Thermodynamics-II for Chemical Engineers (CHE323)

Batch: FA20-CHE-Group A7
Section: A

LAB REPORT
Submitted by:
Sania Mehnoor FA20-CHE-031
Huma Saulat FA20-CHE-035
Hadia Saulat FA20-CHE-036
Zoha Waseem FA20-CHE-050
Abdul Wahab Ali FA20-CHE-086

Submitted to:
Dr. Mehwish Batool

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Table of Contents:

• Objectives ---------------------------------------------------------(3)
• Hypothesis ---------------------------------------------------------(3)
• Theory -----------------------------------------------------------------(3)
• Application -----------------------------------------------------------(4)
• Apparatus--------------------------------------------------------------(4)
• Procedure - --------------------------------------------------------- --(5)
• Precautions --------------------------------------------------------- --(5)
• Observations ----------------------------------------------------------(6)
• Conclusion ------------------------------------------------------------(7)
• Results -----------------------------------------------------------------(7)

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 Experiment
Dilatometer
Objectives:
To compare the linear expansion of brass, iron, copper, aluminum as a function
of temperature (five different temperatures between 20°C and 70 °C) using
dilatometer.

Hypothesis:
To observe the change in length of different rods by passing hot water through
them or then find out the thermal expansion coefficient of it.

Theory:
Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in volume in response to
a change in temperature through transfer of heat. When a substance is heated, its
particles begin moving more and thus usually maintain a greater average
separation. The degree of expansion divided by the change in temperature is
called the material's coefficient of thermal expansion and generally varies with
temperature. The coefficient of thermal expansion describes how the size of an
object changes with a change in temperature. Specifically, it measures the
fractional change in size per degree change in temperature at a constant
pressure. Several types of coefficients have been developed: volumetric, area,
and linear. These are used depending on the particular application and which
dimensions are considered important. For solids, one might only be concerned
with the change along a length, or over some area. The volumetric thermal
expansion coefficient is the most basic thermal expansion coefficient. In
general, substances expand or contract when their temperature changes, with
expansion or contraction occurring in all directions.

Linear Expansion Coefficient:

To a first approximation, the change in length measurements of an object

("linear dimension" as opposed to, e.g., volumetric dimension) due to thermal
expansion is related to temperature change by a "linear expansion coefficient".
It is the fractional change in length per degree of temperature change.
Assuming negligible effect of pressure, we may write:

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Where L is a particular length measurement dL / dT and is the rate of change of
that linear dimension per unit change in temperature. It should also be
understood that thermal expansion can cause significant stress in a component if
the design does not allow for expansion and contraction of components. The
phenomena of thermal expansion can be challenging when designing bridges,
buildings, aircraft and spacecraft, but it can be put to beneficial uses. For
example, thermostats and other heat-sensitive sensors make use of the property
of linear expansion.

Applications:
• Dilatometers have been used in the fabrication of metallic alloys, study of
martensite transformation, compressed and sintered refractory compounds,
glasses, ceramic products, composite materials, and plastics.
• Dilatometry is also used to monitor the progress of chemical reactions,
particularly those displaying a substantial molar volume change (e.g.,
polymerization). A specific example is the rate of phase changes.
• In food science, dilatometers are used to measure the solid fat index of food
oils and butter.
• Another common application of a dilatometer is the measurement of thermal
expansion.
• Thermal expansion is a particularly serious problem where railroad tracks
are concerned, since the tracks on which the trains run are made of steel.
• Linear Expansion of metallic Bridges.
• Bimetallic strip is another example. A bimetallic strip consists of two metals
of different thermal expansions.
• Another example of thermal expansion in a solid is the sagging of electrical
power lines on a hot day.

Apparatus:
• Water bath system
• Metallic rods of different materials
• Length measuring gauge (dial caliper)
• Clamps and stand for holding roads

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Procedure:
• Clump the first tube over its whole length (600mm) in the dilatometer and
connect it to the circulating pump of the thermostat via rubber tubing  Set
the temperature with the accuracy of the thermostatic control.
• After the initial temperature (app. 30 °C) has been reached set the length
measuring meter (measuring gauge) to zero.
• Then raise the temperature in four steps, each of 10°C to 15 °C.
• Record the respective changes in length and corresponding temperature.
• Repeat this measurement series with each of the remaining four materials.

Precautions:
• Keep the tubing as far as possible away from the dilatometer in order to not
heat up the frame of dilatometer.
• For the same reason, avoid long periods of readjustment of the temperature
control bath.
• Keep away from hot water in the water bath (approx. 80°C)

Observations:

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Material of Tube: Copper

Initial Length of tube: 600 mm

Initial Temperature of tube: 50 C
Final Final Length Change in Change in Coefficient
Temperature Length Temperature of thermal
expansion

(0C) (mm) (mm) (K) (K-1)

40 600.02 0.02 35 1.06*10-7

45 600.07 0.07 40 3.67*10-7

50 600.13 0.13 45 6.71*10-7

55 600.21 0.21 50 1.07*10-6

60 600.28 0.28 55 1.40*10-6

Material of Tube: Stainless Steel

Initial Length of tube: 600 mm

Initial Temperature of tube: 400 C
Final Final Length Change in Change in Coefficient
Temperature Length Temperature of thermal
expansion

(0C) (mm) (mm) (K) (K-1)

44 600.05 0.05 4 3.34*10-4

48 600.07 0.07 8 9.33*10-4

52 600.09 0.09 12 1.7*10-3

56 600.21 0.21 16 5.6*10-3

60 600.112 0.112 20 3.7*10-3

Conclusion:

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Thermal expansion was generally defined as the increase in the volume of a
material as its temperature is increased that is usually expressed as a fractional
change in length or volume per unit temperature change; a linear expansion
coefficient is usually for the expansion of a solid, while a volume expansion
coefficient is for a liquid or a gas. Correlating this to the experiment, the
materials having a change in temperature will have a corresponding change in a
particular dimension which is length for this experiment. The expansion of a
material depends on the value of its coefficient of linear expansion; wherein
higher the coefficient of linear expansion is, the more it will expand and with
that it can be considered that these two are directly proportional. From the data
gathered, aluminum has greater change in length than that of the copper. So
therefore, we can conclude that an object with greater coefficient of linear
expansion will have the greater change in length that proves the earlier
statement I mentioned above. Aside from the coefficient of linear expansion
there are other factors that affect the change in length of a material in thermal
expansion and these are the initial length of the body and the change in the
temperature. All these three factors are directly proportional to the change in
length of the material and an increase in value to these would correspond to a
change in length wherein it will also increase.

Results:
It is shown from experiment that copper start expansion on less temperature that
stainless steel whereas on same temperature of 60 0C there is maximum change
in length of stainless steel.