Energy Reports 9 (2023) 3733–3744

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Energy Reports
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/egyr

Research paper

Retrofit of renewable energy systems in existing community for

positive energy community
Young-Sub An, Jongkyu Kim, Hong-Jin Joo, Gwang-woo Han, Haneul Kim, Wangje Lee,
∗
Min-Hwi Kim
Renewable Thermal Convergence Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea

article info a b s t r a c t

Article history: The decarbonization of buildings and communities has become a requirement for sustainability. In
Received 17 November 2022 this regard, South Korea has set a target of net-zero-energy buildings, wherein all public buildings
Received in revised form 7 February 2023 with a floor area exceeding 500 m2 must cover 80% of the primary energy consumption using
Accepted 23 February 2023
renewable energy systems by 2030. This study investigated the improvement and maximization of
Available online xxxx
energy from renewable energy systems through energy sharing between buildings by retrofitting
Keywords: an existing community. The feasibility of achieving a positive energy balance was investigated via
Positive energy community simulations. The existing community is comprised of two residential houses and two office buildings.
Building integrated renewable energy Through the retrofit design planning of the existing community, the total capacity of renewable energy
system could be applied at 75.4 kW after renovation. Through simulation, power generation rates of the
Annual energy balance
building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) and photovoltaic and thermal (PVT) systems were analyzed.
Retrofit of renewable energy
The renewable energy generation rates were 2.48 times higher when using BIPV and PVT systems.
Therefore, the analysis of the annual energy balance of the community indicated that 46.2% of the
surplus energy can be generated via renewable energy systems, compared with that of conventional
community. Thus, the retrofit community can be renovated into a positive energy community.
© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

1. Introduction zero-energy buildings. In particular, the Ministry of Land, Infras-

tructure, and Transport is promoting the expansion of net-zero-
Based on climate change forecast data (IPCC, 2021) of the energy buildings from single building types (e.g., public/private,
current scenario of greenhouse gases (GHGs), the climate change detached dwelling) to net-zero-energy districts and cities. Obtain-
ing net-zero energy in single buildings is not sufficient to achieve
evaluation criteria of the sixth report of the Intergovernmental
net-zero energy in such communities. Therefore, efforts are be-
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) of the United Nations stated that
ing undertaken to attain net-zero energy not just in individual
net GHG emissions should be reduced by 43% within the next
buildings but also for large communities and cities.
eight years, compared to the 2019 levels. The SSP1-1.9 and SSP1- In South Korea, net zero refers to an annual net metering
2.6 goals reflect the aim of negative CO2 emissions in the GHG policy. According to the annual net-zero-energy policy, a sig-
emission scenarios, focusing on removing more GHGs than that nificant amount of electricity is generated in the summer on
introduced in the atmosphere. the roof photovoltaic (PV) system. This leads to significant grid
Buildings contribute 24.7% of the total carbon emissions in instability and curtailment of photovoltaic power generation in
South Korea (MOTIE (Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy), other seasons. The limitation of roof area is also one of the major
2018). The updated national GHG reduction strategy for 2030 barriers to promoting renewable energy-sharing rates. During the
aims to reduce the GHG emissions in buildings by 64.5 million winter season, the power generation from PV systems is low,
tons and 32.7% of the business as usual by 2030 and achieve resulting in the seasonal instability of renewable energy. One way
carbon neutrality by 2050 (Government of the Republic of Korea, to solve this problem is using a battery energy storage system
2020). For this purpose, the roadmap for the mandated zero- (ESS). However, ESSs expensive and pose fire risks. Thus, the
energy development has been revised, and by 2030, all public building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system offers an alterna-
buildings with floor areas greater than 1000 m2 are required to be tive solution. Installing BIPV systems into the south-facing wall
can increase power generation rates in the winter season and
provides additional roof installation area.
∗ Corresponding author. Moreover, to achieve carbon neutrality in South Korea, it is
E-mail address: [email protected] (M.-H. Kim). crucial to create technology that can expand and maximize the

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.02.055
2352-4847/© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Y.-S. An, J. Kim, H.-J. Joo et al. Energy Reports 9 (2023) 3733–3744

installation of renewable energy systems because the proportion with vertical wall areas in increasing the share of renewable
of renewable energy in domestic buildings is much lower in South energy. Evola and Margani (2016) analyzed the economic fea-
Korea than in other countries. To achieve a zero-energy building, sibility of remodeling an old 8-story apartment in Italy. They
particularly in South Korea, where the proportion of existing found that the investment payback period was approximately
high-rise buildings is significant, it is important to develop tech- 9 years, with the PV power generation being 50% of the building’s
nology to install as many renewable energy systems as possible self-consumption rate with an 8-story East–West orientation.
in the space through retrofit planning and building renovation. Experimental analyses of plus-energy houses have also been con-
The planning and construction of a positive energy community ducted. Lee et al. (2022) analyzed data measured for 2 years of a
(PEC) through retrofit planning and building renovation can raise plus energy house using the BIPV system and demonstrated that
the proportion of renewable energy penetration rate in buildings the annual surplus power was 35.58%. Therefore, BIPV systems
and communities. should be considered when remodeling the building and com-
A PEC can create surplus electrical and thermal energy (above munity to improve the economic feasibility. However, real-scale
the zero-energy level) by establishing as many renewable energy experimental studies that realize PEC are limited.
systems as feasible and using them effectively inside the com- A feasibility study for achieving PEC via the retrofit of an
munity unit. Through the PEC, surplus energy can be shared with existing community through the real-scale design and construc-
adjacent buildings and communities, resulting in a community tion process was investigated to improve and maximize energy
with bidirectional energy sharing and trading facilities. In addi- conservation from renewable energy systems through energy
tion, by minimizing the volatility of renewable energy within a sharing. For the case study, an existing community composed
community and maximizing its self-consumption (through dis- of two residential houses and two office buildings located in
tributed energy production), it is possible to reduce the burden the Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), South Korea, was
on the grid, increase the acceptance of renewable energy, and remodeled and retrofitted by integrating BIPV and PVT systems.
decrease the loss of energy. Most European nations are con- The major contribution of this paper is to provide the capability
ducting positive energy district (PED) related studies, such as of renewable energy sharing and feasibility to achieve positive
Norway (nine projects), Italy (eight projects), Finland, Sweden, energy sharing community.
the Netherlands, Spain, and Germany.
To date, studies have been conducted to increase the share 2. Methodology
of renewable energy. Recently, Civiero et al. (2021) investigated
the design of urban zero-energy buildings with a decision-making This study investigated whether there are synergies for an
program tool for implementing PEDs. This study has been con- engineering assessment of the existing buildings to enhance re-
ducted under the policy issues for PED (Magrini et al.). Hamburg newable energy by supporting the retrofit of building facades
et al. (2020) proposed a plan to apply NZEB by renovating an with BIPV. A building was selected for the study, and a design pro-
existing apartment building and assessed the empirical results. cess was conducted. Then, using the detailed simulation program,
De Luca et al. (2020) assessed the economic viability of utilizing the energy balance was analyzed before and after the building
new and renewable energy sources, among the methods adopted renovation process.
for converting existing buildings to NZEB using renewable energy.
Aparicio-Gonzalez et al. (2020) examined the design for extend- 2.1. Simulation methods
ing the roof of a residential building in a community unit and the
decrease in its primary energy consumption as a result of ZEB The energy consumption, power production, and self-
installation. Kim and Nam (2021) investigated the impact of a sufficiency rates of the PEC were analyzed using ECO2, a simu-
full energy efficiency retrofit on energy consumption reduction, lation tool based on ISO 13790 and DIN V 18599. ECO2 is being
indoor environment, and air quality. They determined that with a extensively utilized as software in building energy efficiency
full energy efficiency retrofit, it was possible to realize an energy analysis and certification in South Korea. This application can
cost reduction of 12%, along with a 30% increase in indoor air estimate a building’s monthly energy demand based on typical
quality. monthly weather data and may also predict a building’s monthly
Studies on the energy renovation of building facades with BIPV energy consumption based on its system performance. Energy
have also been recently conducted (Shukla et al., 2017; Saretta consumption is divided into heating, cooling, hot-water supply,
et al., 2019). BIPV systems installed on the exterior of buildings lighting, and ventilation energy. Each computed energy can be
account for 80% of the roof and 20% of the exterior walls, and the used to estimate a building’s primary energy consumption and
usage of BIPV systems as curtain walls is growing rapidly (Shukla carbon emissions.
et al., 2017). For building energy renovation, statistical and en- Performance details by type for the walls, floors, roofs, win-
gineering analyses have been mostly investigated (Saretta et al., dows, and doors of the building were implemented. The area of
2019). From the literature, remodeling existing buildings using each part was determined using the building envelope diagram,
BIPV systems could provide an opportunity to reduce energy and the data was also utilized for the ECO2 program analysis. The
consumption and carbon emissions. Further, it was necessary to Solar Pro version 4.7 program (Solar Pro, 2020) that was used to
conduct studies on increasing the energy and carbon emission analyze the performance of the photovoltaic system is a simula-
benefits by remodeling using experimental data (Ma et al., 2012). tion program that includes all types of PV systems such as PV,
Martín-Chivelet et al. (2018) undertook a building retrofit case building-attached PV, and BIPV. This software can analyze power
study with BIPV integrated with a new ventilated façade; How- generation based on the inverter characteristics and reduction
ever, only a single building was studied, which showed a limited ratio. In particular, 32,000 solar modules are registered, up to 400
share of renewable energy. Sorgato et al. (2018) simulated the solar inverters can be connected, and up to 160,000 modules can
renewable energy share and economic feasibility of BIPV applied be implemented.
to an office building by renovation, and it was found that there
is an economic advantage owing to the low price of the solar 2.2. Overview of the K-PEC
cell compared with the existing building facade material. Aguacil
et al. (2019) suggested an efficient application method for BIPV The Zero Energy Town in Daejeon, South Korea was selected
and demonstrated the importance of BIPV in high-rise buildings for the case study of the PEC remodeling. The PEC consists of
3734
Y.-S. An, J. Kim, H.-J. Joo et al. Energy Reports 9 (2023) 3733–3744

Fig. 1. Overview of the existing zero energy town (ZET) before remodeling.

Table 1
Physical details of buildings before remodeling.
Location Unit ZeSH-1 ZeSH-2 ZET PTB
Exterior wall W/m2 K 0.120 0.120 0.452 0.120
(Direct contact with outdoor air)
Exterior wall W/m2 K 0.280 0.280 0.423 0.379
(Indirect contact with outdoor air)
Floor W/m2 K 0.269 0.265 0.570 1.406
Roof W/m2 K 0.150/0.076/0.290 0.150/0.290 0.545 4.264
Window W/m2 K 1.330 1.2000 1.330 4.000

four buildings: two residential houses, such as Zero energy Solar excluding the renovation of the insulation performance of all
House (ZeSH)-1 and ZeSH-2, and two office buildings the Zero buildings (Fig. 2).
Energy Town (ZET) building and Performance Test Building (PTB) To ensure the availability of the maximum roof area for ZeSH-
(Fig. 1). These buildings were constructed in phases between 1, the roof material and structure were partly removed, and BIPV
2000 and 2008 and were remodeled from 2020 to 2021. The and building integrated photovoltaic and solar thermal (BIPVT)
ZeSH-1 and ZeSH-2 houses have been utilized as pilot houses systems were installed. After removing the external wall material,
for experiments in terms of low-energy passive technologies, me- a new public relations hall was constructed to display the oper-
chanical systems, and renewable energy technologies. The ZeSH-1 ational status of the PEC. The roof material was removed, and a
and ZeSH-2 houses had a total floor space of 263.4 and 276.2 m2 , BIPV system was placed on ZeSH-2. After the exterior material of
respectively, with one basement and two above-ground levels. the south-facing wall was removed, the BIPVT system was placed
The ZET and PTB have 513.62 and 25 m2 of total floor area for vertically. Additionally, after removing the exterior material from
heating and cooling, respectively. The passive performance of the south-facing wall of the ZET building, a color BIPV system was
each building type before remodeling is presented in Table 1. installed, along with a white BIPV system on the south wall of
the PTB. The remodeling did not modify the total heat exchange
ventilation system installed in the building.
3. Renovation of a positive energy community (PEC)
The roof structure of ZeSH-1 was complex, and the PV and
PVT installation area on the roof was limited. Moreover, when
3.1. PEC remodeling process the PV system was installed in ZeSH-1, the power production
efficiency decreased owing to the shadow of a nearby building.
The target buildings were renovated to achieve a PEC by To overcome this limitation, the first-floor roof structure was
sharing the four buildings as a community cover and sharing over removed to secure the installation area for BIPV and BIPVT on
100% renewable energy for each community’s unit energy con- the southern roof surface. PV and PVT systems were installed on
sumption. Renewable energy sharing rate is the annual renewable the demolished roof to exploit the surplus power generation. The
energy generation power rate over the annual community energy integration of renewable energy technologies, including PV and
consumption rate. This study analyzed the renovation of the PVT systems, was envisaged as a BI system that complemented
building for the application of BIPV and BIPVT systems while the building’s exterior design.
3735
Y.-S. An, J. Kim, H.-J. Joo et al. Energy Reports 9 (2023) 3733–3744

Fig. 2. Remodeling plan for the pilot buildings considered in this study.

Owing to the lack of roof space for ZeSH-1 and ZeSH-2, during BIPV and BIPVT systems (relevant to the building envelope) was
the design process of the renovation, structural reinforcement 75.41 kW. This indicates a 48.01 kW increase in capacity after
was employed to secure the roof area, and the BIPVT system BIPV and BIPVT were added to the existing buildings (Figs. 3–
was also placed on the south-facing wall and roof to generate 6). The installation area can be enhanced by renovating the roof
additional energy. design of the building. In addition, the installation capacity can
The ZET building, which was a non-residential building, de- be increased by securing the installation area via wall renovation
teriorated the performance of the town and lost the finishing and additional integration into new structures. The amount of
material function owing to aging and damage to the existing PV power generated per unit area increased with an improvement
system. Therefore, the existing south-facing wall and PV system in the efficiency of the BIPV.
were replaced with color BIPV systems. For the PTB, which was
a non-residential building, the BIPV system was installed on the
unused south-facing wall. 3.2. Measurement facilities for PEC
Table 2 lists the PV and PVT installation capacities of each
building considered in this study. In terms of building remodeling, The networks within the PEC were unified through a router
the precise design capacity of renewable energy systems for the and a hub for each building through one Internet network, as
3736
Y.-S. An, J. Kim, H.-J. Joo et al. Energy Reports 9 (2023) 3733–3744

Fig. 2. (continued).

shown in Fig. 7, to measure, collect, and monitor the energy pro- hot water supply, and energy production/consumption for each
duction and consumption data for each building in the commu- element in the building.
nity. First, a smart multi-channel meter (model name: gems3500) The configuration of the database (DB) systems for the real-
was installed on each building’s distribution panel to monitor the time storage and exchange of data acquired from each building
amount of power generated by the BIPVT, BIPV systems, fuel cells, is shown in Fig. 7. First, the data for each building was organized
and other devices in real-time. As shown in Table 3, the cur- and saved in real-time using the Maria DB management system in
rent transformer (CT) sensors were fitted in circuit breakers that Windows- and Linux-based DBs (backup), which were separated
were divided into production and consumption. Programmable by hardware. We also used a system that could supplement each
logic controller (PLC) servers and modules capable of automated other if the data in one database was lost or omitted owing to
control were installed in each building, except for KPEB-2, to communication and power outages, hardware failure, etc.
ensure the efficient functioning of installed heat pumps, heat Solar irradiance meters, thermometers, flow meters, CT sen-
storage tanks, PVTs, fuel cells, and ESSs. PLC servers were used to sors, and other instruments were installed in each building for
monitor the temperature, flow rate, pump operation status, valve the operation, data collection, and analysis of each device in the
opening/closing status, and operating logic for cooling/heating, community (Table 3). In the case of PVT, a solar irradiance meter
3737
Y.-S. An, J. Kim, H.-J. Joo et al. Energy Reports 9 (2023) 3733–3744

Fig. 3. Overview of the installation of new and renewable energy facilities, portraying the placement of the newly installed systems (a) before and (b) after remodeling.

Fig. 4. Photographs portraying the remodeling of the buildings and houses.

3738
Y.-S. An, J. Kim, H.-J. Joo et al. Energy Reports 9 (2023) 3733–3744

Fig. 5. Photographs portraying the installation of new and renewable energy facilities.

Fig. 6. Photographs of the constructed positive energy community (PEC).

was installed at the same angle as the installed PVT to analyze of the pumps and valves installed in the PVT were also measured,
the amount of collected heat and the efficiency of the meter, along with the heat storage tank, cooling/heating piping line,
along with a resistance temperature detector (RTD) temperature power production and consumption by each element through the
sensor and flow meter for inlet/outlet temperature measure- CT sensor, and the temperatures of the front and rear surfaces and
ments. Furthermore, temperature sensors and flow meters were air layer of the PVT and BIPV.
installed in the heat pump and the inlet/outlet piping line for the
cooling/heating side of the building to analyze the heat produced 4. Results
by the heat pump and heating/cooling losses of heat. Temperature
sensors and flow meters were installed inside (placed above the 4.1. Community energy demand of PEC
heat storage tank) to analyze the stratified and stored heat capac-
ities, the temperature of the city water supplied as makeup water, The weather conditions in Daejeon that were used for sim-
and amount of hot water used. In addition, the operation statuses ulation are shown in Fig. 8. The monthly average outdoor air
3739
Y.-S. An, J. Kim, H.-J. Joo et al. Energy Reports 9 (2023) 3733–3744

Fig. 7. Measurement database construction status.

Fig. 8. Outdoor air conditions of selected community.

temperature ranges from −1.9 to 25.9 ◦ C. The monthly solar annual heating and cooling demands of the buildings ranged from
radiation ranges from 103.4 to 143.1 kWh/m2 . 58.3 to 170.2 kWh/m2 and from 9.1 to 31.4 kWh/m2 , respectively.
The thermal and electric energy demands of each building The cooling and heating demand differences between KePSH-
were evaluated based on the ECO2 simulation analysis. The com- 1 or −2 and KPEB-1 or −2 are caused by the difference in
munity’s energy demand was identical before and after the ren- building usage and envelope thermal resistance. The annual DHW
ovation process. This is mainly because the passive renovation demand of buildings ranged from 7.5 to 30.7 kWh/m2 . This is
of the building is excluded from this study. Table 4 lists the because the DHW demand depends on the building usage, such
thermal energy demand for cooling, heating, and domestic hot as a residential or non-residential building. The annual lighting
water (DHW), and the electric energy demand for lighting. The demand ranged from 8.4 to 16 kWh/m2 .
3740
Y.-S. An, J. Kim, H.-J. Joo et al. Energy Reports 9 (2023) 3733–3744

4.14 times higher than before the renovation. KePSH-2 produced

13,512.5 kWh per year, which was 1.44 times more than be-
fore the renovation. KPEB-1 produced 33,062.3 kWh per year,
a 2.36 times increase than before the renovation. KPEB-2 did
not generate power before remodeling but produced an addi-
tional 4025.3 kWh after renovation. The annual power generation
of each building contributed over 26.5% for KePSH-1, 19.5% for
KePSH-2, 48.1% for KPEB-1, and 5.9% for KPEB-2. KPEB-1 ac-
counted for the largest proportion after renovation. The total
annual power generation of the proposed PEC was 2.48 times
higher compared to the conventional community prior to the
renovation process.

4.3. Primary energy and carbon emission savings after community

renovation

According to the simulation of ECO2 and SolarPro software

analysis, as shown in Table 5, the conventional community’s
primary energy consumption and production from the BIPV sys-
tem are presented. During the renovation process, all buildings
were tuned to the positive energy buildings, including cooling,
heating, HDW, and lighting energy consumption. Then, the carbon
emission rate also changed from a carbon-positive to a carbon-
negative emission community. All buildings in the community
showed no change in the energy demand before and after renova-
tion because the building envelope was not changed and modified
during the renovation process. Further, the renewable energy
sharing rate of the community buildings significantly increased
from 58.9% to 146.2%. This indicates that the renewable energy
sharing rates can be reached at over 140% with the installa-
tion of roof and vertical wall areas on the community buildings.
This is also mainly caused by the design improvements in the
construction sector and the implementation of BIPV systems.
As shown in Fig. 10, compared to the total yearly amount be-
fore the renovation, the renewable energy system did not achieve
the overall energy demand and primary energy consumption, in-
dicating that the conventional community was a negative energy
community. However, after renovating the buildings, the primary
energy consumptions of the buildings were at levels that could be
met by the amount of energy generated by the renewable energy
system installed in the building. Moreover, the additional surplus
energy can be transferred to other buildings or communities.
Fig. 11 shows the primary energy balance following the ren-
ovation stages. The first case shows the base case before the
renovation of the community. Subsequently, after renovating
the KePSH-1 and KePSH-2 residential houses, the community
achieved nearly net-zero energy. However, after renovating KPEB-
1, the community resulted in a PEC with negative annual CO2
emissions. Converting the two residential houses into positive
energy houses results in a nearly net-zero-energy community,
including the two office buildings.
Fig. 9. Comparison of power generation of BIPV system by building according
to remodeling; (a) before remodeling, (b) after remodeling. 5. Conclusions

The objective of this study was to develop a PEC technology for

4.2. Power generation of BIPV system according to remodeling GHG reduction in the construction sector and attain community
renewable energy sharing. The PEC was designed for renovating
The annual power generation of the BIPV system before and building construction and renewable energy systems towards
after remodeling was analyzed using a simulation software, as positive renewable energy sharing. The community energy design
shown in Fig. 9. The conventional PV system in the commu- software and energy data digitization technologies developed in
nity before renovation produced 27,737.8 kWh per year. The this study are critical for extending renewable energy sources.
annual electric energy production of ZeSH-1, ZeSH-2, and ZET Results showed that 2.75 times more installation capacity of
are 4394.6, 9357.8, and 13,985.3 kWh, respectively. After the the BIPV system can be placed through the renovation process.
renovation process, the PEC could produce 68,802 kWh of electric From this design capacity enhancement, the annual renewable
power annually. KePSH-1 generated 18,201.8 kWh, which was energy sharing rates can also increase from 58.9% to 146.2%. Thus,
3741
Y.-S. An, J. Kim, H.-J. Joo et al. Energy Reports 9 (2023) 3733–3744

Fig. 10. Primary energy production and consumption comparison of the PEC before and after renovation.

Table 2
Details of the installation of new and renewable energy facilities through remodeling.
Buildings Before remodeling After remodeling
Renewable Installed Installed Renewable Installed Installed
energy location capacity energy location capacity
facilities [kW] facilities [kW]
ZeSH-1 to BIPV Roof 3.3 BIPVT Roof 4.29
KePSH-1
BIPV Roof 15.12
ZeSH-2 to BIPV South-facing 2.92 BIPVT South-facing 3.3
KePSH-2 wall wall
BIPV roof 4.98 BIPV roof 8.3
ZET to BIPV South wall 16.2 BIPV South wall 39.6
KPEB-1
PTB to – – – BIPV South wall 4.8
KPEB-2
Total 27.4 75.41

Table 3
Specifications data of measuring equipment.
Item Instrument Specification of instrument
DASS 3.5i Maximum Power Point Tracking 200∼400 V
PV inverter
Efficiency Maximum >97%
DASS 20i, DASS 30i Maximum Power Point Tracking 480∼800 V
Efficiency Maximum >99%
Solar radiation CMP21 Measuring range: 4,000 W/m3
Accuracy: < 0.2%(@100∼10,00 W/m3 )
Module temperature K-type Thermocouple Measuring range: 0∼+120 ◦ C
Accuracy: ±0.3 ◦ C
Power meter Gems3500 45∼65 Hz
Accuracy: ±0.02 Hz

the building sector can achieve carbon neutrality by designing For future studies, an experimental analysis will be conducted
and maximizing the installation of renewable energy resources. to prove the concept of this community. Additionally, the self-
Further, the renovation process can reduce up to 53.6 tCO2 of consumption of renewable energy sources and energy demand
annual carbon emissions. within an hour will be studied to enhance the stability of the
3742
Y.-S. An, J. Kim, H.-J. Joo et al. Energy Reports 9 (2023) 3733–3744

Table 4
Annual thermal and electric energy demands of the community.
Buildings Heating [kWh/m2 ] Cooling [kWh/m2 ] Domestic Hot Lighting [kWh/m2 ]
Water (DHW)
[kWh/m2 ]
ZeSH-1 to KePSH-1 58.3 27.2 30.7 8.4
ZeSH-2 to KePSH-2 59.1 31.4 30.7 8.4
ZET to KPEB-1 40.5 27.1 7.5 15.5
PTB to KPEB-2 170.2 9.1 7.5 16

Table 5
Impact of building renovation on primary energy balance, carbon emission, and renewable energy sharing rate.
Buildings Before remodeling After remodeling
Primary Primary CO2 Renewable Primary Primary CO2 Renewable
energy energy con- emissions energy energy energy con- emissions energy
production sumption [tCO2 ] sharing production sumption [tCO2 ] sharing
[kWh] [kWh] rate [%] [kWh] [kWh] rate [%]
ZeSH-1 to KePSH-1 12,085.3 34,141.0 10.5 35.4% 50,055.0 34,141.0 −7.6 146.6%
ZeSH-2 to KePSH-2 25,734.2 32,682.4 3.3 78.7% 37,159.6 32,682.4 −2.1 113.7%
ZET to KPEB-1 38,459.6 57,251.5 8.9 67.2% 90,921.5 57,251.5 −16.0 158.8%
PTB to KPEB-2 – 5,380.8 2.6 0.0% 11,069.6 5,380.8 −2.7 205.7%
PEC 76,279.1 129,455.7 25.2 58.9% 189,205.7 129,455.7 −28.4 146.2%

Fig. 11. Primary energy balance and carbon emission via renovation stages of the PEC.

national electric grid through the widespread use of renewable Aparicio-Gonzalez, E., Domingo-Irigoyen, S., Sánchez-Ostiz, A., 2020. Rooftop
energy-based buildings. extension as a solution to reach nzeb in building renovation. Application
through typology classification at a neighborhood level. Sustainable Cities
Soc. 57, 102109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.SCS.2020.102109.
Declaration of competing interest
Civiero, P., Pascual, J., Abella, J.A., Figuero, A.B., Pedrera, S.J., 2021. Positive
energy district renovation model for large scale actions. Energies 14 (10),
The authors declare the following financial interests/personal http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/EN14102833.
relationships which may be considered as potential competing De Luca, G., Ballarini, I., Lorenzati, A., Corrado, V., 2020. Renovation of a
interests: Min-Hwi Kim reports financial support was provided social house into a NZEB: Use of renewable energy sources and economic
by Korea Institute of Energy Research. implications. Renew. Energy 159, 356–370.
Evola, G., Margani, G., 2016. Renovation of apartment blocks with BIPV: Energy
and economic evaluation in temperate climate. Energy Build. 130, 794–810.
Data availability Government of the Republic of Korea, 2020. 2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of
the Republic of Korea: Towards a Sustainable and Green Society. Republic of
The data that has been used is confidential. Korea, pp. 1–131, https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/LTS1_RKorea.
pdf (in Korean).
Acknowledgments Hamburg, A., Kuusk, K., Mikola, A., Kalamees, T., 2020. Realisation of energy
performance targets of an old apartment building renovated to NZEB. Energy
194, 116874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2019.116874.
This research was funded by the basic project of the Korea
IPCC, 2021. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis Contribution of
Institute of Energy Research (KIER) (grant number C2-2474). Working Group I To the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press (9 August 2021).
References Kim, J.M., Nam, S.H., 2021. IEQ and energy effect analysis according to empirical
full energy efficiency retrofit in South Korea. Energy Build. 235, 110629.
Aguacil, S., Lufkin, S., Rey, E., 2019. Active surfaces selection method for http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.ENBUILD.2020.110629.
building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) in renovation projects based on Lee, H., Lee, R., Kim, D., Yoon, J., Kim, H., Lee, G., 2022. Performance evaluation
self-consumption and self-sufficiency. Energy Build. 193, 15–28. of sputter-coating based color BIPV modules under the outdoor operational

3743
Y.-S. An, J. Kim, H.-J. Joo et al. Energy Reports 9 (2023) 3733–3744

condition: A comparative analysis with a non-color BIPV module. Energy MOTIE (Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy), 2018. White Paper on Trade,
Rep. 8, 5580–5590. Industry and Energy (Energy Section);. Korean Ministry of Trade, Industry
Ma, Z., Cooper, P., Daly, D., Ledo, L., 2012. Existing building retrofits: and Energy, Sejong, Korea.
Methodology and state-of-the-art. Energy Build. 55, 889–902. Saretta, E., Caputo, P., Frontini, F., 2019. A review study about energy renovation
Magrini, A., Lentini, G., Cuman, S., Bodrato, A., Marenco, L., From nearly zero en- of building facades with BIPV in urban environment. Sustainable Cities Soc.
ergy buildings (NZEB) to positive energy buildings (PEB): The next challenge 44, 343–355.
- the most recent european trends with some notes on the energy analysis Shukla, A.K., Sudhakar, K., Baredar, P., 2017. Recent advancement in BIPV product
of a forerunner PEB example. In: Developments in the Built Environment technologies: A review. Energy Build. 140, 188–195.
2020. 100019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.DIBE.2020.100019. Sorgato, M., Schneider, K., Rüther, R., 2018. Technical and economic evaluation of
Martín-Chivelet, N., Gutiérrez, J.C., Alonso-Abella, M., Chenlo, F., Cuenca, J., 2018. thin-film CdTe building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) replacing façade and
Building retrofit with photovoltaics: Construction and performance of a BIPV rooftop materials in office buildings in a warm and sunny climate. Renew.
ventilated façade. Energies 11 (7), 1719. Energy 118, 84–98.

3744