COMPRE REVIEWER can be topped with a more decorative quilt,

comforter, or duvet. Most common materials of

blankets are wool, polyester, cotton, microfiber
 BED MAKING plush, or a blend of fibers.

TYPES OF BED LINEN: 7. DUVET

1. BOTTOM SHEET/FITTED SHEET A duvet is closely similar to a comforter, but it

requires a duvet cover to complete the set.
A bottom sheet, also known as fitted sheet, is the Usually, a duvet is plain whiteand stuffed with d
sheetwith the stretchy edge that covers your own or a downalternative.
mattress. Since mattresses nowadays are much
thicker than before, it isrecommended that you 8. DUVET COVER
get the measurements of your mattress before As the name suggests, a duvet covercovers a
purchasing a bottom sheet to make sure that it will duvet. It comes with an opening in which the
fit. comforter or duvet can be inserted inside and
2. TOP SHEETS or FLAT SHEETS closed with buttons or a zipper. Duvet covers are
usually decorative and also come in many
A top sheet or flat sheet is commonly used in different colors and styles. They are particularly
North America, but not so much in Europe. It is popular in Europe.
the sheet thatlies between you and your
comforter, quilt, or blanket. In Europe, the duvet
cover is usually placed on the top sheet. MOST COMMON BEDDING FIBERS
3. BEDSPREADS 1. EGYPTIAN COTTON:
A bedspread is a thin and pretty coveringthat Luxurious with extra long fibers , super soft
typically covers thewhole bed and touches the and super smooth.
floor. Commonbedspread materials include wool,
cotton, polyester, and chenille. 2. UPLAND COTTON
4. COVERLETS Most common cotton shorter fiber and most
affordable.
A coverlet is a fabriccovering that usually
doesnot touch the floor anddoes not spread over 3. TENCEL
thpillows. It is often used asa decorative piece and
is placed on top of bed spreads. In many hotel Made of eucalyptus wood pulp, soft, durable
rooms, coverlets can oftenbe found at the foot of and anit-microbial.
thebed as foot runners. 4. SILK
5. COMFORTERS Luxurious soft fiber , cooling with high cost
A comforter is a bed coverfilled with fibers or and-care.
down.This is possibly the mostcommon bed 5. POLYESTER
topper inNorth America. Comforters come in a
countless range of styles, patterns, and Man made inexpensive fiber, can be scratchy
colors,making them one of the bestdecorative and stiff.
pieces in the bedroom. Cotton andpolyester are
6. BAMBOO
two of themost popular materials for comforters.
Often made of ryon, soft, silky and durable.
6. BLANKET
7. BLEND
Blankets are essentially used for providing
warmth. A blanket can be used on its own, or it Durbale, inexpensive , wrinkle resistant.
 TYPES OF PILLOWS: 1. DOWN PILLOW:
1. Euro or Continental Pillows Down Pillows are made from the soft fibers close
to the skin of a goose, duck or swan. Since down
A Euro, also known as a continental pillow, is a is taken from animals it is important to mae sure
large square pillow that usually sits back against down pillows are certified by the responsible
the headboard. The cover can be removed for down standard which guides the ethical tretment
washing. of duccs and geese.
2. Sleeping Pillows
A sleeping pillow is an average, rectangular PROS OF DOWN PILLOW:
pillow that you use when sleeping. Sleeping  Moldable and good head and
pillows come in three sizes: standard, queen, and necc support
king. Of course, there are various styles of
 Durable, can last several years
sleeping pillows that you can choose from.
 Light pillow weight
3. Decorative or Throw Pillows  Insulating
A decorative pillow - sometimes referred to as CONS OF DOWN PILLOW
anaccent or throw pillow - is a small pillow
thatserves a decorative purpose.  Can retain body heat, so it can be easy to
overheat
4. Bolster Pillows  Potential allergic reactions
 Requires fluffing to maintain loft
A bolster pillow is a tube-like pillow used to
support the lower back, especially when sitting up  Can be difficult to clean
in bed. That being said, it can also be used as a  Need to ethinically sourced down
decorative pillow as well. Bolster pillows can
bevery small or very long and large. 2. DOWN ALTERNATIVE
PILLOW
5. Pillowcases
Are synthethic version of classic pillow. Most are
A pillowcase is used for encasing a sleeping filled with polyester that is used to mimic the
pillow and sometimes bolster or decorative feeling of down pillows. Polyester makes down
pillows. It typically has a rectangular shape with alternative pillows hypoallergeniic and much
an opening on one end to insert the pillow. The more affordble.
pillowcase should be changed at least twice per
week to prevent breakouts and any skin irritation. PROS OF DOWN ALTERNATIVE
PILLOW:
6. Pillow Shams
 Affordable
 Easy to Clean
A pillow sham is a decorative cover for pillows.  Hypoallergenic
It is often designed with ruffles, trims, flanges,  No ethical sourcing issues
and cording.
CONS OF DOWN ALTTERNATIVE
PILLOW:
 Can develop lumps
 Not moldable
 Weaer insulation that true down
 3. FEATHER PILLOW  Biodegradable
Are made of a traditional filling that’s great for CONS OF LATEX PILLOW:
providing support without losing shape. Also an
excellent option if you’re looing for a  Odor
comfortable, supportive option.  High cost
 Potential for allergic reactions
PROS OF FEATHER PILLOW:
 Affordable
 Light pillow weight 6. MEMORY FOAM PILLOW
 Holds shape Becoming popular because it contours to your
 Moldable body. It can be a good fit to all sleeping positions.
CONS OF FEATHER PILLOW: PROS OF MF PILLOW
 Needs fluffing to maintain loft  Pain relief support
 Difficult to clean  No clumping
 Retains body heat  Contours to your body
CONS OF MF PILLOW
4. COTTON PILLOW  Need to find foam density that doesn’t
Cotton pillows have been a downard trend in inhibit breathability
popularityin favor of newer synthetic materials  Some memory foams retain body heat.
like memory foam. But cotton pillow are made of
classic pillow materials. Easy to wash.
7. SHREDDED MEMORY FOAM
PROS OF COTTON PILLOWS: PILLOW
 Hypoallergenic a rising alternative to traditional memory foam.
 Light, breathable fabric Filling can be added or removed depending on the
 Odorless individuals preference.
CONS OF COTTON PILLOW: PROS OF SHREDDED MEMORY FOAM
PILLOW
 Need regular cleaning for dust mites and
mold  Doesn’t clump
 Doesn’t contour to head  Moldabble
 Can become lumpy  Customizable Support
 Easy to clean

5. LATEX PILLOW CONS OF SHREDDED MEMORY FOAM

PLLOW:
Are gaining popularity because of the high level
of support they provide for your head and neck,  Chemical off-gassing
while still maintaining a soft and cozy feel. Sold  May arrive overstuffed
in both solid and shredded material.  Can wear out overtime

PROS OF LATEX PILLOW

 Durability
 Moldable
 Breathadble and cooling
 8. BAMBOO PILLOW CONS OF POLYESTER PILLOW:
Rising trend in the industry for a while, likely  Can develop lumps
because of their anti microbial properties and  Not breathdable
mositure absorbing abilities. Most Bamboo  Not long-lasting
pillows are actually made of shredded foam
interior with a bamboo viscose.
PROS OF BAMBOO PILLOWS 11. BUCKWHEAT PILLOW

 Anti microbial Have been popular in asia for a while. Filled wit
 Hypoallergenenic buckwheat shells which are firm yet still
 Cooling and moisture-wicking breathable. buckwheat shells can be noisy if you
move around in your sleep.
CONS OF BAMBOO PILLOW
PROS OF BUCKWHEAT PILLOWS:
 Chemmical off-gassing
 Malleable
 Heavy pillow weight
 Difficult to clean  Breathable and cooling
 Long-Lasting
CONS OF BUCKWHEAT PILLOW
9. GEL PILLOW
 Makes noise when moving around
Are touted for their ability to keep people cool at  Heavy pillow weight
night . Many of this are actually made of gel  Too firm for some sleepers
combined with another material., like foam or
latex to give the cooling benefits of gel with the
softness of another material.
12. MICROBRAD PILLOW
PROS OF GEL PILLOWS: Are similar to buckwheat pillows in feeling, but
 Hypoallergenic are made with a synthetic material called uniform
 Cooling polymer particles.
 Easy to care fot PROS OF MICROBEAD PILLOWS:
CONS OF GEL PILLOW:  Breathable
 Too firm for some sleepers  Malleable
 Expensive  Firm and Supportive
CONS OF BUCKWHEAT PILLOW

10. POLYESTER PILLOW  Chemical off-gassing

 Not long-lasting
Sometimes reffered to as poly-fill are a popular  Retain heat
budget conscious pillow choice. Are made with
they tend to absorb heat and become lumpy fairly
quickly.
PROS OF POLYESTER PILLOWS:
 Affordable
 Lightweight
 Hypoallergenic
 CONS OF GEL PILLOW:
TYPES OF BED ACCESSORIES:  FEATHERBEDS
 BED SKIRTS OR BED RUFFLES A featherbed is made of feathers stuffed in a
fabric shell that is put on top of a mattress as
A bed skirt or bed ruffle is a decorative fabric
placed between the mattress and box springs. It a mattress topper. Featherbeds usually come
stretches out to the floor at the mattress’s sides with elastic straps or a fitted sheet so that it
and bottoms. The main purpose of bed skirts is to can fit over a mattress and remain in place.
hide the box spring while also serving as a piece
of decor to the bedroom.

 FABRICS AND TEXTILES

 THROW BLANKETS
“fa b ric ” is used to indicate a finished
A throw blanket or toss blanket is smaller than a
material piece, and “te xtile ” the raw material
regular blanket and is used to add warmth at the
foot of the bed or wrapped around the shoulders. from which the fabric is made, or a general
Throw blankets can also be used as a decorative class of fabrics
piece. TEXTILE CHARACTERISTICS
Pattern, color, and texture of a fabric will
affect how it will appear alone and in
combination with other elements in the
interior design. Color characteristics of
individual textiles and textile combinations
must be considered when selecting fabrics.
Other aspects associated with color styling—
multi?colors, solid-colors, motif, detail, and
pattern size—will also affect the appearance
of fabric design.
HAND, DRAPEABILTY, AND WEIGHT
These qualities are associated with the
 MATTRESS PADS psychological response of users to the
A mattress pad, also known as a mattress topper, material. The characteristics of hand
is a layer of padding placed above the mattress (smooth, rough, cool, soft, or harsh),
and beneath a bottom sheet for extra comfort. drapeability (stiff or fluid), and weight
(sheer, thin, light weight, medium weight, or
heavy weight) are all critical factors that need
to be considered in fabric selection.
 DURABILTY the ability to bend repeatedly without
breaking.
depends on the basic life of the fibers that
make up the fabric. Among the general
 FABRIC PERFORMANCE
factors defining durability are resistance to
ENHANCERS:
wear and dirt, ease of cleaning, and ease of
repair. Fabrics utilize backings to reduce heat transfer,
alter appearance, lock yarns in place, and
 Among the characteristics to consider minimize air and water permeability. Among the
whenselecting a fabric are:
materials that may be used for this purpose are
• cleanability, washability and dry acrylic, foam, vinyl spray, paper, gypsum,
cleanability, spunlaced or spunbonded fabric, or metallic foil
coatings.
• on-site versus off-site cleaning availability,
• ease of stain removal,  BACK COATING

• level of ironing required, and Backcoating of upholstery fabrics with acrylic

latex reduces seam slippage and generally
• frequency of cleaning required improves abrasion resistance and dimensional
 NATURAL TEXTILES stability.

those fabrics constructed from materials  PAPER BACKING

occurring in nature. These include wool, silk, applied to the back of a textile fabric helps to
cotton, rayon (from wood pulp), and linen prevent the application adhesive from seeping
 SYNTHETIC TEXTILES through and producing a stained appearance.

those constructed from man-made, primarily  SPUNBONDING

petroleum-based, products. These include converts thermoplastic filaments directly into
nylon, polyester, olefin, and acrylic. fabric structures. Filaments are arranged into a
 COLOR RETENTION/ COLOR thin web and then stabilized with heat or chemical
FASTNESS: binders. Spunbonded fabrics are increasingly
Is important aesthetically to the appearance used for backings for wallcoverings and carpet.
of a textile:  ACRYLIC BACKING
The factors that influence color fastness
are: involves using foam to minimize air movement
through fabric, to increase thickness of fabric,
• chemical nature of fibers, and to finish the back of the fabric.
• chemical nature of dyes and pigments,
 KNIT BACKING
• penetration of dyes into the textiles, and
• fixations of dyes or pigments on or in the permanently bonded to the back of fabrics,
textile adding body, resiliency, and durability while
 ABRASION RESISTANCE: eliminating seam slippage. Knit backing makes
Is the ability of a textile to withstand the light to mid weight fabrics such as silks, cottons,
rubbing or abrasion of everyday use. This linens, polyesters, and chenilles more suitable for
rubbing or abrasion may occur when a fabric upholstery use.
or textile is rubbed, flexed, or folded. The
more flexible the fabric or textile, the greater
  FABRIC TREATMENTS 2. LEATHER
Leather is a natural fabric made from
FLAME- retardance is the property of a material
animal hides. Cattle, sheep, horses, pigs,
by which, when exposed to a flaming or non-
and other animal skins are removed and
flaming source of ignition, flaming combustion is
preserved to begin the tanning process.
prevented, terminated or inhibited.
Most commercial-grade leathers are
ANTI-MICROBIAL FINISHES- tanned, which is a process of cleaning,
processing, conditioning, and
inhibit the growth of bacteria and other odor- finishing the hides for use.
causing germs, prevent decay and damage from
perspiration, control spread of disease, and 3. SILK
reduce risk of infection transferal. Silk is shiny, soft, and has a natural
STAPH FLUID BARRIERS luster. It is delicate and expensive. It can
be easily damaged, stained, snagged, and
are fabric treatments for healthcare furnishings. torn. We suggest using it sparingly in low
The treatment uses an anti-bacterial agent which traffic areas where contact will be
is self-deodorizing, self-sanitizing, and becomes limited. Consider using an alternative if
an integral part of the fabric budget or wear and tear is a
concern.
VINYLIZED FABRICS;
have the surface laminated with a translucent film 4. COTTON
of sheeting as a preventive maintenance measure. Cotton is by far the most abundantly
This treatment slows soil accumulation so that utilized fabric in commercial design.
proper maintenance only will be required. Cotton fiber comes from the boll of the
Though vinylized fabrics can be washed with cotton plant, which is grown in warm
mild detergent and warm water, they are not climates. The fiber is harvested,
waterproof and are not intended for outdoor processed, and made into yarns. The yarn
installations. The vinylized treatment produces is made into a multitude of products,
some variation in color and luster. including carpet and rugs, upholstery
fabric, wallcovering, backing,
SOIL AND STAIN REPELLENTS lampshades, draperies, and more.
used by manufacturers to prevent staining, utilize Cotton fibers are soft, strong, flexible,
fluorocarbon compounds that enable fibers to and durable. Its absorbent nature allows
repel or resist soil. it to take dyes well, but color washes out
easily. The porous quality allows for
 TYPES OF NATURAL FABRIC breathability, but it also creates moisture
retention issues, i.e. mold and mildew, if
not treated prior to use. Cotton is prone
1. WOOL to damage from insects, such as moths
and worms, that feed on the fibers. Other
Wool is an animal-based fiber that comes issues are fading and degrading in
from a variety of sources, such as goats, prolonged sunlight, shrinking,
sheep, lamb, and alpacas. Wool is a durable staining, and wrinkling.
material and has inherent water- resistance
due to the oils in the animals’ skin. It is
naturally hypoallergenic, flame retardant,
and has self-extinguishing properties.
5. LINEN ramie is industrial thread and in fiber
blends.
Linen is another plant-based fiber. Linen
comes from the flax plant, which has rigid
 TYPES OF SYNTHETIC FABRIC:
fibers that soften over time. Once the fibers
have softened, they can be weaved into fabric
1. POLYESTER:
that is durable, breathable, lightweight, and
Polyester is made from a chemical
absorbent.
reaction with petroleum. It is strong,
stretchy, flexible, and readily available. It
is a hydrophobic material and repels
TYPES OF HIGHLY SUSTAINABLE, water. Due to it being a product of the
RAPIDLY RENEWABLE PLANT- petroleum industry, it is not sustainable
BASED FBERS. or biodegradable.
2. NYLON-
Nylon was originally a brand name for
1. HEMP- is the most water-resistant. hexamethylene diamine, the original
Industrial hemp is harvested from the fiber produced in 1935. Today it is used
outer casing, or bast, of the stem of the as a generic term to define a family of
Cannabis Sativa plant. The fibers are synthetic fibers that are exceptionally
similar to canvas in texture and strong and durable. Characteristics of
durability, but wrinkle easily. Hemp nylon include abrasion resistance, flame
fabric is strong, but fibers will weaken resistance, and elasticity. Nylon is not
over time with repeated use. Hemp is heat resistant and will melt in high
typically used for linens and bedding in temperatures.
commercial applications. 3. RAYON-
2. JUTE- Jute is from the bark of the jute Rayon is manufactured mainly from the
plant. The fiber is extremely strong and pulp of wood cellulose fiber. Depending
versatile. Some commercial uses for jute on the process, it can serve as a less
are geotextiles to inhibit soil erosion, expensive alternative to silk. Rayon is
material for rope, and as backing for absorbent, relatively heat resistant, and
wallcovering and flooring. Despite its has excellent static resistance. Rayon is
natural sheen, jute is typically only used flammable and wrinkles easily; the
inupholstery if blended with another material must be treated to be utilized in
fiber. a drapery application. For upholstery, we
3. RAMIE-Ramie, also known as suggest limiting use to low traffic
grasscloth, comes from the stalks of locations.
various perennial plants grown in east 4. ACRYLIC-
Asia. Ramie fibers are stronger than Acrylic fabrics are soft, lightweight, and
cotton, linen, and wool. Fabrics are resilient. They are hypoallergenic,
naturally mildew resistant, moisture colorfast, and extremely resistant to
absorbent, and do not shrink. It is one of sunlight. Its ability to withstand direct
the few natural fibers that can withstand daylight lends itself for use as awnings,
prolonged daylight without bleaching. tensile structures, and outdoor upholstery
Despite these advantages, ramie is rarely in commercial environments. Its
used in commercial applications because low resistance to flame limits its ability
it is expensive to produce, brittle, and to be used as drapery or wallcoverings
inflexible. The most common use for without additional coatings.
 SPECIFYING FABRICS
5. MODACRYLIC
Modacrylics are similar to acrylics in Fabric Widths and Lengths
production and performance. The
major difference is modacrylics are Upholstery and drapery fabrics usually
extremely flame resistant and do not come in 52” - 54” wide bolts and are
burn. Modacrylics are not susceptible to measured by the yard. Drapery fabrics
damage from insects and do not may be available in bolt widths of 118".
mold or mildew. It is less durable than
acrylic but is still suitable for use in Some manufacturers require a minimum
outdoor furniture, awnings, and tensile yardage purchase to use their product.
structures in a commercial Typical minimums are 15 or 30 yards. If
application. the minimum yardage is not met, they
6. ACETATE/TRIACETATE will institute a “cut charge”, which is a
Acetate and triacetate are created when one time fee to cut the specific yardage
cellulose fiber is treated with acetic acid requested.
and extracted.
Railroading Fabric
Acetate and triacetate are typically Fabric is generally manufactured “up the
blended with rayon for stability and bolt”, meaning a patterned fabric runs up
better performance. Commercial the roll. For example, a
uses include upholstery backing and horizontally striped pattern would be
lining. milled with the horizontal stripe running
7. POLYOLEFIN parallel to the bolt.
Polyolefins are colorfast, stain resistant,
mildew resistant, and static-resistant. Railroading means the pattern runs
They also have poor absorbency, wrinkle across the bolt. If we railroaded the stripe
resistance, and heat resistance. pattern from the previous example,
the pattern would run perpendicular to
Traditionally, polyolefins are found in the bolt. This would allow a large piece
commercial carpets, backings, of furniture to be upholstered with fewer
upholstery webbing, wallcoverings, and seams and pattern matches
as alternatives to vinyl upholstery. Can
be used for acoustic panels.
8. VINYL
Vinyl, also known as vinyon or polyvinyl
chloride (PVC), is made from vinyl
chloride and vinyl acetate. It is flame
retardant, chemically resistant, and
durable. In a commercial space, vinyl is
utilized in upholstery, wallcovering, and
exterior fabrics. We strongly suggest
utilizing vinyl alternatives on a project,
such as polyolefins and biobased
products containing low or no VOCs.
 CARPETS 4. WARMTH- AN EFFICIENT
INSULATOR AGAINST COLD.
the general designation for a fabric used as a floor
5. TRACTIVE SAFETY- MINIMIZES
covering. It is occasionally used incorrectly in
CHANCES OF SLIPPING DUE TO
plural as “Carpets” or “Carpeting.” the preferred
THE FRICTION CAUSED BY THE
usage today is “Carpet” in both singular and
CARPET.
plural form. It may be used as an adjective, as in
6. DURABILITY
“Carpeted floors”.
7. MAINTENANCE
3 BASIC FORMS 8. FLAME RESISTANCE
9. DIRT RETENTION 1
1. RUG - is a soft floor covering laid on the 10. TEXTURAL VARIETIES
floor but not fastened to it. It does not 11. ROOM SIZE
cover the entire floor. 12. TRAFFIC
2. SHEET CARPET - come in big sizes 13. FURNITURE STYLE
and cover an entire space and are
14. LIGHTING
fastened to the floor.
15. COLOR
3. CARPET TILES- are individual pieces
of carpet typically 18- 20 inches square,
TYPES OF FABRIC :
that are applied to the floor with pressure-
sensitive adhesive.
1. NEW ZEALAND WOOL- wool
CONSIDERATIONS IN THE SELECTION absorbs dye easily; colors with great
OF A CARPET: claruty and uniformity; staple is lustrous
and tough; color is almost white. New
1. Beauty or Aesthetic appeal- immense Zealand is the world’s largest producer of
choices in colors, textures, and designs. crossbred (strong wool) which is ideal for
2. Comfort- reduces floor fatigue.. carpeting ex. Romney and Drysdale
3. Sound absorption and Quietness- breeds
carpets and rugs provide valuable interior
acoustic qualities in three major areas: 2. ARGENTENIAN WOOL- noted for
A. Airborne sound absorption- its gloss and sheen with natural resistance
airborne sound is defined as noise to soiling; not as white as New Zealand
that radiates directly form, machines, wool.
voices, radios, and other sources.
B. Impact noise reduction or impact 3. INDIAN WOOL- crush resistant wool
insulation class- impact noise is the 4. IRAQI WOOL- among the most
result of an object having impact on luxurious and costly of wool; high
the structural surface of the building, abrasion resistance and durability.
such as footsteps on the floor above 5. SCOTTISH WOOL- Scottish back
or furniture being dragged across the face sheep bear finest of a carpet wool;
floor. high abrasion resistance and durability
C. Surface noise reduction- surface
noise is usually generated within the
same room or area by objects
scraping against the surface of a desk
or the floor
TYPES OF FABRIC 4. COTTON
cotton is a soft fiber that grows around
 NATURAL FIBERS the seeds of the cotton plant It has limited
durability, inexpensive and often used fpr
1. SISAL-Agave Sisilana species informal area or scatter rugs.
belonging to the cactus family. Sisal
plants consists of a rosette of sword-
shaped leaves about 1.5 to 2 meters tall.

5. JUTE
with its soft silky luster, jute is a fine
natural fiber. It is best suited to areas of
the house such as sitting rooms and
bedrooms, rather than the more heavily
used areas such as halls and
2. MAIZE passageways. Jute is a very versatile,
made from corn husks. adaptable yarn which can also be mixed
with wool and linen, enabling more color
variations

3. COIR
is a coarse fiber extracted from the
fibrous outer shell of a coconut. They are
generally spun to make yarn that is used
in mats or rope.
 6. ABACA POSSESSES DYE SITES ON THE
abaca fiber is known worldwide as FIBER
Manila hemp, is obtained from the 2. ACRYLIC - ACRYLIC IS
leafsheath of the abaca The length of the LIGHTWEIGHT, SOFT, AND WARM,
fiber varies from three to nine feet or WITH A WOOL-LIKE FEEL.
more, depending on the height of the POSSESS OUTSTANDING
plant and the age of the leafsheath. The WICKABILITY AND QUICK
color of the fiber ranges from ivory white DRYING TO MOVE MOISTURE
to light and dark brown. FROM BODY SURFACE, FLEXIBLE
AESTHETICS FOR WOOL-LIKE,
COTTON-LIKE, OR BLENDED
APPEARANCE, EASILY WASHED,
RETAINS SHAPE, RESISTANT TO
MOTHS, OIL, AND CHEMICALS,
DYEABLE TO BRIGHT SHADES
WITH EXCELLENT FASTNESS,
SUPERIOR RESISTANCE TO
SUNLIGHT DEGRADATION.IT HAS
MODERATE ABRASION
RESISTANCE BUT HAS MORE
WOOL-LIKE APPEARANCE
7. SEA GRASS COMPARED TO NYLON.
sea grass carpet is indeed a grass and sea HOWEVER, STATING, AND
water does play a part in its production. PILLING CAN BE A PROBLEM.
After harvesting ad drying, the sea grass 3. MODACRYLIC - SOFT, RESILIENT,
is spun into strong yarn, suitable for EASY TO DYE BRIGHT SHADES,
weaving ABRASION RESISTANT, QUICK
DRYING, RESISTANT TO ACIDS
AND ALKALIS, SHAPE RETENTIVE;
CAN PRODUCE NATURAL FUR
WHEN MIXED
4. POLYESTER - OFFERS
EXCELLENT COLOR CLARITY AND
RETENTION. ALSO EXTREME
FADE RESISTANT AND PROVIDES
EXCELLENT RESISTANCE TO
STAINS.
5. OLEFINS - USED TO INTRODUCE
CARPET YARNS BECAUSE IT IS
CHEAP, ALTHOUGH IT IS
 TYPES OF FABRIC DIFFICULT AND DOES NOT WEAR
WELL AS WOOL OR NYLON. ;
SYNTHETIC FIBERS RESISTS STATIC ELECTRICITY
1. NYLON - CAN BE PRINTED EASILY 6. PTT POLYMER/ SORONA - MAKES
AND HAS EXCELLENT WEAR THE FIBER MORE CRUSH
CHARACTERISTICS; TENDS TO RESISTANT, RESILIENT, AND EASY
STAIN EASILY BECAUSE IT TO CLEAN.; CARPETS MADE WITH
 PTT DRY QUICKLY AND ARE 4. PIECE DYEING
RESISTANT TO MOLD. Carpet is dyed in one piece after tufting
or weaving but before other finishing
7. PLA - POLY LACTIC ACID processes such as latexting and foaming.
POLYMER - BIODEGRADABLE
FABRIC

 BLENDS
Combination of two or more fibers into a
single carpet yarn, each lending to the other
its best characteristics of each fiber while
arriving at moderate costs

The objective of blending fibers is for:

performance standards, improved
economics, and better aesthetics due to
prolonged durability of the carpet
5. KUSTER DYEING
 DYEING Involves running the carpet along s
is the process of coloring materials. Carpet is conveyer belt undre a row of jets that
dyed at one of two stages in the apply computer controlled color.
manufacturing process:
6. JET-BECK
1. PRE-DYED: dye stuffs are added to the The carpet and the dye are placed in a vat
fibers or yarn PRIOR to the tufting and then placed under pressure since the
process. beck is under pressure it does not take as
2. POST-DYED: the yarn was undyed long for the dye to penetrate the fibers
when tufted and then the unfinished thus the term jet beck.
carpet is dyed. PRE-SPINNING:
solution dyeing. 7. ATMOSPHERIC DYEING
Beck dyeing is simply placing the carpet
in a giant vat of hot dye and cooking it
1. RAW STOCK DYEING: for a few hours. This type of deying puts
the color evenly throughout the carpet
Fibers are dyed before spinning and is the best way to eliminate side
match problmes .
2. SKEIN OR YARD DYING
This is where the yarn is dyed then made
into carpet. This method is the very color
fast, (fade resistant) and keeps side match
problems to a minimum.
3. SOLUTION DYEING-
Pigment is added to molten polymer
before extrusion into a colored filament.
Thus, the filament is impregnated with
the color pigment throughout, the only
way to dye olefin is by solution dyeing.
8. CROSS DYEING:  FADE RESISTANCE
METHOD OF DYEING FABRICS  When specifying carpet that will be exposed
WITH DYESTUFFS WHICH HAVE to direct sunlight or extensive cleaning
DIFFERENT AFFINITIES FOR processes, it is important to require that test
DIFFERENT TYPES OF YARNS. be performed to determine colorfastness
9. SPACE-DYEING under the following conditions:
PROCESS WHEREBY DIFFERENT 1. intense sunlight
COLORS ARE “PRINTED” ALONG 2. Atmospheric (ozone) fading
THE LENGTH OF YARN BEFORE IT 3. Wet cleaning 4. Abrasion (crocking)
IS MANUFACTURED INTO THE fading
CARPET.
KINDS OF CARPET CONSTRUCTION
10. PRINT DYE-ING 1. WEAVING
ROLLER PRINTING EMPLOYING TRADITIONAL WAY OF MAKING A
EMBOSSED CYLINDERS TO CARPET BY INTERLACING WARP
DEPOSIT THE DESIGN ON THE AND WEFT. THE PILE AND THE
FACE OF THE CARPET. SEVERAL BACKING ARE WOVEN
ROLLERS IN TANDEM, EACH SIMULTANEOUSLY. A METHOD OF
PRINTING A DIFFERENT COLOR, PRODUCING A VERY
PRODUCE MULTI-COLORED ATTRACTIVE, DURABLE CARPET,
PATTERNS. SCREEN PRINTING BUT IT IS THE MOST EXPENSIVE
EMPLOYS FLAT TEMPLATES, OR OF MANUFACTURING CARPET BY
SCREENS, THROUGH WHICH DYES MACHINE. NORMALLY MANY
ARE FORCED ON THE CARPET COLORED YARNS ARE USED AND
PILE. EACH COLOR IN A MULTI- THIS PROCESS IS CAPABLE OF
COLOR DESIGN REQUIRES A PRODUCING INTRICATE
SEPARATE SCREEN. PATTERNS FROM PR-DETERMINED
11. RANDOM MULTICOLOR DYEING DESIGNS
A DYEING PROCESS ACHIEVED
WITH A RANDOM DYE A. WILTON CARPET- PRODUCED
APPLICATOR OR A TAK RANDOM ON A JACQUARD LOOM THAT
PATTERN MACHINE, THE TAK WAS DEVELOPED IN
MACHINE DISPERSES REGULATED ENGLAND. THE PROCESS
AMOUNTS OF DYE ON CARPET MAKES USE OF
ALREADY PREPROGRAMMED PATTERN
CARDS THAT ARE
PERFORATED AND USED TO
REGULATE THE FEEDING OF
THE COLORD YARN INTO THE
CAPRET SURFACE THAT
ALLOW COMPLEX PATTERNS
TO BE WOVEN INTO THE
CARPET AS ALLOWING
SEVERAL TYPES OF SURFACE
TEXTURES FROM LEVEL CUT
PILE TO MILTILEVEL LOOP
 CONSTRUCTION WITH ALLOWS THE CARPET TO BE
LIMITED RANGES OF COLORS TOLLED LENGHTWISE.

D. VELVETS- - PRODUCED ON A
RELATIVELY
UNCOMPLICATED LOOM. THIS
CARPET IS AVAILABLE IN
MANY COLOR COMBINATIONS
AND TEXTURES. THIS
SIMPLICITY OF THE LOOM
DOES NOT ALLOW FOR
PATTERNED DESIGNS, BUT
B. AXMINISTER- THE BEAUTIFUL COLOR
PRODUCTION OF AXMINISTER COMBINATIONS ARE USED TO
CARPET REQUIRES A VERY PRODUCE TWEED EFFECTS
SOPHISTICATED LOOM. THE THAT ARE FREQUENTLY USED
WEAVING PROCESS ENTAILS
LONG SPOOLS OF VARIOUS
COLORED YARNS, CAREFULLY
PRESET TO A DESIRED
SEQUENCE AND DELIVERED
TO THE WEAVING SECTION OF
THE LOOM AT A PRECISE
MOMENT IN THE PATTERN
DESIGN SEQUENCE. THE
PROCESS OF CHANGING
C. PATTERNS PRODUCTION IS A
VERY COSTLY AND TIME-
CONSUMING. CARPET HAS A
SMOOTH CUT-PILE SURFACE
AND CAN BE WOVEN IN
LIMITLESS COLORS AND
PATTERNS. AN IDENTIFYING
FEATURE IS THE HEAVY
RIBBED BACKING THAT ONLY
IN COMMERCIAL
 INSTALLATIONS. per square inch refer to the number of
tufts within 1 sq. inch (6.5 sq cm.) of
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF CARPET carpet. The more stitches per square inch
CONSTRUCTION. the denser the carpet.
B. GAUGE
1. WOVEN CARPETS represents the distance between rows or
THEY ARE MADE ON LOOMS, THE tufts across the width of a tufted carpet.
ORIGINAL CONSTRUCTION Gauges of 5/64 inch, 1/10 inch and 1/8
METHOD. IT IS A MUCH SLOWER inch are common for contract carpets.
AND EXPENSIVE PROCESS, BUT C. PITCH (WARP)
LONG WEARING AND MOST - is the method used to determine the
DIMENSIONALLY STABLE THAN density factor in woven carpet. It refers
OTHER TYPES to the distance between rows and tufts,
but is counted on a 27-inch (68.6 cm)
width of a finished carpet. Therefore if
the pitch is listed 316, it means that there
are 316 rows or tufts in every 27-inch
width.

2. PILE HEIGHT
This is an important consideration in the
overall evaluation of carpet construction.
It refers to the distance from the top of
the yarn to the backing. When a carpet
has a multilevel construction, the overall
height is averaged. A lower pile height
requires an increase in the stitches per
inch. Pile height in woven carpets is
referred to as “wire size”

 DENSITY
The amount of pile packed into a given volume of
carpet, usually measured in ounces of pile yarn
per until volume. The quality of carpet
construction is based on density factors, such as
stitches per square inch and gauge and/or pitch;
pile height and yarn weight or average pile
density.
A. Stitches or tufts
 3. YARN WEIGHT
Expressed as count, which indicates the
fineness or coarseness of the finished
yarn using two systems:
A. Woolen count- this refers to the
number of running yards in one
ounce of a finished yarn, it applies to
any yarn whether woolen or not.
Example: “2 ply 50” or “2/50” count
indicates 50 yards of 2 ply yarn per
ounce.
B. Denier count- this system makes use
of the metric measurements. It is
the measurement of weight in
grams of a standard 9,000 meter
length of yarn. Example: a 2,500
denier yarn means that yarn of
PILE- THE UPRIGHT END OF THE YARN, WHETHER
9,000 meters weighs 2,500 grams.
CUP OR LOOPED, THAT FROM THE WEARING
PLY- IS THE NUMBER OF STRANDS OF SINGLE SURFACE OF THE CARPET OF RUGS. THE VISIBLE
YARN PLIED OR TWISTED TOGETHER TO FORM SURFACE OF THE CARPET CONSISTING OF YARN
ONE PILE YARN. FOR EXAMPLE: ONE-PLY, TWO- TUFTS IN CUT AND/OR LOOP CONFIGURATION.
PLY, THREE-PLY, FOUR-PLY, ETC. THIS WILL SOMETIMES CALLED “FACE” OR “NAP”
AFFECT COLOR, SURFACE TEXTURE, AND FEEL
PILES STYLE/ CARPET TEXTURES
UNDERFOOT.
A. CUT PILE
 CONSISTS OF YARNS THAT ARE CUT
AT ENDS
 SOFT AND PLUSH
B. LOOP PILE
 CONSISTS OF YARNS THAT ARE
LOOPED AND UNCUT AT THE
SURFACE
BROADLOOM- IS A CARPET WOVEN ON A WIDE  LOOP PILES CAN BE LEVEL OR
LOOM TO OBVIATE THE NEED FOR SEAMS. TEXTURED SUITABLE FOR HIGH
THESE CARPET MEASURE FROM 6-19 FEET (1.8- TRAFFIC AREAS
5.7 METERS). THE MOST COMMON IN THE C. CUT-LOOP
MARKET ARE 12-13 FEET IN WIDTH.  COMBINATION OF CUT AND LOOP
PILE YARNS
 SLIGHTLY LESS DURABLE THAN LOOP
PILES
 FORMS DIFFERENT PATTERNS LIKE
A GRID, LATTICE, BASKET, WEAVE,
ETC.
 A. CUT PILE PLUSH/VELVET PLUSH- ENTIRE
SURFACE IS SHEARED TO PRODUCE A
SMOOTH PLUSH EFFECT. SUBJECT TO
SHADING AND SHOWS FOOTMARK.
SMOOTH, VELVET LIKE SURFACE OF
LUXURIOUS APPEARANCE. WEARS WELL
UNDER MODERATE TRAFFIC.
LOOP PILE-

PILE SURFACE IN WHICH LOOPED YARNS ARE

LEFT UNCUT, SOMETIMES REFERRED AS
“ROUND WIRE” IN WOVEN CARPETS. USUALLY
HIGH DENSITY. GOOD CRUSH AND ABRASION.
HEAVY TRAFFIC CLASSIFICATION.

A. LEVEL LOOP PILE- ENTIRE SURFACE IS

MADE OF UNIFORM UNCUT LOOPS.
B. RANDOM SHEAR/MULTI-LEVEL- LOOPS
CONCEALS FOOTMARKS AND SOILAGE.
ARE SHEARED TO DIFFERENT HEIGHTS,
B. MULTI-LEVEL LOOP PILE- SURFACES IS
FORMING A PATTERN THAT CAN BE
MADE OF DIFFERENT PILE HEIGHTS, ALL
DEFINITE OR IRREGULAR.
UNCUT LOOPS, WHICH TEND TO GIVE A
DIMENSIONAL CHARACTER TO THE
C. SHAG- A TERM FOR A CARPET WITH A
CARPET.
VERY LONG (OVER 1 INCH) PILE LOOP
C. LEVEL TYPE SHEAR/TIP-SHEARED- IT IS A
(USUALLY CUT BUT MAY BE UNCUT OR
MIXTURE OF CUT AND UNCUT PILE.
MIXED) AND WITH LOW DENSITY, SO
VARIOUS TEXTURES AND PATTERNS ARE
THAT THE PILE LIES ON ITS PILE LIES ON
SPOSSIBLE ADDING INTEREST TO THE
ITS SIDE TO GIVE A ROUGH, SHAGGY
CARPET
APPEARANCE. NOT SUITABLE FOR
HEAVY WEAR APPLICATIONS.

CUT PILE-
THE SURFACE OF WHICH IS COMPOSED OF
CUT ENDS OF THE PILE. MODERATE TO HIGH
DENSITY. MODERATE TO LIGHT TRAFFIC
CLASSIFICATION DEPENDING ON THE
DENSITY.
 SCULPTURED TEXTURES surgical precision deep into the face of the pile
without any machine parts touching the fabric.
Carving- it is a process of incising a design into a
carpet or rug which has already been woven.  CARPET TILE/ MODULAR CARPET-
1. Hairline Carving- a shallow incision used MODULAR CARPET TILES ARE SIMPLY ANOTHER
between colors in a multicolor design rug in VERSION OF CARPET BROADLOOM. THE 12-
order to accentuate and give a design some FOOT BROADLOOM IS CUT AND BACKED WITH
dimension. A VINYL PRODUCT THAT IS ABOUT 0.25- INCHES
THICK.
2. Beveling- rounding off those parts of a carpet
that already have been carved, recessed, or  CARPET CUSHION OR UNDERLAY-
embossed.
PROVIDE LUXURY AND COMFORT- THIS
3. Recessing “CUSHIONING” EFFECT ALSO ADDS AN EXTRA
DIMENSION OF COMFORT TO YOUR CARPET,
4. Recessing and bevealing
GIVING IT A REALLY LUXURIOUS FEEL
5. Embossing UNDERFOOT.

6. Embossing and bevealing  FELT

-Hair Felt
7. Combination of carving and multi-level - combination felt, made of animal hair
embossing mixed with other fibers
- fiber felt, composed of 100 percent fibers
 PRINTING- A DESIGN DIRECTLY ON THE
like jute
CARPET AFTER THE CARPET IS
MANUFACTURED.
 RUBBER
1. Roller Printing- employ embossed cylinders
-FLAT RUBBER SPONGE WITH A SMOOTH
to deposit the design on the face of the carpet. SURFACE WHICH GIVES A DEGREE OF FIRMNESS
Each cylinder prints a different color.
DEPENDING ON THE FORMULATION OF THE
2. Screen Printing- employs flat templates, or SPONGE. THIS IS RECOMMENDED FOR HEAVY
screens, through which dyes are forced to form TRAFFIC CLASSIFICATION.
finished pattern on the carpet.
-RUBBER WAFFLE WITH A RIPPLED OR WAFFLE
3. Deep Dye Printing- similar to screening. An SURFACE IS FORMED AND EXPANDED ON A
electrostatic charge forces the pre-metalized CHAIN BELT TO ACHIEVED THE DESIRED
dyes in this process deep into the pile. Puts WAFFLED CONFGURATION.
down all the colors in the design at the same  URETHANE FOAM
time.
-PRIME URETHANE FOAM
4. Jet Printing- works by injecting dye into the
pile of the textile. The functional principle is -DEFENSIVE FOAM
similar to an office ink jet printer. Jets are -REBONDED/BONDED URETHANE FOAM
arranged in groups mounted on a print-head MAKES USE OF RECYCLED FOAM PIECES
which traverses the mat. The computer WHICH HAVE BEEN FORMED INTO
controlled jets open and close up to 400 times SHEETS.
per second. The color pressure injects dye with