MATHS IN FOCUS 12

MATHEMATICS EXTENSION 1
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Chapter 14: Continuous probability
distributions

Exercise 14.01 Probability density functions

Question 1

a Discrete

b Continuous

c Continuous

d Discrete

e Continuous

Question 2

a 5 × 0.2 = 1; Yes, it does.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
b + + + + + + ≥ 1 ; It does not.
12 12 12 12 12 12 12

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 1

c

x3
f ( x)
= 0≤ x≤3
324
3 x3
∫
0 324
dx
3
 x4 
=  ; It does not.
1296  0
34
=
1296
81
= ≠1
1296

x2
f ( x)
= 1≤ x ≤ 4
21
4 x2
∫
1 21
dx
4
 x3 
=  ; Yes, it does.
 63 1
43 13
= −
63 63
63
= = 1
63

x
( x)
f= 1≤ x ≤ 8
8
8 x
∫
1 8
dx
8
 x2 
=  ; It does not.
 16 1
82 12
= −
16 16
63
= ≠1
16

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 2

Question 3

1
a 6× =
1 : Yes, it does.
6

1 6
b 12 × = ≠ 1 ; It does not.
10 5

1 1 1
c ×8× = ≠ 1 ; It does not.
2 8 2

1 1
d × 20 × = 1 ; Yes, it does.
2 10

1 1 1
e ×9× = ≠ 1 ; No, it does not.
2 9 2

Question 4

x4
f ( x) = [ 2, b]
3355
b x4
∫2 3355
dx =1
b
 x5 
16775  = 1
 2
b5 25
− =
1
16775 16775
b5 − 32 =16775
b5 = 16807
b=7

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 3

Question 5

f ( x ) = kx3 [0,5]
5
∫0
kx3 dx =1
5
 kx 4 
 4  =1
 0
k × 54 k × 0 4
− =
1
4 4
625k
=1
4
4
k=
625

Question 6

f ( x ) = ae x [1,3]
3
∫1
ae x dx = 1
3
 ae x  = 1
1

ae3 − ae1 =
1
a ( e3 − e ) =
1
1
a=
e −e
3

f ( x ) = ae x [1, 7]
7
∫1
ae x dx = 1
7
 ae 1 = 1
x

ae7 − ae1 =
1
a ( e7 − e ) =
1
1
a=
e −e
7

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 4

c

f ( x ) = ae x [0, 4]
4
∫0
ae x dx = 1
4
 ae x  = 1
0

ae 4 − ae0 =
1
a ( e 4 − 1) =
1
1
a=
e −1
4

Question 7

x2
f ( x) = [0, a ]
72
2
a x
∫0 72 dx =1
a
 x3 
 216  = 1
 0
a3 03
− =
1
216 216
a 3 = 216
a=6

Domain is [0, 6]

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 5

 Question 8

2 x5
f ( x)
= 1≤ x ≤ b
87 381
b 2 x5
∫
1 87 381
dx = 1
b
 x6 
 262 143  = 1
 1
b6 16
− =
1
262 143 262 143
b 6 − 1 =262 143
b 6 = 262 144
b=8

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 6

Exercise 14.02 Calculating probabilities

Question 1

P ( X ≤ 3)
1 1
=3 × =
6 2

P (1 ≤ X ≤ 2 )
1 1
=1× =
6 6

P (1 ≤ X ≤ 4 )
1 1
=3 × =
6 2

P ( X < 4)
1 2
=4 × =
6 3

P ( X > 4)
1 − P ( X ≤ 4)
=
2
= 1−
3
1
=
3

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 7

Question 2

1
rise 5 1
=
m = =
run 10 50
x
y=
50

b i

P ( X < 9)
9
y=
50
1
A = bh
2
1 9 81
= × ×9 =
2 50 100

ii

P ( X ≤ 3)
3
y=
50
1
A = bh
2
1 3 9
= × ×3 =
2 50 100

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 8

 iii

P (4 ≤ X ≤ 7)
= P ( X ≤ 7 ) − P ( X ≤ 4)
P ( X ≤ 4)
4
y=
50
1
A = bh
2
1 4 16
= × ×4 =
2 50 100
P ( X ≤ 7)
7
y=
50
1
A = bh
2
1 7 49
= × ×7 =
2 50 100
P ( X ≤ 7 ) − P ( X ≤ 4)
49 16 33
= − =
100 100 100

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 9

 iv

P ( 2 ≤ X ≤ 6)
= P ( X ≤ 6) − P ( X ≤ 2)
P ( X ≤ 2)
2
y=
50
1
A = bh
2
1 2 4
= × ×2 =
2 50 100
P ( X ≤ 6)
6
y=
50
1
A = bh
2
1 6 36
= × ×6 =
2 50 100
P ( X ≤ 6) − P ( X ≤ 2)
36 4 32 8
= − = =
100 100 100 25

P ( X > 5)
1 − P ( X ≤ 5)
5
y=
50
1
A = bh
2
1 5 25 1
= × ×5 = =
2 50 100 4
1 − P ( X ≤ 5)
1
= 1−
4
3
=
4

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 10

Question 3

f ( x ) ax 2
= 0≤ x≤5
5
∫ 0
ax 2 dx = 1
5
 ax 3 
 3  =1
 0
a × 53 a × 03
− =
1
3 3
125a
=1
3
3
a=
125
3x 2
f ( x) =
125

b i

P ( X ≤ 3)
3x 2
3
∫0 125 dx
3
 x3 
= 
125  0
33 03 27
= − =
125 125 125

ii

P (1 < X < 4 )
4 3x 2
∫
1 125
dx
4
 x3 
= 
125 1
43 13
= −
125 125
64 − 1
=
125
63
=
125

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 11

 iii

P ( X > 2)
5 3x 2
∫2 125 dx
5
 x3 
= 
125  2
53 23
= −
125 125
125 − 8
=
125
117
=
125

iv

P ( X < 1)
1 3x 2
∫0 125 dx
1
 x3 
= 
125  0
13 03
= −
125 125
1
=
125

P (3 ≤ X < 4)
4 3x 2
∫3 125 dx
4
 x3 
= 
125  3
43 33
= −
125 125
64 − 27
=
125
37
=
125

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 12

Question 4

f ( x ) ax 3
= 0≤ x≤3
3
∫ 0
ax 3 dx = 1
3
 ax 4 
 4  =1
 0
a × 34 a × 04
− =
1
4 4
81a
=1
4
4
a=
81
4 x3
f ( x) =
81

b i

P (1 ≤ X ≤ 3)
3 4 x3
∫
1 81
dx
3
 x4 
= 
 81 1
34 14
= −
81 81
81 − 1
=
81
80
=
81

ii

P ( X < 2)
2 4 x3
∫0 81
dx
2
 x4 
= 
 81  0
24 04 16
= − =
81 81 81

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 13

 iii

P (1 ≤ X ≤ 2 )
2 4 x3
∫
1 81
dx
2
 x4 
= 
 81 1
24 14
= −
81 81
16 − 1
=
81
15
=
81
5
=
27

iv

P ( X ≤ 1)
4 x3
1
∫0 81 dx
1
 x4 
= 
 81  0
14 04
= −
81 81
1
=
81

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 14

Question 5

f ( x ) = ke x [1, 6]
6
∫ 1
ke x dx = 1
6
 ke x  = 1
1

ke6 − ke1 =
1
k ( e6 − e ) =
1
1
k=
e −e
6

b i

P ( 2 ≤ X ≤ 5)
1 5
=
e −e
6 ∫2
e x dx

1 5
= 6 e x 
e −e 2

e5 − e 2
= 6
e −e
e4 − e
= 5
e −1
e ( e3 − 1)
= 5
e −1

ii

P ( X < 4)
1 4
=
e −e
6 ∫ 1
e x dx

1 4
= 6 e x 
e −e 1

e 4 − e1
= 6
e −e
e3 − 1
= 5
e −1

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 15

 iii

P ( X ≥ 3)
1 6
=
e −e
6 ∫ 3
e x dx

1 6
= 6 e x 
e −e 3

e 6 − e3
= 6
e −e
e5 − e 2
= 5
e −1
e 2 ( e3 − 1)
=
e5 − 1

Question 6

 π
f ( x ) = sin x 0,
 2 
π

∫
0
2
sin x dx
π
= [ − cos x ]02
π
=− cos   − ( − cos [ 0])
2
= 0 − ( −1)
=1

It is a probability density function.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 16

b i

 π
P X ≤ 
 3
π
= ∫ 3 sin x dx
0
π
= [ − cos x ]03
π
=− cos   − ( − cos [ 0])
3
1
=− − ( −1)
2
1
=
2

ii

 π
P0 ≤ X ≤ 
 4
π

∫0
4
sin x dx
π
= [ − cos x ]04
π
=− cos   − ( − cos [ 0])
4
2
=− − ( −1)
2
2− 2
=
2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 17

 iii

 π
P X > 
 6
π
= ∫π2 sin x dx
6
π
= [ − cos x ]π2
6

π  π
=− cos   −  − cos   
2  6
π
= cos  
6
3
=
2

Question 7

1
f ( x) = [ a, b ]
b−a
b 1
∫a b−a
dx
b
 x 
=
 b − a  a
b a
= −
b−a b−a
b−a
=
b−a
=1

It is a probability density function.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 18

b a = 3, b = 7

1
f ( x) =
7−3
1
f ( x) =
4

P ( X ≤ 6)
1 3
=3 × =
4 4

ii

P ( X ≥ 5)
1 1
=2 × =
4 2

iii

P (5 ≤ X ≤ 6)
1 1
=1× =
4 4

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 19

Exercise 14.03 Cumulative distribution function

Question 1

x2
f ( x)
= 0≤ x≤3
9
x2
F ( x) = ∫
x
dx
0 9
x
 x3 
= 
 27  0
x3
=
27

4 x3
f ( x) = [0, 6]
1296
3
x 4x
F ( x) = ∫ dx
0 1296

x
 x4 
= 
1296  0
x4 04
= −
1296 1296
x4
=
1296

ex
f ( x)
= 0≤ x≤4
e4 − 1
x
x e
F ( x ) = ∫ 4 dx
0 e −1

x
 ex 
= 4 
 e − 1 0
ex e0
= −
e4 − 1 e4 − 1
ex −1
= 4
e −1

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 20

 d

4 ( x − 2)
3

f ( x) = [ 2, 7]
625
4 ( x − 2)
3

F ( x) =
x
∫ 2 625
dx
x
 ( x − 2 )4 
= 
 625  2
( x − 2) ( 2 − 2)
4 4

= −
625 625
( x − 2)
4

=
625

3x (8 − x )
f ( x) = [ 2,5]
135
24 x − 3 x 2
f ( x) =
135
x 24 x − 3 x
2
F ( x) = ∫ dx
2 135
x
12 x 2 − x 3 
= 
 135  2
12 x 2 − x 3  12 × 22 − 23 
= − 
135  135 
12 x − x
2 3
40
= −
135 135
12 x − x − 40
2 3
=
135

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 21

Question 2

5x4
f ( x)
= 1≤ x ≤ 6
7776
4
x 5x
F ( x) = ∫ dx
1 7776

x
 x5 
= 
 7776 1
x5 15
= −
7776 7776
x5 − 1
=
7776

b i

P ( X ≤ 3)
= F ( 3)
35 − 1
=
7776
242
=
7776
121
=
3888

ii

P ( X ≤ 2)
= F ( 2)
25 − 1
=
7776
31
=
7776

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 22

 iii

P ( X < 5)
= F ( 5)
55 − 1
=
7776
3124
=
7776
781
=
1944

iv

P ( X > 4)
1 − P ( X ≤ 4)
=
= 1 − F ( 4)
45 − 1
= 1−
7776
6753
=
7776
2251
=
2592

P ( 2 ≤ X ≤ 4)
= F ( 4) − F ( 2)
45 − 1 25 − 1
= −
7776 7776
1023 − 31
=
7776
992
=
7776
31
=
243

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 23

Question 3

4 x3
f ( x) = [3, 7]
2320
3
x 4x
F ( x) = ∫ dx
3 2320

x
 x4 
= 
 2320  3
x4 34
= −
2320 2320
x 4 − 81
=
2320

b i

P ( X ≤ 4)
= F ( 4)
44 − 81
=
2320
175
=
2320
35
=
464

ii

P ( X ≤ 6)
= F ( 6)
64 − 81
=
2320
1215
=
2320
243
=
464

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 24

 iii

P ( X ≥ 5)
1 − P ( X ≤ 5)
=
= 1 − F ( 5)
54 − 81
= 1−
2320
1776
=
2320
111
=
145

iv

P ( X ≥ 4)
1 − P ( X ≤ 4)
=
= 1 − F ( 4)
35
= 1−
464
429
=
464

P ( 4 ≤ X ≤ 6)
= P ( X ≤ 6) − P ( X ≤ 4)
= F ( 6) − F ( 4)
243 35
= −
464 464
208
=
464
13
=
29

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 25

Question 4

2e 2 x
f ( x) = [0,5]
e10 − 1
2x
x 2e
F ( x ) = ∫ 10 dx
0 e −1

x
 e2 x 
=  10 
 e − 1 0
e2 x e0
= 10 −
e − 1 e10 − 1
e2 x − 1
= 10
e −1

b i

P ( X ≤ 2)
= F ( 2)
e4 − 1
=
e10 − 1
= 0.0024

ii

P ( X ≤ 4)
= F ( 4)
e8 − 1
=
e10 − 1
= 0.14

iii

P ( X > 3)
1 − P ( X ≤ 3)
=
= 1 − F ( 3)
e6 − 1
= 1−
e10 − 1
= 0.98

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 26

 iv

P ( X > 2.8 )
1 − P ( X ≤ 2.8 )
=
= 1 − F ( 2.8 )
e5.6 − 1
= 1−
e10 − 1
= 0.99

P ( 2 ≤ X ≤ 4)
= F ( 4) − F ( 2)
e8 − 1 e 4 − 1
= −
e10 − 1 e10 − 1
= 0.13

Question 5

f ( x ) = ax3 [0,9]
9
∫0
ax3 dx =1
9
 ax 4 
 4  =1
 0
a × 94 a × 04
− =
1
4 4
6561a
=1
4
4
a=
6561
4 x3
f ( x) =
6561

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 27

b

4 x3
f ( x) = [0,9]
6561
3
x 4x
F ( x) = ∫ dx
0 6561

x
 x4 
= 
 6561  0
x4 04
= −
6561 6561
x4
=
6561

c i

P ( X ≤ 5)
= F ( 5)
54
=
6561
625
=
6561

ii

P ( X ≤ 4)
= F ( 4)
44
=
6561
256
=
6561

iii

P ( X > 8)
1 − ( X ≤ 8)
=
= 1 − F (8)
84
= 1−
6561
2465
=
6561

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 28

 iv

P ( X ≥ 3)
1 − ( X ≤ 3)
=
= 1 − F ( 3)
34
= 1−
6561
6480
=
6561
80
=
81

P ( 2 ≤ X ≤ 6)
= F ( 6) − F ( 2)
64 24
= −
6561 6561
1280
=
6561

Question 6

a
f ( x) = [1, 6]
x
6 a
∫1 x
dx = 1

a [ ln x ]1 = 1
6

a ( ln 6 − ln1) =
1
1
a=
ln 6

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 29

b

1
f ( x) = [1, 6]
x ln 6
1
F ( x) = ∫
x
dx
1 x ln 6

1
= [ln x ]1
x

ln 6
ln x
=
ln 6

c i

P ( X ≤ 3)
= F ( 3)
ln 3
=
ln 6
= 0.61

ii

P ( X ≤ 2)
= F ( 2)
ln 2
=
ln 6
= 0.39

iii

P ( X > 5)
1 − P ( X ≤ 5)
= 1 − F ( 5)
ln 5
= 1−
ln 6
= 0.10

iv

P ( X ≥ 4)
1 − P ( X ≤ 4)
= 1 − F ( 4)
ln 4
= 1−
ln 6
= 0.23

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 30

 v

P ( 2 ≤ X ≤ 5)
= F ( 5) − F ( 2 )
ln 5 ln 2
= −
ln 6 ln 6
= 0.51

Question 7

 3π 
=f ( x ) cos x  2 , 2π 
2π
∫ 3π
2
cos x dx

= [sin x ]3π
2π

  3π  
= sin ( 2π ) −  sin   
  2 
= 0 − ( −1)
=1

Yes, it is a probability distribution function.

 3π 
=f ( x ) cos x  2 , 2π 

F ( x ) = ∫3π cos x dx
x

= [sin x ]
x
3π
2

 3π 
= sin x − sin  
2
= sin x − ( −1)
= sin x + 1

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 31

c i

 5π 
P X ≤ 
 3 
 5π 
= F 
 3 
 5π 
= sin   + 1
 3 
3
= − +1
2
2− 3
=
2

ii

 7π 
P X ≥ 
 4 
 7π 
= 1− F  
 4 
  7π  
=
1 − sin   + 1
  4  
 1 
= 1−  −  −1
 2
1
=
2

iii

 5π 11π 
P ≤X≤ 
 3 6 
 11π   5π 
= F −F 
 6   3 
 11π    5π  
= sin   +1 −  sin   + 1
 6    3  
1  3
=− −  − 
2  2 
3 −1
=
2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 32

Question 8

Mode is the value with the highest frequency, the value that has the highest point on the
graph.

a 2

b 3

c 3

d 7

e 4

f ( x) = −
3
434
( x2 − 8x − 9) [0, 7]
3
f ′( x) = − ( 2 x − 8)
434
Let f ′ ( x ) = 0
3
0= − ( 2 x − 8)
434
2x − 8 = 0
2x = 8
x=4

4e 4 x
=f ( x) 2≤ x≤6
e8 ( e16 − 1)
16e 4 x
f ′( x) =
e8 ( e16 − 1)
Let f ′ ( x ) = 0
16e 4 x
0=
e8 ( e16 − 1)
16e 4 x = 0

This function is monotonic increasing over the domain,

therefore the mode is maximum x or x = 6.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 33

h

f ( x) = −
3
1100
( x 2 − 16 x + 15 ) [1, 11]
3
f ′( x) = − ( 2 x − 16 )
1100
Let f ′ ( x ) = 0
3
0= − ( 2 x − 16 )
1100
2 x − 16 = 0
2 x = 16
x =8

f ( x)
=
2
2105
( 2 x3 − 33 x 2 + 168 x + 3) 0≤ x≤5

′( x)
f=
2
2105
( 6 x 2 − 66 x + 168 )

Let f ′ ( x ) = 0

=0
12
2105
( x2 − 11x + 28)
x 2 − 11x + 28 = 0
( x − 7 )( x − 4 ) =
0
x = 4, 7
2
f ′′ ( x )
= (12 x − 66 )
2105
f ′′ ( 4 ) < 0
It is a maximum, so 4 is the mode.

3x 2
f ( x)
= 1≤ x ≤ 7
342
Is monotonic increasing over the domain so the mode is maximum x = 7.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 34

Question 9

− ( x 2 − 6 x + 5)
3
f ( x) = [ 2, 4]
22
3
f ′( x) =− ( 2x − 6)
22
Let f ( x ) = 0
′
3
0= − ( 2x − 6)
22
2x − 6 = 0
2x = 6
x=3

− ( x 2 − 6 x + 5)
3
f ( x) = [ 2, 4]
22
F ( x ) = ∫ − ( x 2 − 6 x + 5 ) dx
x 3
2 22
x
 3  x3 
= −  − 3x + 5 x  
2

 22  3  2
3   x3   23 
=−   − 3x + 5 x  −  − 3 × 2 + 5 × 2  
2 2

22   3   3 
3  x3 2
=
−  − 3x 2 + 5 x − 
22  3 3

− ( x3 − 9 x 2 + 15 x − 2 )
3
=
66
x3 − 9 x 2 + 15 x − 2
= −
22

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 35

c

P ( X ≤ a)
= P ( X ≤ 3)
= F ( 3)
33 − 9 × 32 + 15 × 3 − 2
= −
22
−11
= −
22
1
=
2

Question 10

f ( x=
)
1
116
( x 3 − 9 x 2 + 24 x + 1) [3, 7]

( x 3 − 9 x 2 + 24 x + 1) dx
x 1
( x ) ∫3
F=
116
x
 1  x4 
=   − 3 x + 12 x + x  
3 2

116  4 3
1   x4   34 
=   − 3 x + 12 x + x  −  − 3 × 3 + 12 × 3 + 3  
3 2 3 2

116   4  4 
1  x4 201 
=  − 3 x + 12 x + x −
3 2

116  4 4 

=
1
464
( x 4 − 12 x 3 + 48 x 2 + 4 x − 201)

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 36

b i

P ( X ≤ 5)
= P ( X ≤ 5)
= F ( 5)

=
1
464
( 54 − 12 × 53 + 48 × 52 + 4 × 5 − 201)

144
=
464
9
=
29

ii

P ( X > 4)
1 − P ( X ≤ 4)
=
= 1 − F ( 4)

=1 −
1
464
( 44 − 12 × 43 + 48 × 42 + 4 × 4 − 201)

71
= 1−
464
393
=
464

iii

P ( 4 ≤ X ≤ 5)
= P ( X ≤ 5) − P ( X ≤ 4 )
= F ( 5) − F ( 4 )

( 54 − 12 × 53 + 48 × 52 + 4 × 5 − 201) − ( 44 − 12 × 43 + 48 × 42 + 4 × 4 − 201) 
1
=
464  
9 71
= −
29 464
73
=
464

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 37

c

f ( x=
)
1
116
( x3 − 9 x 2 + 24 x + 1) [3, 7]
( x)
f ′=
116
1
( 3 x 2 − 18 x + 24 )

Let f ′ ( x ) = 0

=0
1
116
( 3x 2 − 18 x + 24 )
3 x 2 − 18 x + 24 = 0
3 ( x − 4 )( x − 2 ) =
0
x = 2, 4
x = 2 is outside the domain
x = 4 but need to test the endpoints and maximum

( 3)
f=
1 3
116
( 3 − 9 × 32 + 24 × 3 + 1)

19
=
116
f ( 4) =
1
116
( 43 − 9 × 42 + 24 × 4 + 1)

17
=
116
(7)
f=
1
116
( 73 − 9 × 7 2 + 24 × 7 + 1)

71
=
116

7 minutes is the mode.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 38

Exercise 14.04 Quantiles

Question 1

3x 2
f ( x)
= 1≤ x ≤ 8
511
3x 2
( x)
x
= F=
Median ∫
1
=
511
dx 0.5
x
 x3 
 511  = 0.5
 1
x3 13
− =
0.5
511 511
511
x3 − 1 =
2
513
x3 =
2
513
x=3
2
x = 6.35

4 x3
f ( x) = [0, 7]
2401
4 x3
( x)
x
= F=
Median ∫ 0 2401
= dx 0.5
x
 x4 
 2401  = 0.5
 0
x4 04
− =
0.5
2401 2401
2401
x4 =
2
2401
x=4
2
x = 5.89

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 39

c

5x4
f ( x)
= 0≤ x≤7
16 807
5x4
( x)
x
= F=
Median ∫0 16 807=
dx 0.5
x
 x5 
16 807  = 0.5
 0
x5 05
− =
0.5
16 807 16 807
16 807
x5 =
2
16 807
x=5
2
x = 6.09

3 ( x − 3)
2

f ( x) = [1,5]
16
3 ( x − 3)
2

( x)
x
= F=
Median ∫
1 16
= dx 0.5
x
 ( x − 3 )3 
  = 0.5
 16 1
( x − 3) (1 − 3)
3 3

− =
0.5
16 16
( x − 3) +8
3

= 0.5
16
( x − 3) + 8 =8
3

( x − 3) =
3
0
x −3 =0
x=3

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 40

e

( 3x + 1)
2

=f ( x) 0≤ x≤4
244
( 3x + 1)=
2

( x)
x
= F=
Median ∫0 244
dx 0.5
x
 ( 3 x + 1)3 
  = 0.5
 2196  0
( 3x + 1) ( 3x + 1)
3 3

− =
0.5
2196 2196
( 3x + 1) − 1 =1098
3

( 3x + 1) =
3
1099
3 x + 1 =3 1099
3x + 1 = 10.32
3 x = 9.32
x = 3.11

4 x3
f ( x) = [1,9]
6560
4 x3
( x)
x
= F=
Median ∫1 6560
=dx 0.5
x
 x4 
 6560  = 0.5
 1
x4 14
− =
0.5
6560 6560
x4 −1 = 3280
x 4 = 3281
x = 4 3281
x = 7.57

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 41

g

3x 2
f ( x) = [3,11]
1304
3x 2
( x ) ∫3 =
x
= F=
Median dx 0.5
1304
x
 x3 
1304  = 0.5
 3
x3 33
− =0.5
1304 1304
x3 − 27 =652
x3 = 679
x = 3 679
x = 8.79

6 x5
f ( x)
= 0≤ x≤5
15 625
6 x5
F ( x ) ∫=
x
=
Median= dx 0.5
0 15 625

x
 x6 
15 625  = 0.5
 0
x6 06
− =
0.5
15 625 15 625
15 625
x6 =
2
15 625
x=6
2
x = 4.45

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 42

i

( 2 x − 1)
4

f ( x) = [1, 6]
16 105
( 2 x − 1) =
4

( x)
x
= F=
Median ∫
1 16 105
dx 0.5
x
 ( 2 x − 1)5 
  = 0.5
 161 050 1
( 2 x − 1) ( 2 × 0 − 1)
5 5

− =
0.5
161 050 161 050
( 2 x − 1)
+1
5

= 0.5
161 050
( 2 x − 1) + 1 =80 525
5

( 2 x − 1) =
5
80 524
2 x − 1 =5 80 524
2x −1 =9.58
2 x = 10.58
x = 5.29

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 43

j

x ( x 2 − 3)
3

f ( x) = [ 2, 4]
3570
2 x ( x 2 − 3)
3

f ( x) =
7140
2 x ( x 2 − 3)
3

( x)
x
= F=
Median ∫ 2 7140
=dx 0.5

 ( x 2 − 3)4 
x

  = 0.5
 28 560 
 2
(x − 3) (2 − 3)
2 4 2 4

− =
0.5
28 560 28 560

(x − 3) − 1
2 4

= 0.5
28 560

(x − 3) − 1 =
2 4
14 280

(x − 3) =
2 4
14 281
x2 − 3 =4 14 281

x2 − 3 =
10.93
x 2 = 13.93
x = 3.73

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 44

Question 2

3x 2
f ( x) = [3,10]
973
2
x 3x
F ( x) = ∫ dx
3 973

x
 x3 
= 
 973  3
x3 33
= −
973 973
x3 − 27
=
973

F ( x ) = 0.25
x3 − 27
= 0.25
973
973
x3 − 27 =
4
973
x=
3
27 +
4
973
=x 3 27 +
4
x = 6.47

ii

F ( x ) = 0.2
x3 − 27
= 0.2
973
973
x3 − 27 =
5
973
x=
3
27 +
5
973
=x 3 27 +
5
x = 6.05

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 45

 iii

F ( x ) = 0.77
x3 − 27
= 0.77
973
x3 − 27 =749.21
x=
3
27 + 749.21
=x 3 27 + 749.21
x = 9.19

x3
f ( x)
= 0≤ x≤6
324
3
x x
F ( x) = ∫ dx
0 324

x
 x4 
= 
1296  0
x4 04
= −
1296 1296
x4
=
1296

F ( x ) = 0.25
x4
= 0.25
1296
1296
x4 =
4
1296
x=4
4
x = 4.24

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 46

 ii

F ( x ) = 0.2
x4
= 0.2
1296
1296
x4 =
5
1296
x= 4
5
x = 4.01

iii

F ( x ) = 0.77
x4
= 0.77
1296
x 4 = 997.92
x = 4 997.92
x = 5.62

5x4
f ( x)
= 1≤ x ≤ 5
3124
4
x 5x
F ( x) = ∫ dx
1 3124

x
 x5 
= 
 3124 1
x5 15
= −
3124 3124
x5 − 1
=
3124

F ( x ) = 0.25
x5 − 1
= 0.25
3124
x5 − 1 =781
x3 = 1 + 781
x = 3 782
x = 3.79

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 47

 ii

F ( x ) = 0.2
x5 − 1
= 0.2
3124
x5 − 1 =624.8
x3 = 1 + 624.8
x = 3 625.8
x = 3.62

iii

F ( x ) = 0.77
x5 − 1
= 0.77
3124
x5 − 1 =2405.48
x3 = 1 + 2405.48
x = 3 2406.48
x = 4.75

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 48

Question 3

3x 2
f ( x) = [0,8]
512
2
x 3x
F ( x) = ∫ dx
0 512

x
 x3 
= 
 512  0
x3 03
= −
512 512
x3
=
512

F ( x ) = 0.5
x3
= 0.5
512
x 3 = 256
x = 3 256
x = 6.35

F ( x ) = 0.35
x3
= 0.35
512
x 3 = 179.2
x = 3 179.2
x = 5.64

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 49

Question 4

x2
f ( x)
= 2≤ x≤8
168
2
x x
F ( x) = ∫ dx
2 168

x
 x3 
= 
 504  2
x3 23
= −
504 504
x3 − 8
=
504

F ( x ) = 0.5
x3 − 8
= 0.5
504
x3 − 8 =252
x3 = 260
x = 3 260
x = 6.38

F ( x ) = 0.25
x3 − 8
= 0.25
504
x3 − 8 =126
x3 = 134
x = 3 134
x = 5.12

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 50

c

F ( x ) = 0.75
x3 − 8
= 0.75
504
x3 − 8 =378
x3 = 386
x = 3 386
x = 7.28

F ( x ) = 0.67
x3 − 8
= 0.67
504
x3 − 8 =337.68
x3 = 345.68
x = 3 345.68
x = 7.02

F ( x ) = 0.14
x3 − 8
= 0.14
504
x3 − 8 =70.56
x 3 = 78.56
x = 3 78.56
x = 4.28

F ( x ) = 0.8
x3 − 8
= 0.8
504
x3 − 8 =403.2
x 3 = 411.2
x = 3 411.2
x = 7.44

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 51

Question 5

x2
f ( x)
= 0 ≤ x ≤ 12
576
2
x x
F ( x) = ∫ dx
0 576

x
 x3 
= 
1728  0
x3 03
= −
1728 1728
x3
=
1728

F ( x ) = 0.2
x3
= 0.2
1728
x3 = 345.6
x = 3 345.6
x = 7.02

F ( x ) = 0.5
x3
= 0.5
1728
x 3 = 864
x = 3 864
x = 9.52

F ( x ) = 0.75
x3
= 0.75
1728
x 3 = 1296
x = 3 1296
x = 10.90

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 52

Question 6

x3
f ( x)
= 2≤ x≤8
1020
3
x x
F ( x) = ∫ dx
2 1020

x
 x4 
= 
 4080  2
x4 24
= −
4080 4080
x 4 − 16
=
4080

P ( X ≤ 5)
= F ( 5)
54 − 16
=
4080
203
=
1360

P ( X > 4)
1 − P ( X ≤ 4)
= 1 − F ( 4)
44 − 16
= 1−
4080
16
=
17

P (3 ≤ X ≤ 7)
= F ( 7 ) − F ( 3)
7 4 − 16 7 4 − 16
= −
4080 4080
29
=
51

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 53

e

F ( x ) = 0.5
x 4 − 16
= 0.5
4080
x 4 − 16 =2040
x 4 = 2056
x = 4 2056
x = 6.73

F ( x ) = 0.75
x 4 − 16
= 0.75
4080
x 4 − 16 =3060
x 4 = 3076
x = 4 3076
x = 7.45

F ( x ) = 0.9
x 4 − 16
= 0.9
4080
x 4 − 16 =3672
x 4 = 3688
x = 4 3688
x = 7.79

F ( x ) = 0.23
x 4 − 16
= 0.23
4080
x 4 − 16 =938.4
x 4 = 954.4
x = 4 954.4
x = 5.56

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 54

Exercise 14.05 Normal distribution

Question 1

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 55

e

Question 2

a µ = 23.7, σ = 4.2

b µ = 5.4, σ = 0.9

c µ = 59.7, σ = 5.4

d µ = 209, σ = 10.6

e µ = 11.3, σ = 2.2

Question 3

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 56

Question 4

a P ( Z ≤ 0) =
0.5

b P ( Z ≤ 1) =
0.8413

c P ( Z ≤ 2) =
0.9772

d P ( Z ≤ 3) =
0.9987

e P ( Z ≤ −1) =0.1587

f P ( Z ≤ −2 ) =0.0228

g P ( Z ≤ −3) =0.0013

h P ( Z ≤ 1.5 ) =
0.9332

i P ( Z < −2.67 ) =0.0038

j P ( Z ≤ 3.09 ) =
0.9990

Question 5

P ( Z ≥ −0.46 )
= P ( Z ≤ 0.46 ) by symmetry
= 0.6772

P ( Z > 2.11)
= P ( Z ≤ −2.11) by symmetry
= 0.0174

P ( Z ≥ −2.01)
= P ( Z ≤ 2.01) by symmetry
= 0.9778

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 57

d

P ( −2.4 ≤ Z ≤ −1.76 )
= P ( Z ≤ −1.76 ) − P ( Z ≤ −2.4 )
= 0.0392 − 0.0082
= 0.031

P ( −2.2 ≤ Z ≤ 2.2 )
= P ( Z ≤ 2.2 ) − P ( Z ≤ −2.2 )
= 0.9861 − 0.0139
= 0.9722

P (1.21 < Z < 1.89 )

= P ( Z < 1.89 ) − P ( Z < 1.21)
= 0.9706 − 0.8869
= 0.0837

P ( −1.45 ≤ Z ≤ 3.1)
= P ( Z ≤ 3.1) − P ( Z ≤ −1.45 )
= 0.9990 − 0.0735
= 0.9255

P ( −1 ≤ Z ≤ 1)
= P ( Z ≤ 1) − P ( Z ≤ −1)
= 0.8413 − 0.1587
= 0.6826

P ( −2 ≤ Z ≤ 2 )
= P ( Z ≤ 2 ) − P ( Z ≤ −2 )
= 0.9772 − 0.0228
= 0.9544

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 58

j

P ( −3 ≤ Z ≤ 3)
= P ( Z ≤ 3) − P ( Z ≤ −3)
= 0.9987 − 0.0013
= 0.9974

Question 6

a 0.84

b 0.67

c –0.53

d –0.84

e 1.23

f –1.17

g –0.52

h –0.67

i 0.33

Question 7

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 59

b

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 60

Exercise 14.06 Empirical rule

Question 1

a 68%

b 95%

c 99.7%

Question 2

µ = 15, σ = 1.5

a 13.5, 16.5

µ – σ, µ + σ

68%

b 12, 18

µ – 2σ, µ + 2σ

95%

c 10.5 , 19.5

µ – 3σ, µ + 3σ

99.7%

Question 3

µ = 8.4, σ = 0.9

a 7.5, 9.3

µ – σ, µ + σ

68%

b 6.6, 10.2

µ – 2σ, µ + 2σ

95%

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 61

c 5.7, 11.1

µ – 3σ, µ + 3σ

99.7%

Question 4

µ = 18, σ = 2

a 16, 20

µ – σ, µ + σ

68%

b 14, 22

µ – 2σ, µ + 2σ

95%

c 12, 24

µ – 3σ, µ + 3σ

99.7%

d 16, 18

µ – σ, µ

0.5 × 68% = 34%

e 18, 24

µ, µ + 3σ

0.5 × 99.7% = 49.85%

f 12, 22

µ – 3σ, µ + 2σ

0.5 × 99.7% + 0.5 × 95%

= 49.85% + 47.5%

= 97.35%

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 62

Question 5

b µ = 65, σ = 4

i 57, 73

µ – 2σ , µ + 2σ

95%

ii 61, 65

µ – σ, µ

0.5 × 68% = 34%

iii 65, 77

µ, µ + 3σ

0.5 × 99.7% = 49.85%

iv 57, 69

µ – 2σ, µ + σ

0.5 × 95% + 0.5 × 68%

= 47.5% + 34%

= 81.5%

v 61, 73

µ – σ , µ + 2σ

0.5 × 68% + 0.5 × 95%

= 34% + 47.5%

= 81.5%

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 63

Question 6

µ = 9.7, σ = 2.1

a 7.6, 11.8

µ – σ, µ + σ

68%

b 9.7, 11.8

µ,µ+σ

0.5 × 68% = 34%

c 9.7, 13.9

µ , µ + 2σ

0.5 × 95% = 47.5%

d 5.5, 9.7

µ – 2σ, µ

0.5 × 95% = 47.5%

e 3.4, 11.8

µ – 3σ, µ + σ

0.5 × 99.7% + 0.5 × 68%

= 49.85% + 34%

= 83.85%

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 64

Exercise 14.07 z-scores

Question 1

µ = 18, σ = 1.3

a i

x −μ
z=
σ
18 − 18
z=
1.3
z=0

ii

x −μ
z=
σ
19.3 − 18
z=
1.3
z =1

iii

x −µ
z=
σ
20.6 − 18
z=
1.3
z=2

iv

x −µ
z=
σ
21.9 − 18
z=
1.3
z =3

x −µ
z=
σ
16.7 − 18
z=
1.3
z = −1

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 65

 vi

x −µ
z=
σ
15.4 − 18
z=
1.3
z = −2

vii

x −µ
z=
σ
14.1 − 18
z=
1.3
z = −3

b i

x −µ
z=
σ
x − 18
1.5 =
1.3
x − 18 = 1.5 ×1.3
x =18 + 1.5 ×1.3
x = 19.95

ii

x −µ
z=
σ
x − 18
−2.1 =
1.3
x − 18 = −2.1×1.3
x =18 − 2.1×1.3
x = 15.27

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 66

Question 2

µ = 53.1, σ = 8.7

a µ – 3σ, µ + 3σ

53.1 – 3 × 8.7, 53.1 + 3 × 8.7

27 cm, 79.2 cm

b i

x −µ
z=
σ
53.1 − 53.1
z=
8.7
z=0

ii

x −µ
z=
σ
61.8 − 53.1
z=
8.7
z =1

iii

x −µ
z=
σ
44.4 − 53.1
z=
8.7
z = −1

iv

x −µ
z=
σ
70.5 − 53.1
z=
8.7
z=2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 67

 v

x −µ
z=
σ
35.7 − 53.1
z=
8.7
z = −2

vi

x −µ
z=
σ
79.2 − 53.1
z=
8.7
z =3

vii

x −µ
z=
σ
27 − 53.1
z=
8.7
z = −3

viii

x −µ
z=
σ
65 − 53.1
z=
8.7
z = 1.37

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 68

Question 3

µ = 6.8, σ = 1.1

a µ – 3σ, µ + 3σ

6.8 – 3 × 1.1, 6.8 + 3 × 1.1

3.5°C, 10.1°C

b i

x −µ
z=
σ
6.8 − 6.8
z=
1.1
z=0

ii

x −µ
z=
σ
7.9 − 6.8
z=
1.1
z =1

iii

x −µ
z=
σ
9 − 6.8
z=
1.1
z=2

iv

x −µ
z=
σ
10.1 − 6.8
z=
1.1
z =3

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 69

 v

x −µ
z=
σ
5.7 − 6.8
z=
1.1
z = −1

vi

x −µ
z=
σ
4.6 − 6.8
z=
1.1
z = −2

vii

x −µ
z=
σ
3.5 − 6.8
z=
1.1
z = −3

viii

x −µ
z=
σ
6 − 6.8
z=
1.1
z = −0.7

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 70

Question 4

µ = 66.4, σ = 5.8

a µ – 2σ, µ + 2σ

66.4 – 2 × 5.8, 66.4 + 2 × 5.8

54.8 mL, 78 mL

b i

x −µ
z=
σ
66.4 − 66.4
z=
5.8
z=0

ii

x −µ
z=
σ
72.2 − 66.4
z=
5.8
z =1

iii

x−µ
z=
σ
78 − 66.4
z=
5.8
z=2

iv

x −µ
z=
σ
83.8 − 66.4
z=
5.8
z =3

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 71

 v

x −µ
z=
σ
60.6 − 66.4
z=
5.8
z = −1

vi

x −µ
z=
σ
54.8 − 66.4
z=
5.8
z = −2

vii

x−µ
z=
σ
49 − 66.4
z=
5.8
z = −3

viii

x −µ
z=
σ
90 − 66.4
z=
5.8
z = 4.1

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 72

c i

x −µ
z=
σ
x − 66.4
1.2 =
5.8
x − 66.4 = 1.2 × 5.8
x = 66.4 + 1.2 × 5.8
x = 73.36 mL

ii

x −µ
z=
σ
x − 66.4
2.9 =
5.8
x − 66.4 =2.9 × 5.8
x = 66.4 + 2.9 × 5.8
x = 83.22 mL

iii

x −µ
z=
σ
x − 66.4
−0.6 =
5.8
x − 66.4 = −0.6 × 5.8
x = 66.4 − 0.6 × 5.8
x = 62.92 mL

iv

x −µ
z=
σ
x − 66.4
−2.3 =
5.8
x − 66.4 = −2.3 × 5.8
x = 66.4 − 2.3 × 5.8
x = 53.06 mL

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 73

Question 5

µ = 68, σ = 4.5

a i

x −µ
z=
σ
80 − 68
z=
4.5
z = 2.7

ii

x −µ
z=
σ
53.2 − 68
z=
4.5
z = −3.3

iii

x −µ
z=
σ
78.6 − 68
z=
4.5
z = 2.4

iv

x −µ
z=
σ
62.1 − 68
z=
4.5
z = −1.3

x −µ
z=
σ
90 − 68
z=
4.5
z = 4.9

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 74

 vi

x −µ
z=
σ
59.7 − 68
z=
4.5
z = −1.8

vii

x−µ
z=
σ
82.7 − 68
z=
4.5
z = 3.3

viii

x −µ
z=
σ
56.4 − 68
z=
4.5
z = −2.6

b 53.2, 90, 82.7

c 62.1, 59.7

d 80, 78.6, 62.1, 59.7, 56.4

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 75

Question 6

µ = 14.2, σ = 1.4

a i

x −µ
z=
σ
16 − 14.2
z=
1.4
z = 1.29

ii

x −µ
z=
σ
12 − 14.2
z=
1.4
z = −1.57

b i

x −µ
z=
σ
x − 14.2
−2.1 =
1.4
x − 14.2 = −2.1×1.4
x = 14.2 − 2.1×1.4
x = 11.26 mm

ii

x −µ
z=
σ
x − 14.2
1.3 =
1.4
x − 14.2 =1.3 ×1.4
x = 14.2 + 1.3 ×1.4
x = 16.02 mm

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 76

 iii

x −µ
z=
σ
x − 14.2
3.2 =
1.4
x − 14.2 =3.2 × 1.4
x = 14.2 + 3.2 × 1.4
x = 18.68 mm

iv

x −µ
z=
σ
x − 14.2
−0.76 =
1.4
x − 14.2 = −0.76 ×1.4
x = 14.2 − 0.76 ×1.4
x = 13.136 mm

x −µ
z=
σ
x − 14.2
1.95 =
1.4
x − 14.2 = 1.95 ×1.4
x = 14.2 + 1.95 ×1.4
x = 16.93 mm

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 77

 Question 7

=µ 23 = σ 2
x −µ
z=
σ
x − 23
2.5 =
2
x − 23 = 2.5 × 2
x = 23 + 2.5 × 2
x = 28

Question 8

x −µ
z=
σ
39 − µ
2.7 =
2
39 − =
µ 2.7 × 4.5
µ= 39 − 2.7 × 4.5
x = 26.85

Question 9

x −µ
z=
σ
59 − 89
−0.6 =
σ
59 − 89 = −0.6 × σ
−30
σ=
−0.6
σ =50

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 78

Question 10

µ = 53.4, σ = 5.6

x −µ
z=
σ
x − 53.4
0=
5.6
x − 53.4 = 0 × 5.6
x = 53.4

x−µ
z=
σ
x − 53.4
−2 =
5.6
x − 53.4 =−2 × 5.6
=
x 53.4 − 2 × 5.6
x = 42.2

x −µ
z=
σ
x − 53.4
1=
5.6
x − 53.4 = 1× 5.6
=
x 53.4 + 1× 5.6
x = 59

x −µ
z=
σ
x − 53.4
2.8 =
5.6
x − 53.4 =2.8 × 5.6
x = 53.4 + 2.8 × 5.6
x = 69.08

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 79

e

x −µ
z=
σ
x − 53.4
−1.7 =
5.6
x − 53.4 = −1.7 × 5.6
x = 53.4 − 1.7 × 5.6
x = 43.88

Question 11

x −µ
z=
σ
45 − µ
−1 =
3.3
45 − µ = −1× 3.3
µ= 45 + 3.3
x = 48.3

Question 12

µ = 16, σ = 1.9

a i 95% = µ ± 2σ

µ – 2σ, µ + 2σ

16 – 2 × 1.9, 16 + 2 × 1.9

12.2, 19.8

ii 68% = µ ± σ

µ – σ, µ + σ

16 – 1.9, 16 + 1.9

14.1, 17.9

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 80

 iii 99.7% = µ ± 3σ

µ – 3σ, µ + 3σ

16 – 3 × 1.9, 16 + 3 × 1.9

10.3, 21.7

b i

x −µ
z=
σ
20 − 16
z=
1.9
z = 2.1

ii

x −µ
z=
σ
13.5 − 16
z=
1.9
z = −1.3

c i

x −µ
z=
σ
x − 16
−3 =
1.9
x − 16 =−3 ×1.9
x = 16 − 3 ×1.9
x = 10.3

ii

x −µ
z=
σ
x − 16
1.1 =
1.9
x − 16 = 1.1×1.9
x = 16 + 1.1×1.9
x = 18.09

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 81

Question 13

µ = 104.7, σ = 5.1

a µ – σ, µ + σ

104.7 – 5.1, 104.7 + 5.1

99.6, 109.8

b i

x −µ
z=
σ
80 − 104.7
z=
5.1
z = −4.84

ii

x −µ
z=
σ
103 − 104.7
z=
5.1
z = −0.3

c i

x −µ
z=
σ
x − 104.7
2=
5.1
x − 104.7 = 2 × 5.1
=
x 104.7 + 2 × 5.1
x = 114.9

ii

x −µ
z=
σ
x − 104.7
−1.3 =
5.1
x − 104.7 = −1.3 × 5.1
x= 104.7 − 1.3 × 5.1
x = 98.07

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 82

Exercise 14.08 Applications of the normal distribution

Question 1

µ = 24, σ = 0.2

a i 23.4, 24.6

µ – 3σ, µ + 3σ

99.7%

ii 24, 24.4

µ , µ + 2σ

0.5 × 95%

= 47.5%

iii 23.8, 24.2

µ–σ,µ+σ

68%

iv 23.4, 24

µ – 3σ, µ

0.5 × 99.7% = 49.85%

v 23.4, 24.2

µ – 3σ , µ + σ

0.5 × 99.7% + 0.5 × 68%

= 49.85% + 34%

= 83.85%

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 83

b i

x −µ
z=
σ
24.8 − 24
z=
0.2
z=4

ii Yes, it is unusual as it is greater than 3 standard deviations from the mean.

c i

x −µ
z=
σ
23.7 − 24
z=
0.2
z = −1.5

ii P(X ≤ 23.7) = P(Z ≤ –1.5)

= 0.0668

iii

x−µ
z=
σ
23.7 − 24
z=
0.2
z = −1.5
23.9 − 24
z=
0.2
z = −0.5
P ( 23.7 ≤ X ≤ 23.9 )
= P ( −1.5 ≤ Z ≤ −0.5 )
= P ( Z ≤ −0.5 ) − P ( Z ≤ −1.5 )
= 0.3085 − 0.0668
= 0.2417

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 84

Question 2

µ = 25.3, σ = 3.4

a i 21.9, 28.7

µ – σ, µ + σ

68%

ii 18.5, 32.1

µ – 2σ, µ + 2σ

95%

iii 15.1, 35.5

µ – 3σ, µ + 3σ

99.7%

iv 25.3, 28.7

µ,µ+σ

0.5 ×68 = 34%

v 21.9, 32.1

µ – σ , µ + 2σ

0.5 × 68% + 0.5 × 95%

= 34% + 47.5%

= 81.5%

b i

x −µ
z=
σ
14 − 25.3
z=
3.4
z = −3.3

ii Yes, it is unusual as it is more than 3 standard deviations away from the mean.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 85

c i

x −µ
z=
σ
38 − 25.3
z=
3.4
z = 3.7

ii Yes, it is unusual as it is more than 3 standard deviations away from the mean.

Question 3

µ = 8, σ = 1.7

x −µ
z=
σ
15 − 8
z=
1.7
z = 4.1

It is unacceptable as it is outside of 3 standard deviations from the mean.

b 95% = µ ± 2σ

µ – 2σ, µ + 2σ

8 – 2 × 1.7, 8 + 2 × 1.7

4.6 minutes, 11.4 minutes

c 4.6, 13.1

µ – 2σ, µ + 3σ

0.5 × 95% + 0.5 × 99.7%

= 47.5% + 49.85%

= 97.35%

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 86

d i

x −µ
z=
σ
7.5 − 8
z=
1.7
z = −0.29

ii

P ( Z ≤ −0.29 ) =0.3859
P ( 7.5 ≤ X ≤ 8 )
= P ( −0.29 ≤ Z ≤ 0 )
= P ( Z ≤ 0 ) − P ( Z ≤ −0.29 )
= 0.5 − 0.3859
= 0.1141
= 11.41%

e i

x −µ
Z=
σ
6−8
Z=
1.7
Z = −1.18
P ( Z ≤ −1.18 )
= 0.1190
P ( 6 ≤ X ≤ 8)
= P ( −1.18 ≤ Z ≤ 0 )
= P ( Z ≤ 0 ) − P ( Z ≤ −1.18 )
= 0.5 − 0.1190
= 0.381

ii 6, 9.7

P(6 ≤ X ≤ 8) = 0.381 from part i;

P(8 < X ≤ 9.7) = 0.34 (using empirical rule of 0.5 × µ ± σ)

= 0.381 + 0.34 = 0.721

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 87

 iii

x −µ
z=
σ
5−8
z= = −1.76
1.7
10 − 8
=z = 1.18
1.7
P ( 5 ≤ X ≤ 10 )
= P ( −1.76 ≤ Z ≤ 1.18 )
= P ( Z ≤ 1.18 ) − P ( Z ≤ −1.76 )
= 0.8810 − 0.0392
= 0.8418

f i

x−µ
z=
σ
3−8
z= = −2.94
1.7
12 − 8
=z = 2.35
1.7
P ( 3 ≤ X ≤ 12 )
= P ( −2.94 ≤ Z ≤ 2.35 )
= P ( Z ≤ 2.35 ) − P ( Z ≤ −2.94 )
= 0.9906 − 0.0016
= 0.989
= 98.9%

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 88

 ii

x−µ
z=
σ
7 −8
z= = −0.59
1.7
11 − 8
=z = 1.76
1.7
P ( 7 ≤ X ≤ 11)
= P ( −0.59 ≤ Z ≤ 1.76 )
= P ( Z ≤ 1.76 ) − P ( Z ≤ −0.59 )
= 0.9608 − 0.2776
= 0.6832
= 68.32%

iii

x−µ
z=
σ
3.5 − 8
Z= = −2.65
1.7
11.9 − 8
=z = 2.29
1.7
P ( 3.5 ≤ X ≤ 11.9 )
= P ( −2.65 ≤ Z ≤ 2.29 )
= P ( Z ≤ 2.29 ) − P ( Z ≤ −2.65 )
= 0.9890 − 0.0040
= 0.985
= 98.5%

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 89

Question 4

µ = 19.9, σ = 0.4

a i 19.1, 20.7

µ – 2σ, µ + 2σ

95%

ii 19.9, 21.7

µ , µ + 3σ

0.5 × 99.7% = 49.85%

iii 20, 21

x−µ
z=
σ
20 − 19.9
=z = 0.25
0.4
21 − 19.9
=z = 2.75
0.4
P ( 20 ≤ X ≤ 21)
= P ( 0.25 ≤ Z ≤ 2.75 )
= P ( Z ≤ 2.75 ) − P ( Z ≤ 0.25 )
= 0.9970 − 0.5987
= 0.3983
= 39.83%

b 99.7% = µ ± 3σ

µ – 3σ, µ + 3σ

19.9 – 3 × 0.4, 19.9 + 3 × 0.4

18.7 mL, 21.1 mL

x −µ
z=
σ
23 − 19.9
=z = 7.75
0.4

A bottle whose volume is 23 mL is greater than 3 standard deviations from the mean
which is unusual and outside the expected range.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 90

d

x−µ
z=
σ
18.9 − 19.9
z= = −2.5
0.4
19.3 − 19.9
z= = −1.5
0.4
P (18.9 ≤ X ≤ 19.3)
= P ( −2.5 ≤ Z ≤ −1.5 )
= P ( Z ≤ −1.5 ) − P ( Z ≤ −2.5 )
= 0.0668 − 0.0062
= 0.0606

Question 5

µ = 7.5, σ = 0.3

a µ ± 2σ = 95%

b Largest diameter: µ + 2σ

= 7.5 + 2 × 0.3

= 8.1 cm

c Smallest diameter: µ – 2σ

= 7.5 – 2 × 0.3

= 6.9 cm

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 91

Question 6

µ = 3.1, σ = 0.3

a µ – 3σ

= 3.1 – 3 × 0.3

= 2.2 years

b i 2.8, 3.4

µ – σ, µ + σ

68%

ii

x−µ
z=
σ
2.5 − 3.1
z= = −2
0.3
3.5 − 3.1
=z = 1.33
0.3
P ( 2.5 ≤ X ≤ 3.5 )
= P ( −2 ≤ Z ≤ 1.33)
= P ( Z ≤ 1.33) − P ( Z ≤ −2 )
= 0.9082 − 0.0228
= 0.8854
= 88.54%

x −µ
z=
σ
4 − 3.1
=z = 3
0.3

Yes, as 4 years is 3 standard deviations above the mean so any occurrence greater
than this is unusual.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 92

Question 7

µ = 28, σ = 0.833

a µ – 3σ, µ + 3σ

28 – 3 × 0.833, 28 + 3 × 0.833

25.5 cm, 30.5 cm

x −µ
z=
σ
27.2 − 28
z=
0.833
z = −0.96

x −µ
z=
σ
30 − 28
=z = 2.4
0.833
P ( 27.2 ≤ X ≤ 30 )
= P ( −0.96 ≤ Z ≤ 2.4 )
= P ( Z ≤ 2.4 ) − P ( Z ≤ −0.96 )
= 0.9918 − 0.1685
= 0.8233
= 82.33%

d From part a, 24 cm tall is outside the range, so it would be unusual.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 93

Question 8

µ = 4.95, σ = 0.15

a 4.65 = µ – 2σ

5.25 = µ + 2σ

95% are accepted

So 100% – 95% = 5% are rejected

b 0.5 × 5% = 2.5%

2.5% are too small.

c i µ ± 3σ = 99.7%

0.3% are rejected

ii µ – 3σ , µ + 3σ

4.95 – 3 × 0.15, 4.95 + 3 × 0.15

4.5, 5.4

If the mass is less than 4.5 kg or greater than 5.4 kg.

Question 9

µ = 10.6, σ = 0.5

a i 100 – 0.3 = 99.7%

ii µ + 3σ = 10.6 + 3 × 0.5 = 12.1 cm

iii µ – 3σ = 10.6 – 3 × 0.5 = 9.1 cm

b 8.3 and 12.6 are rejected.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 94

Question 10

µ = 252.5, σ = 0.4

x −µ
z=
σ
250 − 252.5
z=
0.4
z = −6.25

Yes, the claim is realistic as 250 is 6.25 standard deviations below the mean.

Question 11

µ = 1, σ = 0.01

x −µ
Z=
σ
0.98 − 1
z=
0.01
z = −2

2.5% of all minces are below 0.98 kg

Question 12

a 826 – 814 = 12 = 6σ

σ = 12 ÷ 6 = 2 mm

826 + 814
µ=
2
µ =820 mm

c µ – 2σ, µ + 2σ

820 – 2 × 2, 820 + 2 × 2

816 mm, 824 mm

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 95

Question 13

µ =3.1
µ + 2σ =3.5
3.1 + 2σ =3.5
2σ =0.4
σ =0.2 h

b µ – 3σ

3.1 – 3 × 0.2

= 2.5 h

Question 14

a Epping

x −µ
z=
σ
78 − 75.3
z=
2.6
z = 1.04

City

x −µ
z=
σ
65 − 62.7
z=
1.7
z = 1.35

b The city is the longest trip in comparison to the relative means

and standard deviations.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 96

Question 15

a Kieran

x −µ
z=
σ
78 − 69.5
z=
8.5
z =1

b Cameron

x −µ
z=
σ
71 − 61.2
z=
4.8
z = 2.04

c Cameron did better as he has a higher z-score.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 97

 Test yourself 14

Question 1

x2
f ( x)
= 1≤ x ≤ 4
21
2
4 x
∫1 21 dx
4
 x3 
= 
 63 1
43 13
= −
63 63
63
= = 1
63

ex
f ( x) = [0,3]
e3 − 1
3 ex
∫0 e3 − 1
dx
3
 ex 
= 3 
 e − 1 0
e3 ex
= 3 −
e − 1 e3 − 1
e3 − 1
= 3
e −1
=1

x4
f ( x) = [1,5]
625
4
5 x
∫1 625 dx
5
 x5 
= 
 3125 1
55 15
= −
3125 3125
55 − 1
≠1
3125

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 98

 4 x3
f ( x) = [0,5]
625
5 4 x3
∫
0 625
dx
5
 x4 
= 
 625  0
x4 04
= −
625 625
625
= = 1
625

Question 2

Question 3

Question 4

a P ( X ≤ 15 ) =
0.75

8 2
b P ( X ≤ 15 ) = = = 0.4
20 5

P ( 7 ≤ X ≤ 18 )
18 7 11
= − = = 0.55
20 20 20

P ( 4 < X < 13)

13 4 9
= − = =0.45
20 20 20

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 99

 14 7
e P ( X ≥ 6) = = = 0.7
20 10

f Median = 10

g 18th percentile

18
× 20 =
3.6
100

h 89th percentile

89
× 20 =
17.8
100

i 6th decile

6
× 20 =
12
10

j 3rd quartile

3
× 20 =
15
4

Question 5

1
A = bh
2
1
= × 0.5 × 4
2
=1

Yes, it is.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 100

b

h
=
A1 (a + b)
2
2
= ( 0.5 + 0.2 )
2
= 0.7
1
A2 = bh
2
1
= × 0.2 × 3
2
= 0.3
Total Area = A1 + A2
= 0.7 + 0.3
=1

Yes, it is.

1
A = bh
2
1
= × 0.6 × 3
2
= 0.9

No, it is not.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 101

Question 6

3x 2
f ( x)
= 1≤ x ≤ 5
124
2
x 3x
F ( x) = ∫ dx
1 124

x
 x3 
= 
124 1
x3 13
= −
124 124
x3 − 1
=
124
F ( x ) = 0.5
x3 − 1
0.5 =
124
x − 1 =62
3

x 3 = 63
x = 3 63
x = 3.98

Question 7

3x 2
f ( x)
= 1≤ x ≤ 8
511
2
x 3x
F ( x) = ∫ dx
1 511

x
 x3 
= 
 511 1
x3 13
= −
511 511
x3 − 1
=
511

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 102

b i

P ( X ≤ 3)
33 − 1 26
=
F (3) =
511 511

ii

P ( X ≤ 5)
53 − 1 124
=
F (5) =
511 511

iii

P ( X > 6)
1 − P ( X ≤ 6)
1 − F (6)
63 − 1
= 1−
511
296
=
511

iv

P ( X ≥ 4)
1 − P ( X ≤ 4)
1 − F (4)
43 − 1
= 1−
511
448
=
511
64
=
73

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 103

 v

P (2 ≤ X ≤ 7)
= F ( 7 ) − F ( 2)
7 3 − 1 23 − 1
= −
511 511
7 −2
3 3
=
511
335
=
511

Question 8

a i

2x
f ( x) = [1, 4]
15
2
f ′( x) =
15

Mode is end point 4.

ii

2x
f ( x) = [1, 4]
15
x 2x
F ( x) = ∫ dx
1 15

x
 x2 
= 
 15 1
x 2 11
= −
15 15
x2 −1
=
15
Let F ( x ) = 0.5
x2 −1
0.5 =
15
x − 1 =7.5
2

x 2 = 8.5
x = 8.5
x = 2.9

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 104

b i

x2
f ( x)
= 0≤ x≤9
243
2x
f ′( x) =
243

This function is monotonic increasing over the domain, so the mode is 9.

ii

x2
f ( x)
= 0≤ x≤9
243
2
x x
F ( x) = ∫ dx
0 243

x
 x3 
= 
 729  0
x3 03
= −
729 729
x3
=
729
Let F ( x ) = 0.5
x3
0.5 =
729
729
x3 =
2
729
x=3
2
x = 7.14

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 105

Question 9

µ = 3.2, σ = 0.31

a µ – 3σ, µ + 3σ

3.2 – 3 × 0.31, 3.2 + 3 × 0.31

2.27 kg, 4.13 kg

b i

x−µ
z=
σ
3.9 − 3.2
z=
0.31
z = 2.26

ii

x −µ
z=
σ
3.5 − 3.2
z=
0.31
z = 0.97

P ( 3.5 ≤ X ≤ 3.9 )
= P ( 0.97 ≤ Z ≤ 2.26 )
= P ( Z ≤ 2.26 ) − P ( Z ≤ 0.97 )
= 0.9881 − 0.8340
= 0.1541

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 106

 Question 10

3x5
f ( x)
= 0≤ x≤a
2048
a 3x5
∫0 2048
dx =1
a
 x6 
 4096  = 1
 0
a6 06
− =
1
4096 4096
a 6 = 4096
a = 6 4096
a=4

Domain [0, 4]

Question 11

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 107

Question 12

µ = 1.95, σ = 0.08

a 1.71 kg to 2.19 kg = µ – 3σ to µ + 3σ

So 99.7% accepted.

100% – 99.7% = 0.3% rejected

b 2.11 = µ + 2σ

1.87 = µ – σ

Accepted = 0.5 × 95% + 0.5 × 68%

= 47.5% + 34%

= 81.5%

Rejected = 100% – 81.5% = 18.5%

Question 13

3x 2
f ( x)
= 3≤ x ≤7
316
2
x 3x
F ( x) = ∫ dx
3 316

x
 x3 
= 
 316  3
x3 33
= −
316 316
x3 − 27
=
316

F ( x ) = 0.5
x3 − 27
= 0.5
316
x3 − 27 =158
x3 = 185
x = 3 185
x = 5.7

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 108

b

F ( x ) = 0.75
x3 − 27
= 0.75
316
x3 − 27 =237
x3 = 264
x = 3 264
x = 6.4

F ( x ) = 0.4
x3 − 27
= 0.4
316
x3 − 27 =126.4
x3 = 153.4
x = 3 153.4
x = 5.35

F ( x ) = 0.63
x 3 − 27
= 0.63
316
x 3 − 27 =199.08
x 3 = 226.08
x = 3 226.08
x = 6.09

F ( x ) = 0.28
x 3 − 27
= 0.28
316
x 3 − 27 =88.48
x 3 = 115.48
x = 3 115.48
x = 4.87

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 109

Question 14

µ = 2.9, σ = 3.6 – 2.9 = 0.7

Question 15

x4
f ( x)
= 0≤ x≤5
625
4
x x
F ( x) = ∫ dx
0 625

x
 x5 
= 
 3125  0
x5 05
= −
3125 3125
x5
=
3125

x6
f ( x) = [0,7]
117 649
x6
F ( x) = ∫
x
dx
0 117 649

x
 x7 
= 
 823 543  0
x7 07
= −
823 543 823 543
x7
=
823 543

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 110

c

ex
f ( x)
= 0≤ x≤6
e6 − 1
x
ex
F ( x ) = ∫ 6 dx
0
e −1
x
 ex 
= 6 
 e − 1 0
ex e0
= −
e4 − 1 e4 − 1
ex −1
= 6
e −1

x
f ( x) = [1,9]
40
x
x
F ( x ) = ∫ dx
1
40
x
 x2 
= 
 80 1
x 2 12
= −
80 80
x2 −1
=
80

Question 16

a P ( Z ≤ 0.54 ) =
0.7054

b P ( Z ≤ 1.32 ) =
0.9066

c P ( Z ≤ −3) =0.0013

d P ( Z ≤ −0.71) =0.2389

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 111

e

P ( Z > −1)
= 1 − P ( Z ≤ −1)
= 1 − 0.1587
= 0.8413

P ( Z ≥ 2.5 )
1 − P ( Z ≤ 2.5 )
=
= 1 − 0.9938
= 0.0062

P ( Z ≥ −1.08 )
= 1 − P ( Z ≤ −1.08 )
= 1 − 0.1401
= 0.8599

P ( −2.3 ≤ Z ≤ −1.09 )
= P ( Z ≤ −1.09 ) − P ( Z ≤ −2.3)
= 0.1379 − 0.0107
= 0.1272

P (1.1 ≤ Z ≤ 3.11)
= P ( Z ≤ 3.11) − P ( Z ≤ 1.1)
= 0.9991 − 0.8643
= 0.1348

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 112

Question 17

µ = 12.5, σ = 1.5

a 9.5, 15.5

µ – 2σ, µ + 2σ

95%

b 12.5, 14

µ,µ+σ

0.5 × 68% = 34%

c 11, 17

µ – σ, µ + 3σ

0.5 × 68% + 0.5 × 99.7%

= 34% + 49.85%

= 83.85%

d 10, 15

x −µ
z=
σ
10 − 12.5
z= = −1.67
1.5
15 − 12.5
=Z = 1.67
1.5
P (10 ≤ X ≤ 15 )
= P ( −1.67 ≤ Z ≤ 1.67 )
= 1 − 2 P ( Z ≤ −1.67 ) By symmetry of bell curve
= 1 − 2 × 0.0475
= 0.905
= 90.5%

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 113

e 12, 13

x−µ
z=
σ
12 − 12.5
z= = −0.33
1.5
13 − 12.5
=z = 0.33
1.5
P (12 ≤ X ≤ 13)
= P ( −0.33 ≤ Z ≤ 0.33)
= 1 − 2 P ( Z ≤ −0.33) By symmetry of bell curve
= 1 − 2 × 0.3707
= 0.2586
= 25.86%

Question 18

f ( x ) = ae x [0,5]
5
∫0
ae x dx = 1
5
 ae x  = 1
0

ae5 − ae0 =
1
a ( e5 − 1) =
1
1
a=
e −1
5

f ( x ) = ae x [1, 4]
4
∫1
ae x dx =1
4
 ae x  = 1
1

ae 4 − ae1 =
1
a ( e4 − e ) =
1
1
a=
e −e
4

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 114

Question 19

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 115

e

Question 20

a f(x) is monotonic increasing, so mode = maximum x = 8.

b Mode = 1.5

f ( x=
)
4
189
( x3 − 9 x 2 + 24 x ) [0,3]
( x)
f ′=
189
4
( 3x2 − 18 x + 24 )
Let f ′ ( x ) = 0

=0
4
189
( 3 x 2 − 18 x + 24 )

3 x − 18 x + 24 =
2
0
3 ( x − 4 )( x − 2 ) =
0
x = 2, 4
x = 4 is outside the domain
x=2
but need to test for maximum
4
f ′′ ( x )
= ( 6 x − 18)
189
4
( 2)
f ′′ = ( 6 × 2 − 18) < 0
189
x = 2 is a maximum

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 116

Question 21

a Klare

x−µ
z=
σ
9.3 − 8.3
=z ≈ 0.83
1.2

b Simon

x −µ
z=
σ
8.9 − 8.1
=z = 1
0.8

c Klare had the lower z-score so she had the better time.

Question 22

x3
f ( x)
= 1≤ x ≤ 7
600
7 x3
∫
1 600
dx
7
 x4 
= 
 2400 1
74 14
= −
2400 2400
2401 − 1
=
2400
2400
=
2400
=1

Yes, it is a probability density function.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 117

Question 23

µ = 1.1, σ = 0.02

a i

x −µ
z=
σ
1.15 − 1.1
z=
0.02
z = 2.5

ii

x −µ
z=
σ
1.07 − 1.1
z=
0.02
z = −1.5

b i z = 1 ⇒ µ + σ = 1.1 + 0.02 = 1.12 m

ii z = –2 ⇒ µ – 2σ = 1.1 – 0.04 = 1.06 m

iii

x −µ
z=
σ
x − 1.1
3.1 =
0.02
x − 1.1 = 3.1× 0.02
x = 1.1 + 3.1× 0.02
x = 1.162 m

iv

x −µ
z=
σ
x − 1.1
−0.63 =
0.02
x − 1.1 =−0.63 × 0.02
x =1.1 − 0.63 × 0.02
x = 1.087 m

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 118

 v

x −µ
z=
σ
x − 1.1
1.27 =
0.02
x − 1.1 = 1.27 × 0.02
x =1.1 + 1.27 × 0.02
x = 1.125 m

Question 24

x −µ
z=
σ
87.9 − µ
−1.3 =
1.6
87.9 − µ = −1.3 × 1.6
=
µ 87.9 + 1.3 × 1.6
µ =89.98

Question 25

x −µ
z=
σ
52.4 − µ
1.7 =
1.9
52.4 − µ
= 1.7 × 1.9
=
µ 52.4 − 1.7 × 1.9
µ =49.17

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 119

 Challenge exercise 14

Question 1

5x4
f ( x)
= a≤ x≤b
3124
4
x 5x
F ( x) = ∫ dx
a 3124

x
 x5 
= 
 3124  a
x5 a5
= −
3124 3124
x5 − a5
=
3124
F (b) = 1
b5 − a 5
=1
3124
b5 − a 5 =3124
F ( 4.353031) = 0.5
( 4.353031) − a5
5

= 0.5
3124
( 4.353031) − a5 =
5
1562
=a 5 ( 4.353031) − 1562
5

a5 = 1
a =1
b5 − 1 =3124
b5 = 3125
b = 5 3125
b=5

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 120

Question 2

µ – 2σ = 12.4

µ + 2σ = 14

2µ = 26.4

µ = 13.2

13.2 + 2σ = 14

2σ = 0.8

σ = 0.4

Question 3

4
f ( x )= ( x + 2 )( x − 4 ) [0,3]
2

249
4 
f ′ (=
x) ( x − 4 ) + 2 ( x + 2 )( x − 4 ) 
2

249  
Let f ′ ( x ) = 0
4 
= ( x − 4 ) + 2 ( x + 2 )( x − 4 ) 
2
0
249  
0 =( x − 4 ) + 2 ( x + 2 )( x − 4 )
2

0 =( 3 x + 4 )( x − 4 )
4
x = − ,4
3
Both of these solutions are outside of the range, so the end points need to be tested.
4
f ( 0 )= ( 0 + 2) ( 0 − 4)
2

249
128
=
249
4
f ( 3)= ( 3 + 2 )( 3 − 4 )
2

249
20
=
249
f ( 0 ) > f ( 3)

0 is the mode

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 121

Question 4

3 x ( x 2 + 1)
2

f ( x) = [3, 7]
62 000
3 x ( x 2 + 1)
2

F ( x) = ∫
x
dx
3 62 000
x
2 x ( x 2 + 1) dx
3
∫
2

124 000 3
( x 2 + 1)3 
x
1
=
124 000   3

(x + 1) (3 + 1)
2 3 2 3

= −
124 000 124 000

(x + 1) − 1000
2 3

=
124 000

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 122

Question 5

P ( X ≤ 23.8 ) =
0.9192
z = 1.4
x−µ
z=
σ
23.8 − µ
1.4 =
σ
23.8 − µ= 1.4σ

P ( X ≤ 17.15 ) =
0.3085
z = −0.5
17.15 − µ
−0.5 =
σ
17.15 − µ = −0.5σ [1]
23.8 − µ= 1.4σ [2]

[2] − [1] :
= 1.9σ
6.65
σ =3.5

Sub into [2]:

23.8 − µ
= 1.4 × 3.5
= 4.9
=
µ 23.8 − 4.9
µ =18.9

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 123

Question 6

−
( x −µ )2
1
f ( x) = e 2 σ2
σ 2π

Given μ = 6 and σ = 1.

−
( x − 6 )2
1
f ( x) = 2(1)
2
e
1× 2π
1 −(
x − 6)
2

= e 2
2π
1 −(
x − 6)
2
∞
∫−∞
2π
e 2
dx

=1

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 124