Sensors IA2

1 Thermocouple, also called thermal junction, thermoelectric thermometer,
or thermal, a temperature-measuring device consisting of two wires of

different metals joined at each end. One junction is placed where the
temperature is to be measured, and the other is kept at a constant lower
temperature.
Laws of Thermocouples
a) Law of homogeneous circuits.

b) Law of intermediate metals.
c) Law of intermediate temperatures.
3 pyroelectric biosensors, which is based on the principles of pyroelectricity,

i.e., properties of certain materials to produce current with a temperature
change.
Temperature fluctuations produce a charge change on the surface of

pyroelectric crystals, which produces a corresponding electrical signal.
4 A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to

measure changes in pressure, acceleration, temperature, strain, or force by
converting them to an electrical charge.
They are based on the principle of electromechanical energy conversion and
primarily measure force, as well as other quantities such as pressure,
acceleration, temperature, and strain by converting the acquired data to an
electrical charge.
5 Currently, use of the acoustic sensors is broader than detecting sound. They
became increasingly popular for detecting mechanical vibrations in a solid for
the fabrication of such sensors as microbalances and surface acoustic-wave
(SAW) devices.
Acoustic wave sensors apply an oscillating electric field to create a mechanical
wave, which propagates through the substrate and is then converted back to
an electric field for measurement.
Pressure measurement
A McLeod gauge is a scientific instrument used to measure very low pressures,
down to 10−6 Torr (1.33 mPa).
The design of a McLeod gauge is somewhat similar to that of a mercury-
column manometer. Typically, it is filled with mercury. If used incorrectly, this
mercury can escape and contaminate the vacuum system attached to the
gauge
McLeod gauges operate by taking in a sample volume of gas from a vacuum
chamber, then compressing it by tilting and infilling with mercury
The McLeod gauge has the advantage, that its calibration is nearly the same for
all non-condensable gases
Bellows pressure gauges are devices used to measure absolute and differential
pressure.
The gauge is more sensitive than the bourdon tube pressure gauge, thus is
especially useful for low-pressure applications, and to measure relative
pressure in an application.
Most bellows gauges have a spring or a certain amount of elasticity, and
usually the pressure is applied on it from the outer side of the bellows.
A bourdon tube pressure gauge is a mechanical pressure measuring instrument
that reads the pressure without requiring any electrical power. It is generally
used for the measurement of pressure from 0.6 to 7000 bar. It is the most
common type of pressure gauge and is used by industries for its high accuracy
and precision, especially for high-pressure applications.
Bourdon tubes are radially formed tubes with an oval cross-section. The
pressure of the measuring medium acts on the inside of the tube and produces
a motion in the non-clamped end of the tube.
9 The Pirani gauge is a robust thermal conductivity gauge used for the
measurement of the pressures in vacuum systems.
It is based on a hot metal wire that is suspended in a tube and exposed to gas
pressure media. These hot metal wires are made of thin tungsten, nickel, or
platinum wire.
10 A vortex meter is a type of volumetric flow meter that makes use of a
natural phenomenon that occurs when a liquid flows around a bluff object.
Vortex flow meters operate under the vortex shedding principle, where
vortices (or eddies) are shed alternately downstream of the object.
11 A rotameter is a flow meter device that measures the volumetric flow rate
of a gas or fluid. It consists of a tapered tube with a moving internal float .
which measure flow rate by allowing the cross-sectional area the fluid travels
through to vary, causing a measurable effect.
Types of rotameters
.
12 Resistive humidity sensors utilize ions in salts to measure the electrical
impedance of atoms. As humidity changes, so does the resistance of the
electrodes on either side of the salt medium. Two thermal sensors conduct
electricity based upon the humidity of the surrounding air.
A capacitive humidity sensor is used to measure relative humidity with a usual
range of 5 to 95 % relHfum. The sensor is a capacitor, made from two metal
electrodes with a porous dielectric substance between them.
13 Nutating Disc meters are the most common and accurate type of positive
displacement meters. These rugged and reliable meters are a cost-effective
solution for metering industrial fluids, including condensate return, boiler feed,
additive dispensing and other applications.
14 Oval gear meters are displacement-type volume meters that transport

defined incremental volumes in individual measuring chambers. The measuring
element consists of two high precision toothed oval gears, which are driven by
the flow of the medium and mesh with each other.
Oval Gear flow meters are designed to function in applications that require an
accurate volume dispensing of water solutions or any other liquid, including for
use in brake fluid, wiper fluid and antifreeze applications.
15 Signal processing is an electrical engineering subfield that focuses on

analyzing, modifying, synthesizing signals, such as sound, images, and scientific
measurements.
Signal processing techniques are used to optimize transmissions, digital
storage efficiency, correcting distorted signals, subjective video quality and to
also detect or pinpoint components of interest in a measured signal.
16 Water conductivity sensors are used in water-quality applications to

measure how well a solution conducts an electrical current. This type of
measurement assesses the concentration of ions in the solution. The more ions
that are in the solution, the higher the conductivity.
When Contacting Sensors are used, the conductivity is measured by applying
an alternating electrical current to the sensor electrodes (that together make
up the cell constant) immersed in a solution and measuring the resulting
voltage. The solution acts as the electrical conductor between the sensor
electrodes.

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1 Thermocouple, also called thermal junction, thermoelectric thermometer,

or thermal, a temperature-measuring device consisting of two wires of

a) Law of homogeneous circuits.

3 pyroelectric biosensors, which is based on the principles of pyroelectricity,

Temperature fluctuations produce a charge change on the surface of

4 A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to

14 Oval gear meters are displacement-type volume meters that transport

15 Signal processing is an electrical engineering subfield that focuses on

16 Water conductivity sensors are used in water-quality applications to

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