Introduction to Programming

Lecture 3
PROGRAMMING 1

Engr. Jennelyn P. Cabale

 Tasks
Pre-task Dev C++

While-task Lecture Demonstration

Post-task Exercises

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 Objectives

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 Compilers,
Machine
Program interpreters, or C++
language
assemblers

a sequence of
designed to be a
instructions for a
compiled language
computer to execute the only one language programs built into
computers understand various programming
and that language applications that
consists of sets of translates high level
instructions made of languages to machine a set of tools are
allows the programmer ones and zeros level languages needed, known as the
to write efficient,
development toolchain,
structured, object-
whose core are a
oriented programs
compiler and its linker.

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 Console programs
easy to interact with, and
programs that use text to
generally have a
communicate with the
predictable behaviour
user and the
that is identical across all
environment
platforms

Integrated Development
simple to implement and
Environment (IDE)
are very useful to learn
generally integrates
the basics of a
several development
programming language
tools

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• Here you have instructions on how to compile and run console programs
using different free Integrated Development Interfaces (IDEs):

IDE Platform Console programs

Compile console programs
Code::blocks Windows/Linux/MacOS
using Code::blocks
Compile console programs
Visual Studio Express Windows
using VS Express 2013
Compile console programs
Dev-C++ Windows
using Dev-C++

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 Structure of a Program
• Example # 1: SIMPLE PROGRAM

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Example # 2 : THE SHORTEST C++ PROGRAMS

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 << Insertion operator Output operator

The inserts objects into

the output stream
named on its left
stream

Output
Operator
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Example # 3 : THE HELLO WORLD PROGRAM AGAIN

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 Comments
Messages in the program that will be ignored by the
compiler but intended only to be read by humans.

Standard C comment
• Begins with the combination slash-star symbol /* and ends with the star-slash symbol */.
• Anything written between these symbol will be ignored by the compiler.
• /* This is a C style comment */

Standard C++ comment

• Begins with a double-slash / / and extends to the end of the line.
• // This is a C++ style comment

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Example # 4 : USING THE TWO TYPES OF COMMENTS

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Example # 5 : USING ONLY DOUBLE-SLASH COMMENTS

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 using all the elements in the standard

namespace C++ library are declared within

what is called a namespace: the
namespace std.

std
a program shall either qualify
each and every use of
elements of the, or introduce
visibility of its components.

using namespace std;

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 Variable

A symbol that represents a storage location in the

computer’s memory.

The information that is stored in that location is called the

value of that variable.

The most common way that a variable obtains a value is by

means of an assignment. This has the syntax
variable = expression ;

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 Identifiers alignas, alignof, and, and_eq, asm, auto,
bitand, bitor, bool, break, case, catch,
char, char16_t, char32_t, class, compl,
const, constexpr, const_cast, continue,
A valid identifier is a Identifiers shall always
sequence of one or begin with a letter or an decltype, default, delete, do, double,
more letters, digits, or underline character (_) dynamic_cast, else, enum, explicit,
underscore characters
(_)
export, extern, false, float, for, friend,
goto, if, inline, int, long, mutable,
namespace, new, noexcept, not,
Spaces, punctuation
not_eq, nullptr, operator, or, or_eq,
marks, and symbols private, protected, public, register,
cannot be part of an reinterpret_cast, return, short, signed,
identifier
reserved for compiler-
sizeof, static, static_assert, static_cast,
specific keywords or struct, switch, template, this,
external identifiers
thread_local, throw, true, try, typedef,
In no case can they typeid, typename, union, unsigned,
begin with a digit.
using, virtual, void, volatile, wchar_t,
while, xor, xor_eq

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 Fundamental Data Types
Character types Numerical integer types Floating-point types Boolean type

• They can represent a • They can store a whole • They can represent real • The Boolean type,
single character, such number value, such values, such as 3.14 or known in C++ as bool,
as 'A' or '$'. as 7 or 1024. 0.01, with different can only represent one
levels of precision, of two states, true or
• The most basic type • They exist in a variety depending on which of false.
is char, which is a one- of sizes, and can either the three floating-point
byte character. be signed or unsigned, types is used.
depending on whether
• Other types are also they support negative
provided for wider values or not.
characters.

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 Declaration of a Variable

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 Initializing the Declaration
C-like Constructor Uniform
initialization initialization initialization
consists of appending an equal
introduced by the C++ language using curly braces ({})
sign followed by the value to
which the variable is initialized
encloses the initial value introduced by the revision of
between parentheses (()): the C++ standard in 2011
type identifier = initial_value;
type identifier (initial_value); type identifier {initial_value};

Example: int x = 0;
Example: int x (0); Example: int x{0};

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 Types of Variable

Local variables Formal parameters Global variables

•Known throughout
Located inside the entire program
Located inside and may be used by
the function
the main ( ) any piece of code
parameters
function
•Hold their values
during the entire
execution of the
program

•Declared outside
any function

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 Introduction to strings
Store sequences of
Compound type characters

Initialized with string mystring = "This is a string";

any valid string string mystring ("This is a string");
literal string mystring {"This is a string"};

Perform all the other

basic operations that
fundamental data
types can

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 Literals
• used to express particular values
Expressions with a within the source code of a program
fixed value
• Example:
•a=5; //5 is the literal constant

Literal constants can be

classified into: integer,

Constants floating-point, characters,

strings, Boolean, pointers,
and user-defined literals.

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 Not enclosed in or
any quotes other
Numerical constants special character
that identify integer
values.

Integer Simple succession of

digits representing a
Numerals whole number

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 Express real values with Can include either a decimal point, an e
decimals and/or character (that expresses "by ten at the Xth
exponents. height", where X is an integer value that
follows the e character), or both a decimal
point and an e character:

Floating
Point Default type for
floating-point
literals is double.
Numerals • 3.14159
• 6.02e23
// 3.14159
// 6.02 x 10^23
• 1.6e-19 // 1.6 x 10^-19
• 3.0 // 3.0

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 Character and string literals
Escape code Description
\n newline
Example:
Single character \r carriage return
• 'z'
• Enclosed between single
• 'p' \t tab
quotes (')
• "Hello world" \v vertical tab
• "How do you do?“
\b backspace
can also represent special characters form feed (page
that are difficult or impossible to \f
feed)
express otherwise in the source code
of a program, like newline (\n) or tab \a alert (beep)
String (\t). These special characters are all of
\' single quote (')
them preceded by a backslash
• Enclosed double character (\) \" double quote (")
quotes (")
\? question mark (?)
\\ backslash (\)

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 Typed constant expressions

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 Preprocessor definitions (#define)

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 Assignment Operator

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 Chained Assignments

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 Simple Arithmetic Operators
• A symbol that operates on one or more expressions, producing a value
that can be assigned to a variable.
Integer Arithmetic Operators
Operator Description Example
+ Add m+n
- Subtract m-n
- Negate -n
* Multiply m* n
/ Divide m/n
% Remainder m%n

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 Compound Assignment Expressions

expression equivalent to...

y += x; y = y + x;
x -= 5; x = x - 5;
x /= y; x = x / y;
price *= units + 1; price = price * (units+1);

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 Can be used
both as a prefix
The Increment
and suffix
and Decrement
Operators
Example 1 Example 2

x = 3; x = 3;
y = ++x; y = x++;

// x contains 4, y contains 4 // x contains 4, y contains 3

x++ or ++x both

have exactly the
same meaning but
different in
meaning

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 Relational and Comparison Operators
operator description (7 == 5) // evaluates to false
(5 > 4) // evaluates to true
== Equal to
(3 != 2) // evaluates to true
!= Not equal to (6 >= 6) // evaluates to true
< Less than (5 < 5) // evaluates to false
> Greater than
Suppose a=2, b=3 and c=6
<= Less than or equal to (a == 5)
>= Greater than or equal to (a*b >= c)
(b+4 > a*c)
((b=2) == a)

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 Logical Operators

! - NOT. && - AND || - OR

Yields true if either of its operands
Only one operand, to its right, and Yields true if both its operands are true,
is true, thus being false only when both
inverts it and false otherwise.
operands are false.

True && True = TRUE True || True = TRUE

Returns the opposite Boolean value of True && False = FALSE True || False = TRUE
evaluating its operand. False && True = FALSE False || True = TRUE
False && False = FALSE False || False = FALSE

Example: Example: Example:(

!(5 == 5) (5==5) && (6==6) (5==5) || (3>6)
!(6 <= 4) (3<5) && (5>7) (7<=11) || (2<=5)
!true (6>=9) && (9<=4) (1>=3) || (4<5)

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 condition ?
Evaluates an expression, result1 : result2
returning one value if
that expression
evaluates to true,
otherwise to false

Conditional
Ternary 7==5 ? 4 : 3
Operator (?) 7==5+2 ? 4 : 35
>3 ? a : b
a>b ? a : b

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 Comma
Operator (,)

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 Bitwise Operators (&, |, ^, ~, <<, >> )
• Bitwise operators modify variables considering the bit patterns that
represent the values they store.
operator asm equivalent description
& AND Bitwise AND
| OR Bitwise inclusive OR
^ XOR Bitwise exclusive OR
Unary complement (bit
~ NOT
inversion)
<< SHL Shift bits left
>> SHR Shift bits right

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Explicit type casting Precedes the expression to be
operator converted by the new type enclosed
between parentheses (()):

Allows to convert a
value of a given
type to another
type

int i;
float f = 3.14;
i = (int) f;

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 Operator Precedence and Associativity
Operator Description Associativity Arity Example
- Negate Right Unary -n
* Multiply Left Binary m*n
/ Divide Left Binary m/n
% Remainder, Left Binary m%n
modulo
+ Add Left Binary m+n
- Subtract Left Binary m–n
Bit shift left,
<< Left Binary cout << n
output
Simple
= Right Binary m=n
assignment

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 THE END

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