Notes Chapter 22 Quantum Theory

CHAPTER 22 QUANTUM THEORY
QUANTUM
THEORY
PLANCK'S PHOTOELECTRIC
THEORY EFFECT
ℎ𝑐
E = hf =
𝜆
DE-BROGLIE EINSTEIN'S
HYPOTHESIS PHOTOELECTRIC
ℎ
EQUATION
λ= Kmax = eVs = hf - Wo
𝑚𝑣
INTRODUCTION
LIGHT
• Wave; reflected and refracted, Interference and Diffraction
• Particle; photoelectric effect experiment
c= f
BLACKBODY RADIATION
A black body is a theoretical object that absorbs 100% of the radiation

that hits it.
It is also a perfect emitter of radiation. A black body in thermal

equilibrium (that is at a constant temperature) emits electromagnetic
radiation called black-body radiation.
CLASSICAL THEORY OF ENERGY
The classical theory: Rayleigh-jeans Theory and Wien’s

Theory.
The classical ideas:

• Energy of the EM radiation is not depends on its
frequency and wavelength.
• Energy of the EM radiation is continuously.
The contradiction is called the ultraviolet catastrophe.
PLANCK’S THEORY
Planck decided that the energy must go up in discrete

amounts (quantised) because the frequencies of the
oscillating electrons could only take certain values.
As energy is proportional to frequency E  f ,
E = hf , where h is the Planck constant (6.626x10-34 Js).
Light made up of particles called photons.

Each photon has energy:
hc
E = hf =

DE-BROGLIE HYPOTHESIS
In 1923, Loius de Broglie extended

the idea of wave-particle duality
extended to matter.
Particles such as electrons may
behave as waves.
The wavelength is related to the
momentum of the particle as:
h
= Electron Diffraction Neutron Diffraction
mv
De-Broglie show that all matter and wave will have both wave properties (wavelength) and particle
properties (momentum).
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
When light is incident on certain metallic surfaces,

electrons are emitted from the surface,
• This is called the photoelectric effect
• The emitted electrons are called photoelectrons
The incident light is absorbed by electrons thus giving

them sufficient energy to break from the metallic
surface.
The effect was first discovered by Hertz.

The successful explanation of the effect (based on Planck’s hypothesis) was given by Einstein in 1905.
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT EXPERIMENT
Experimental result: Wave theories fail to explain this

experimental observation
• Result 1: Electrons are emitted from the • If light is in the form of wave, it needs
surface almost instantaneously, even at low some time to accumulate enough energy
intensities to release the electron.
• Result 2: The current increases with • This observation agrees with wave theory
intensity, but reaches a saturation level for • Increase intensity, means increase in
large, applied voltage. energy hence increase current (more
• The maximum kinetic energy of the electrons emitted).
photoelectron increases with increasing
frequency.
• The wave theory predicts no relationship
between photoelectron energy and
incident light frequency.
Figure 22.4: (left) Graph of current versus applied

voltage. (right) Maximum KE versus threshold
frequency.
• Result 3: There is current flows even with • According to the classical wave theory of
negative applied voltage (by reversing the light, the intensity of the light determines
power supply) the amplitude of the wave, and so a greater
• No current flows for voltage less than or equal light intensity should cause the electrons
to −𝑉𝑠 , the stopping potential. in the metal to oscillate more violently and
• The stopping potential is independent of to be ejected with a greater kinetic energy.
radiation intensity.
• The stopping potential 𝑉𝑠 measure the
maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectron:
KE = e V (22.3)
max s
• where 𝑒 is the electron’s charge

• Result 4: No electrons are emitted if the • This fact is inconsistent with the wave
incident light frequency is below some theory, which predicts that the
threshold frequency, 𝑓0 . photoelectric effect should occur at any
• Light below the threshold frequency, no frequency, provided the light intensity is
matter how intense, will not cause any sufficient.
electrons to be emitted.
• Light above the threshold frequency, even
if it's not very intense, will always cause
electrons to be emitted.
• The maximum kinetic energy of the
photoelectrons increases with increasing
light frequency.
• No electrons are emitted if the
incident light frequency is below some
threshold frequency.
• The threshold frequency is dependent
on the target metal.
EINSTEIN’S EXPLANATION
hf = Kmax + W
Each photon give its energy to an electron in the metal by

collision.
The electron ejected from the surface if the photon energy is
greater than its binding energy.
The energy received by the electron is used up to overcome
its binding energy and any extra energy is shown as its
kinetic energy.
The effect is not observed below a certain

threshold frequency since the photon energy
must be greater than or equal to the work
function
hf  W
The minimum energy is equivalent to light
energy with threshold frequency
hfo = W
The work function W is dependent on the target metal

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CHAPTER 22 QUANTUM THEORY

A black body is a theoretical object that absorbs 100% of the radiation

It is also a perfect emitter of radiation. A black body in thermal

The classical theory: Rayleigh-jeans Theory and Wien’s

The classical ideas:

The contradiction is called the ultraviolet catastrophe.

Planck decided that the energy must go up in discrete

Light made up of particles called photons.

In 1923, Loius de Broglie extended

When light is incident on certain metallic surfaces,

The incident light is absorbed by electrons thus giving

The effect was first discovered by Hertz.

PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT EXPERIMENT

Experimental result: Wave theories fail to explain this

Figure 22.4: (left) Graph of current versus applied

• where 𝑒 is the electron’s charge

Each photon give its energy to an electron in the metal by

The effect is not observed below a certain

The work function W is dependent on the target metal

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