Date:

Exp No:
EFFECTIVENESS OF PARALLEL FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER

Aim:
To determine LMTD, overall heat transfer coefficient and effectiveness of parallel flow
heat exchanger.

Theory:
A heat exchanger is defined as equipment which transfers heat from a hot fluid to a
cold fluid. In Parallel flow heat exchanger, hot and cold fluids move in the same direction.
Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) is defined as that temperature
difference which, if constant, would give the same rate of heat transfer as usually occurs
under variable conditions of temperature difference.

Description of the apparatus:

The apparatus consists of a concentric tube heat exchanger. The hot water is
obtained from the Geyser & it flows through the inner tube. The cold water is admitted at
one of the end enabling the heat exchanger to run as a parallel flow. Measuring jar is used
for measuring flow rates of cold and hot waters. Temperatures of the fluid can be
measured using thermocouples. The outer tube is provided with insulation to minimize the
heat loss to the surroundings.

Procedure:
1. The hot fluid is allowed to flow through the inner tube and the cold fluid is allowed to
flow through the annulus.
2. Switch On the geyser provided on the panel and allow the temperature to reach steady
state.

3. In this condition, valves V3, V4 are closed and other valves are opened such that hot and
cold fluids move in the same direction.
4. Note down the time taken for 250 ml of hot and cold waters collected in the tank.

5. Note down the inlet and outlet temperatures on hot and cold water sides.
Formula Used:
.
1. Rate of Heat transfer from hot water Q h = 𝑚h x cph [Thi – Tho] (kW)
Where 𝑚h= Mass flow rate of hot water [kg/s]
cph = Specific heat of hot water [kJ/kg.K]
Thi = Hot water inlet temperature [oC or K]
Tho = Hot water outlet temperature [oC or K]
 Specifications:

1. Inner tube material – Copper

Outer diameter, do = 12.5 mm = 0.0125 m

2. Outer tube material – Galvanized iron

Outer diameter, Do = 33.5 mm = 0.0335 m

3. Length of heat exchanger L = 1700mm = 1.7 m

4. Geyser capacity =15 Lt, 2 kW

Over all
Time Time heat transfer
Rate of Rate of
Cold Water Hot water taken to taken to Average Lagarthimic coefficient
heat heat Effectiveness
Temperature temperature collect collect heat mean based on
transfer transfer of parallel flow
250 ml 250 ml transfer Temparature outside
from hot to cold heat exchanger
S.No of cold of hot coefficient difference surface area
water water
water water of inner
Inlet Outlet Inlet Outlet tube
. .
Tc,i Tc,o Th,i Th,o t t Qh Qc h LMTD Uo
ε
o o o o
C C C C s s kW kW kW/m2K o
C or K kW/m2K

1 33 37 55 47 7 5 1.17 0.82 1.42 15.21 0.52 0.46

 (1 litre of water = 1 kg of water)
250 ml (0.25kg)
(𝑚h) = (kg/s)
Time taken to collect 250 ml of hot water in seconds
2. Rate of Heat transfer to the cold water
.
Q c = 𝑚c x cpc [Tc,o– Tc,i] (kW)
Where
𝑚c= mass flow rate of cold water [kg/s],
cpc = specific heat of cold water [kJ/kg.K]
Tc,o = cold water outlet temperature [oC or K]
Tc,i = cold water inlet temperature [oC or K]
250 ml(0.25kg)
(𝑚c) = (kg/s)
Time taken to collect 250 ml of cold water in seconds
. .
. Q  Qh
3. Average heat transfer Q avg  c (kW)
2
4. Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) for Parallel flow
 T – T 
=  1 2  =  Thi – Tci  –  Tho – Tco   (oC or K)
 T   T – Tci 
ln  1  ln  hi 
 T2   Tho – Tco 

5. Overall heat transfer coefficient based on outside surface area of inner tube
.
Q avg
UO  (kW/m2 oC)
AO . LMTD

Where,

Ao = π Do L, Do = Outer diameter of the inner tube, L = length of the tube

.
6. Ch  mh  c ph (kW/K)

.
7. Cc  mc  c pc (kW/K)

8. Qmax = Cmin (Th,i – Tc,i) (kW)

where Cmin is smaller of Ch and Cc

.
Q avg
9. Effectiveness ( )  .
Q max
Model Calculation:

1. Rate of Heat transfer from hot water

.
Q h = 𝑚h x cph [Th,i – Th,o] = (0.25/7) x 4.12 x (55-47) = 1.17 kW

2. Rate of Heat transfer to the cold water

.
Q c = 𝑚c x cpc [Tc,o– Tc,i] = (0.25/5) x 4.12 x (37 - 33) = 0.82 kW

3 .Average heat transfer

. .
. Q  Q h 1.17
Q avg  c   1.42 kW
2 0.82
4. Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) for Parallel flow
 T – T 
=  1 2  =  Thi – Tci  –  Tho – Tco     (55  33)  (47  37)  15.21 oC
 T   T – Tci   55 – 33 
ln  1  ln  hi  ln 
 Tho – Tco   47 – 37 
 T2 

5. Overall heat transfer coefficient based on outside surface area of inner tube
.
Q avg 1.42
UO    0.52 (kW/m2 oC)
AO . LMTD   0.033 1.7 15.21
. 0.25
6. Ch  mh  c ph   4.12  0.14 ( kW/K)
7
.
7. Cc  mc  c pc = (0.25/5) x 4.12 = 0.20 (kW/K)

8. Qmax = Cmin (Th,i – Tc,i) = 0.14 (55-33) = 3.08 (kW)

.
Q avg 1.42
9. Effectiveness ( )  .
  0.46
Q max 3.08
RESULT

Thus the rate of heat transfer, over all heat transfer coefficient and effectiveness of
parallel flow heat exchanger are found.
.
1. Rate of heat transfer ( Q avg ) = 1.42 kW
2. Over all Heat transfer coefficient ( U O ) = 0.52 kW/m2 K
3. Effectiveness (  ) = 0.46