Foundations of Economics 8th Edition

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Foundations of Economics 8th Edition Bade Solutions Manual

Chapter
The U.S.

ANSWERS TO CHAPTER CHECKPOINT

 Study Plan Problems and Applications

and Global
Economies 2
1. Which of the following items are not consumption goods and services?
Explain why not.
 A chocolate bar
A chocolate bar is a consumption good.
 A ski lift
A ski lift is not a consumption good. It is capital that produces a ser-
vice for skiers.
 A golf ball
A golf ball is a consumption good.
2. Which of the following items are not capital goods? Explain why not.
 An auto assembly line
An auto assembly line is a capital good.
 A shopping mall
A shopping mall is a capital good.
 A golf ball
A golf ball is not a capital good. It is a consumption good.
3. Which of the following items are not factors of production? Explain why not.
 Vans used by a baker to deliver bread
Vans used to deliver bread are capital, so they are factors of produc-
tion.
 1,000 shares of Amazon.com stock
1,000 shares of Amazon.com stock are not a factor of production. The
shares represent partial ownership of Amazon.com and therefore are
financial capital.
 Undiscovered oil in the Arctic Ocean
Undiscovered oil is not a factor of production because it is not used to

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18 Part 1 . INTRODUCTION

produce goods or services. Once it is discovered, it will become a fac-

tor of production.
4. Which factor of production earns the highest percentage of total U.S. in-
come? Define that factor of production. What is the income earned by
this factor of production called?
Labor earns by far the largest percentage of total U.S. income, 63 percent
of total income in 2014. Labor consists of the work time and the work ef-
fort that people devote to producing goods and services. The income
earned by labor is a wage.
5. With more job training and more scholarships to poor American stu-
dents, which special factor of production is likely to grow faster than in
the past?
As more people go to school and/or receive job training, the nation’s hu-
man capital will grow more rapidly. Human capital is the knowledge and
skills people obtain from education, on-the-job training, and work experi-
ence. With more job training and more scholarships, human capital will
grow more rapidly.
6. Define the factor of production called capital. Give three examples of
capital, different from those in the chapter. Distinguish between the fac-
tor of production capital and financial capital.
Capital is the tools, instruments, machines, buildings, and other items that
have been produced in the past and that businesses now use to produce
goods and services. Capital includes railroad engines and cars, servers,
and ATMs. The factor of production “capital” is the actual good itself; “fi-
nancial capital,” such as stocks and bonds, are the funds that provide
businesses with their financial resources which can be used to acquire
capital goods.
7. The pace at which new businesses are created in the U.S. economy and
the percentage of U.S. jobs in young firms has fallen.
Ryan Decker and others, “The Role of Entrepreneurship
in U.S. Job Creation and Economic Dynamism.” Journal
of Economic Perspectives, 2014.
Explain how you would expect these facts to influence what, how, and for
whom goods and services are produced in the United States
The answer to the what question changes if, as is probably the case, new
and young business produce different goods and services than more es-
tablished business. For example, new and young firms are more likely to
create apps than older and more established firms. If these groups of pro-
ducers produced their goods and services using different technologies
than the rest of the producers, then the question of how goods and ser-
vices would change. For whom goods and services are produced would

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 Chapter 2 . The U.S. and Global Economies 19

change if some groups of consumers prefer the goods and services pro-
duced by the new and young firms while other groups do not.
8. In the circular flow model, explain the real flow and/or the money flow
in which each item below belongs. Illustrate your answers on a circular
flow diagram.
 You buy a coffee at Starbucks.
In Figure 2.1 the
dark arrows repre-
sent money flows
and the grey arrows
represent flows of
goods and services
and factors of pro-
duction. If you buy a
coffee at Starbucks,
your expenditure is
a money flow from
households to the
goods market, la-
beled a in the figure.
 The government buys
some Dell computers.
The purchase of
computers by the
government repre-
sents a flow of com-
puters from the
goods market to the
government, labeled
b in the figure.
 A student works at a FedEx office.
The student working at FedEx is a factor of production, so the flow is
a flow of the services of factor of production from households to the
factor markets, labeled c in the figure.
 Donald Trump rents a Manhattan building to Marriott hotel.
Donald Trump’s building in Manhattan is a factor of production, so
the flow is the services from this factor of production from house-
holds to the factor markets, labeled d in the figure.
 You pay your income tax.
Your income tax payment is a money flow from households to the
government and is labeled e in the figure.

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20 Part 1 . INTRODUCTION

9. Why you can get a free college education in Germany but not in California
Even American students can get a free college degree in Germany, where
high taxes pay for colleges. Despite college being free, fewer students in
Germany earn college degrees than in the United States and more enter
vocational apprenticeships.
Source: Los Angeles Times, October 29, 2015
If California adopted the German model of higher education, how
would that change for whom goods and services are produced?
The students in California who otherwise would not have gone to col-
lege but who take advantage of the “free” college education will have
higher incomes than otherwise. Consequently, more goods and ser-
vices will be produced for them. The taxpayers who must pay the
taxes necessary to fund these college educations will have less income
to spend on goods and services, so fewer goods and services will be
produced for them.
10. Read Eye on the Dreamliner on p. 43 and then answer the following ques-
tions:
 How many firms are involved in the production of the Dreamliner
and how many are identified in the figure on p. 43?
Over 400 firms are involved in the production of the Dreamliner. On-
ly 15 of them are identified in the figure.
 Is the Dreamliner a capital good or a consumption good? Explain
why?
The Dreamliner is a capital good because it will be used to produce
services (airline travel) throughout many future years.
 State the factors of production that make the Dreamliner and provide
an example of each.
All the factors of production—land, labor, capital, and entrepreneur-
ship—are used to make the Dreamliner. The copper used for wiring is
an example of the land used; the engineer who helped design the
landing gear is an example of labor; the huge cranes that lift the vari-
ous pieces of the Dreamliner to assemble them is an example of capi-
tal; and the creative and imaginative input of Boeing’s top managers
who organize the resources used to produce the Dreamliner exempli-
fy entrepreneurship.
 Explain how the production of the Dreamliner influences what, how,
and for whom, goods and services are produced.
Dreamliner influences “what” goods and services are produced by
creating a demand for components manufactured around the world.
It influences “how: goods are produced because Boeing and the other
400 firms all determine the best way to produce each particular part

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 Chapter 2 . The U.S. and Global Economies 21

of the Dreamliner. It influences “for whom” because factors of pro-

duction employed to make the Dreamliner receive income from this
production, thereby increasing the quantity of goods and services
they can purchase.
 Use a graph to show where in the circular flow model of the global
economy the flows of the components listed on p. 43 appear and
where the sales of Dreamliners appear.
Except for the
components
built in the
United States,
spending on
the other
components
appear in the
flow of ex-
penditure on
U.S. imports.
Sales of
Dreamliners
appear in the
flow of ex-
penditure on
U.S. exports.

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22 Part 1 . INTRODUCTION

 Instructor Assignable Problems and Applications

1. Boeing’s Dreamliner has had a rocky start.
 Why doesn’t Boeing manufacture all the components of the Dream-
liner at its own factory in the United States?
Boeing wants to manufacture the Dreamliner at the lowest possible
cost. It would be more expensive for Boeing to manufacture Dream-
liners at its own factory in the United States because Boeing does not
have the expertise possessed by its subcontractors and because the
wages Boeing pays U.S. workers exceed the wages its subcontractors
pays their workers.
 Describe some of the changes in what, how, and for whom, that
would occur if Boeing manufactured all the components of the
Dreamliner at its own factories in the United States.
If Boeing manufactured all the components of the Dreamliner at its
own factories in the United States, more components would be pro-
duced in the United States and more capital would have been used in
their production.
U.S. workers and investors would have received higher incomes but
the Dreamliner would cost more to produce so Boeing would have
earned a lower profit.
 State some of the tradeoffs that Boeing faces in making the Dream-
liner.
Boeing faced a huge number of tradeoffs. For example, when design-
ing the plane, Boeing’s engineers had to make decisions about fuel
economy and passenger load. Increasing the passenger load de-
creased fuel economy, so the engineers traded passenger load for fuel
economy. Another example revolves around the construction of the
Dreamliner. Boeing could have constructed the plane using just a few
companies but instead it used over 400. Boeing was trading off the
simplicity of dealing with just a handful of companies for the in-
creased specialization by dealing with many specialized companies.
 Why might Boeing’s decisions in making the Dreamliner be in the
social interest?
Building the Dreamliner itself advances the social interest because it
increases the quantity of comfortable, rapid transportation. The
amount of high-quality transportation available in the economy in-
creases, which benefits society. The decisions in making the Dream-
liner advance the social interest because they were designed to make
the Dreamliner at low cost and thereby avoid wasting resources.
2. The global economy has seen a fall in the number of landlines and rapid
growth in the number of smartphones. In the United States, 41 percent of

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 Chapter 2 . The U.S. and Global Economies 23

households have no landline and 90 percent have a smartphone. In Afri-

ca, 33 percent have a smartphone. Describe the changes in what, how, and
for whom telecommunication services are produced in the global economy.
What: As the number of cell phone users increases, the global economy
has been producing more cell phone telecommunication services. More
cell phones are produced, fewer land phones are produced, and presum-
ably more cell phone frequencies are used.
How: More telecommunication services are being produced using cell
phones rather than fixed-line phones.
For whom: While the amount of telecommunication services has been ris-
ing throughout the world, it has been increasing most rapidly in Africa.
So more telecommunication services are being produced for residents of
Africa as well as for residents in the rest of the world.
3. Which of the entries in the list are con- List
sumption goods and services? Explain your
 An interstate highway
choice.
 An airplane
A pack of bubble gum and a movie are
 A school teacher
consumption goods. They are purchased
 A stealth bomber
by consumers.
 A garbage truck
4. Which of the entries in the list are capital
goods? Explain your choice.  A pack of bubble gum
An airplane, a garbage truck, and an ATM  President of the United States
are capital goods. All provide services to  A strawberry field
produce other goods and services. The in-  A movie
terstate highway and the stealth bomber al-  An ATM
so are capital goods. They also provide
services (transportation and defense) that help produce other goods and
services.
5. Which of the entries in the list are factors of production? Explain your
choice.
An interstate highway, an airplane, a school teacher, a stealth bomber, a
garbage truck, the President of the United States, a strawberry field, and
an ATM are factors of production. A school teacher and the President are
labor; an interstate highway, an airplane, a stealth bomber, a garbage
truck, and an ATM are capital; and, a strawberry field is land.
6. In the African nation of Senegal, to enroll in school a child needs a Birth
Certificate that costs $25. This price is several weeks’ income for many
families. Explain how this requirement is likely to affect the growth of
human capital in Senegal.
Human capital growth depends, in part, on the extent of schooling: More
schooling means more human capital. Because of Senegal’s hefty fee for a

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24 Part 1 . INTRODUCTION

required Birth Certificate, fewer children will enroll in school, thereby de-
creasing Senegal’s human capital growth.
7. China’s income gap widens
The income gap has widened in China. In 2014, the pay of workers in the
coastal regions increased by 9.7 percent while that of workers in the in-
land regions grew by 9 percent.
Source: South China Morning Post, May 28, 2015
Explain how the distribution of personal income in China can be getting
more unequal even though the poorest are getting richer.
The distribution of income in China can be getting more unequal even
when the poorest are getting richer if the richest are getting richer even
faster. If the rich are getting richer faster, the fraction of the nation’s total
income received by the poorest 20 percent falls, which makes the personal
distribution of income more unequal.
8. Compare the scale of agricultural production in the advanced and devel-
oping economies. In which is the percentage higher? In which is the total
amount produced greater?
Agricultural is a small part of total production in advanced economies. It
is a much larger part in developing economies. Even though advanced
economies devote only a small part of their total production to agricul-
ture, they still produce about one third of the world’s total production of
food. The remaining two thirds is produced in the developing nations.

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 Chapter 2 . The U.S. and Global Economies 25

9. On a diagram of the circular flow model, indicate in which real or money

flow each entry in the list belongs.
 General Motors’
pays its workers
wages.
General Motors
wage payment is
a money flow
that is a payment
for use of the ser-
vices of a factor
of production
and so flows out
of the factor mar-
ket to households
(it flowed into the
factor market
from General
Motors, a firm).
In Figure 2.3 the
dark arrows rep-
resent money
flows and the
grey arrows rep-
resent flows of
goods and services and factors. The flow of wage payments to house-
holds is labeled a in the figure in Figure 2.3.
 IBM pays a dividend to its stockholders.
IBM’s dividend payment is a money flow that is a payment for use of
the services of a factor of production and so flows out of the factor
market to households (it flowed into the factor market from IBM, a
firm). The flow to households is labeled b in the figure.
 You buy your groceries.
Your purchase of groceries represents a money flow from households
to the goods market, labeled c in the figure.
 Southwest rents some aircraft.
The aircraft are factors of production, so the flow is the services from
these factors of production from the factor markets to firms, labeled d
in the figure.
 Nike pays Serena Williams for promoting its sports shoes.
Serena Williams is a factor of production, so the flow is a money flow

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26 Part 1 . INTRODUCTION

from the factor markets to households in exchange for Ms. Williams’

services of promoting the sports shoes. The flow is labeled e in the
figure.
Use the following information to work Problems 10 and 11.
Poor India makes millionaires at fastest pace
India, with the world’s largest population of poor people, also paradoxically
created millionaires at the fastest pace in the world. Millionaires increased by
22.7 percent to 123,000. In contrast, the number of Indians living on less than a
dollar a day is 350 million and those living on less than $2 a day is 700 million.
In other words, there are 7,000 very poor Indians for every millionaire.
Source: The Times of India, June 25, 2008
10. How is the personal distribution of income in India changing?
If the number of millionaires is growing more rapidly than the number of
other income groups, it will be the case that the personal distribution of
income in India is becoming less equally distributed.
11. Why might incomes of $1 a day and $2 a day underestimate the value of
the goods and services that these households actually consume?
The people living on $1 and $2 a day probably grow a lot of their food
and produce a lot of their clothing and shelter. If these goods and services
are not taken into account, their share of goods and services is understat-
ed. Including them raises the value of the goods and services these
households actually consume.

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 Chapter 2 . The U.S. and Global Economies 27

 Multiple Choice Quiz

1. Which of the following classifications is correct?
A. City streets are consumption goods because they wear out with use.
B. Stocks are capital goods because when people buy and sell them they
make a profit.
C. The coffee maker in the coffee shop at an airport is a consumption
good because people buy the coffee it produces.
D. White House security is a government service because it is paid for
by the government.
Answer: D Answer D is correct.

2. Which of the following statements about U.S. production is correct?

A. Construction accounts for a larger percentage of total production than
does manufacturing.
B. Real estate services account for 14.5 percent of the value of total pro-
duction, larger than any other item of services or goods.
C. Consumption goods and services represent 78.5 percent of U.S. pro-
duction by value and that percentage doesn’t fluctuate much.
D. The manufacture of goods represents more than 50 percent of total
production.
Answer: C Answer C is correct as the data on page 34 show.

3. Which of the following items is not a factor of production?

A. An oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico
B. A ski jump in Utah
C. A bank loan to a farmer
D. An orange grove in Florida
Answer: C Answer C is not a factor of production because it is financial
capital; see page 37.

4. What is human capital?

A. A fruit picker
B. Unskilled labor
C. Your professor’s knowledge of the economy
D. An auto assembly line robot
Answer: C Answer C uses the definition of human capital on page 37.

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Foundations of Economics 8th Edition Bade Solutions Manual

28 Part 1 . INTRODUCTION

5. Which of the following statements is correct?

A. Labor earns wages and entrepreneurship earns bonuses.
B. Land earns interest and capital earns rent.
C. Entrepreneurship earns interest and capital earns profit.
D. Capital earns interest and labor earns wages.
Answer: D Page 39 shows that answer D is correct.

6. How are goods and services produced in the global economy?

A. Developing countries use less human capital but just as much physi-
cal capital as advanced economies.
B. Emerging economies use more capital-intensive technology than do
developing economies.
C. Human capital in all economies is similar.
D. Advanced economies use less capital than developing economies.
Answer: B Developing countries have less capital than emerging econo-
mies.

7. In the circular flow model, which of the following items is a real flow?
A. The flow of government expenditures to firms for the goods bought
B. The flow of income from firms to households for the services of the
factors of production hired
C. The flow of U.S. borrowing from the rest of the world
D. The flow of labor services from households to firms
Answer: D Answer D is a real flow because it is a labor service.

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