HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View

Part IV Acids and bases

Chemistry: Chapter 19 Volumetric analysis involving acids and alkalis

Combined Science (Chemistry Part): Chapter 19 Volumetric analysis involving acids
and alkalis

Structured questions

Sections 19.1−19.2
|!|CMELF0041900001|!| |!|CSELF0041900001|!|
The concentration of a solution can be determined by titrating it with a standard solution.

(a) What is a standard solution? (1 mark)

(b) Explain why sodium hydroxide pellets should NOT be used for preparing standard
sodium hydroxide solution. (1 mark)

(c) A student performed an acid-base titration using the following set-up.

1 M HCl(aq)
burette rinsed with water
conical flask rinsed with water

NaOH of unknown concentration +

few drops of phenolphthalein
white tile

(i) What is the colour of the solution in the conical flask at the beginning of the
titration? (1 mark)

(ii) Suggest TWO incorrect practices in the above set-up. Explain how these
affect the result of the titration. (4 marks)

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##
(a) A standard solution is a solution of accurately known molar concentration
or molarity. 1
(b) Sodium hydroxide pellets absorb water in air. 1
(c) (i) Pink 1
(ii) The burette should not be rinsed with water only. 1
The acid solution would be diluted by the water left. The
concentration of the NaOH determined will be higher than the actual
value. 1
The tip of the burette was not filled with acid. 1
The calculated volume of the acid required for neutralization would
be larger. The concentration of the NaOH determined will be higher
than the actual value. 1
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|!|CMELF0041900002|!| |!|CSELF0041900002|!|
Sodium chloride can be prepared by reacting sodium hydroxide solution with
hydrochloric acid. A student carried out a titration to find out how much hydrochloric
acid was needed to react with 25.0 cm3 of 0.5 M sodium hydroxide solution.

(a) Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

(b) Draw a labelled diagram for the set-up of the titration. (2 marks)

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(c) Methyl orange can be used to determine the end point of the titration. State the
colour change at the end point. (1 mark)

*(d) Suggest how the student can prepare large pieces of dry sodium chloride crystals
using the titration results. (5 marks)

##
(a) NaOH(aq) + HCI(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) 1
(b)

hydrochloric acid

0.5 M sodium hydroxide solution

white tile

Correct drawing 1
Correct labels 1
(c) From yellow to orange 1
(d) - Repeat the titration, but do not add indicator. 1
- Heat the resultant solution until it is saturated. Leave the solution
aside to cool slowly at room temperature. 1
- Filter the crystals out and wash the crystals with little distilled water.
1
- Dry the crystal using filter paper or oven. 1
- Communication mark 1
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Sections 19.3−19.4
|!|CMELF0041900003|!| |!|CSELF0041900003|!|
In an experiment, a student added an unknown mass of magnesium carbonate to excess
dilute sulphuric acid. The gas released was bubbled into limewater. The limewater
turned milky. After some time, it became clear again.

(a) With the aids of chemical equations, explain the changes of limewater. (4 marks)

(b) The student tried to determine the amount of magnesium carbonate by titrating the
resultant solution from the reaction between magnesium carbonate and dilute
sulphuric acid against 0.1 M hydrochloric acid.
(i) Draw a labelled diagram for the set-up used in the titration. (2 marks)

(ii) Another student claimed that the titration cannot be used to determine the
amount of magnesium carbonate. Do you agree? Explain. (2 marks)

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##
(a) When carbon dioxide was bubbled into limewater, insoluble calcium
carbonate formed. This turned limewater milky. 1
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) 1
When excess carbon dioxide is bubbled into limewater, soluble calcium
hydrogencarbonate formed. Hence, the solution became clear again. 1
CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) → Ca(HCO3)2(aq) 1
(b) (i)

0.1 M hydrochloric acid

resultant solution
white tile

Correct drawing 1
Correct labels 1
(ii) Agree. The resultant solution contains magnesium sulphate and
excess dilute sulphuric acid. 1
The hydrochloric acid does not react with them. 1
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|!|CMELF0041900004|!| |!|CSELF0041900004|!|
Liquid waste from a factory is acidic. Analysis shows that the concentration of
hydrogen ion in the liquid waste sample is 0.60 mol dm−3. Slaked lime is usually added
to liquid waste before discharge.

(a) Calculate the pH of the liquid waste sample. (1 mark)

(b) What is the chemical formula of slaked lime? (1 mark)

(c) Calculate the mass of slaked lime that should be added to each dm3 of the liquid
waste to completely neutralize the acid.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, Ca = 40.1) (3 marks)
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(d) Suggest another chemical that can be used to treat the liquid waste before discharge.
(1 mark)

##
(a) pH = −log (0.60) = 0.22 1
(b) Ca(OH)2 1
(c) Ca(OH)2(s) + 2H+(aq) → Ca2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) 1
From the equation, mole ratio of Ca(OH)2 : H+ = 1:2.
0.60 mol
Number of moles of Ca(OH)2 needed = = 0.30 mol 1
2
Mass of Ca(OH)2 needed
= 0.30 mol × [40.1 + (16.0 + 1.0) × 2] g mol−1 = 22.2 g 1
(d) Sodium carbonate (Accept other reasonable answers) 1
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|!|CMELF0041900005|!| |!|CSELF0041900005|!|
In an experiment to determine the concentration of ammonia solution, 25.0 cm3 of the
ammonia solution was transferred into a conical flask and titrated against 0.1 M
sulphuric acid. A few drops of indicator were added. The titration results are listed in
the table below:

1 2 3 4
Final reading (cm3) 15.90 16.70 18.40 18.50
Initial reading (cm3) 0.00 1.50 3.10 3.40

(a) Suggest a suitable indicator for this titration. (1 mark)

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(b) What will be the colour change of the indicator at the end point? (1 mark)

(c) (i) Calculate the reasonable average volume of sulphuric acid used. (1 mark)

(ii) Calculate the molarity of the ammonia solution. (3 marks)

(d) Name the salt produced and suggest ONE use of the salt. (2 marks)

##
(a) Methyl orange 1
(b) From yellow to orange 1
(c) (i) Average volume of sulphuric acid used
[(16.70 − 1.50) + (18.40 − 3.10) + (18.50 − 3.40)] cm 3
= = 15.20 cm3 1
3
(ii) 2NH3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → (NH4)2SO4(aq)
Number of moles of sulphuric acid used
15.20 −3
= 0.1 mol dm−3 × dm = 0.00152 mol 1
1000
From the equation, mole ratio of NH3 : H2SO4 = 2 : 1.
∴ number of moles of ammonia in 25.0 cm3 ammonia solution
= 0.00152 mol × 2 = 0.00304 mol 1

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0.00304 mol
Molarity of ammonia solution = = 0.122 M 1
25.0 3
dm
1000
(d) Ammonium sulphate 1
It is used to make fertilizer. (Accept other reasonable answers) 1
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|!|CMELH0041900006|!| |!|CSELH0041900006|!|
Succinic acid is a dibasic acid that can be used as an acidity regulator in food industry.
The structure of succinic acid is shown below.

(a) Give the systematic name of succinic acid. (1 mark)

(b) Consider a 2 M succinic acid solution.

(i) A student assumed that succinic acid completely ionizes in water. What would
be the pH of the solution if his assumption is correct? (1 mark)

(ii) Succinic acid is in fact a weak acid which ionizes in two steps. Write the
TWO ionic equations for the ionization of succinic acid. (2 marks)

(c) To determine the concentration of a succinic acid, a student performed titration.

He first diluted 50.0 cm3 of succinic acid to 500.0 cm3. Then he titrated 25.0 cm3
of the diluted solution against 0.20 M standard sodium hydroxide solution. The
titration was repeated three times. The results are shown in the following table.

1 2 3 4
Initial burette reading (cm3) 1.30 1.20 0.50 1.00
Final burette reading (cm3) 26.70 26.00 25.20 25.90

(i) Phenolphthalein is used to detect the end point of the titration. State its colour

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change at the end point. (1 mark)

(ii) From the above table, calculate a reasonable average volume of standard
NaOH(aq) used. (1 mark)

(iii) Determine the molarity of the succinic acid. (3 marks)

(d) The student found that the bottle of standard sodium hydroxide solution had been
left unstoppered in the school laboratory. Explain how this affects the results of
the titration. (2 marks)

##
(a) Butanedioic acid 1
(b) (i) pH = −log (2 × 2) = −0.60 1
(ii) H2C4H4O4(aq) H+(aq) + HC4H4O4−(aq) 1
HC4H4O4−(aq) H+(aq) + C4H4O42−(aq) 1
(c) (i) From colourless to very pale pink 1
(ii) Average volume of NaOH used

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[(26.00 − 1.20) + (25.20 − 0.50) + (25.90 − 1.00)] cm 3

= = 24.80 cm3 1
3
(iii) H2C4H4O4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2C4H4O4(aq) + H2O(l)
Number of moles of NaOH used
24.80
= 0.20 mol dm−3 × dm−3 = 0.00496 mol 1
1000
From the equation, mole ratio of H2C4H4O4 : NaOH = 1 : 2.
∴ number of moles of succinic acid in 25.0 cm3 of solution
0.00496 mol
= = 0.00248 mol
2
Number of moles of succinic acid in 50.0 cm3 of original acid
500.0
= 0.00248 mol × = 0.0496 mol 1
25.0
0.0496 mol
Molarity of the succinic acid = = 0.992 M 1
50.0 3
dm
1000
(d) Sodium hydroxide solution reacts with carbon dioxide in air. The number
of moles of sodium hydroxide in the standard solution decreases. 1
A larger volume of sodium hydroxide solution is required in the titration.
The calculated molarity of the succinic acid would be larger. 1
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|!|CMELF0041900007|!| |!|CSELF0041900007|!|
Calcium hydrogensulphite (Ca(HSO3)2) is an acidic salt as it dissolves in water to give
an acidic solution.

(a) Calcium hydrogensulphite can be prepared by bubbling excess sulphur dioxide

into a suspension of calcium carbonate in water. Write a chemical equation for the
reaction involved. (1 mark)

(b) Ca(HSO3)2 is considered as a weak acid.

(i) What is the meaning of the term ‘weak acid’? (1 mark)

(ii) Write an equation for the ionization of Ca(HSO3)2 in water. (1 mark)

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(c) A student used standard 0.05 M NaOH solution to determine the molarity of a
Ca(HSO3)2 solution. He diluted 25.0 cm3 of the sample to 250.0 cm3 and then used
25.0 cm3 of this solution to perform three titrations.
(i) Explain why the sample is usually diluted in the titration. (1 mark)

(ii) Suggest a suitable indicator for the titration. (1 mark)

(iii) The mean titre of NaOH solution used was 23.28 cm3. Calculate the molarity
of the Ca(HSO3)2 solution. (3 marks)

##
(a) CaCO3(s) + 2SO2(g) + H2O(l) → Ca(HSO3)2(aq) + CO2(g) 1
(b) (i) A weak acid is an acid which ionizes only slightly in water. 1
(ii) Any ONE:
- Ca(HSO3)2(aq) Ca(SO3)22−(aq) + 2H+(aq) 1
- Ca(HSO3)2(aq) Ca(HSO3)(SO3)−(aq) + H+(aq) (1)
(c) (i) To save the amount of chemicals used. 1
(ii) Phenolphthalein 1
(iii) Ca(HSO3)2 + 2NaOH → CaSO3 + Na2SO3 + 2H2O
23.28
Number of moles of NaOH used = 0.05 mol dm−3 × dm3
1000
= 1.16 × 10−3 mol 1
From the equation, mole ratio of Ca(HSO3)2 : NaOH = 1 : 2.
∴ number of moles of Ca(HSO3)2 in 25.0 cm3 of Ca(HSO3)2

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1.16  10 −3 mol
= = 5.80 × 10−4 mol
2
Number of moles of Ca(HSO3)2 in 250.0 cm3 of Ca(HSO3)2
= 5.80 × 10−4 mol × 10 = 5.80 × 10−3 mol 1
−3
5.80  10 mol
Molarity of the sample = = 0.232 M 1
25.0 3
dm
1000
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|!|CMELF0041900008|!| |!|CSELF0041900008|!|
Oxalic acid (H2C2O4) is a dibasic weak acid. To determine the concentration of a sample
of oxalic acid, 25.0 cm3 of the acid solution was placed in a polystyrene cup. 1.0 M
sodium hydroxide solution was added to the acid, 5.0 cm3 at a time. The temperature
change of the reaction mixture is shown below.
Temperature (C)

Volume of NaOH(aq) (cm3)

(a) What is the meaning of the term ‘dibasic’? (1 mark)

(b) Explain why the experiment was performed in a polystyrene cup. (1 mark)

(c) (i) From the graph, determine the volume of 1.0 M sodium hydroxide solution
required for complete neutralization. (1 mark)

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(ii) Calculate the concentration of the oxalic acid. (3 marks)

##
(a) It is an acid that gives two hydrogen ions per molecule when it ionizes in
water. 1
(b) To reduce the heat loss to the surroundings 1
(c) (i) 18.0 cm3 1
(ii) H2C2O4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2C2O4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
18.0
Number of moles of NaOH = 1.0 mol dm−3 × dm3 = 0.018 mol
1000
1
From the equation, mole ratio of H2C2O4 : NaOH = 1 : 2.
0.018 mol
∴ number of moles of oxalic acid = = 0.009 mol 1
2
0.009 mol
Concentration of oxalic acid = = 0.36 M 1
25.0 3
dm
1000
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|!|CMELF0041900009|!| |!|CSELF0041900009|!|
The table below gives some information about two brands of antacid tablets X and Y,
both containing aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3, as the active ingredient:

Brand Price per tablet Mass per tablet Mass of Al(OH)3 per tablet
X $0.80 0.850 g 0.440 g
Y $1.00 0.912 g unknown

A student carried out the following experiment to determine the mass of Al(OH) 3 per

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tablet of antacid Y:
‘A tablet of antacid Y was grounded to fine powder. It was then added to a conical flask
containing 30.00 cm3 of 1.00 M hydrochloric acid. After all solid dissolved, two drops
of phenolphthalein was added to the flask. The content of the flask was titrated against
standard sodium hydroxide solution. It was found that 11.20 cm3 of 0.75 M sodium
hydroxide solution was required for complete neutralization.’

(a) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between aluminium hydroxide and
hydrochloric acid. (1 mark)

(b) State the colour change at the end point of the titration. (1 mark)

(c) Calculate the mass of aluminium hydroxide per tablet of antacid Y.

(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0, Al = 27.0) (3 marks)

(d) Which of the two brands of antacid tablets is a better buy, i.e. it has a lower price
per gram of aluminium hydroxide? Show your calculation. (2 marks)

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##
(a) Al(OH)3(s) + 3HCl(aq) → AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l) 1
(b) From colourless to very pale pink. 1
(c) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
11.20 3
Number of moles of NaOH = 0.75 mol dm−3 × dm = 8.40 × 10−3 mol
1000
From the equation, mole ratio of HCl : NaOH = 1 : 1
∴ number of moles of unreacted HCl = 8.40 × 10−3 mol 1
∴ number of moles of HCl reacted with Al(OH)3
30.00 3
= 1.00 mol dm−3 × dm − 8.40 × 10−3 mol = 0.0216 mol
1000
From the equation in (a), mole ratio of HCl : Al(OH)3 = 3 : 1.
Number of moles of Al(OH)3 in a tablet of antacid Y
0.0216 mol
= = 0.0072 mol 1
3
Mass of Al(OH)3 in one tablet of Y
= 0.0072 mol × [27.0 + 3 × (16.0 + 1.0 )] g mol−1 = 0.562 g 1
$0.80
(d) For X, price per gram of Al(OH)3 = = $1.82 /g 1
0.440g
$1.00
For Y, price per gram of Al(OH)3 = = $1.78 /g 1
0.562g
Hence, Y is a better buy.
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|!|CMELF0041900010|!| |!|CSELF0041900010|!|
To determine the basicity of an unknown acid A (molecular mass = 192.1), 3.82 g of
acid A is dissolved in distilled water to make up a 250.0 cm3 solution. 25.0 cm3 of the
solution is then titrated against 0.20 M sodium hydroxide solution using
phenolphthalein as indicator. It requires 20.10 cm3 of 0.20 M sodium hydroxide solution
to reach the end point.

(a) The sodium hydroxide solution used in the experiment is a standard solution.
(i) What is a standard solution? (1 mark)

(ii) Describe briefly how a 100.0 cm3 of 0.20 M sodium hydroxide solution can

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be prepared from a 2.0 M sodium hydroxide solution. You have to state the
apparatus required. (3 marks)

(b) State the colour change at the end point of the titration. (1 mark)

(c) Calculate the basicity of acid A. (3 marks)

##
(a) (i) It is a solution of accurately known concentration. 1
3
(ii) Using a 10.0 cm pipette, 1
transfer 10.0 cm3 of 2.0 M sodium hydroxide solution into a 100.0
cm3 volumetric flask. 1
Add distilled water to the volumetric flask until the bottom of the
meniscus reaches the graduation mark. Stopper the flask and shake it
thoroughly. 1
(b) From colourless to very pale pink 1
(c) Number of moles of A dissolved in 250.0 cm3 of distilled water
3.82 g
= = 0.0199 mol
192.1 g mol −1
∴ number of moles of A in 25.0 cm3 of solution

25.0 cm 3
= 0.0199 mol × = 0.00199 mol 1
250.0 cm 3

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20.10
Number of moles of NaOH used = 0.20 mol dm−3 × dm3
1000
= 0.00402 mol 1
Number of moles of A 0.00199 1
∵ = =
Number of moles of NaOH 0.00402 2
∴ A is a dibasic acid. 1
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|!|CMELF0041900011|!| |!|CSELF0041900011|!|
A metal M forms a water-soluble hydroxide with a chemical formula of MOH. To
determine what M is, a student prepared 250.0 cm3 of MOH standard solution by
dissolving 1.17 g of MOH in distilled water. Then the student titrated 25.0 cm3 of the
solution with 0.055 M H2SO4(aq) using phenolphthalein as indicator. The titration was
repeated several times and the mean titre was 18.85 cm3.

*(a) Describe how the 250.0 cm3 of MOH standard solution was prepared. (4 marks)

(b) (i) Calculate the molar mass of MOH. (3 marks)

(ii) Determine what M is. (1 mark)

(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0)

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(c) Explain why the titration was repeated several times. (1 mark)

##
(a) - Dissolve 1.17 g of MOH(s) in distilled water in a beaker. Transfer the
solution to a 250.0 cm3 volumetric flask. 1
- Wash the beaker with distilled water and pour the washings into the
volumetric flask. 1
- Add distilled water to the volumetric flask until the bottom of the
meniscus reaches the graduation mark. Stopper the flask and shake it
thoroughly. 1
- Communication mark 1
18.85 3
(b) (i) Number of moles of H2SO4 used = 0.055 mol dm−3 × dm
1000
= 1.04 × 10−3 mol 1
2MOH + H2SO4 → M2SO4 + 2H2O
From the equation, mole ratio of H2SO4 : MOH = 1:2
∴ number of moles of MOH in 25.0 cm3 of MOH
= 1.04 × 10−3 mol × 2 = 2.08 × 10−3 mol
Number of moles of MOH in 250.0 cm3 of MOH
= 2.08 × 10−3 mol × 10 = 0.0208 mol 1
1.17 g
Molar mass of MOH = = 56.3 g mol−1 1
0.0208 mol
(ii) Let the relative atomic mass of M be x.
x + 16.0 + 1.0 = 56.3
x = 39.3
M is likely to be potassium. 1
(c) To get a more accurate mean titre. 1
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|!|CMELH0041900012|!| |!|CSELH0041900012|!|
To identify an unknown metal carbonate with the chemical formula MCO3, a known
volume of excess standard hydrochloric acid is added to the carbonate. The excess
hydrochloric acid is then back-titrated with standard sodium hydroxide solution.

(a) Suggest why a direct titration is NOT used in the experiment. (1 mark)

(b) The result of the titration is shown in the following table.

Mass of MCO3 5.14 g

Molarity of HCl 3.0 M
Volume of HCl added 50.0 cm3
Molarity of NaOH 0.60 M
Volume of NaOH added 46.00 cm3

(i) From the above data, determine what M is.

(Relative atomic masses: C =12.0, O = 16.0) (3 marks)

(ii) A student suggests that the result will be more accurate if the conical flask
used to hold the sample is rinsed with HCl before the titration. Explain how
this action would affect the result of the titration. (2 marks)

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(c) In the above reaction, 2.64 g of carbon dioxide is collected.

(i) Calculate the percentage of carbon dioxide that are not collected. (2 marks)
(Relative atomic masses: C =12.0, O = 16.0)

(ii) Suggest ONE reason why some carbon dioxide cannot be collected. (1 mark)

##
(a) Many metal carbonates are insoluble in water. 1
(b) (i) HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
Number of moles of NaOH used
46.00
= 0.60 mol dm−3 × dm−3 = 0.0276 mol
1000
From the equation, mole ratio of HCl : NaOH = 1:1.
∴ number of moles of unreacted HCl = 0.0276 mol 1
Number of moles of HCl reacted with MCO3
50.0
= 3.0 mol dm−3 × dm3 − 0.0276 mol = 0.122 mol
1000
MCO3 + 2HCl → MCl2 + H2O + CO2
From the equation, mole ratio of MCO3 : HCl = 1 : 2.
0.122 mol
∴ number of moles of MCO3 present = = 0.061 mol
2
5.14 g
Molar mass of MCO3 = = 84.3 g mol−1
0.061 mol
Relative atomic mass of M = 84.3 − 12.0 − 16.0 × 3 = 24.3 1
From the Periodic Table, M is magnesium. 1
(ii) The HCl remained in the flask after rinsing will require more NaOH

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for complete neutralization. 1

The number of moles of unreacted HCl will be larger. The relative
atomic mass of M found would be larger. 1
(c) (i) From the equation, mole ratio of MCO3 : CO2 = 1:1.
∴ theoretical mass of CO2 produced
= (12.0 + 16.0 × 2) g mol−1 × 0.061 mol = 2.68 g 1
Percentage of CO2 that are not collected
(2.68 − 2.64) g
= × 100% = 1.49% 1
2.68 g
(ii) Some carbon dioxide dissolves in water. 1
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|!|CMELH0041900013|!| |!|CSELH0041900013|!|
A certain brand of antacid contains sodium hydrogencarbonate as an active ingredient.
To determine the percentage mass of sodium hydrogencarbonate in a tablet, a tablet
sample, which weighed 4.32 g, was dissolved in distilled water to make up a 250.0 cm3
solution. 25.0 cm3 of the solution was withdrawn and titrated against 0.500 M
hydrochloric acid using phenolphthalein as an indicator. 8.65 cm3 of the acid was
required to reach the end point.

(a) State the colour change of the solution at the end point. (1 mark)

(b) Calculate the percentage by mass of sodium hydrogencarbonate in the tablet

sample. (4 marks)
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0)

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(c) State ONE assumption that is made in the experiment. (1 mark)

(d) It is known that the concentration of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice in the
stomach is about 0.1 M. Estimate the volume of gastric juice that can be
neutralized by the tablet sample of antacid. (2 marks)

(e) State ONE disadvantage of using this brand of antacid tablet. (1 mark)

##
(a) From pink to colourless 1
(b) Number of moles of HCl used
8.65
= 0.500 mol dm−3 × dm3 = 0.00433 mol 1
1000
NaHCO3(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
From the equation, mole ratio of NaHCO3 : HCl = 1 : 1.
∴ number of moles of NaHCO3 in 25.0 cm3 of solution = 0.00433 mol 1
Number of moles of NaHCO3 in the tablet sample

250.0 cm 3
= 0.00433 mol × = 0.0433 mol
25.0 cm 3

Mass of NaHCO3 in the tablet sample

= (23.0 + 1.0 + 12.0 + 16.0 × 3) g mol−1 × 0.0433 mol = 3.64 g 1
Percentage by mass of NaHCO3 in the tablet sample
3.64 g
= × 100% = 84.3% 1
4.32 g
(c) All other substances in the tablet do not react with hydrochloric acid. 1
(d) ∵ number of moles of NaHCO3 in the tablet sample of antacid
= 0.0433 mol
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Part IV Acids and bases

∴ number of moles of HCl that can be neutralized = 0.0433 mol 1

∴ volume of 0.1 M HCl can be neutralized
0.0433 mol
= −3
= 0.433 dm3 = 433 cm3 1
0.1 mol dm
(e) The carbon dioxide gas released builds up pressure in the stomach, making
the patient uncomfortable. 1
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|!|CMELF0041900014|!| |!|CSELF0041900014|!|
5.50 g of an impure sample of hydrated sodium carbonate Na2CO3 • 10H2O (containing
sodium chloride as the impurity) was dissolved in water and made up to 250.0 cm3 of
solution. 25.0 cm3 of the solution required 17.45 cm3 of 0.20 M hydrochloric acid for
complete reaction.

(a) Suggest an apparatus to deliver 25.0 cm3 of sodium carbonate solution for titration.
(1 mark)

(b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between sodium carbonate and
hydrochloric acid. (1 mark)

(c) Suggest a suitable indicator for the titration and state the colour change at the end
point. (2 marks)

(d) Calculate the percentage by mass of the hydrated sodium carbonate in the sample.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0) (3 marks)

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Part IV Acids and bases

##
(a) 25.0 cm3 pipette 1
(b) Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) 1
(c) Methyl orange 1
The solution will change from yellow to orange. 1
17.45 −3
(d) Number of moles of HCl = 0.20 mol dm−3 × dm = 3.49 × 10−3 mol
1000
1
From the equation, mole ratio of Na2CO3 : HCl = 1 : 2.
∴ number of moles of Na2CO3 in 25.0 cm3 of the solution
3.49  10 −3 mol
= = 1.75 × 10−3 mol
2
Number of moles of Na2CO3 in 250.0 cm3 of the solution

250.0 cm 3
= 1.75 × 10−3 mol × = 0.0175 mol 1
25.0 cm 3

Mass of Na2CO3 • 10H2O in the sample

= 0.0175 mol × [23.0 × 2 + 12.0 + 16.0 × 3 + (1.0 × 2 + 16.0) × 10] g mol−1
= 5.01 g
5.01 g
Percentage by mass of Na2CO3 • 10H2O = × 100% = 91.1 % 1
5.50 g
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|!|CMELF0041900015|!| |!|CSELF0041900015|!|
In an experiment to determine the percentage by mass of calcium carbonate in a
seashell, 25.0 cm3 of 2.0 M hydrochloric acid was added to a seashell of 1.45 g. The
resultant solution was diluted to 100.0 cm3. 25.0 cm3 of the diluted solution was then
titrated with 0.83 M sodium hydroxide solution, using methyl orange as indicator. The
solution required 7.65 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution to reach the end point.

(a) What is the apparatus used to hold the sodium hydroxide solution during the

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Part IV Acids and bases

titration? (1 mark)

(b) What is the colour change at the end point of the titration? (1 mark)

(c) What is the number of moles of hydrochloric acid reacted with calcium carbonate
in the seashell? (3 marks)

(d) What is the percentage by mass of calcium carbonate in the seashell?

(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Ca = 40.1) (3 marks)

(e) State ONE assumption in the experiment. (1 mark)

##
(a) Burette 1
(b) From red to orange 1
(c) HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Number of moles of NaOH reacted with HCl
7.65
= 0.83 mol dm−3 × dm−3 = 6.35 × 10−3 mol 1
1000
From the equation, mole ratio of HCl : NaOH = 1 : 1.

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd

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Part IV Acids and bases

∴ number of moles of unreacted HCl = 6.35 × 10−3 mol 1

Number of moles of HCl reacted with CaCO3

25.0 100.0 cm 3
= 2.0 mol dm−3 × dm3 − 6.35 × 10−3 mol × = 0.0246 mol
1000 25.0 cm 3

1
(d) CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
From the equation, mole ratio of CaCO3 : HCl = 1 : 2.
0.0246 mol
∴ number of moles of CaCO3 = = 0.0123 mol 1
2
Mass of CaCO3 = 0.0123 mol × (40.1 + 12.0 + 16.0 × 3) g mol−1 = 1.23 g
1
1.23 g
Percentage by mass of CaCO3 in the seashell = × 100 % = 84.8 % 1
1.45 g
(e) The impurities in the seashell do not react with hydrochloric acid. 1
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Chapter 19174