Support your answer
with a relevant chemical equation. (2 marks)

(b) Draw a labelled diagram to show the set-up for method X. (2 marks)

(c) The student suggested carrying out method Y in an ice bath. However, his teacher
suggested him carrying out method Y at room temperature. What are the
differences between the solids obtained at the two different conditions? (2 marks)

(d) Another student tried to prepare lead(II) sulphate in a similar way but she failed.
Explain why she fails with the aid a chemical equation. (2 marks)

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(a) The reaction is completed when there are no more gas bubbles evolved. 1
Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq) → MgSO4(aq) + H2(g) 1
(b)

glass rod
excess magnesium
ribbons in dilute H2SO4
residue

filtrate

Correct drawing 1
Correct labelling 1
(c) If crystallization occurs in an ice bath, crystals form faster but the crystals
are smaller. 1
If crystallization occurs at room temperature, crystals form slower but the
crystals are larger and purer. 1
(d) Lead(II) sulphate is insoluble in water. It would coat on the surface of the
lead metal. This prevents the metal from further reaction with the acid. 1
Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) → PbSO4(s) + H2(g) 1
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Section 18.5
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The following information is found on the label of an antacid sold on the market.

Minty Flavour Melts in Your Mouth

Chewable relief for heartburn, sour stomach, acid indigestion and upset stomach.
Directions: The usual adult dose is one tablet to be taken three times a day. (Half
for children aged under 11)
Active ingredient: 420 mg calcium carbonate per tablet. Contains no aluminium.
Cautions: Store in a cool and dry place. Protect from light and moisture.

(a) With the aid of an ionic equation, explain how the antacid can relieve a sour
stomach. (2 marks)

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(b) What is the daily limit (in grams) of calcium carbonate that can be taken by a child
aged under 11? (2 marks)

(c) In some other antacid tablets, aluminium hydroxide is used as the active ingredient.
State the advantage of using aluminium hydroxide. (1 mark)

(d) Suggest ONE reason why antacid tablets should not be exposed to light. (1 mark)

##
(a) The antacid reacts and removes excess stomach acid. 1
CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) → Ca2+(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) 1
420
(b) Daily limit of CaCO3 for an adult = g × 3 = 1.26 g 1
1000
1.26 g
Daily limit of CaCO3 for a child aged under 11 = = 0.63 g 1
2
(c) Aluminium hydroxide neutralizes stomach acid without releasing carbon
dioxide. 1
(d) Light may cause chemical decomposition of the antacid tablets. 1
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|!|CMELH0041800012|!| |!|CSELH0041800012|!|
Calcium oxide is commonly known as quicklime.

(a) Draw the electron diagram of calcium oxide, showing electrons in the outermost
shell only. (1 mark)

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(b) When heated to about 800C, limestone decomposes to give calcium oxide.
(i) Write a chemical equation for the decomposition. (1 mark)

(ii) Suggest a chemical test, with expected observations, to distinguish between

limestone and quicklime. (2 marks)

(c) Slaked lime can be prepared by adding water to quicklime. Is this a chemical
change or physical change? Explain. (1 mark)

(d) Other than the above reaction, slaked lime can also be prepared by precipitation.
Suggest ONE pair of reagents that can be used to prepare slaked lime by
precipitation. (2 marks)

(e) Suggest ONE use of quicklime. (1 mark)

##
(a)

1
(b) (i) CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g) 1
(ii) Add dilute hydrochloric acid to the two solids. 1
Both solids dissolve in the acid to give a colourless solution, but
only limestone reacts with the acid to give colourless bubbles. 1

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(c) This is a chemical change as a new substance (slaked lime) is produced. 1

(d) Soluble hydroxides: sodium hydroxide / potassium hydroxide 1
Soluble calcium salt solution: calcium nitrate / calcium chloride 1
(Accept other reasonable answers)
(e) Adjust soil pH (accept other reasonable answers) 1
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|!|CMELF0041800013|!| |!|CSELF0041800013|!|
Some brown solid deposits are sometimes found on iron woks if the woks are not
thoroughly dried after washing. These brown substances cannot be removed with water
but can be removed with vinegar.

brown solid deposits

iron wok

(a) What are the brown deposits? State the necessary conditions for their formation.
(2 marks)

(b) Write an equation to show how these brown deposits can be removed by vinegar.
(1 mark)

(c) Name the type of reaction in (b). (1 mark)

(d) With the help of an equation, explain why cooks usually do not use iron utensils
for cooking food with vinegar. (2 marks)

(e) Give the name and the formula of the salt produced when vinegar and baking
powder (containing sodium hydrogencarbonate) are mixed. (2 marks)

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(a) Rust / hydrated iron(III) oxide / Fe2O3 • nH2O 1
It forms in the presence of water and air (oxygen). 1
(b) Fe2O3(s) + 6CH3COOH(aq) → 2(CH3COO)3Fe(aq) + 3H2O(l) 1
(c) Neutralization 1
(d) Iron dissolves slowly in vinegar (acidic solution). 1
Fe(s) + 2CH3COOH(aq) → (CH3COO)2Fe(aq) + H2(g) 1
(e) Sodium ethanoate 1
CH3COO−Na+ 1
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|!|CMELH0041800014|!| |!|CSELH0041800014|!|
Some information of two brands of antacids is tabulated below.

Wilson-V Gastril
Mass per tablet 500 mg 400 mg
Active ingredient (by weight) 90% Mg(OH)2 40% Mg(OH)2
55% Al(OH)3
Number of tablets per bottle 50 70
Price per bottle $30 $35

(a) How many moles of hydroxide ions are there in one tablet of Wilson-V?
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0, Mg = 24.3) (2 marks)

(b) What is the cost of Wilson-V tablets in terms of price per mole of hydroxide ions
available? (2 marks)

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(c) How many moles of hydroxide ions are there in one tablet of Gastril?
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0, Mg = 24.3, Al = 27.0) (3 marks)

(d) What is the cost of Gastril tablets in terms of price per mole of hydroxide ions
available? (2 marks)

(e) From the results above, decide which brand of antacid tablets is a better buy.
(1 mark)

##
(a) Mass of Mg(OH)2 in one tablet of Wilson-V = 500 mg × 90% = 0.45 g
Number of moles of Mg(OH)2 in one tablet of Wilson-V
0.45 g
= = 7.72 × 10−3 mol 1
[24.3 + (16.0 + 1.0)  2] g mol −1
Number of moles of hydroxide ions in one tablet of Wilson-V
= 7.72 × 10−3 × 2 mol = 0.0154 mol 1
$30
(b) Price per mole of hydroxide ion in Wilson-V tablets = 50 1
0.0154
= $38.96 / mol 1
(c) Mass of Mg(OH)2 in one tablet of Gastril = 400 mg × 40% = 0.16 g

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Number of moles of Mg(OH)2 in one tablet of Gastril

0.16 g
= −1
= 2.74 × 10−3 mol 1
[24.3 + (16.0 + 1.0)  2] g mol
Mass of Al(OH)3 in one tablet of Gastril = 400 mg × 55% = 0.22 g
Number of moles of Al(OH)3 in one tablet of Gastril
0.22 g
= −1
= 2.82 × 10−3 mol 1
[27.0 + (16.0 + 1.0)  3] g mol
Number of moles of hydroxide ions in one tablet of Gastril
= 2.74 × 10−3 mol × 2 + 2.82 × 10−3 mol × 3 = 0.0139 mol 1
$35
(d) Price per mole of hydroxide ions in Gastril tablets = 70 1
0.0139
= $35.97 / mol 1
(e) Since the price per mole of hydroxide ions is lower for Gastril tablets, the
bottle of Gastril tablets is a better buy. 1
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