Digital Signal Processing Lab
Laboratory report submitted for the partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Electronics and Communication Engineering
by
Sankalp Jain - 18UEC173
Course Coordinator
Dr. Navneet Upadhyay
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
The LNM Institute of Information Technology, Jaipur
September 2020
Copyright
c The LNMIIT 2020
All Rights Reserved
Contents
Chapter Page
1 Experiment - 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Aim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Software Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3.1 Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3.1.1 Types of Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.4 Code and Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4.1 Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4.2 Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4.3 Part 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.4 Part 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4.5 Quantization Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4.6 Encoder Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.4.7 Simulink Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
iii
Chapter 1
Experiment - 2
1.1 Aim
a) Quantization and Encoding.
b) Simulink based Quantization.
1.2 Software Used
MATLAB
1.3 Theory
1.3.1 Quantization
The digitization of analog signals involves the rounding off of the values which are approximately
equal to the analog values. The method of sampling chooses a few points on the analog signal and then
these points are joined to round off the value to a near stabilized value. Such a process is called as
Quantization.
1.3.1.1 Types of Quantization
There are two types of Quantization - Uniform Quantization and Non-uniform Quantization.
The type of quantization in which the quantization levels are uniformly spaced is termed as a Uniform
Quantization. The type of quantization in which the quantization levels are unequal and mostly the
relation between them is logarithmic, is termed as a Non-uniform Quantization
There are two types of uniform quantization. They are Mid-Rise type and Mid-Tread type.
1
1.4 Code and Result
1.4.1 Part 1
2
clc;
clear all;
close all;
Fs=8000;
f=3000;
A=1;
N=5;
n1=0:1:5*Fs/f-1;
x=A*cos(2*pi*f*n1/Fs);
subplot(5,1,1);
stem(n1,x);
title("Input Signal for Fs=100000");
xlabel("No. of Samples");
ylabel("Amplitude");
L=[8 16 32 64];
for i=1:4
y=quant(x,L(i));
t=sprintf("Quantised for L=%d red=quantized, blue=sampled",L(i));
subplot(5,1,i+1);
stem(y);
hold on;
stem(x);
title(t);
end
1
1.4.2 Part 2
4
clc;
clear all;
close all;
Fs=8000;
f=3000;
A=1;
N=5;
n1=0:1:5*Fs/f-1;
x=A*cos(2*pi*f*n1/Fs);
L=[16 32 64];
mse=zeros(1,3);
for i=1:3
y=quant(x,L(i));
mse(i)=mean((y-x).*(y-x));
end
figure;
stem(L,mse);
title("(Qe) vs L");
ylabel("Quantisation Noise Power(Qe)");
xlabel("No. of Levels(L)");
sqnr=zeros(1,3);
for i=1:3
y=quant(x,L(i));
mse(i)=mean((y-x).*(y-x));
c=(A*A)/(2*mse(i));
sqnr(i)=10*log10(c);
end
figure;
stem(L,sqnr);
title("SQNR in dB vs No. of Levels");
ylabel("SQNR in dB");
xlabel("No. of Levels(L)");
1
2
1.4.3 Part 3
7
clc;
clear all;
close all;
Fs=8000;
f=3000;
A=0;
N=5;
n1=0:1:5*Fs/f-1;
L=64;
b=6;
z=zeros(1,10);
sqnr_db_pr=zeros(1,10);
sqnr_db_th=zeros(1,10);
for i=1:10
A=A+0.1;
x=A*cos(2*pi*f*n1/Fs);
y=quant(x,L);
z(i)=A;
mse=mean((y-x).*(y-x));
c=(A*A)/(2*(mse));
sqnr_db_th(i)=6.02*b + 1.76;
sqnr_db_pr(i)=10*log10(c);
end
subplot(1,2,1);
stem(z,sqnr_db_pr);
title("SQNR in dB Practical");
subplot(1,2,2);
stem(z,sqnr_db_th);
title("SQNR in dB Theoritical");
1
Published with MATLAB® R2020a
2
1.4.4 Part 4
10
clc;
clear all;
close all;
Fs=8000;
f=3000;
A=1;
N=5;
n1=0:1:5*Fs/f-1;
L=8;
x=A*cos(2*pi*f*n1/Fs);
y=quant(x,L);
stem(y);
hold on;
stem(x);
t=sprintf("Quantised for L=8 red=quantized, blue=sampled");
title(t);
z=encoder(y,L);
display(z);
z =
1×13 cell array
Columns 1 through 7
{'111'} {'000'} {'011'} {'110'} {'000'} {'110'}
{'011'}
Columns 8 through 13
{'000'} {'111'} {'000'} {'011'} {'110'} {'000'}
1
Published with MATLAB® R2020a
2
1.4.5 Quantization Function
function[y]= quant(x,L)
Max=max(x);
Min=min(x);
step_size=(Max-Min)/(L);
Lx=length(x);
y=zeros(1,Lx);
for i=1:Lx
index=round(((x(i)-Min)./step_size));
y(i)=index.*step_size + Min;
end
end
Not enough input arguments.
Error in quant (line 2)
Max=max(x);
Published with MATLAB® R2020a
13
1.4.6 Encoder Function
function [p] = encoder(q,L)
Max=max(q);
Min=min(q);
step_size=(Max-Min)/(L-1);
Lq= length(q);
for i=1:Lq
a=(q(i)-Min)./step_size;
st{i}=dec2bin(a,3);
end
p=strcat(st);
end
Not enough input arguments.
Error in encoder (line 2)
Max=max(q);
Published with MATLAB® R2020a
14
1.4.7 Simulink Part
15
16
