Unit -8

Introduction to iOS Programming [8 Hrs]

Introduction to iOS and iOS Programming

iOS (formerly iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc.
exclusively for its hardware. It is the operating system that presently powers many of the
company's mobile devices, including the iPhone, and iPod Touch; it also powered the iPad
prior to the introduction of iPadOS in 2019. It is the second most popular mobile operating
system globally after Android.

Originally unveiled in 2007 for the iPhone, iOS has been extended to support other Apple
devices such as the iPod Touch (September 2007) and the iPad (January 2010). As of March
2018, Apple's App Store contains more than 2.1 million iOS applications, 1 million of which
are native for iPads. These mobile apps have collectively been downloaded more than 130
billion times.

The iOS user interface is based upon direct manipulation, using multi-touch gestures.
Interface control elements consist of sliders, switches, and buttons. Interaction with the
OS includes gestures such as swipe, tap, pinch, and reverse pinch, all of which have specific
definitions within the context of the iOS operating system and its multi-touch interface.
Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device
(one common result is the undo command) or rotating it in three dimensions (one common
result is switching between portrait and landscape mode). Apple has been significantly
praised for incorporating thorough accessibility functions into iOS, enabling users with
vision and hearing disabilities to properly use its products.

Major versions of iOS are released annually. On all recent iOS devices, iOS regularly checks
on the availability of an update, and if one is available, will prompt the user to permit its
automatic installation. The current version, iOS 13 was released to the public on 19
September 2019, introducing user interface tweaks and a dark mode, along with features
such as a redesigned Reminders app, a swipe keyboard, and an enhanced Photos app. iOS
13 does not support devices with less than 2 GB of RAM, including the iPhone 5s, iPod
Touch (6th generation), and the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus, which still make up over 10%
of all iOS devices. iOS 13 is exclusively for the iPhone and iPod touch as the iPad variant is
now called iPadOS.

iOS programming is a set of processes and procedures involved in writing software for
iPhone developed by Apple Inc.

iOS Platform
The iOS SDK (Software Development Kit) allows for the development of mobile apps on
iOS. While originally developing iPhone prior to its unveiling in 2007, Apple's then-CEO
Steve Jobs did not intend to let third-party developers build native apps for iOS, instead
directing them to make web applications for the Safari web browser. However, backlash
from developers prompted the company to reconsider with Jobs announcing in October

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2007 that Apple would have a software development kit available for developers by
February 2008. The SDK was released on March 6, 2008.

The SDK is a free download for users of Mac personal computers. It is not available for
Microsoft Windows PCs. The SDK contains sets giving developers access to various
functions and services of iOS devices, such as hardware and software attributes. It also
contains an iPhone simulator to mimic the look and feel of the device on the computer
while developing. New versions of the SDK accompany new versions of iOS. In order to test
applications, get technical support, and distribute apps through App Store, developers are
required to subscribe to the Apple Developer Program.

Combined with Xcode, the iOS SDK helps developers write iOS apps using officially
supported programming languages, including Swift and Objective-C. Other companies have
also created tools that allow for the development of native iOS apps using their respective
programming languages.

The history of Apple iOS versions is discussed below:

• Apple iOS was originally known as iPhone OS. The company released three versions
of the mobile OS under that name before iOS 4 debuted in June 2010.
• On Oct. 12, 2011, Apple released iOS 5, which expanded the number of available
applications to over 500,000. This iOS version also added the Notification Center, a
camera app, Siri and more.
• Unveiled on June 11, 2012, iOS 6 included a Maps application and the Passbook
ticket storage and loyalty program application.
• Released on Sept. 18, 2013, iOS 7 featured an entirely redesigned user interface. In
September 2014, iOS 8 introduced Continuity, a cross-platform system that allows
users of multiple Apple devices to pick up on one where they left off from another.
Other new features included the Photos app and Apple Music.
• Apple iOS 9 and iOS 10 -- released, respectively, on Sept. 16, 2015, and Sept. 13,
2016 -- featured upgrades such as a revamped notifications section, improved
iMessage capabilities and Siri integration with third-party apps.

Environment Setup
For development of iOS applications, we need to install Xcode editor, its apple integrated
development environment (IDE). The Xcode editor is the primary development tool for any
type of apple platforms like OSX Software’s, iPhones App, Mac, etc.

The requirement of the Xcode editor is that we should have minimum Apple Laptop or Mac
Computer for development of iOS application. We can download Xcode editor from Apple
website or Apple app store and this editor is completely free we don’t need to pay
anything for Apple.

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Creating an Xcode Project
With Xcode installed, it is time to launch it for the first time. If all went well, you should see
the Welcome to Xcode window, which contains a few useful links and helps you create a
new application. To create your first iOS application, select Create a new Xcode
project from the list of options.

Figure 8-1: Xcode Homepage

Xcode makes it easy to create a new Xcode project by offering a handful of useful project
templates. The Single View Application template is a good choice for your first application.
Select it from the list of iOS > Application templates and click Next.

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 Figure 8-2: Creating a Project

The next window lets you configure your Xcode project. Fill in the fields as shown in the
screenshot below and click Next.

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 Figure 8-3: Configuring a new Project

Once we click on Next button new dialog will open in that we need to select the location
to save our project. Once you select the location to save project then click on Create button
like as shown below.

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 Figure 8-4: Selecting project location

After click on Create button the Xcode will create and open a new project. By default, our
project structure will be like as shown below.

Figure 8-5: Xcode workspace window

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Building the Interface
In our project Main.storyboard and ViewController.swift are the main files which we used
to design app user interface and to maintain source code.
• Main.storyboard - Its visual interface editor and we will use this file to design our
app user interface
• ViewController.swift - It contains source code of our application and we use this
file to write any code related to our app.

Now in project select Main.storyboard file the Xcode will open visual interface editor like
as shown below.

Figure 8-6: First look of Main.storyboard

Now select ViewController.swift file in your project that view will be like as shown below.

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 Figure 8-7: First look of ViewController.swift

Now we will add controls to our application for that open Object Library. The Object Library
will appear at the bottom of Xcode in right side. In case if you don't find Object library, click
on the button which is at the third position from the left in the library selector bar like as
shown below. (Alternatively you can choose View -> Utilities -> Show Object Library).

Figure 8-8: Opening object library

As we discussed our user interface will be in Main.storyboard file so open Main.storyboard

file. Now in Object library search for the label in Filter filed then drag and drop the label
into Main.storyboard ViewController like as shown below.

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 Figure 8-9: Adding label to the project

Now we will change the text of label for that click on label in right side the label properties
will open in Text property textbox write the “Hello World”. Once we change the label text
now we will change the position of label control for that select label control -> Click
on label control and just drag the label control like as shown below.

Figure 8-10: Adding text “Hello World” to label

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Once we click and drag the label control we can able to see multiple properties like
“Center Horizontally in Container”, “Center Vertically in Container”, etc.
We will set “Center Horizontally in Container”, “Center Vertically in Container” properties
for label control to make our label appeared in centered position. Once we set these two
properties we can able to see two lines which appear like cross on our hello world label like
as shown below.

Figure 8-11: Centering the label

Running on the Simulator

To build and run our application we use Simulator in Xcode. The Simulator will help us to
know how our app will look and behave if it is running on device.
The Simulator in Xcode is having different device options to check our app in multiple
devices like iPad, iPhone with different screen sizes. By using these options, we can
simulate our app in any device and test its design and behavior based on our requirements.

Figure 8-12: Configuring Simulator

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Once we select the required simulator then we will run our application by
using Run button, located in the top-left corner of the Xcode toolbar like as shown below.

Figure 8-13: Running Application on Simulator

Once we run the iOS hello world application we will get output like as shown below.

Figure 8-14: Output displayed in Simulator

Making Connections
A connection lets one object know where another object is in memory so that the two
objects can communicate. There are two kinds of connections that you can make in
Interface Builder: outlets and actions. An outlet is a reference to an object. An action is a
method that gets triggered by a button or some other view that the user can interact with,
like a slider or a picker.
For making connections you have to use iOS Outlets and Actions. In iOS Outlets and Actions
are basically the property symbol of IBoutlets and IBActions where IB called Interface
Builder. Outlet is basically the reference object and action is the method which is used to
perform some type of actions.
Following is the syntax of using iOS Actions and Outlets in applications.

@IBOutlet weak var labeltxt: UILabel!

@IBAction func buttonaction(sender: AnyObject) {
labeltxt.text = "Hello"
}

If you observe above syntax we used “@IBOutlet” to add reference of label control and
we used “@IBAction” to add button click action to change label control text.

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To demonstrate connection, let’s take an example of an iOS application containing two
view controls (one label control and another button control). While clicking on the button
control we must be able to change text of label.
So, let’s begin by adding label and button controls in our storyboard.

Figure 8-15: Adding label and button

Now we will map our controls to ViewController.swift file for that we need to
use Assistant editor in Xcode. Open the Xcode editor in assistant mode for that click on
the overlap circle button in Xcode toolbar at top right side like as shown below.

Figure 8-16: Opening Assistant Editor

Now press Ctrl button in keyboard and drag the controls from your canvas to the code
display in ViewController.swift file like as shown below.

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 Figure 8-17: Connecting UI controls to application code

Once you drag the controls from viewcontroller to code in ViewController.swift file now
write code in @IBAction to change the label text when click on button. Once we make
required changes our ViewController.swift file should be like as shown below.

import UIKit
class ViewController: UIViewController {
@IBOutlet weak var labeltxt: UILabel!
@IBAction func buttonaction(sender: AnyObject) {
labeltxt.text = "We love BCA "
}
override func viewDidLoad() {
super.viewDidLoad()
// Do any additional setup after loading the view.
}
override func didReceiveMemoryWarning() {
super.didReceiveMemoryWarning()
// Dispose of any resources that can be recreated.
}
}

Once we run application click on button it will change the label text. The button performs
the action for label to change its outlet text.

Above code produces following output:

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 Figure 8-18: Output demonstrating connection

Introduction to Swift Language

Swift is a new language that Apple introduced in 2014. It replaces Objective-C as the
recommended development language for iOS and Mac. In this chapter, you are going to
focus on the basics of Swift. You will not learn everything, but you will learn enough to get
started. Then, as you continue through the book, you will learn more Swift while you learn
iOS development.

Swift maintains the expressiveness of Objective-C while introducing a syntax that is safer,
succinct, and readable. It emphasizes type safety and adds advanced features such as
optionals, generics, and sophisticated structures and enumerations. Most importantly,
Swift allows the use of these new features while relying on the same tested, elegant iOS
frameworks that developers have built upon for years.

Types in Swift
Swift types can be arranged into three basic groups: structures, classes, and enumerations.
All three can have:
• properties – values associated with a type
• initializers – code that initializes an instance of a type
• instance methods – functions specific to a type that can be called on an instance of
that type
• class or static methods – functions specific to a type that can be called on the type
itself

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 c

Built-in Data Types

The following types of basic data types are most frequently when declaring variables −
• Int or UInt − This is used for whole numbers. More specifically, you can use Int32,
Int64 to define 32 or 64-bit signed integer, whereas UInt32 or UInt64 to define 32
or 64-bit unsigned integer variables. For example, 42 and -23.
• Float − This is used to represent a 32-bit floating-point number and numbers with
smaller decimal points. For example, 3.14159, 0.1, and -273.158.
• Double − This is used to represent a 64-bit floating-point number and used when
floating-point values must be very large. For example, 3.14159, 0.1, and -273.158.
• Bool − This represents a Boolean value which is either true or false.
• String − This is an ordered collection of characters. For example, "Hello, World!"
• Character − This is a single-character string literal. For example, "C"
• Optional − This represents a variable that can hold either a value or no value.
• Tuples − This is used to group multiple values in single Compound Value.

Variables
You must declare them using var keyword as follows –
var variableName = <initial value>

You can provide a type annotation when you declare a variable, to be clear about the kind
of values the variable can store. Here is the syntax –
var variableName:<data type> = <optional initial value>

var varA = 42
print(varA)

var varB:Float

varB = 3.14159
print(varB)

When we run the above program using playground, we get the following result −
42
3.1415901184082

Optionals
Swift also introduces Optionals type, which handles the absence of a value. Optionals say
either "there is a value, and it equals x" or "there isn't a value at all".

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Here’s an optional Integer declaration –
var perhapsInt: Int?

Here’s an optional String declaration –

var perhapsStr: String?

The above declaration is equivalent to explicitly initializing it to nil which means no value –
var perhapsStr: String? = nil

Let's take the following example to understand how optionals work-

var myString:String? = nil

if myString != nil {
print(myString)
} else {
print("myString has nil value")
}

When we run the above program using playground, we get the following result –
myString has nil value

Constants
Constants refer to fixed values that a program may not alter during its execution. Constants
can be of any of the basic data types like an integer constant, a floating constant, a
character constant, or a string literal. There are enumeration constants as well.
Constants are treated just like regular variables except the fact that their values cannot be
modified after their definition.

Before you use constants, you must declare them using let keyword as follows –
let constantName = <initial value>

Following is a simple example to show how to declare a constant-

let constA = 42
print(constA)

When we run the above program using playground, we get the following result –
42

Operators
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical
manipulations. Swift is rich in built-in operators and provides the following types of
operators −
• Arithmetic Operators
• Comparison Operators
• Logical Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Range Operators

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 • Misc Operators

Arithmetic Operators
The following table shows all the arithmetic operators supported by Swift language.
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then −

Operator Description Example

+ Adds two operands A + B will give 30
− Subtracts second operand from the first A − B will give -10
* Multiplies both operands A * B will give 200
/ Divides numerator by denominator B / A will give 2
% Modulus Operator and remainder of after an B % A will give 0
integer/float division

Comparison Operators
The following table shows all the relational operators supported by Swift language. Assume
variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then –

Operator Description Example

== Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not; (A == B) is not true.
if yes, then the condition becomes true.
!= Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not; (A != B) is true.
if values are not equal, then the condition becomes
true.
> Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the (A > B) is not true.
value of right operand; if yes, then the condition
becomes true.
< Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value (A < B) is true.
of right operand; if yes, then the condition becomes
true.
>= Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or (A >= B) is not true.
equal to the value of right operand; if yes, then the
condition becomes true.
<= Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal (A <= B) is true.
to the value of right operand; if yes, then the condition
becomes true.

Logical Operators
The following table shows all the logical operators supported by Swift language. Assume
variable A holds 1 and variable B holds 0, then –

Operator Description Example

&& Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non- (A && B) is false.
zero, then the condition becomes true.
|| Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands is (A || B) is true.
non-zero, then the condition becomes true.

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 ! Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the logical !(A && B) is true.
state of its operand. If a condition is true, then the Logical
NOT operator will make it false.

Bitwise Operators
Bitwise operators work on bits and perform bit by bit operation. The truth tables for &, |,
and ^ are as follows −
p q p&q p|q p^q
0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 1

Assume A = 60; and B = 13;

In binary format, they will be as follows:

A = 0011 1100

B = 0000 1101

-----------------

A & B = 0000 1100

A|B = 0011 1101

A^B = 0011 0001

~A = 1100 0011

Bitwise operators supported by Swift language are listed in the following table. Assume
variable A holds 60 and variable B holds 13, then 7−

Operator Description Example

& Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result, if it (A & B) will give 12,
exists in both operands. which is 0000 1100
| Binary OR Operator copies a bit, if it exists in either (A | B) will give 61, which
operand. is 0011 1101
^ Binary XOR Operator copies the bit, if it is set in one (A ^ B) will give 49,
operand but not both. which is 0011 0001
~ Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has (~A ) will give -61, which
the effect of 'flipping' bits. is 1100 0011 in 2's
complement form.
<< Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is (A << 2 will give 240,
moved left by the number of bits specified by the right which is 1111 0000
operand.

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 >> Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is A >> 2 will give 15, which
moved right by the number of bits specified by the is 0000 1111
right operand.

Assignment Operators
Swift supports the following assignment operators –

Operator Description Example

= Simple assignment operator, Assigns values from C = A + B will assign value
right side operands to left side operand of A + B into C
+= Add AND assignment operator, It adds right operand C += A is equivalent to C =
to the left operand and assigns the result to left C+A
operand
-= Subtract AND assignment operator, It subtracts right C -= A is equivalent to C =
operand from the left operand and assigns the result C-A
to left operand
*= Multiply AND assignment operator, It multiplies right C *= A is equivalent to C =
operand with the left operand and assigns the result C*A
to left operand
/= Divide AND assignment operator, It divides left C /= A is equivalent to C =
operand with the right operand and assigns the result C/A
to left operand
%= Modulus AND assignment operator, It takes modulus C %= A is equivalent to C
using two operands and assigns the result to left =C%A
operand
<<= Left shift AND assignment operator C <<= 2 is same as C = C
<< 2
>>= Right shift AND assignment operator C >>= 2 is same as C = C
>> 2
&= Bitwise AND assignment operator C &= 2 is same as C = C &
2
^= bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2
|= bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator C |= 2 is same as C = C | 2

Range Operators
Swift includes two range operators, which are shortcuts for expressing a range of values.
The following table explains these two operators.

Operator Description Example

Closed Range (a...b) defines a range that runs from a to b, and 1...5 gives 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
includes the values a and b.
Half-Open (a..< b) defines a range that runs from a to b, but 1..< 5 gives 1, 2, 3, and 4
Range does not include b.
One- sided a… , defines a range that runs from a to end of 1… gives 1 , 2,3… end of
Range elements elements
…a , defines a range starting from start to a

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 …2 gives beginning… to
1,2

Misc Operators
Swift supports a few other important operators including range and ? : which are explained
in the following table.

Operator Description Example

Unary Minus The sign of a numeric value can be toggled -3 or -4
using a prefixed -
Unary Plus Returns the value it operates on, without any +6 gives 6
change.
Ternary Condition ? X : Y If Condition is true ? Then
Conditional value X : Otherwise value
Y

Decision Making
Swift provides the following types of decision making statements.

S.N. Statement Description Example

1 if statement An if statement consists var varA:Int = 10;
of a Boolean expression
followed by one or more /* Check the boolean
statements. condition using if
statement */
if varA < 20 {
/* If condition is
true then print the
following */
print("varA is less
than 20");
}

print("Value of
variable varA is
\(varA)");

Output:
varA is less than 20
Value of variable varA
is 10

2 if...else statement An if statement can be var varA:Int = 100;

followed by an
optional else statement, /* Check the boolean
which executes when condition using if
the Boolean expression statement */
if varA < 20 {
is false.

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 /* If condition is
true then print the
following */
print("varA is less
than 20");

} else {
/* If condition is
false then print the
following */
print("varA is not
less than 20");
}

print("Value of
variable varA is
\(varA)");

Output:
varA is not less than
20
Value of variable varA
is 100

3 if...elseif...else An if statement can be var varA:Int = 100;

Statement followed by an optional
else if...else statement, /* Check the boolean
which is very useful to condition using if
test various conditions statement */
if varA == 20 {
using single if...else if /* If condition is
statement. true then print the
following */
print("varA is equal
to than 20");

} else if varA == 50 {
/* If condition is
true then print the
following */
print("varA is equal
to than 50");

} else {
/* If condition is
false then print the
following */
print("None of the
values is matching");
}

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 print("Value of
variable varA is
\(varA)");

Output:
None of the values is
matching
Value of variable varA
is 100

4 Nested if statement You can use one if or var varA:Int = 100;

else if statement inside var varB:Int = 200;
another if or else if
statement(s). /* Check the boolean
condition using if
statement */
if varA == 100 {
/* If condition is
true then print the
following */
print("First
condition is
satisfied");

if varB == 200 {
/* If condition
is true then print the
following */
print("Second
condition is also
satisfied");
}
}

print("Value of
variable varA is
\(varA)");
print("Value of
variable varB is
\(varB)");

Output:
First condition is
satisfied
Second condition is
also satisfied
Value of variable varA
is 100
Value of variable varB
is 200

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 5 switch statement A switch statement var index = 10
allows a variable to be switch index {
tested for equality case 100 :
against a list of values. print( "Value of
index is 100")
case 10,15 :
print( "Value of
index is either 10 or
15")
case 5 :
print( "Value of
index is 5")
default :
print( "default
case")
}

Output:
Value of index is
either 10 or 15

Loops
Swift programming language provides the following kinds of loop to handle looping
requirements.

S.N. Statement Description Example

1 for-in This loop performs a set var someInts:[Int] =
of statements for each [10, 20, 30]
item in a range,
sequence, collection, or for index in someInts {
progression. print( "Value of
index is \(index)")
}

Output:
Value of index is 10
Value of index is 20
Value of index is 30

2 while loop Repeats a statement or var index = 10

group of statements
while a given condition while index < 15 {
is true. It tests the print( "Value of
condition before index is \(index)")
index = index + 1
executing the loop body. }

Output:
Value of index is 10
Value of index is 11

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 Value of index is 12
Value of index is 13
Value of index is 14

3 repeat...while loop Like a while statement, var index = 10

except that it tests the repeat {
condition at the end of print( "Value of
the loop body. index is \(index)")
index = index + 1
}
while index < 15

Output:
Value of index is 10
Value of index is 11
Value of index is 12
Value of index is 13
Value of index is 14

Arrays
You can create an empty array of a certain type using the following initializer syntax –
var someArray = [SomeType]()

You can use the following statement to create an empty array of Int type having 3 elements
and the initial value as zero –
var someInts = [Int](count: 3, repeatedValue: 0)

Following is one more example to create an array of three elements and assign three values
to that array –
var someInts:[Int] = [10, 20, 30]

You can retrieve a value from an array by using subscript syntax, passing the index of the
value you want to retrieve within square brackets immediately after the name of the array
as follows –
var someVar = someArray[index]

The following example shows how to create, initialize, and access arrays –
var someInts = [Int](count: 3, repeatedValue: 10)

var someVar = someInts[0]

print( "Value of first element is \(someVar)" )
print( "Value of second element is \(someInts[1])" )
print( "Value of third element is \(someInts[2])" )

Output:
Value of first element is 10
Value of second element is 10
Value of third element is 10

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Strings
You can create a String either by using a string literal or creating an instance of a String
class as follows –
// String creation using String literal
var stringA = "Hello, Swift!"
print( stringA )

// String creation using String instance

var stringB = String("Hello, Swift!")
print( stringB )

Empty String
You can create an empty String either by using an empty string literal or creating an
instance of String class as shown below. You can also check whether a string is empty or
not using the Boolean property isEmpty.

// Empty string creation using String literal

var stringA = ""

if stringA.isEmpty {
print( "stringA is empty" )
} else {
print( "stringA is not empty" )
}

// Empty string creation using String instance

let stringB = String()

if stringB.isEmpty {
print( "stringB is empty" )
} else {
print( "stringB is not empty" )
}

Output:
stringA is empty
stringB is empty

String Concatenation
You can use the + operator to concatenate two strings or a string and a character, or two
characters. Here is a simple example –
let constA = "Hello,"
let constB = "World!"

var stringA = constA + constB

print( stringA )

Output:
Hello,World!

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String Length
Swift strings do not have a length property, but you can use the global count() function to
count the number of characters in a string. Here is a simple example –

var varA = "Hello, Swift 4!"

print( "\(varA), length is \((varA.count))" )

Output:
Hello, Swift 4!, length is 15

String Comparison
You can use the == operator to compare two strings variables or constants. Here is a simple
example –
var varA = "Hello, Swift!"
var varB = "Hello, World!"

if varA == varB {
print( "\(varA) and \(varB) are equal" )
} else {
print( "\(varA) and \(varB) are not equal" )
}

Output:
Hello, Swift! and Hello, World! are not equal

Function
A function's arguments must always be provided in the same order as the function's
parameter list and the return values are followed by →.

func funcname(Parameters) -> returntype {

Statement1
Statement2
---
Statement N
return parameters
}

Take a look at the following code. The student’s name is declared as string datatype
declared inside the function 'student' and when the function is called, it will return
student’s name.

func student(name: String) -> String {

return name
}
print(student(name: "First Program"))
print(student(name: "About Functions"))

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When we run the above program using playground, we get the following result –
First Program
About Functions

Functions with Parameters

A function is accessed by passing its parameter values to the body of the function. We can
pass single to multiple parameter values as tuples inside the function.

func mult(no1: Int, no2: Int) -> Int {

return no1*no2
}

print(mult(no1: 2, no2: 20))

print(mult(no1: 3, no2: 15))
print(mult(no1: 4, no2: 30))

When we run above program using playground, we get the following result –
40
45
120

Functions without Parameters

Following is an example having a function without a parameter –

func votersname() -> String {

return "Alice"
}
print(votersname())

When we run the above program using playground, we get the following result −
Alice

Views and the View Hierarchy

A view hierarchy defines the relationships of views in a window to each other. You can
think of a view hierarchy as an inverted tree structure with the window being the top node
of the tree. Under it come views structurally specified by parent-child relationships. From
a visual perspective, the essential fact of a view hierarchy is enclosure: one view contains
one or more other views, and the window contains them all.

The view hierarchy is a major part of the responder chain, and it is something that the
application frameworks use to determine the layering order of views when they render the
content of a window in a drawing pass. The view hierarchy is also the governing concept
behind view composition: You construct compound views by adding sub views to a super
view. Finally, the view hierarchy is a critical factor in the multiple coordinate systems found
in a window.

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 Figure 8-20. View Hierarchy in iOS

A view is related to other views through two properties, and these relationships determine
the form of the hierarchy:
• super view — The view above a given view in the hierarchy; this is the view that
encloses it. All views except the topmost view must have a super view.
• sub views — The views below a given view in the hierarchy; these are the views
that it encloses. A view may have any number of sub views, or it may have none.

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 Figure 8-21. Example of View Hierarchy in iOS

Storyboard and View Controllers

Storyboards are an exciting feature first introduced in iOS 5, which save time building user
interfaces for your apps. Storyboards allow you to prototype and design multiple view
controller views within one file, and also let you create transitions between view
controllers.

Figure 8-22. Example of Storyboard with multiple view controllers

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To demonstrate storyboard now I am going to create a storyboard containing a Tab and
multiple view controllers linking with the Tab.
So, let’s begin by creating a project with following information:
§ Product Name: MyExample.
§ Organization Name: Fill this in however you like.
§ Organization Identifier: The identifier you use for your apps.
§ Language: Swift.
§ User Interface: Storyboard.
§ Make sure you’ve unchecked the Use Core Data, Include Unit Tests and UI
Tests options.

Open Main.storyboard in the Project navigator to view it in the Interface Builder editor:

Figure 8-23. First look of Main. Storyboard

Here, you see a single view controller containing an empty view. The arrow pointing to the
view controller from the left indicates it’s the initial view controller for this
storyboard. Xcode enables Auto Layout and Size Classes by default for storyboards. They
allow you to make flexible user interfaces that can resize easily, which is useful for
supporting various sizes of iPhones and iPads.

Adding Tab to Storyboard

Drag a tab bar controller from the Object Library into the canvas. You can filter the list by
typing part of the name of the item you’re looking for.
Tab bar controller comes pre-configured with two additional view controllers, one for each
tab. It’s a so-called container view controller because it contains one or more other view
controllers. Other common containers are the Navigation controller and the Split View
controller.

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 Figure 8-24. Adding Tab Controller to Main. Storyboard

The arrows between the tab bar controller and the view controllers it contains represent
the container relationship. The icon shown below, in the middle of the arrow body,
signifies that they have an embed relationship.

Figure 8-25. Showing Relationship

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Build and run and you’ll see something like this in the console:

MyExample[9912:704408] [WindowScene] Failed to instantiate the default

view controller for UIMainStoryboardFile 'Main' – perhaps the
designated entry point is not set?

This error simply indicates that the app didn’t find the initial view controller to show.

To fix this error, Open Main.storyboard and select the Tab Bar Controller Scene. On the
right, select the Attribute inspector.

You’ll find a checkbox named Is Initial View Controller.

Checking this box will identify the selected view controller as the initial entry point for the
storyboard you’re on. Also, an arrow will appear on the left of the view controller.

Now, build and run and you’ll see an empty view controller with a tab bar that has two
items at the bottom.

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 Figure 8-26. Output demonstrating Tab View Controller

Working with widgets and its attributes

S.N. UI Controls Description

1 iOS UI Buttons In iOS button object is a view that perform some custom
actions based on user interactions.
When we click or tap a button in iOS it will perform
actions which are attached to it and we can easily change
the appearance of iOS buttons by adding title or image
icons based on our requirements.

2 iOS UI Labels Label in iOS is a basic UI control which is used to display

plain static text or styled text. The content in iOS label
control is a read only text we cannot able change or edit
the text but we can copy the content of label.

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 We can apply custom styles to the content in iOS label
control like changing the font style, font size, adding
background colors, etc. based on our requirements.
3 iOS UI Text Fields In iOS Text fields are used to allow users to enter single
line of text as an input to an app. The text fields
automatically bring up a keyboard to enter a text
whenever the user touch or taped it and these text fields
are helpful to gather small amounts of text from the user
like name, email, etc. By using text fields, we can perform
some actions like search operation, based on that text.
We can use Text Fields in our iOS application by
adding UITextField class reference in our applications.

4 iOS UI Image View In iOS, image view is used to show the images in iOS
application and it will resize the images automatically to
make fit with the current size of view.
By using iOS image view, we can show single image or
animated sequence of images with transparent or opaque
background based on our requirement.

5 iOS Progress Bar In iOS progress indicators or progress bars are used to
(Progress View) show the progress of task in application instead of making
people staring at a static screen while performing lengthy
data operations.
By using iOS progress indicators or bars we can make the
people to understand that how long the process will take
to finish the task like as shown below:

We can use progress view indicators in our iOS

application by adding UIProgressView class reference in
our applications.

6 iOS UI DatePicker In iOS datepicker is a control which is used to select a

required date, time, or both and It also provides an
interface for a countdown timer. Datepicker is having
different modes by using those modes we can specify
date and time display formats based on our requirements
like only date or time or date and time or countdown
timer.
7 iOS UI Switches In iOS switches are used to let user know the status of
option either on or off / active or inactive. Generally, we
use switches to toggle an option between on and off.

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 By using iOS switches we can implement features like
allowing users to turn the settings on or off based on
their requirements.
The visual representation of iOS switches with on and off
options will be like as shown below:

We can use Switches in our iOS application by

adding UISwitch class reference in our applications.

8 iOS UI Sliders In iOS slider is a horizontal bar with thumb control, by

using this we can slide between minimum and maximum
value. Generally, we use sliders to increase or decrease
value like adjust screen brightness level or change the
volume of speaker like as shown below:

We can use Sliders in our iOS applications by

adding UISlider class reference.

9 iOS UI Segmented In iOS segmented control is a horizontal control which

Control made with a multiple segments and each segment will act
as separate view. Our iOS segmented control will be like
as shown below:

We can use SegmentedControl in our iOS applications

by adding UISegmentedControl class reference.

10 IOS UI WebView In iOS webview control is used to embed websites within

application or show rich HTML web content inside of app
and the iOS webview control will act as a HTML iframe to
show the website content within an app.
We can use Web View in our iOS applications by
adding UIWebView class reference.

11 iOS UI Scroll View In iOS, scroll view is used to show the content which is
larger than the scroll view boundaries like viewing larger
content in documents, showing multiple images in app. In
our iOS application whenever we see the scroll view it is
indication that there is extra content other than visible
area.
We can use Scroll View in our iOS applications by
adding UIScrollView class reference.

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Creating a Simple iOS Application
Here we going to create a simple application to show the addition of two numbers. Our
application contains two Text Fields for inputting two numbers and a Button to trigger click
event. Also I will create a Label for displaying the result.

After designing UI our application looks something like this:

Figure 8-27. UI for adding two numbers

Source code for adding two numbers is shown below:

import UIKit
class ViewController: UIViewController {

@IBOutlet weak var txtFirst: UITextField!

@IBOutlet weak var txtSecond: UITextField!
@IBOutlet weak var lblRes: UILabel!
@IBOutlet weak var btnClick: UIButton!

@IBAction func btnClick(sender: AnyObject) {

let first= Double(txtFirst.text!)
let second= Double(txtSecond.text!)
let res=Double(first! + second!)
lblRes.text="Sum is \(res)"
}

override func viewDidLoad() {

super.viewDidLoad()
// Do any additional setup after loading the view, typically
from a nib.
}

override func didReceiveMemoryWarning() {

super.didReceiveMemoryWarning()
// Dispose of any resources that can be recreated.
}

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}

After running our application following output will be produced:

Figure 8-28. Output demonstrating addition of two numbers

Exercise

1. What do you mean by iOS programming? Explain.

2. Explain iOS platform in detail.
3. Explain the procedure for developing hello world application in iOS.
4. What do you mean by connections? How can you connect UI controls to application
code? Explain with example.
5. What do you mean by swift language? Explain process of declaring and using
variables in swift language.
6. Explain different types of operators used in swift language.
7. Explain branching and looping statements used in swift language in detail.
8. How can you create array and use array in swift language? Explain.
9. Explain view hierarchy in iOS programming in detail.
10. What do you mean by storyboard and view controllers? Explain with example.
11. What are different types of UI controls used in iOS programming? Explain in detail.
12. Develop an iOS application to calculate simple interest.
13. Develop an iOS application to calculate area and perimeter of rectangle.

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