Exploiting Deserialization

Vulnerabilities in Java
HackPra WS 2015
2015/10/28
Matthias Kaiser
About Code White

▪ Pentest and Security Research Startup

▪ Based in Ulm
▪ Attacking corporate infrastructures in Red Teams
▪ Strong focus on post-exploitation
▪ Love to use 0day-angle to get initial hop
▪ AV is our best friend to gain SYSTEM
▪ Always looking for candidates ;-)

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About me

▪ Head of Vulnerability Research at Code White

▪ Doing Technical Security for 6 years now
▪ Worked as Java Dev for a defense company
▪ Lead Expert Offensive Security at an automotive IT company
▪ Likes to find easy bugs in Java Software
▪ Found vulns in products of Oracle, IBM, SAP, Symantec, Apache, Adobe, Atlassian, etc.
▪ Enjoys low-level stuff recently
▪ @matthias_kaiser

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Why this talk?

▪ Deserialization vulnerabilities are less known and exploited (compared to unserialize() in

PHP)
▪ A dedicated bug class on its own
▪ Only a few researchers disclosed deserialization vulnerabilities like Takeshi Terada, @djorm,
@gebl & @frohoff, etc.
▪ Easy to spot, easy RCE if the right classes are in the classpath
▪ I spent research time of CW to analyze several products of Oracle, Atlassian, Apache, etc.
▪ Only my Atlassian Bamboo vulnerability is patched, more RCEs to come ☺

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Disclaimer

▪ This is not a reference how Serialization works, I skip details for speed. Read the spec.
▪ This talk does _not_ cover Privileged Deserialization (from @samikoivu) used to escape the
JVM Sandbox
▪ Custom Serialization Frameworks like XStream, Castor etc. won’t be discussed although the
exploitation vectors shown here can be applied to XStream

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Agenda

1 What is serialization?

2 What‘s the issue?

3 How to exploit it?

4 Where is serialization used?

5 Case-Study: CVE-2015-6576

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1 What is serialization?

To serialize an object means to convert its

state to a byte stream so that the byte stream
can be reverted back into a copy of the object
(x)

(x) https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/jndi/objects/serial.html

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1 What is serialization?

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1 What is serialization?

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1 What is serialization?

Class java.io.ObjectOutputStream
▪ Writes serialized data to an OutputStream
▪ Has methods writeObject(), writeChar(), writeShort(), writeUTF(), etc.

Class java.io.ObjectInputStream
▪ Reads serialized data from an InputStream
▪ Has methods readObject(), readChar(), readShort(), readUTF(), etc.

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1 What is serialization?

Customizing serialization
▪ Developers can customize how objects are serialized to bytes /deserialized from bytes
▪ Serializing
1. writeReplace() → Developer can provide a replacement object to be serialized
2. writeObject() → Full control over what will written to the stream
▪ Deserializing
1. readObject() → Full control over what will be read from the stream
2. readResolve() → Replacing a deserialized object with another one

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1 What is serialization?

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1 What is serialization?

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2 What‘s the issue?

▪ ObjectInputStream does not check which class gets deserialized

▪ There is no whitelist/blacklist which classes are allowed to get deserialized
▪ All serializable classes that the current classloader can locate and load can get deserialized
▪ Although a class cast exception might occur in the end, the object will be created!
▪ User supplied input can be processed in readObject()/ readResolve()
▪ If a class does something “dangerous” in readObject()/ readResolve() it might get abused
▪ Case-Study:

Apache Commons FileUpload (CVE-2013-2186)

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2 What‘s the issue?

Apache Commons FileUpload

▪ Makes your life easy when dealing with HTTP file uploads
▪ Just add to your webapp and uploads are easy

CVE-2013-2186:

▪ But requires the null-byte vulnerability, patched in Java 7u40 or Java8

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2 What‘s the issue?

▪ Values of the object are read with

defaultReadObject()
▪ getOutputStream() gets called

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2 What‘s the issue?

▪ Calls getTempFile()

▪ Creates new File

▪ repository is a member of the class under
our control
▪→we can put a \u0000 at the end of
repository path

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3 How to exploit it?

▪ Finding ObjectInputStream.readObject() calls on user supplied input is easy

▪ You can decompile and grep for it … / “Open Call Hierarchy” in Eclipse ☺
▪ The question is how you can turn a ObjectInputStream.readObject() call into RCE
▪ Several universal exploitation vectors exist:
▪ Spring Framework <=3.0.5, <=2.0.6 (cve-2011-2894 of @woutercoekaerts)
▪ Groovy < 2.4.4 (cve-2015-3253 of @gebl & @frohoff)
▪ Apache Commons Collection (cve-xxxx-xxxx of @gebl & @frohoff)
▪ More to come … (e.g. cve-xxxx-xxxx of @matthias_kaiser)
▪ @gebl & @frohoff were so kind and published “ysoserial” to make exploitation easy …
▪ Let’s find out how an universal exploit for Apache Commons Collection works

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3 How to exploit it?

Apache Commons Collection Exploit

▪ I adapted the one from @gebl /@frohoff to skip what a java.lang.reflect.Proxy is ☺
▪ It’s just AWESOME, because Commons Collection is almost everywhere in the classpath
▪ Disclosed 274 days ago at AppSec California 2015, still not patched
▪ Self-executing, just send the stream and wait for ObjectInputStream.readObject()
▪ The vulnerabilities are in several Collection implementations (Map, Set, etc.)
▪ A TransformedMap can be created that invokes methods via reflection (=dynamically)
▪ An InvocationHandler from the “sun.”-namespace is used to trigger the vulnerability

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3 How to exploit it?

▪ The TransformedMap transforms keys/values when stored into the map (put(), putAll())
▪ Therefore the keyTransformer/valueTransformer are invoked
▪ All elements of the Map are stored in a set of Map.Entry objects

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3 How to exploit it?

▪ When the value of a Map.Entry object is changed, the valueTransformer is invoked

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3 How to exploit it?

▪ Transformers can be chained using a ChainedTransformer

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 3 How to exploit it?

1
1. Constructor takes the method to invoke,
argument types and the arguments
2. Invokes the method on the input object
and returns the method return value
2

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3 How to exploit it?

▪ Now we need a serializable class that calls Map.Entry.setValue() in a readObject() or

readResolve() method to get code execution

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3 How to exploit it?

▪ Member type is of class Class, memberValues of class Map!

▪ Constructor is package-private and performs some checks before setting the members

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 3 How to exploit it?

1. Read in default values (type,

1 memberValues)

2 2. type is a annotation type. We can use

java.lang.annotation.Target.class
3. memberValues is a map
implementation of our choice
4 3
5 4. memberValue is a of Map.Entry
5. If our map contains an entry like
6
(“value”,”value”) we can pass the checks
6. memberValue.setValue is invoked!

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3 How to exploit it?

1. Since the constructor of

AnnotationInvocationHandler is
package-private, we need to make it
accessible/callable using reflection
2. We create a new instance using our
1 parameters with reflection
2

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3 How to exploit it?

No Groovy or Commons Collection in the Classpath?

▪ Look for readObject(), readResolve() doing „nasty“ things
▪ Java has the concept of Proxies that forward method calls to InvocationHandler
▪ So take another look for serializible InvocationHandler, because they often do reflection
magic on user input
▪ There is more to come, several researchers are working in this topic
▪ As soon as my vulnerabilites are fixed I will release the vectors on our blog/github

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4 Where is Serialization used

▪ Remote Method Invocation (RMI/JRMP)

▪ Custom RMI/IPC protocols (e.g. Spring HTTP invoker, …)
▪ Java Management Extension (JMX)
▪ Java Messaging Service (JMS)

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5 Case-Study: CVE-2015-6576

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5 Case-Study: CVE-2015-6576

▪ Bamboo is a continuous build server from Atlassian

▪ Just did a grep for readObject() on the source
▪ One hit which looked interesting: DeliverMessageServlet

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 5 Case-Study: CVE-2015-6576

1. Valid fingerprint
required

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5 Case-Study: CVE-2015-6576

▪ We need a valid fingerprint

▪ Atlassian Bamboo uses Struts ☺
▪ There is an action “GetFingerprint” that can be invoked via HTTP request

▪ We have some check but let’s see how easy it is to bypass them

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 5 Case-Study: CVE-2015-6576

1 1. Authentication is checked
2. If we are an Elastic Agent we pass
4 3. We are an Elastic Agent if our
5 agentType is “elastic”
4. Again!
5. Get the fingerprint
3

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5 Case-Study: CVE-2015-6576

O
E M
D
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5 Case-Study: CVE-2015-6576

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5 Case-Study: CVE-2015-6576

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 Q&A
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