12 BM em Supporting Material With Objectives
12 BM em Supporting Material With Objectives
12 BM em Supporting Material With Objectives
CHENNAI DISTRICT
LEARNING MATERIAL
2022-2023
Prepared by:
CHAPTER PAGE
SL.NO CONTENT
NUMBER NUMBER
Classification of Questions 1
1 -
2 1 2
Applications of Matrices and Determinants
3 3 Integral Calculus - II 10
4 5 16
Numerical Methods
6 9 Applied Statistics 30
10 Operations Research 45
7
CLASSIFICATION OF TEXT BOOK PROBLEMS ( Selected Chapters)
Exercise 2 Marks 3 Marks 5 Marks
1(iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), 2 (AB & BA Ex: 3, 4, 6, 7, 8
1. (i), (ii), (iii)
1.1 Separately), 5 Eg: 1.12, 1.13, 1.14, 1.15, 1.16,
Eg:1.1, 1.2 Mis-1
Eg: 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.10, 1.11 1.17, 1.18
Ex:1 (iii), (iv), (v) 5, 6
1.2 1 (i), (ii), 2. 3, 4 Eg 1.19, 1.20, 1.21
Eg: 1.22, 1.23, 1.24
1.3 Ex 1, Eg1.25, 1.26, 1.27 Mis: 2, 3, 4, 10 Ex: 2,3,4 Eg1.28 Mis:5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Ex: 3, 6, 7
3.1 1, 2, 4, 5 Eg. 3.1, 3.2,3.3
Eg: 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8
Ex : 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19,20
Ex :1, 9, 11 Ex :2, 14, 17, 18
3.2 Eg: 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.13, 3.15, 3.16, 3.20,
Eg: 3.12 Eg. 3.14, 3.17, 3.18, 3.19, 3.20
3.21, 3.22, 3.23, 3.24, 3.25, 3.26
3.3 Ex 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Eg: 3.27, 3.28 Ex : 9, 10, 11 Eg: 3.29
Ex: 5.1 – 1 Ex: 5.1 – 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 5.1 – 8
5.1
Eg: 5.1, 5.4 (i),(ii),(iii) Eg : 5.2, 5.3, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 5.10 Eg: 5, 11
Ex: 5.2 – 5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12
Ex: 5.2 – 1, 2 Ex: 5.2 – 3, 4
5.2 Eg: 5.15, 5.16, 5.17, 5.18, 5.19,
Eg: 5.12 Eg: 5.13, 5.14
5.20, 5.21, 5.22
1,2,3,4,5,6,12,14,15 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18
8.1 7,8,9, 19, 20 Eg 8.3
Eg:8.1, 8.2, 8.6, 8.10 Eg:8.4, 8.5, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9
15, 16, 17
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11, Eg:8.11, 8.12, 8.13, 8.14,
8.2 14
12,13 8.15,8.16, 8.17, 8.18, 8.19
Mis: 1, 4, 6, 7
1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,11,16 6,10, 12, 14, 15 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,22
9.1
Eg : 9.1, 9.3 Eg:9.2, 9.4, 9.5 Eg 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10, 14, 20, 21, 22 15, 16, 17, 18, 19
9.2
11, 12, 13 Eg9.15, 9.16, 9.17, 9.18 Eg:9.10, 9.11, 9.12, 9.13, 9.14
14, 15, 16,17, 18, 19,20, 21
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
9.3 Eg 9.19, 9.20 Mis:1,2,6,7 Eg9.21, 9.22, 9.23
11,12,13
Mis: 3,4,5,8,10,11
10.1 1, 2, 3, 4 5, 6, 7, 10, 12 Eg:10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4 8, 9, 11 Eg:10.5, 10.6
10.2 1, 2, 3 4 Eg: 10.9 5, 6, 7, 8 Eg10.7, 10.8,
10.3 1,2, 3, 4 Eg:10.10, 10.11, 10.12 Mis: 1,7 Mis: 2,3,4,5,6
1
CHAPTER 1 � � −� �
(vi) Let � = � � � −�
APPLICATION OF MATRICES AND DETERMINATS � � � −�
(2, 3 AND 5 MARKS)
1 2 −1 3
A = 2 4 1 −2
2 - MARKS 3 6 3 −7
�������� �. � 1 2 −1 3 R2 → R2 − 2R1
∼ 0 0 3 −8
Question 1. Find the rank of the matrix R3 → R3 − 3R1
0 0 6 −16
Solution: 1 2 −1 3
� � ∼ 0 0 3 −8
1 (i) Let � = Order of A is 2 × 2. ∴ ρ(A) ≤ 2 R3 → R3 − 2R2
� � 0 0 0 0
Consider the second order minor The above matrix is in echelon form.
5 6 The number of non zero rows is 2 ⇒ ρ(A) = 2
= 40 − 42 =− 2 ≠ 0
7 8
� � −� −�
There is a minor of order 2 , which is not zero. (vii) Let � = � −� � −�
ρ(A) = 2 � � −� �
� −� Order of A is 3 × 4 ∴ ρ(A) ≤ 3
1(ii) Let � = Order of A is 2 × 2; ∴ ρ(A) ≤ 2
� −� 3 1 −5 −1
Consider the second order minor A = 1 −2 1 −5
1 5 −7 2
1 −1
=− 6 + 3 =− 3 ≠ 0 ρ(A) = 2 1 −2 1 −5
3 −6
∼ 3 1 −5 −1 R1 ↔ R2
� � 1 5 −7 2
1iii) Let � = Since A is of order 2 × 2, ∴ ρ(A) ≤ 2
� �
1 −2 1 −5 R → R − 3R
1 4 ∼ 0 7 −8 14 2 2 1
Now =8−8=0 R3 → R3 − R1
2 8 0 7 −8 7
Since second order minor vanishes ρ(A) ≠ 2 1 −2 1 −5
But first order minors, |1|= 1 non zero. ∼ 0 7 −8 14 R3 → R3 − R2
0 0 0 −7
ρ(A) = 1
The number of non-zero rows is 3 ∴ ρ(A) = 3
� −� � �
3 - MARKS (viii) Let � = −� � −� −�
Question 1. Find the rank of the matrix −� � � �
1 −2 3 4
� −� �
A = −2 4 −1 −3
(iv) Let � = � � −�
−1 2 7 6
� � �
1 −2 3 4 R → R + 2R
Order of A is 3 × 3 ; ∴ ρ(A) ≤ 3 ∼ 0 0 5 5 2 2 1
R3 → R3 + R1
2 −1 1 = 2(1 + 5) + 1(3 + 5) + 1(3 − 1) 0 0 10 10
3 1 −5 1 −2 3 4
= 2(6) + 8 + 2 = 22 ≠ 0
1 1 1 ∼ 0 0 5 5 R3 → R3 − 2R2
There is a minor of order 3 , which is non zero. ρ(A) = 3 0 0 0 0
−� � −� The number of non-zero rows is 2 ∴ ρ(A) = 2
(v) Let � = � −� �
−� � −�
Since order of A is 3 × 3, ∴ ρ(A) ≤ 3
−1 2 −2 = −1(12 − 16) − 2( − 16 + 8) − 2(16 − 6)
4 −3 4
= 4 + 16 − 20 = 0
−2 4 −4
Since the third order minor vanishes, ρ(A) ≠ 3
−1 2
Consider = 3 − 8 =− 5 ≠ 0
4 −3
There is a minor order 2 , which is non zero
ρ(A) = 2
Since the third order minor is not zero, ρ(AB) = 3 cost per unit of capital be ₹ y.
� � −� � −� � �� + �� = �� & �� + � = ��
If � = � −� � and � = −� � −� , then find 3 2
Δ= = 3 − 8 =− 5 ≠ 0
� −� � � � −� 4 1
rank of BA. Hence the system has a unique solution .
Solution: 62 2
Δx = = 62 − 112 =− 50
1 1 −1 1 −2 3 56 1
Given A = 2 −3 4 and B = −2 4 −6 3 62
Δy = = 168 − 248 =− 80
3 −2 3 5 1 −1 4 56
1 −2 3 1 1 −1 Δx
=
−50
= 10
Δy
=
−80
= 16
∴x= y=
BA= −2 4 −6 2 −3 4 Δ −5 Δ −5
5 1 −1 3 −2 3 Hence the cost per unit of labour is ₹�� and cost per unit of
1−4+9 1+6−6 −1 − 8 + 9 capital is ₹��
= −2 + 8 − 18 −2 − 12 + 12 2 + 16 − 18 Question 3 .
5+2−3 5−3+2 −5 + 4 − 3
6 1 0 A total of ₹ 8,600 was invested in two accounts. One account
� �
= −12 −2 0 earned � % annual interest and the other earned � %
� �
4 4 −4 annual interest. If the total interest for one year was
Consider the third order minor, ₹431.25, how much was invested in each account? (Use
determinant method).
6 1 0 = 6 8 − 0 − 1 48 − 0 + 0 −48 + 8
−12 −2 0 Solution:
= 48 − 48 + 0 = 0
4 4 −4 Let ₹x and ₹y be the amounts invested in the two accounts.
ρ(BA) ≠ 3 3 19 1 19
Interest for first account = 4 4 %x = × ×x= x
−2 0 4 100 400
Take a second order minor, = 8 ≠ 0. 1 13 1 13
4 −4 Interest for second account = 6 2 % = × y= y
2 100 200
ρ(BA) = 2 19 13
x + y = 8600 & x+ y = 431.25
400 200
Exercise 1.2
Multiplying equation by 400, 19x + 26y = 172500
Question 1.
1 1
Solve the following equations by using Cramer's rule Δ= = 26 − 19 = 7 ≠ 0
19 26
(i) �� + �� = �; �� + �� = � 8600 1
Δx = = 223600 − 172500 = 51100
172500 26
2 3
Δ= = 1 ≠ 0 {∴ We can apply Cramer's Rule} 1 8600
3 5 Δy = = 172500 − 163400 = 9100
19 172500
7 3
Δx = = 35 − 27 = 8 By Cramer's rule,
9 5
2 7 x=
Δx
=
51100
= 7300 & y =
Δy
=
9100
= 1300
Δy = = 18 − 21 =− 3
3 9 Δ 7 Δ 7
Δy 3
So, x =
Δx
=8 y= =− 3 Hence the amount invested at 4 4 % is ₹7300 and amount
Δ Δ
1
∴ x = 8 and y =− 3 invested at 6 2 % is ₹1300
Business Mathematics & Statistics 3
Question �. 5 - MARKS
At marina two types of games viz., Horse riding and Quad Bikes
riding are available on hourly rent. Keren and Benita spent ₹ 780
and ₹ 560 during the month of May. EXERCISE 1.1
Number of hours Question 3 .
Total amount
Name Horse Quad Bike Solve the following system of equations by rank method.
spent (in ₹)
Riding Riding
� + � + � = � , �� + �� + �� = �� , �� + � − � = �
Keren 3 4 780
Solution:
Benita 2 3 560
The given equations are x + y + z = 9 , 2x + 5y + 7z =
Find the hourly charges for the two games (rides). (Use 52 , 2x + y − z = 0
determinant method).
The matrix equation corresponding to the given system is
Solution:
1 1 1 x 9
Let hourly charges for horse riding be ₹x and 2 5 7 y = 52
2 1 −1 z 0
hourly charges for Quad bike riding be ₹y. A X =B
3x + 4y = 780 & 2x + 3y = 560 Augmented matrix
3 4 1 1 1 9
Δ= =9−8= 1 ≠0
2 3 [A, B] = 2 5 7 52
So there exists a unique solution. 2 1 −1 0
780 4 1 1 1 9 R → R − 2R
Δx = = 2340 − 2240 = 100 ∼ 0 3 5
2 2
34 R → R − 2R
1
560 3 3 3 1
0 −1 −3 −18
3 780
Δy = = 1680 − 1560 = 120 1 1 1 9
2 560
∼ 0 3 5 34 R3 → 3R3 + R2
By Cramer's rule, 0 0 −4 −20
Δx 100 Δy 120
x= = = 100. y= = = 120 1 1 1
Δ 1 Δ 1
Now A∼ 0 3 5 ⇒ ρ(A) = 3
Hourly charges for horse riding and bike riding are ₹ 100 0 0 4
and ₹ 120 respectively. 1 1 1 9
Exercise 1.3 Augmented matrix [A,B]∼ 0 3 5 34
0 0 −4 −20
Question 1.
has three non-zero rows , ρ([A, B]) = 3
The subscription department of a magazine sends out a letter to a
large mailing list inviting subscriptions for the magazine. Some of That is, ρ(A) = ρ([A, B]) = 3 = number of unknowns.
the people receiving this letter already subscribe to the magazine So the given system is consistent and has unique solution.
while others do not. From this mailing list, ��% of those who
already subscribe will subscribe again while ��% of those who do To find the solution, we rewrite the echelon form into the
not now subscribe will subscribe. On the last letter, it was found matrix form.
that ��% of those receiving it ordered a subscription. What per x
1 1 1 9
cent of those receiving the current letter can be expected to order a
0 3 5 y = 34
subscription?
Solution: 0 0 −4 z −20
x + y + z = 9 → (1)
Let X represent people who subscribe for the magazine and
Y represent persons who do not subscribe for the magazine. 3y + 5z = 34 → (2)
X → X = 45% = 0.45 & X → Y = 100 − 45 = 55% = 0.55
−4z =− 20 → (3)
Y → X = 30% = 0.3 & Y → Y = 100 − 30 = 70% = 0.7
(3) ⇒ z = 5
X Y
0.45 0.55 (2) ⇒ 3y = 34 − 25 = 9
X T=
Y 0.3 0.7 y=3
Initial Value for X = 40% = 0.4; (1) ⇒ x = 9 − 3 − 5
Y = (100 − 40) = 60% = 0.6
(2) x = 1
X Y X Y
X 0.45 0.55
0.4 0.6 =
Y 0.3 0.7
= (0.4 × 0.45 + 0.6 × 0.3 0.4 × 0.55 + 0.6 × 0.7)
= (0.18 + 0.18 0.22 + 0.42) = (0.36 0.64)
That is X = 36% and Y = 64%
Thus 36% of those receiving the current letter can be
expected to order a subscription.
Business Mathematics & Statistics 4
Question �. Question �.
Show that the equations �� + �� + �� = � , Show that the following system of equations have unique
�� + ��� + �� = � , �� + �� + ��� = � are consistent and solution:
solve them by rank method. � + � + � = �, � + �� + �� = �, � + �� + �� = � by rank
Solution: The given equations are, method.
5x + 3y + 7 = 4 Solution:
1 1 1 x 3
3x + 26y + 2z = 9 y = 4
1 2 3
7x + 2y + 10z = 5 1 4 9 z 6
The matrix equation corresponding to the given system is A X= B
5 3 7 x 4 1 1 1 3
3 26 2 y = 9 Augmented matrix [A,B]= 1 2 3 4
7 2 10 z 5 1 4 9 6
A X =B 1 1 1 3 R → R −R
5 3 7 4 ∼ 0 1 2 1 2 2 1
R3 → R3 − R1
Augmented matrix [A,B] = 3 26 2 9 0 3 8 3
7 2 10 5 1 1 1 3
5 3 7 4 R → 5R − 3R ∼ 0 1 2 1 R3 → R3 − 3R2
2 2 1
∼ 0 121 −11 33 0 0 2 0
R3 → 5R3 − 7R1
0 −11 1 −3 ρ(A) = ρ([A, B]) = 3 = number of unknowns.
5 3 7 4
The given system is consistent and has a unique solution.
∼ 0 121 −11 33
R3 → 11R3 + R2 1 1 1 x 3
0 0 0 0
5 3 7 4 0 1 2 y = 1
∼ 0 11 −1 3 R2 → R2 /11 0 0 2 z 0
0 0 0 0 x + y + z = 3...... (1); y + 2z = 1......(2); 2z = 0...... (3)
The equivalent matrix is in echelon form. It has two non- (3) ⇒ z = 0 (2) ⇒ y = 1
zero rows.
(1) ⇒ x + 1 + 0 = 3 ⇒ x = 2
∴ ρ(A) = ρ([A, B]) = 2 < number of unknowns.
So the unique solution is x = 2, y = 1, z = 0
So the equations are consistent and have infinitely many
solutions Question 6.
Solution:
According to the problem, x+y+z=8500…… (1)
Let the weights assigned to the three varieties be x, y and z 2 3 6
respectively. x+ y+ z = 380
100 100 100
A 0.65 0.35 Thus the equilibrium is reached when the share of A is 33%
T=
B 0.45 0.55 and share of B is 67%.
Business Mathematics & Statistics 9
CHAPTER 3 Question �.
INTEGRAL CALCULUS - II Using integration, find the area of the region bounded
( 2, 3 and 5 Marks) by the line � − � = �, the � axis and the ordinates
2 - Marks � =− �, � = �
Exercise: 3.1 Solution: Given lines are y − 1 = x
Question �. ⇒ y = x + 1; x-axis, x =− 2, x = 3
Using Integration, find the area of the region bounded Required area
the line �� + � = �, the �-axis and the lines � = �, � = � = ∫−1 3
−2 − ydx + ∫−1 ydx
Solution: −1 3
=− (x + 1)dx + (x + 1)dx
The given lines are 2y + x = 8, x-axis, x = 2, x = 4 −2 −1
−1 3
(x+1)2 2
Required area = ∫42 ydx. =− +
(x+1)
2 −2 2 −1
8−x
Now 2y + x = 8 ⇒ y = 2 (−1+1)2 (−2+1)2 (3+1)2 (−1+1)2
4 8−x =− 2
−
2
+
2
−
2
Area =
2
dx
2 1 1 1 17
4 =− [0 − 1] + [16 − 0] = + 8 = sq.units
1 x2 2 2 2 2
= 8x −
2 x 2 Exercise 3.2
1
= 32 − 8 − 16 + 2 Question 1.
2
= 5 sq. units The cost of an overhaul of an engine is ₹��, ��� The
operating cost per hour is at the rate of �� − ��� where
Question �.
the engine has run � �� . Find out the total cost if the
Find the area bounded by the lines � − �� − � = � , engine runs for 300 hours after overhaul.
� = �, � = � and the �-axis. Solution:
Solution: Given that the overhaul cost is Rs. 10,000 .
Given lines are y − 2x − 4 = 0 , y = 1, y = 3, y-axis The marginal cost is 2x − 240
y−4 MC = 2x − 240 ⇒ C = ∫MC dx + k = ∫(2x − 240)dx + k
y − 2x = 4 = 0 ⇒ x =
2
C = x2 − 240x + k
We observe that the required area lies to the left to the y-axis
k is the overhaul cost ⇒ k = 10,000
Area = ∫31 − xdy
3 y−4
So C = x2 − 240x + 10,000
=− dy When x = 300 hours, C = (300)2 − 240(300) + 10,000
1 2
3
1 y2 ⇒ C = 90,000 − 72000 + 10,000 ⇒ C = 28,000
=− − 4y
2 2 1 Question �.
1 9 1 Determine the cost of producing 200 air conditioners if
=− − 12 − + 4
2 2 2 ��
1
the marginal cost (is per unit) is �' (�) = ���
+�
=− ( − 4) = 2 sq.units
2 Solution:
Question �. x2
Given MC = C' (x) = +4
Find the area bounded by the line � = �, the �-axis and 200
the ordinates � = �, � = �. x2 x3
⇒ Total cost C = ∫ + 4 dx + k = + 4x + k
200 600
Solution:
x3
Given lines are y = x, x-axis, When x = 0, c = 0 ⇒ k = 0 ⇒ C = 600
+ 4x
x = 1, x = 2 (200)3 8,000,000
When x = 200, C = 600
+ 4(200) = 600
+ 800
2
Required area = ydx C = 14133.33
1
2 x2 2 1 So the cost of producing 200 air conditioners is ₹14133.33
= xdx = = 2 −
1 2 1 2
3 Question 11.
= sq.units
2 If the marginal revenue function for a commodity is
�� = � − ��� . Find the demand function.
Solution:
Given, marginal Revenue function MR = 9 − 4x2
Revenue function, R = ∫(MR)dx + k
4
R = ∫ 9 − 4x2 dx + k = 9x − �� + k
3
4
Since R = 0 when x = 0, k = 0 ⇒ R = 9x − �� 3
R 4 2
Demand function P = ⇒P=9− x
x 3
=
2 2x
−1=
4
−1 Since R = 0, when x = 0, k = 0
x 3(2x+3) 6x+9
So revenue function R = 14x − 3x2 + 3x3
which is the required answer. R
Demand function P = = 14 − 3x + 3x2
x
Business Mathematics & Statistics 12
Exercise- 3.3 Question 5.
Calculate the producer's surplus at � = � for the supply
Question �.
function � = � + �.
Calculate consumer's surplus if the demand function
Solution: Given supply function is p = 7 + x , x0 = 5
� = �� − �� and � = ��
Solution: p0 = 7 + x0 = 7 + 5 = 12
Given demand function p = 50 − 2x , x0 = 20 PS = x0 p0 −
x0
p(x)dx = 5(12) −
5
(7 + x)dx
x0 0 0
CS = p(x)dx − x0 p0 5
0 x2 25 25
= 60 − 7x + = 60 − 35 − =
When x = 20, p0 = 50 − 2(20) = 10 2 0 2 2
20 25
Hence the producer's surplus is units
CS = (50 − 2x)dx − (20)(10) 2
0 _____________________________________________________________________
20
= 50x − x2 0 − 200 = [1000 − 400] − 200 = 400 Question 6.
Hence the consumer's surplus is 400 units. If the supply function for a product is � = �� + ��� . Find
_____________________________________________________________________ the producer's surplus when � = �.
Question 2. Solution: ps = 3x + 5x2 when x = 4, (i.e) x0 = 4,
Calculate consumer's surplus if the demand function p0 = 3(4) + 5(4)2 = 12 + 80 = 92
� = ��� − �� − ��� , and � = � x0
1=B
−7
⇒B=
−3 Solution:
3 7
Given that the marginal cost MC is directly proportional to
Using these values in (1) we get the number of units x.
2 3
∫
dy
= 7∫ 7
dx − 7 ∫ 7
dx That is, MC ∝ x
y 2x−1 3x+2
dy 2dx 3dx
MC = kx, where k is the constant of proportionality Total
∫ =∫ −∫ kx2
y 2x−1 3x+2 cost C = ∫(MC)dx + c1 = ∫ (kx)dx + c1 C = + c1
2
log y = log (2x − 1) − log (3x + 2) + log k The fixed cost is given as 5000 . So c1 = 5000
2x−1
y= � kx2
3x+2 C= + 5000
2
3 3 3
when � = 2 , y = 8 ⇒ 8 = 8 k When x = 50, C = 5625
k
⇒k=1 So 5625 = (50)2 + 5000
2
2x−1
Hence the function is � = 3x+2 625 =
2500
k ⇒k=
1
2 2
Question ��. 1 x2
Thus total cost function C = + 5000
The marginal cost of production of a firm is given by 2 2
� �. � �. � �. � 12 1
Solution: 1 0 4
The given points are (40,6.2), (50,7.2)(60,9.1) and (70,12).
We plot the points on a graph with suitable scale 5 6
2 5 10 0
15 6 0
3 20 16 0
31 6
4 51 22
The value of y when x = 48 is 6.8
Question 2. 53
The following data relates to indirect labour expenses and 5 104
the level of output
_____________________________________________________________________
Estimate the expenses at a level of output of 350 units, by
using the graphic method. Question �.
Solution: If � = � then prove that (�−� �)�� = ��� − �� + �
Take the units of output along the �-axis, labour expenses Solution:
along the �-axis. h=1
The points to be plotted are To prove (�−� �)�� = ��� − �� + �
200,2500 , 300,2800 400,3100 , 640,3820 , L.H.S : E−1 Δ x3 = E−1 Δx3
(540,3220), (580, 3640) = E−1 (x + h)3 − x3 = E−1 (x + h)3 − E−1 x3
= (x − h + h)3 − (x − h)3
From the graph, = x3 − (x − h)3
the expenses at a
level of output of But given h = 1
350 units are ₹ E−1 Δ x3 = x3 − (x − 1)3 = x3 − x3 − 3x2 + 3x − 1
2940. = 3x2 − 3x + 1 = RHS
So �−1 Δ �3 = �3 − (� − 1)3
___________________________________________________
Question �.
If �(�) = �� + �� then show that ��(�) = �� + �
Solution:
f(x) = x2 + 3x
Δf(x) = f(x + h) − f(x)
= (x + h)2 + 3(x + h) − x2 − 3x
= x2 + 2xh + h2 + 3x + 3 h − x2 − 3x = 2xh + 3 h + h2
Put h = 1, Δf(x) = 2x + 4
The population of the year 1911 is 445 thousand = 37.8 − 1.08 + 0.064 = 36.784
Thus the estimated population in the year 1955 is ��. ���
lakhs
Business Mathematics & Statistics 17
5 - Marks Question �.
Exercise 5.1 In an examination the number of candidates who secured
marks between certain intervals was as follows:
Question 8.
Find the missing entries from the following. Marks
� �� �� �� ��
− �� − �� − �� − �� − ��
(�) 0 1 2 3 4 5
No. of
41 62 65 50 17
� = �(�) 0 − 8 15 − 35 candidates
(−1.475)(−0.475)
y = 235+ (-1.475)(17) + ( − 33) +
2
(−1.475)(−0.475)(0.525)
( − 18)
6
= 235 -25.075 -11.5603-1.1034 = 197.2
Hence the estimated value of the number of candidates
whose marks are less than 70 is 197
45 13.3 0 22 4
−0.8
60 226 2 −4
50 12.5
24 0 4
� − �0 32 − 30 2
n= = = 5 = 0.4 70 250 2 0
ℎ 5
n n -1 n-2 n-3
26 0
0.4 -0.6 -1.6 -2.6
� �(�−1) �(�−1)(�−2) 80 276 2
� �=�0+�ℎ = �0 + Δ�0 + Δ2 �0 + Δ3 �0 + …
1! 2! 3!
0.4 (0.4)(−0.6) 28
�(�=32) = 15.9 + ( − 1) + (0.2) +
1! 2!
t = 286.8686
�(�) 1 2 11 34
x �0 �1 �2 �3
Solution: 1986 1974 1978 1982 1990
To find � = �(�) at � = 2.8
We use Newton's backward interpolation formula
� − �� ���� − ���� 12 �� − �� ���� − ���� −�
since the required value is near the end of the table. � − �� ���� − ���� 8 �� − �� ���� − ���� −�
� �(�+1) �(�+1)(�+2) � − �� ���� − ���� 4 �� − �� ���� − ���� −��
� �=��+�ℎ = �� + ∇�� + ∇2 �� + ∇3 �� + . .
1! 2! 3! � − �� ���� − ���� −� �� − �� ���� − ���� −�
The difference table given below �� − �� ���� − ���� −� �� − �� ���� − ���� −��
(8)(4)( − 4) (12)(4)( − 4)
� � ∇� ∇2 � ∇3 � �= (25) + (60)
( − 4)( − 8)( − 16) (4)( − 4)( − 12)
(12)(8)( − 4) (12)(8)(4)
0 1 + (80) + (170)
(8)(4)( − 8) (16)(12)(8)
� = 6.25 − 60 + 120 + 42.5 = 108.75
1
The output of the factory in 1986 is 109 (thousand tonnes)
1 2 8 _____________________________________________________________________
Question ��.
9 6 Use Lagrange's formula and estimate from the following
data the number of workers getting income not exceeding
2 11 14 Rs. 26 per month.
3 34 No. of workers 36 40 45 48
Solution:
� �(�+1) �(�+1)(�+2) Let � represent the income per month and
� �=��+�ℎ = �� + ∇�� + ∇2 �� + ∇3 �� + . ..
1! 2! 3! � denote the number of workers.
Now �� = 3, ℎ = 1, � = 2.8 x0 = 15, x1 = 25, x2 = 30, x3 = 35,
� − �� 2.8 − 3 −0.2
n= = = = - 0.2 y0 = 36, y1 = 40 , y2 = 45 , y3 = 48
ℎ 1 1
We have to find the value of � at � = 26
n n +1 n+2
-0.2 0.8 1.8
x �0 �1 �2 �3
26 15 25 30 35
−0.2 −0.2 0.8 (−0.2)(0.8)(1.8)
� = 34 + 23 + 14 + (6)
1! 2! 3! � − �� �� − �� 11 �� − �� �� − �� −��
� = 34 − 4.6 − 1.12 − 0.288 � − �� �� − �� 1 �� − �� �� − �� −��
� = 27.992 � − �� �� − �� −� �� − �� �� − �� −��
Hence the value of f(x) at x = 2.8 is 27.992 � − �� �� − �� −� �� − �� �� − �� −�
Question �. �� − �� �� − �� −� �� − �� �� − �� −��
Using interpolation estimate the output of a factory in 1986
from the following data By Lagrange's interpolation formula,
�−�� �−�� �−�� �−�� �−�� �−��
Year 1974 1978 1982 1990 �= × �� + ��
�� −�� �� −�� �� −�� �� −�� �� −�� �� −��
�−�� �−�� �−�� �−�� �−�� �−��
Output in 1000 tones 25 60 90 170 + × �� + ��
�� −�� �� −�� �� −�� �� −�� �� −�� �� −��
Solution: The different values are given in the table below
Let x denote the year and y represent the output. (1)( − 4)( − 9) (11)( − 4)( − 9)
The � values are not equidistant. So we use Lagrange's �= (36) + (40)
( − 10)( − 15)( − 20) (10)( − 5)( − 10)
formula (11)(1)( − 9) (11)(1)( − 4)
+ (45) + (48)
�� = ����, �� = ����, �� = ����, �� = ����, (15)(5)( − 5) (20)(10)(5)
�� = ��, �� = ��, �� = ��, �� = ��� � =− 0.432 + 31.68 + 11.88 − 2.112
For � = 1986 we have to find � value � = 41.016
�−�� �−�� �−�� �−�� �−�� �−��
�= × �� + �� Thus the number of workers getting income not exceeding
�� −�� �� −�� �� −�� �� −�� �� −�� �� −��
Rs. 26 per month is 41
Business done
150 235 365 525
(in lakhs)
Solution:
Let � denote the year of business and
� (in lakhs) denote the amount of business.
�0 = 1982, �1 = 1983, �2 = 1984, �3 = 1986
�0 = 150; �1 = 235 ; �2 = 365 ; �3 = 525
We have to find the value of � when � = 1985.
x �0 �1 �2 �3
1985 1982 1953 1984 1986
�(�) 42 43 47 60
Solution:
We have to find the value of � when � = 15.
x0 = 3 x1 = 7 x2 = 11 x3 = 19
y0 = 42 y1 = 43 y2 = 47 y3 = 60
x �0 �1 �2 �3
15 3 7 11 19
� − �� �� − � 12 �� − �� �−� −�
� − �� �� − � 8 �� − �� � − �� −�
� − �� �� − �� 4 �� − �� � − �� −��
� − �� �� − �� −� �� − �� � − �� −�
�� − �� �� − �� −� �� − �� � − �� −��
�−�1 �−�2 �−�3 �−�0 �−�2 �−�3
�= �0−�1 �0 −�2 �0−�3
× �0 + �1−�0 �1 −�2 �1−�3
�1
�−�0 �−�1 �−�3 �−�0 �−�1 �−�2
+ × �2 + �3
�2 −�0 �2 −�1 �2 −�3 �3 −�0 �3−�1 �3 −�2
|z| = 3.536
we find that � > �� (i.e.) 3.536 > 2.33.
Since the calculated value is greater than the table value at
�% level of significance, the null hypothesis is rejected and
we accept the alternative hypothesis. We conclude that by
the new technique in the manufacturing process the
breaking strength of the cables is increased. So the claim is
supported at 0.01 level of significance.
Therefore, 90 − (1.96 × 0.2) < � < 90 + (1.96 × 0.2) Hence the mean life time of light bulbs is expected to lie
i.e. (89.61 < � < 90.39) between the interval (1337.35, 1362.65)
Hence we concluded that 95% confidence interval ensures An auto company decided to introduce a new six cylinder
car whose mean petrol consumption is claimed to be lower
acceptance of the component by the consumer. than that of the existing auto engine. It was found that the
mean petrol consumption for the 50 cars was 10 �� per
Example �. ��
litre with a standard deviation of �. � �� per litre. Test at
A sample of 100 measurements at breaking strength of �% level of significance, whether the claim of the new car
cotton thread gave a mean of �. � and a standard deviation petrol consumption is �. � �� per litre on the average is
of �. � gms. Find ��% confidence limits for the mean acceptable.
breaking strength of cotton thread. Solution:
Solution:
Sample size � = 50 Sample mean � = 10 km Sample
Given, sample size = 100, � = 7.4, since � is unknown but
standard deviation � = 3.5 km
s = 1.2 is known.
Population mean � = 9.5 km
In this problem, we consider � = �, ��/� = �. ��
Since population SD is unknown we consider � = s
� � 1.2
S.E. = = = = 0.12 Null Hypothesis �0 : � = 9.5
� � 100
Hence 95% confidence limits for the population mean are Alternative Hypothesis: �1 : � ≠ 9.5 (two tailed test)
� � The level of significance � = 5% = 0.05
� − ��/� < � < � + ��/�
� �
�−�
7.4 − (1.96 × 0.12) < � < 7.4 + (1.96 × 0.12) Applying the test statistic � = � ∼ �(0,1);
�
This implies that the probability that the true value of the Thus the calculated value 1.01 and the significant value or
population mean breaking strength of the cotton threads table value ��/2 = 1.96
will fall in this interval (7.165,7.635) at 95%. Comparing the calculated and table value ,
Here � < ��/2 i.e., 1.01 < 1.96.
Inference :Since the calculated value is less than table value
i.e., � < �� at 5% level of sinificance, the null hypothesis
�0 is accepted. Hence we conclude that the company's
claim that the new car petrol consumption is 9.5 km per litre
is acceptable.
Business Mathematics & Statistics 27
Example �. �� Example �. ��
A manufacturer of ball pens claims that a certain pen he (i) A sample of 900 members has a mean �. � �� and
manufactures has a mean writing life of 400 pages with a ���. �� �� . Is the sample taken from a large population
standard deviation of 20 pages. A purchasing agent selects a with mean �. �� ��. and SD �. �� �� ?
sample of 100 pens and puts them for test. The mean (95% confidence limit)
writing life for the sample was 390 pages. Should the (ii) If the population is normal and its mean is unknown,
purchasing agent reject the manufactures claim at �% level? find the ��% and ��% confidence limits of true mean.
Solution: Solution:
� = 100, (i) Given:
POPULATION DATA SAMPLE DATA Sample size � = 900,
Popuation mean = � = 400 Sample mean = � = 390 POPULATION DATA SAMPLE DATA
Population S.D. = � = 20 - Popuation mean = � = 3.25 Sample mean = � = 3.4
Null Hypothesis: H0 : � = 400 Population S.D. = � = s = 2.61 Sample SD � = 2.61 cm. -
Alternative Hypothesis: H1 : � ≠ 400 (two tailed test)
The level of significance � = 1% = 0.01; ∴ ��/2 = 2.58 Null Hypothesis H0 : � = 3.25 cm
�−� ,Alternative Hypothesis H1 : � ≠ 3.25 cm (two tail) Test
The test statistic � = �
� 3.4−3.25 0.15
390−400 −10
statistic: � = 2.61 =
0.087
= 1.724
�= 20 = =− 5, ∴ |�| = 5 900
2
100
∴ � = 1.724
Thus the calculated value |�| = 5 ∴ ��/2 = 2.58
��/2 = 1.96
Comparing the calculated and table values,
Comparing the calculated and table values, � < ��/2 i.e.,
� > �� i.e., 5 > 2.58
1.724 < 1.96
1% level of significance, the null hypothesis is rejected and
Therefore we concluded that � ≠ 400 and the Inference: Since the calculated value is less than table value
manufacturer's claim is rejected at 1% level of significance. i.e., � < ��/2 at 5% level of significance, the null hypothesis
Example 8.17
is accepted.
The mean weekly sales of soap bars in departmental stores
were ���. � bars per store. After an advertising campaign Hence we conclude that the data doesn't provide us any
the mean weekly sales in 400 stores for a typical week evidence against the null hypothesis. Therefore, the sample
increased to ���. � and showed a standard deviation of 17.2.
Was the advertising campaign successful at ��% confidence has been drawn from the population mean � = 3.25 cm and
limit? SD, � = 2.61 cm
Solution:
(ii) Confidence limits ��% confidential limits for the
� = 400 stores ;
population
POPULATION DATA SAMPLE DATA
mean � are :
Popuation mean = � = 146.3 Sample mean = � = 153.7
� − ��/2 �� < � < � + ��/2 ��
Population S.D. = � = � = 17.2 Sample SD � = 17.2
3.4 − (1.96 × 0.087) < � < 3.4 + (1.96 × 0.087)
Null Hypothesis. i.e, �0 : � = 146.3
3.229 < � < 3.571
Alternative Hypothesis �1 : � > 143.3 (Right tail test). The
34. 98% confidential limits for the population
advertising campaign was successful
mean � are :
Level of significance � = 0.05
�−� � − ��/2 �� < � < � + ��/2 ��
Test statistic � = � ∼ �(0,1)
� 3.4 − (2.33 × 0.087) < � < 3.4 + (2.33 × 0.087)
153.7−146.3 7.4
�= 17.2 = = 8.605 ∴ |�| = 8.605 3.197 < � < 3.603
0.86
400
Therefore, 95% confidential limits is (3.229,3.571) and 98%
Comparing the calculated value � = 8.605 and the
significant value or table value �� = 1.645 . we get 8.605 > confidential limits is (3.197,3.603).
1.645. Inference: Since, the calculated value is much greater
than table value i.e., � > �� , it is highly significant at 5%
level of significance. Hence we reject the null hypothesis �0
and conclude that the advertising campaign was definitely
successful in promoting sales.
51−52 −1
� = 5 = =− 1.4142
0.7071
50
|�| = 1.4142
Critical value at 1% level of significance is ��/2 = 2.58
Inference: Since the calculated value is less than table value
i.e., � < ��/2 at 1% level of significance, the null hypothesis
�0 is accepted.
Therefore, we conclude that there is no significant
difference between the sample mean and population mean
� = 52 and SD � = 5. Therefore � = 49 is rejected.
Example �. ��
An ambulance service claims that it takes on the average
�. � minutes to reach its destination in emergency calls. To
check on this claim, the agency which licenses ambulance
services has then timed on 50 emergency calls, getting a
mean of �. � minutes with a standard deviation of �. �
minutes. What can they conclude at �% level of significance.
Solution:
Sample size � = 50: Sample mean � = 9.3 minutes
Sample S.D � = 1.6 minutes:
Population mean � = 8.9 minutes
Null hypothesis �0 : � = 8.9
Alternative hypothesis �1 : � = 8.9 (Two tail)
Level of significance � = 0.05
�−�
Test statistic � = � ∼ �(0,1)
�
9.3−8.9 0.4
�= 1.6 = = 1.7676
0.2263
50
Answer:
It is a general tendency, of time series to increase or
decrease or stagnates during a long period of time. An
upward tendency is usually observed in the population of a
country, production, sales, prices in industries, the income
of individuals etc., A downward tendency is observed in
deaths, epidemics, prices of electronic gadgets, water
sources, mortality rate etc…. _____________________________________________________________________________
It helps in studying the trends and tendencies. The Fisher-price index number is also known as the "ideal"
price index number. This requires more data than the other
It determines the inflation and deflation in an
two index numbers and as a result, may often be
economy impracticable. But this is a good index number because it
Question �. Mention the classification of Index Number. satisfies both the time-reversal test and factor reversal test.
Answer: (i.e) PF01 × PF10 = 1 and PF01 × QF01 =
�1 �1
�0 �0
Classification of Index Numbers:
_____________________________________________________________________
Index number can be classified as follows
Question �. State the test of the adequacy of the index number.
1. Price Index Number: It measures the general Answer:
changes in the retail or wholesale price level of a Index numbers are studied to know the- relative changes in
price and quantity for any two years compared. There are
particular or group of commodities.
two tests which are used to test the adequacy for an index
2. Quantity Index Number: These are indices to
number.
measure the changes in the number of goods The two tests are as follows: Time Reversal Test &
manufactured in a factory. Factor Reversal Test
3. Cost of living Index Number: These are intended to The criterion for a good index number is to satisfy the above
two tests.
study the effect of change in the price level on the
Question �. Define Time Reversal Test.
cost of living of different classes of people. Answer:
It is an important test for testing the consistency of a good
Question �.Define Laspeyre's price index number index number. This test maintains time consistency by
Answer: working both forward and backward with respect to time
The weighted aggregate index number using base period (here time refers to the base year and current year).
weights is called Laspeyre's price index number. Symbolically the following relationship should be satisfied,
�1 �0 P01 × P10 = 1
PL01 = × 100
�0 �0 Fisher's index number formula satisfies the above
Where p1 is current year price; p0 is base year price relationship
q0 is base year quantity �1 �0× �1 �1
PF01 = �0 �0× �0 �1
2. Method of Semi-Averages
Question ��. Write the control limits for the � chart. 3. Method of Moving Averages
Solution:
4. Method of Least Squares
The calculation of control limits for � chart in two different
cases are
Case (i) when SD is given Case (i) when SD is not
given
��� = � + 3�� ��� = �4 �
�� = � �� = �
��� = � − 3�� ��� = �3 �
�� 279550
Cost of living index number = �
= 105
= 2662.38
Co Price (Rs)
Weig ��
mm
hts �= × ��� ��
odit ���� ���� (V)
��
y �0 ��
P 22 25 80 113.63 9090.4
Q 30 45 30 150 4500
R 42 50 25 119.05 2976.25
S 25 35 40 140 5600
T 36 52 50 144.44 7222
Trend
Productio Year Sales X=
Trend �� �� values
Year n (in X= x-
�2 �� values (�) �' ��� � X -2002
(�) tonnes) 1998 (�)
(��)
(�) 2000 35 −2 4 −70 43.2
1995 155 −3 9 −465 159.57 2001 36 −1 1 −36 48.6
2002 79 0 0 0 54
1996 162 −2 4 −324 162.86
2003 80 1 1 80 59.4
1997 171 −1 1 −171 166.14 2004 40 2 4 80 64.8
ΣY ΣX2 ΣXY Σ�
1998 182 0 0 0 169.43 ΣX = 0
= 270 = 10 = 54 = 270
1999 158 1 1 158 172.72
Y 270 XY 54
�= = = 54 � = = 10 = 5.4
2000 180 2 4 360 176.00 N 5 X2
Therefore, the equation of the straight line which best fits the data
2001 178 3 9 534 179.29
is given by � = � + ��
N Σ� ΣX2 ΣXY ΣYt
ΣX = 0
=7 = 1186 = 28 = 92 = 1186.01 (i.e) Y = 54 + 5.4X
(or) Y = 54 + 5.4(x − 2002)
Y 1186 XY 92 The trends values are obtained as follows
�= = = 169.429 �= = = 3.286
N 7 X2 28 When x = 2000, y = 54 + 5.4(2000 − 2002) = 54 − 10.8 = 43.2
� = � + ��
When x = 2001, y = 54 + 5.4(2001 − 2002) = 54 − 5.4 = 48.6
(i.e) Y = 169.429 + 3.286X (or)
When x = 2002, y = 54 + 5.4(2002 − 2002) = 54
Y = 169.429 + 3.286(x − 1998)
When x = 2003, y = 54 + 5.4(2003 − 2002) = 54 + 5.4 = 59.4
The trends values are obtained by
When x = 2004, y = 54 + 5.4(2004 − 2002) = 54 + 10.8 = 64.8
When x = 1995, Yt = 169.429 + 3.286(1995 − 1998)
= 169.429 + 3.286( − 3) = 169.429 − 9.858 = 159.57
When x = 1996, Yt = 169.429 + 3.286(1996 − 1998)
= 169.429 + 3.286( − 2) = 169.429 − 6.572 = 162.86
When x = 1997, Yt = 169.429 + 3.286(1997 − 1998)
= 169.429 + 3.286( − 1) = 169.429 − 3.286 = 166.14
When x = 1998, Yt =− 169.429 + 3.286(1998 − 1998)
= 169.429 + 3.286(0) = 169.429 − 0 = 169.43
When x = 1999, Yt = 169.429 + 3.286(1999 − 1998)
= 169.429 + 3.286(1) = 169.429 + 3.286 = 172: 72
When x = 2000, Yt = 169.429 + 3.286(2000 − 1998)
= 169.429 + 3.286(2) = 169.429 + 6.572 = 176.00
When x = 2001, Yt = 169.429 + 3.286(2001 − 1998)
= 169.429 + 3.286(3) = 169.429 + 9.858 = 179.29
In Year Sales in 5 8 7 9 6 1 8 7 5 4 8
Average
2010 tonnes 2003 2 1 1 1 1 15 2 1 1 2 1 1
JAN 280 0 8 6 3 2 2 6 8 0 7 5
FEB 240 2004 1 2 2 1 1 16 1 2 1 1 1 2
��� + ��� + ��� + ��� + ��� + ���
MAR 270 8 5 1 1 4 9 0 7 6 8 0
�
APR 300 = ���. ��� Monthl 5 6 5 4 4 51 6 5 5 5 4 5
MAY 280 y total 3 1 4 3 2 2 4 2 1 9 3
JUNE 290 Monthly 1 2 1 1 1 17 2 1 1 1 1 1
JULY 210 Average 7 0 8 4. 4 0. 8 7 7 6 7
AUG 200
��� + ��� + ��� + ��� + ��� + ��� . . 3 7 . . .
SEP 230
� 7 3 3 3 7
OCT 200 = ���. ��� Seasonal 1 1 1 82 8 97 1 1 9 9 9 1
NOV 230
Indices 0 1 0 .4 0. .9 1 0 9 7 3 0
DEC 210
2 6 3 6 9. 3. . . . 2
Thus we obtain semi-average � = 276.667 and
. . 2 7 7 9 9
semi-average �� = 213.333 9 7
To fit a trend line we plot each value at the mid-point Grand Average
��.�+��.�+��+��.�+��+��+��.�+��+��.�+��+��.�+��.�
(month) of each half, (i.e) we plot 276.667 in the middle of =
��
March and April; we plot 213.333 in the middle of ���.�
= = ��. ��
��
September and October. We join the two points by a straight Average ( for Jan ) ��.�
S.I for Jan = Grand average
× ��� = × ��� = ���
��.��
line . This is the required line
��.�
S.I for Feb = ��.�� × ��� = ���. �
��
S.I for Mar = × ��� = ���. �
��.��
��.�
S.I for Apr = ��.�� × ��� = ��. �
��
S.I for May = × ��� = ��. �
��.��
��
S.I for June = ��.�� × ��� = ��. �
��.�
S.I for July = ��.�� × ��� = ���. �
��
S.I for August = × ��� = ���. �
��.��
��.�
S.I for Sep = ��.�� × ��� = ��. �
��
S.I for Oct = × ��� = ��. �
��.��
��.�
S.I for Nov = ��.�� × ��� = ��. �
��.�
S.I for Dec = × ��� = ���
��.��
2009 78 74 78 72 Use the method of least squares to fit a straight line and estimate
the number of salesmen in ����.
2010 74 70 72 76
Solution:
2011 76 74 74 72
No. of
Year Trends
2012 72 72 76 68 salesm � = � − ���� �� ��
( �) Value �
en (�)
Solution:
Computation of quarterly index by the method of simple 1992 46 −2 4 −92 44.8
averages.
1993 48 −1 1 −48 46.8
I II III IV
Year Quarter Quarter Quarter Quarter 1994 42 0 0 0 48.8
2010 74 70 72 76 Y X2 XY �
N=5 X=0
= 244 = 10 = 20 = 244
2011 76 74 74 72
Y 244 XY 20
2012 72 72 76 68 �= N
= 5
= 48.8 � = X2
=
10
=2
�1 �0 �1 �1
D 12 12 29 23 Fisher's ideal index = × × 100
�0 �0 �0 �1
Solution:
2140 1880 40,23,200
2000 2010 = × × 100 = × 100 = 1.92 × 100
1560 1344 20,96,640
(Base (Current
Com Year) Year) = 1.385 × 100 = 138.5 ���� = ���. �
mod Pric Pri �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ��
Qty Qty Time reversal test :To prove P01 × P10 = 1
ity e ce
�� ��
�� �� �1 �0× �1 �1 �0 �1 �0 �0
P01 × P10 = × ×
�0 �0× �0 �1 �1 �1 �1 �0
A 12 18 14 16 252 216 224 192
B 15 20 16 15 320 300 240 225 2140 1880 1344 1560
= × × × ��� × ��� = �
1560 1344 1880 2140
C 14 24 15 20 360 336 300 280
D 12 29 12 23 348 348 276 276 Time reversal test is satisfied.
�1 �1
1280 1200 1040 973 Factor Reversal Test: To prove P01 × Q01 = �0 �0
Food 40 12 65 14 1996 5 10 8 6 6 3
Fuel 72 14 78 20 1999 4 12 7 7 5 4
Clothing 36 10 36 15 Solution:
Wheat 20 6 42 4
Co 1996 1999
mm (Base (Cur.Year
Others 46 8 52 6 odit Year) )
�� �� �� � � �� �� �� ��
y Pri Pri
Solution: Qty Qty
ce ce
2016(Bas 2017
�� ��
Comm �� ��
odity e Year) CurYear �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� A 5 10 4 12 40 50 48 60
B 8 6 7 7 42 48 49 56
�� �� �� ��
C 6 3 5 4 15 18 20 24
Food 40 12 65 14 780 480 910 560 Total 97 116 117 140
�1 �0 �1 �1
Fuel 72 14 78 20 1092 1008 1560 1440 Fisher's index number PF01 = × × 100
�0 �0 �0 �1
Clothing 36 10 36 15 360 360 540 540
97 117 1.1349
Wheat 20 6 42 4 252 120 168 80 = × × 100 = × 100 = 0.836 × 100 = 83.6
116 140 16240
Others 46 8 52 6 416 368 312 276
2900 2336 3490 2896
�1 �0 × �1 �1 �0 �1 �0 �0
P01 × P10 = �0 �0 × �0 �1
× �1 �1
× �1 �0
Calculate the control limits for the mean chart and the range chart (Given �� = �. ��, �� = � and �� = �. ��� ) Comment on the state
and then comment on the state of control. of control
(conversion factors for � = �, �� = �. ��, �� = � and
�� = �. ��� ) Solution:
Solution: Samp 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 TOTAL
le 0
Sam
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 5 4
ple � 53 462
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 � 9 5 8 9 7 6 9 1 5
� 17 16
5 5 8 7 4 8 5 7 = ��� R 7 5 7 9 5 8 8 6 7 6 68
1 1 �
R 7 7 4 9 8 7 4 5 � 462 � 68
2 1 = �� �= = = 46.2 & �= = = 6.8
10 10 10 10
The above diagram shows all the three control lines with the
sample range points plotted. We observe that all the points are From the � chart, we see that 4 points are outside the control limit
within the control limits.
lines. So we say that the process is out of control.
Conclusion: From the above two plots of the sample mean � and
sample range R, we conclude that the process is in control.
The control limits for � chart is �, �, �, …. , ��. Hence we conclude that the process is in control.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8.00AM 43 41 42 43 41
�
2 3 1 2 4 3 6 5
9.00AM 40 39 40 39 44
� 2 5 4 2 3 2 4 3
10.00AM 42 42 43 38 40
Solution: 11.00AM 39 43 40 39 42
Sample
� � � � � � � � Total
number Solution:
Time Weights in ml � R
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
X 106
2 3 1 2 4 3 6 5 �. ���� 43 41 42 43 41 42 2
R 2 5 4 2 3 2 4 3 25 �. ���� 40 39 40 39 44 40.4 5
��. ���� 42 42 43 38 40 41 5
X 106
�= = = 13.25
8 8
R 25
��. ���� 39 43 40 39 42 40.6 4
R= = = 3.13
8 8
LCL = D3 R = (0)(3.13) = 0 CL = X = 41
From the values of the control limits for �, we observe that sample LCL = � − A2R = 41 − (0.58)(4) = 38.68
� value 16 is above the UCL. Hence we conclude that the process is The control limits for � chart is
Answer: for all i = 1,2, ……. n and j = 1,2, ……n where ��� is the cost of
� �
Objective function: Minimize Z = �=1 �=1 C�� ��� assigning ith job to � th machine and ��� represents the assignment
O1 9 8 (10) 25/15
5
O2 6 8 (35) 35/0
4
O3 7 6 9 40
�� 30 25 45/10/0
The least-cost 5 corresponds to cell O1, D3 . So we have allocated
min(10,25) to this cell.
�� 2/0 4 5 6 E F G ��
B (175) 14 10 300/125
Fourth allocation :
18
C D E �� C 24 13 10 400
Q (4) 2 1 6/2 �� 175/0 275 250
7 Fourth allocation:
R 4 8 12 9
F G ��
�� 4/0 5 6 B (125) 10 125/0
Fifth allocation : 14
C 13 10 400
D E ��
�� 275/150 250
Q (2) 1 2/0 Fifth allocation :
2
R 8 12 9 F G ��
�� C (150) (250) 400/250/0
5/3 6
13 10
Final allocation : �� 150/0 250/0
D E ��
R (3) (6) 9/6/0 D E F G Available
8 12 A (200) (50) 17 14 250
�� 3/0 6/0 11 13
B 16 (175) (125) 10 300
A B C D E �� 18 14
C 21 24 (150) (250) 400
P (3) (1) 10 3 7 4
13 10
2 11
Required 200 225 275 250
Q 1 (2) (4) (2) 1 8
Transportation schedule: � → �, � → �, � → �, � → �, � → �, � → �
4 7 2
R 3 9 4 (3) (6) 9 (i.e) ��� = ���, ��� = ��, ��� = ���, ��� = ���, ��� = ��� , ��� = ���
8 12 Total cost =(200×11)+(50×13)+(175×18)+(125×14)+(150×13)+(250×10)
�� 3 3 4 5 6 = ���� + ��� + ���� + ���� + ���� + ����
Transportation schedule: = ��. ��, ���
Business Mathematics & Statistics 48
EXERCISE 10.2 Exercise 10.3
Question 4.
Three jobs A, B and C one to be assigned to three machines U, V Question �.
and W. The processing cost for each job machine combination is Given the following pay-off matrix (in rupees) for three strategies
shown in the matrix given below. Determine the allocation that and two states of nature.
minimizes the overall processing cost. States-of-nature
Machine Strategy
U V W �1 ��
Job A 17 25 31 �1 40 60
B 10 25 16
C 12 14 11 �2 10 −20
(cost is in ₹ per unit ) �� −40 150
Solution: Here the number of rows and columns are equal. Select a strategy using each of the following rule
Step 1: We select the smallest element from each row and (i) Maximin (ii) Minimax
subtract from other elements in its row. Solution:
Machine Column V has no zero.
U V W Go to step 2.
States - of -
Job A 0 8 14 nature MINIMUM MAXIMUM
Strategy
B 0 15 6 PAY OFF PAY OFF
C 1 3 0 E1 E2
S1 40 60 40 60
Step 2: Select the smallest element from each column and subtract
from other elements in its column.
S2 10 −20 -20 10
Machine Since each row and
U V W column contains at S3 -40 150 -40 150
Job A 0 5 14 least one zero,
assignments can be (I) Max min Principle :
B 0 12 6
made. Max (40, − 20, − 40) = 40. Since the maximum pay-off is Rs. 40,
C 1 0 0 the best strategy is S1 according to maximin rule.
(ii) Minimax principle:
Step 3: (Assignment) : Row A contains exactly one zero. We
Min (60,10,150) = 10. Since the minimum pay- off is Rs. 10 , the
mark it by □ and other zeros in its column by x. best strategy is �2 according to minimax rule.
Machine
Question �.
U V W
A farmer wants to decide which of the three crops he should plant
Job A 0 5 14 on his 100 -acre farm. The profit from each is dependent on the
B 0 12 6 rainfall during the growing season. The farmer has categorized the
C 1 0 0 amount of rainfall as high, medium and low. His estimated profit
for each is shown in the table.
Now proceed column wise. Column V has exactly one zero.
Mark by ◻ and other zeros in its row by X. Estimated Conditional Profit (Rs.)
Rainfall
Step 4: Crop A Crop B Crop C
Machine
U V W High ���� 3500 5000
Job A 0 5 14
Medium 4500 4500 5000
B 0 12 6
C 1 0 0 Low 2000 5000 4000
Now there is no zero in row B to assign the job. So proceed as follows. Draw If the farmer wishes to plant the only crop, decide which should be
a minimum number of lines to cover all the zeros in the reduced matrix. his best crop using (i) Maximin (ii) Minimax
Subtract 5 from all the uncovered elements and add to the element at the
Solution:
intersection of 2 lines as shown below.
Step 5: Estimated Rainfall Minim
Maxim
condition um
al profit
um
Mediu PAY
(Rs.) High m
Low payoff
OFF
Now start the whole procedure once again for assignment to get Crop C 5000 5000 4000 4000 5000
the following matrix .
(i) Maxmn principle:
Thus all the 3 assignments have been made. The optimal
assignment schedule and the total cost is Job Machine Cost Max (2000,3500,4000) = 4000. Since the maximum profit is Rs.
Job Machine Cost 4000 , he must choose crop C as the best crop.
A V 25
(ii) Minimax principle:
B U 10
C W 11 Min (8000,5000,5000) = 5000. Since the minimum cost is Rs.
5000 , he can choose crop B and crop C as the best crop.
TOTAL 46
Business Mathematics & Statistics 49
Question 3 . 5 MARKS
The research department of Hindustan Ltd. has
recommended paying the marketing department to launch a EXERCISE 10.1
shampoo of three different types. The marketing types of Question �.
shampoo to be launched under the following estimated pay- Explain Vogel's approximation method by obtaining an initial
offs for various level of sales. feasible solution of the following transportation problem
D1 D2 D3 D4 Supply
Types of Estimated sales
O1 2 3 11 7 6
shampoo
15000 10000 5000 O2 1 0 6 1 1
Egg O3 5 8 15 9 10
30 10 10
shampoo Demand 7 5 3 2
Solution: Total supply = Total demand = 17
Clinic
40 15 5 First allocation :
shampoo
D1 D2 D3 D4 �� Penalty
Deluxe
55 20 3 O1 2 3 11 7 6 (1)
shampoo
O2 1 0 6 (1) 1/0 (1)
What will be the marketing manager's decision if (i) 1
Maximin and (ii) Minimax principle applied? O3 5 8 15 9 10 (3)
Solution: �� 7 5 3 2/1
Estimated sales Min Max Penalty (1) (3) (5) (6)
Types of
Pay pay
shampoo 15000 10000 5000 The largest difference is 6 corresponding to column D4 .
off off
In this column least cost is (O2 , D4 . Allocate min(2,1) to this cell.
Egg shampoo 30 10 10 10 30
Clinic shampoo 40 15 5 5 40 Second allocation:
Deluxe shampoo 55 20 3 3 55 D1 D2 D3 D4 �� Penalty
(i) Maximin principle O1 2 (5) 11 7 6/1 (1)
Max (10,5,3) = 10. Since the maximum pay-off is 10 units, 3
the marketing manager has to choose Egg shampoo by O3 5 8 15 9 10 (3)
Maximin rule. �� 7 5/0 3 1
(ii) Minimax principle Penalty (3) (5) (4) (2)
Min (30,40,55) = 30. Since the minimum pay-off is 30 units, The largest difference is 5 in column D2. Here the least cost is
the marketing manager has to choose Egg shampoo by O1 , D2 . So allocate min (5,6) to this cell.
minimax rule.
Third allocation:
Question �.
Following pay-off matrix, which is the optimal decision D1 D3 D4 �� Penalty
O1 (1) 11 7 1/0 (5)
under each of the following rule (i) Maximin (ii) Minimax
2
States of nature O3 5 15 9 10 (4)
Act �� 7/6 3 1
�1 �2 �3 �4 Penalty (3) (4) (2)
The largest penalty is 5 in row O1 . The least cost is in O1 , D1 . So
�1 14 9 10 5
allocate min(7,1) here.
�2 11 10 8 7 Fourth allocation:
D1 D3 D4 �� Penalty
�3 9 10 10 11 O3 (6) 15 9 10/4 (4)
5
�4 8 10 11 13 �� 6/0 3 1
Solution: Penalty - - -
Fifth allocation:
States of nature
Min Max D3 D4 �� Penalty
Act
pay-off pay off O3 15 9 4/3/0 (6)
S1 S2 S3 �4
�� 3/0 1/0
A1 14 9 10 5 5 14 Penalty - -
We allocate min(1,4) to O3, D4 cell since it has the least cost. Finally the
A2 11 10 8 7 7 11
balance we allot to cell O3 , D3 .Thus we have the following allocations:
A3 9 10 10 11 9 11 D1 D2 D3 D4 ��
O1 (1) (5) 11 7 6
A4 8 10 11 13 8 13
2 3
(i) Maximin principle O2 1 0 6 (1) 1
Max (5,7,9,8) = 9. Since the maximum pay-off is 9 , the 1
optimal decision is A3 according to maximin rule. O3 (6) 8 (3) (1) 10
5 15 9
(ii) Minimax principle
�� 7 5 3 2
Min (14,11,11,13) = 11. Since the minimum pay-off is 11 ,
the optimal decision A2 and A3 according to minimax rule.
Business Mathematics & Statistics 50
Transportation schedule: The largest penalty is 1 . Allocate min(30,20) to O2, D1
O1 → D1 , O1 → D2 , O2 → D4 , O3 → D1 , O3 → D3 , O3 → D4 Balance 10 units we allot to O1 , D1 .
(i.e) �11 = 12, �12 = 5, �24 = 1, �31 = 6, �33 = 3, �34 = 1 Thus we have the following allocations:
Total cost = (1 × 2) + (5 × 3) + (1 × 1) + (6 × 5) + (3 × 15) + (1 × 9) D1 D2 D3 D4 ��
= 2 + 15 + 1 + 30 + 45 + 9 = 102 O1 (10) (20) 30
5 8 3 6
Question �. O2 (20) (20) (10) 50
Consider the following transportation problem. 4 5 7 4
O3 (20) 20
D1 D2 D3 D4 Availability 6 2 4 6
O1 5 8 3 6 30 �� 30 40 20 10
O2 4 5 7 4 50 Transportation schedule:
O3 6 2 4 6 20 O1 → D1, O1 → D3, O2 → D1, O2 → D2, O2 → D4, O3 → P2
Requirement 30 40 20 10 (i.e) �11 = 10, �13 = 20, �21 = 20, �22 = 20, �24 = 10, �32 = 20
Determine initial basic feasible solution by VAM Total cost = 10 × 5 + 20 × 3 + 20 × 4
Solution:
Total availability = Total requirement = 100 +(20 × 5) + (10 × 4) + (20 × 2)
First allocation: = 50 + 60 + 80 + 100 + 40 + 40 = 370
D1 D2 D3 D4 �� Penalty Thus the least cost by YAM is Rs. 370 .
O1 5 8 3 6 30 (2) _____________________________________________________________________________
O2 4 5 7 4 50 (1)
Question ��.
O3 6 (20) 4 6 20/0 (2)
2 Find the initial basic feasible solution of the following
�� 30 40/20 20 10 transportation problem:
Penalty (1) (3) (1) (2) I II III Demand
Largest penalty = 3. allocate min(40,20) to O3 , D2 A 1 2 6 7
Second allocation: B 0 4 2 12
C 3 1 5 11
D1 D2 D3 D4 �� Penalty
Supply 10 10 10
O1 5 8 (20) 6 30/10 (2)
3 Using (i) North West Corner rule (ii) Least Cost method
O2 4 5 7 4 50 (1) (iii) Vogel's approximation method
�� 30 20 20/0 10 Solution: Total demand = total supply = ��.
Penalty (1) (3) (4) (2)
(i) North West Corner rule
The largest penalty is 4 . Allocate min(20,30) to O1 , D3
First allocation :
Third allocation :
I II III ��
D1 D2 D4 �� Penalty
O1 5 8 6 10 (1) A (7) 2 6 7/0
1
O2 4 (20) 4 50/30 (1)
B 0 4 2 12
5
�� 30 20/0 10 C 3 1 5 11
Penalty (1) (3) (2) �� 10/3 10 10
Second allocation :
The largest penalty is 3 . Allocate min(20,50) to O2 , D2 I II III ��
Fourth allocation: B (3) 4 2 12/9
0
D1 D4 �� Penalty
C 3 1 5 11
O1 5 6 10 (1)
�� 3/0 10 10
O2 4 (10) 30/20 (0)
4 Third allocation :
�� 30 10/0 II III ��
Penalty (1) (2) B (9) 2 9/0
4
The largest penalty is 2 , Allocate min(10,30) to O2 , D4 C 1 5 11
Fifth allocation: �� 10/1 10
Fourth allocation :
D1 �� Penalty
O1 (10) 10/0 - II III ��
5 C (1) (10) 11/10/0
O2 (20) 20/0 - 1 5
4 �� 1/0 10/0
�� 30/10/0 We first allot 1 unit to (C, II) cell and then the balance 10 units to (C, III) cell.
Penalty (1) Thus we have the following allocations:
Step 2 : Tasks
Step 2 :
1 2 3 4
Programmes Subordinates P 0 14 9 3
P Q R Q 9 20 0 22
1 40 10 0
Programmer R 23 0 3 0
2 0 0 30
S 0 13 15 1
3 0 20 10 We can proceed
with the assignment since all the rows and columns have zeros .
Step 3 : (Assignment) Step 3 : (Assignment)
1 2 3 4
Programmes
P 0 14 9 3
P Q R
Q 9 20 0 22
1 40 10 0
Programmer R 23 0 3 0
2 0 0 30
3 0 20 10 S 0 13 15 1
Now there is no zero in row S . So we proceed as below
Now all the 3 programmes have been assigned to the programmers. Step 4:
The optimal assignment schedule and the total cost is
1 2 3 4
The optimal assignment (minimum) cost is ₹ 280.
P 0 14 9 3
Programmer Programme Cost
Q 9 20 0 22
1 R 80 R 23 0 3 0
2 Q 90 S 0 13 15 1
3 P 110 We have drawn the minimum number of lines to cover all the zeros
in the reduced matrix obtained. The smallest element from all the
TOTAL COST 280 uncovered elements is 1. We subtract this from all the uncovered
elements and add them to the elements which lie at the
intersection of two lines. Thus we obtain another reduced problem
for fresh assignment.
1 2 3 4
P 0 13 8 3
Q 10 20 0 22
R 24 0 3 0
S 0 12 14 0
Now all the subordinates have been assignment tasks .
Subordinates P Q R S
Task 1 3 2 4
Total = 41 No. Of hours 8 4 19 10
Now all the salesmen have been assigned areas. The optimal
assignment schedule and the total cost is
Salesman Area Cost The optimal assignment schedule and total distance travelled is
P 3 8 Vacant space Truck Distance
A 3 3
Q 4 6 B 2 2
C 1 4
R 1 13
D d 0
S 2 10 E d 0
F 4 3
Total hours 37 Total 12
Thus the optimal cost is Rs 37. Thus the minimum distance travelled is 12km
CHAPTER – I
55
XII BUSINESS MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS
CHAPTER - II
1 −1
1. ∫ x3 dx is Ans : 2x2
+c
2x
2. ∫ 2x dx is Ans : log 2 + c
sin 2x
3. 2 sin x
dx is Ans : sin x+ c
sin 5x− sin x
4. cos 3x
dx is Ans : − cos 2x + c
log x 1
5. ∫ x
dx , x > 0 is Ans : 2 ( log x )2 + c
ex
6. 1+ex
dx is Ans : 2 1 + ex + c
7. ex dx is Ans : 2 ex + c
2x3 1
11. 4+x4
dx is Ans : 2 log 4 + x4 + c
dx
12. is Ans : log x + x2 − 36 + c
x2 −36
2x+3
13. dx is Ans : 2 x2 + 3x + 2 + c
x2 +3x+2
1
14. 0 (2x + 1) dx is Ans : 2
4 dx
15. 2 x is Ans : log 2
∞ −2x
16. 0
e dx is Ans : ½
1 3 x4
17. −1 x e dx is Ans : 0
c b b
18. If f(x) is a continuous function and a < c < b , then a f(x) dx + c f(x) dx is Ans : a f(x) dx
π
19. The value of 2π
− cos x dx is Ans : 2
2
1
20. 0 x4 (1 − x)2 dx is Ans : 1 /12
1 1 1 2 1 2
21. If 0 f(x) dx =1 , 0 xf x = a and 0 x f x dx = a2 , 0
a−x f x dx is Ans : 0
3 3
22. The value of 2 f
5 − x dx − 2 f(x) dx is Ans : 0
4 1
23. 0 x+ x
dx is Ans : 28/3
π
24. 3
0 tan x dx is Ans : log 2
25. Using the factorial representation of the gamma function, which of the following is the solution for the gamma
function Γ(n ) when n = 8 Ans : 5040
26. Γ(n) is Ans : (n – 1)!
27. Γ(1) is Ans : 1
∞ −x n−1
28. If n > 0, then Γ(n) is Ans : 0
e x dx
3 π
29. Γ 2
Ans : 2
∞ 4 −x
30. 0 x e dx is Ans : 4!
56
XII BUSINESS MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS
CHAPTER - III
1. Area bounded by the curve y = x ( 4 − x) between the limits 0 and 4 with x − axis is Ans : 32/3 sq.units
2. Area bounded by the curve y = e−2x between the limits 0 ≤ x ≤ ∞ is Ans : ½ sq.unit
1
3. Area bounded by the curve y =x between the limits 1 and 2 is Ans : log2 sq.units
−x −x
4. If the marginal revenue function of a firm is MR= e 10 , then revenue is Ans : 10 1 − e 10
5. If MR and MC denotes the marginal revenue and marginal cost functions, then the profit functions is Ans : P = ∫ ( MR − MC ) dx + k
6. The demand and supply functions are given by D (x)= 16 − x² and S (x) = 2x² + 4 are under perfect competition, then
the equilibrium price x is Ans : 2
7. The marginal revenue and marginal cost functions of a company are MR = 30 − 6x and MC = −24 + 3x where x is the
9x2
product, then the profit function is Ans : 54x – 2
+k
8. The given demand and supply function are given by D (x) = 20 − 5x and S (x) = 4x + 8 if they are under perfect
competition then the equilibrium demand is Ans : 40/3
7x
9. If the marginal revenue MR = 35 + 7x − 3x² , then the average revenue AR is Ans : 35 + 2
− x²
18. The demand and supply function of a commodity are P(x) = ( x − 5)² and S(x) = x² + x + 3 then the equilibrium quantity x0 is
Ans : 2
10+x
19. The demand and supply function of a commodity are D(x)= 25 − 2x and S(x) = 4
then the equilibrium price P0 is Ans : 5
20. If MR and MC denote the marginal revenue and marginal cost and MR − MC = 36x − 3x² − 81 , then the maximum
profit at x is equal to Ans : 9
21. If the marginal revenue of a firm is constant, then the demand function is Ans : MR
dp dx −1
22. For a demand function p, if ∫ p
=k∫ x
then k is equal to Ans : ηd
x
23. Area bounded by y = e between the limits 0 to 1 is Ans : ( e −1) sq.units
24. The area bounded by the parabola y² = 4x bounded by its latus rectum is Ans : 8/3 sq.units
25. Area bounded by y = |x| between the limits 0 and 2 is Ans : 2 sq.units
57
XII BUSINESS MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS
CHAPTER – IV
4
d4 y d2 y dy
1. The degree of the differential equation dx4 − dx2
+
dx
=3 Ans : 1
d2 y dy
2. The order and degree of the differential equation dx2
=
dx
+ 5 are respectively Ans : 2 and 1
3
d2 y 2 dy
3. The order and degree of the differential equation dx2
− dx
− 4 = 0 are respectively. Ans : 2 and 6
dx 3 1
4. The differential equation dy
+ 2y2 = x is Ans : of order 1 and degree 3
d2 y
5. The differential equation formed by eliminating a and b from y=aex + be−x is Ans : dx2 − y = 0
dy dy dy 3
6. If y = cx + c − c³ then its differential equation is Ans : y = x + − dx
dx dx
dx Pdy
7. The integrating factor of the differential equation dy
+ Px = Q is Ans : e
d2 y dy
10. The particular integral of the differential equation is dx2 − 8 dx + 16y = 2e4x Ans : x2e4x
dx
11. Solution of dy
+ Px = 0 Ans : x = ce−py
dy
12. If sec ²x is an integrating factor of the differential equation dx
+ Py = Q then P = Ans : 2 tan x
dy 1
13. The integrating factor of x dx − y = x2 is Ans : x
dy Pdx Pdx
14. The solution of the differential equation dx + Py = Q where P and Q are the function of x is Ans : ye = Qe dx + c
15. The differential equation formed by eliminating A and B from y = e−2x (A cos x + B sin x ) is Ans : y2 + 4y1 + 5 = 0
x2 ax
16. The particular integral of the differential equation f D y = eax where f D = (D − a)2 Ans : 2
e
dy y
21. A homogeneous differential equation of the form dx = f x
can be solved by making substitution, Ans : y = v x
dx x
22. A homogeneous differential equation of the form dy = f y
can be solved by making substitution, Ans : x = v y
dy y(x−y) dy dv 1+v dx
23. The variable separable form of dx
= x(x+y) by taking y = vx and dx
=v+x
dx
is Ans : 2v2
dv =−
x
24. Which of the following is the homogeneous differential equation? Ans : y²dx + ( x² − xy − y² ) dy = 0
y
dy y f y
25. The solution of the differential equation dx
= +
x '
x
y is Ans : f x
= kx
f x
58
XII BUSINESS MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS
CHAPTER - V
1. Δ² y0 = Ans : y2 − 2y1 + y0
2. Δ f (x) = Ans : f ( x + h ) − f ( x)
3. E ≡ Ans : 1 + Δ
8. E f (x) = Ans : f ( x + h)
9. ∇ ≡ Ans : 1 − E−1
x−x1 x−x0
11. For the given points ( x0 , y0 ) and ( x1 , y1 ) the Lagrange’s formula is Ans : y x = x y0 + y
x1 −x0 1
0 −x1
12. Lagrange’s interpolation formula can be used for Ans : both equal and unequal intervals
13. If f(x) = x2 + 2x + 2 and h=1 the interval of differencing is unity then Δ f(x) Ans : 2x + 3
14. For the given data find the value of Δ³y0 is Ans : 0
x 5 6 9 11
y 12 13 15 18
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XII BUSINESS MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS
CHAPTER VI
1. Value which is obtained by multiplying possible values of random variable with probability of occurrence and is
equal to weighted average is called Ans : Expected value
2. Demand of products per day for three days are 21, 19, 22 units and their respective probabilities are 0.29, 0.40,
0.35. Pofit per unit is 0.50 paisa then expected profits for three days are Ans : 3.045, 3.8, 3.85
3. Probability which explains x is equal to or less than particular value is classified as Ans : cumulative probability
4. Given E(X) = 5 and E(Y) = –2, then E(X – Y) is Ans : 7
5. A variable that can assume any possible value between two points is called Ans : continuous random variable
6. A formula or equation used to represent the probability distribution of a continuous random variable is called
Ans : probability density function
7. If X is a discrete random variable and p(x) is the probability of X , then the expected value of this random variable is equal to
Ans : ∑ xp(x)
8. Which of the following is not possible in probability distribution? Ans : p(x) = − 0.5
9. If c is a constant, then E(c) is Ans : c
10. A discrete probability distribution may be represented by Ans : table , graph , mathematical equation
11. A probability density function may be represented by: Ans : graph , mathematical equation
12. If c is a constant in a continuous probability distribution, then p(x = c) is always equal to Ans : zero
13. E [X − E (X)] is equal to Ans : 0
14. E [X − E (X)]² is Ans : V (X)
15. If the random variable takes negative values, then the negative values will have Ans : positive probabilities
16. If we have f(x) = 2 x , 0 ≤ x ≤1 , then f (x) is a Ans : probability density function
∞
17. −∞ f x dx is always equal to Ans : one
18. A listing of all the outcomes of an experiment and the probability associated with each outcome is called Ans : probability distribution
19. Which one is not an example of random experiment? Ans : All medical insurance claims received by a company in a given year.
20. A set of numerical values assigned to a sample space is called Ans : random variable
21. A variable which can assume finite or countably infinite number of values is known as Ans : discrete
22. The probability function of a random variable is defined as
X=x -1 -2 0 1 2
P(x) k 2k 3k 4k 5k
28. The probability density function p(x) cannot exceed Ans : one
29. The height of persons in a country is a random variable of the type Ans : continuous random variable
30. The distribution function F(x) is equal to Ans : P (X ≤ x)
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XII BUSINESS MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS
CHAPTER - VII
1. Normal distribution was invented by Ans : De-Moivre
X−9
2. If X ~N(9,81) the standard normal variate Z will be Ans : Z = 9
3. If Z is a standard normal variate, the proportion of items lying between Z = –0.5 and Z = –3.0 is Ans : 0.3072
1
1
4. If X ~N(μ, σ2), the maximum probability at the point of inflexion of normal distribution is Ans : σ 2π
e−2
5. In a parametric distribution the mean is equal to variance is : Ans : poisson
6. In turning out certain toys in a manufacturing company, the average number of defectives is 1%. The probability
that the sample of 100 toys there will be 3 defectives is Ans : 0.0613
2
1 e−(x−10)
7. The parameters of the normal distribution f ( x ) = 72π 72
-∞< x < ∞ Ans : (10,36)
8. A manufacturer produces switches and experiences that 2 per cent switches are defective. The probability that in a
box of 50 switches, there are atmost two defective is : Ans : 2.5 e−1
9. An experiment succeeds twice as often as it fails. The chance that in the next six trials, there shall be at least four successes is
Ans : 496/729
10. If for a binomial distribution b(n,p) mean = 4 and variance = 4/3, the probability, P(X ≥ 5) is equal to : Ans : 4(2/3)6
11. The average percentage of failure in a certain examination is 40. The probability that out of a group of 6
candidates atleast 4 passed in the examination are : Ans : 0.5443
12. Forty percent of the passengers who fly on a certain route do not check in any luggage. The planes on this route
seat 15 passengers. For a full flight, what is the mean of the number of passengers who do not check in any luggage? Ans : 6.00
13. Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the normal distribution curve?
Ans :
(a) it is symmetrical and bell shaped curve
(b) it is asymptotic in that each end approaches the horizontal axis but never reaches it
(c) its mean, median and mode are located at the same point
14. Which of the following cannot generate a Poisson distribution?
Ans : The number of customers arriving at a petrol station
15. The random variable X is normally distributed with a mean of 70 and a standard deviation of 10. What is the
probability that X is between 72 and 84? Ans : 0.340
16. The starting annual salaries of newly qualified chartered accountants (CA’s) in South Africa follow a normal
distribution with a mean of ₹ 180,000 and a standard deviation of ₹ 10,000. What is the probability that a
randomly selected newly qualified CA will earn between ₹ 165,000 and ₹ 175,000 per annum? Ans : 0.242
17. In a large statistics class the heights of the students are normally distributed with a mean of 172cm and a
variance of 25cm. What proportion of students are between 165cm and 181cm in height? Ans : 0.883
18. A statistical analysis of long-distance telephone calls indicates that the length of these calls is normally distributed
with a mean of 240 seconds and a standard deviation of 40 seconds. What proportion of calls lasts less than 180 seconds?
Ans : 0.067
19. Cape town is estimated to have 21% of homes whose owners subscribe to the satelite service, DSTV. If a random
sample of your home in taken, what is the probability that all four home subscribe to DSTV? Ans : 0.0019
20. Using the standard normal table, the sum of the probabilities to the right of z = 2.18 and to the left of z = -1.75 is: Ans : 0.0547
21. The time until first failure of a brand of inkjet printers is normally distributed with a mean of 1,500 hours and a
standard deviation of 200 hours. What proportion of printers fails before 1000 hours? Ans : 0.0062
22. The weights of newborn human babies are normally distributed with a mean of 3.2kg and a standard deviation of
1.1kg. What is the probability that a randomly selected newborn baby weighs less than 2.0kg? Ans : 0.138
23. Monthly expenditure on their credit cards, by credit card holders from a certain bank, follows a normal
distribution with a mean of ₹ 1,295.00 and a standard deviation of ₹ 750.00. What proportion of credit card
holders spend more than ₹ 1,500.00 on their credit cards per month? Ans : 0.392
24. Let z be a standard normal variable. If the area to the right of z is 0.8413, then the value of z must be: Ans : –1.00
25. If the area to the left of a value of z (z has a standard normal distribution) is 0.0793, what is the value of z? Ans : -1.41
26. If P(Z > z) = 0.8508 what is the value of z (z has a standard normal distribution)? Ans : –1.04
27. If P(Z > z) = 0.5832 what is the value of z (z has a standard normal distribution)? Ans : –0.21
28. In a binomial distribution, the probability of success is twice as that of failure. Then out of 4 trials, the probability
of no success is Ans : 1/81
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XII BUSINESS MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS
CHAPTER – VIII
1. A …………. may be finite or infinite according as the number of observations or items in it is finite or infinite. Ans : Population
2. A ……… of statistical individuals in a population is called a sample. Ans : finite subset
3. A finite subset of statistical individuals in a population is called ………... Ans : a sample
4. Any statistical measure computed from sample data is known as …………... Ans : statistic
5. A…………..is one where each item in the universe has an equal chance of known opportunity of being selected. Ans : random sample
6. A random sample is a sample selected in such a way that every item in the population has an equal chance of being included
Ans : Harper
7. Which one of the following is probability sampling Ans : simple random sampling
8. In simple random sampling from a population of units, the probability of drawing any unit at the first draw is Ans : 1/N units
9. In …………….. the heterogeneous groups are divided into homogeneous groups. Ans : a stratified random sample
10. Errors in sampling are of Ans : Two types
11. The method of obtaining the most likely value of the population parameter using statistic is called …… Ans : estimation
12. An estimator is a sample statistic used to estimate a Ans : population parameter
13. …………..is a relative property, which states that one estimator is efficient relative to another. Ans : efficiency
14. If probability P[|θ− θ |< ε] → 1 as n → ∞′ , for any positive ε then θ is said to …………..estimator of θ . Ans : consistent
15. An estimator is said to be …………. if it contains all the information in the data about the parameter it estimates. Ans : sufficient
16. An estimate of a population parameter given by two numbers between which the parameter would be expected to
lie is called an……………..interval estimate of the parameter. Ans : interval estimation
17. A ________ is a statement or an assertion about the population parameter. Ans : hypothesis
18. Type I error is Ans : Reject H0 when it is true
19. Type II error is Ans : Accept H0 when it is wrong
20. The standard error of sample mean is Ans : σ /√n
CHAPTER – IX
1. A time series is a set of data recorded Ans : Periodically , Weekly , successive points of time
2. A time series consists of Ans : Four components
3. The components of a time series which is attached to short term fluctuation is Ans : Irregular variation
4. Factors responsible for seasonal variations are Ans : Weather, Festivals, Social customs
5. The additive model of the time series with the components T, S, C and I is Ans : y=T+S+C+I
6. Least square method of fitting a trend is Ans : Most exact
7. The value of ‘b’ in the trend line y = a+bx is Ans : Either positive or negative
8. The component of a time series attached to long term variation is trended as Ans : Secular variations
9. The seasonal variation means the variations occurring with in Ans : within a year
10. Another name of consumer’s price index number is: Ans : Cost of living index
11. Cost of living at two different cities can be compared with the help of Ans : Consumer price index
12. Laspeyre’s index = 110, Paasche’s index = 108, then Fisher’s Ideal index is equal to: Ans : 109
13. Most commonly used index number is: Ans : Price index number
14. Consumer price index are obtained by: Ans : Family budget method formula
15. Which of the following Index number satisfy the time reversal test? Ans : Fisher Index number
16. While computing a weighted index, the current period quantities are used in the: Ans : Paasche’s method
17. The quantities that can be numerically measured can be plotted on a Ans : x bar chart
18. How many causes of variation will affect the quality of a product? Ans : 2
19. Variations due to natural disorder is known as Ans : random cause
20. The assignable causes can occur due to Ans : poor raw materials , unskilled labour , faulty machines
21. A typical control charts consists of Ans : CL, LCL, UCL
22. X chart is a Ans : variable control chart
23. R is calculated using Ans : xmax − xmin
24. The upper control limit for X chart is given by Ans : X + A2R
25. The LCL for R chart is given by Ans : D3 R
62
XII BUSINESS MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS
CHAPTER – X
1. The transportation problem is said to be unbalanced if _________ Ans : Total supply ≠ Total demand
4. The Penalty in VAM represents difference between the first ________ Ans : Smallest two costs
5. Number of basic allocation in any row or column in an assignment problem can be Ans : Exactly one
7. Solution for transportation problem using __________method is nearer to an optimal solution. Ans : VAM
9. If number of sources is not equal to number of destinations, the assignment problem is called_______________ Ans : unbalanced
11. The solution for an assignment problem is optimal if Ans : each row and each column has exactly one assignment
12. In an assignment problem involving four workers and three jobs, total number of assignments possible are Ans : 3
13. Decision theory is concerned with Ans : analysis of information that is available , decision making under certainty,
63