Microprocessor Microcontroller

The presence of peripherals such as RAM,

We need to connect peripherals externally. So
1. ROM, Input-output, and Timers are In-built.
it makes circuit bulky.
So It is available on a single chip.

2. It increases the overall cost of the system high. The overall cost of the system is less.

We can connect external memory in ranges of The inbuilt finite memory helps to improve
3.
Mbytes and even Gbytes. But speed is less. the speed of operations.

4. You can't use it in a compact system. You can use it in compact systems.

Due to external components, the total power As external components are low, total power
consumption is high. Therefore, it is not ideal consumption is less. So it can be used with
5.
for the devices running on stored power like devices running on stored power like
batteries. batteries.

Most of the microprocessors do not have Most of the microcontrollers offer power-
6.
power-saving features. saving mode.

The microprocessor has a smaller number of

The microcontroller has more register.
7. registers, so more operations are memory-
Hence the programs are easier to write.
based.

These are based on the von Neumann model These are based on Harvard architecture
8. where program and data are stored in the same where program memory and data memory
memory module. are separate.

It is a byproduct of the development of

It is a central processing unit on a single
9. microprocessors with a CPU along with
silicon-based integrated chip.
other peripherals.

It uses an external bus to interface to RAM,

10 It uses an internal controlling bus.
ROM, and other peripherals.

Microprocessor-based systems can run at a Microcontroller based systems run up to

11 very high speed because of the technology 200MHz or more depending on the
involved. architecture.

It's useful for general purpose applications that

12 It's useful for application-specific systems.
allow you to handle loads of data.

It's complex and expensive, with a large It's simple and inexpensive with less number
13
number of instructions to process. of instructions to process.
 Embedded system
An embedded system is a computer system—a combination of a computer processor, computer memory,
and input/output peripheral devices—that has a dedicated function within a larger mechanical
or electronic system.[1][2] It is embedded as part of a complete device often including electrical or
electronic hardware and mechanical parts. Because an embedded system typically controls physical
operations of the machine that it is embedded within, it often has real-time computing constraints. Embedded
systems control many devices in common use.[3] In 2009, it was estimated that ninety-eight percent of all
microprocessors manufactured were used in embedded systems.[4][needs update]
Modern embedded systems are often based on microcontrollers (i.e. microprocessors with integrated
memory and peripheral interfaces), but ordinary microprocessors (using external chips for memory and
peripheral interface circuits) are also common, especially in more complex systems. In either case, the
processor(s) used may be types ranging from general purpose to those specialized in a certain class of
computations, or even custom designed for the application at hand. A common standard class of dedicated
processors is the digital signal processor (DSP).
Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it to reduce the size
and cost of the product and increase its reliability and performance. Some embedded systems are mass-
produced, benefiting from economies of scale.
Embedded systems range in size from portable personal devices such as digital watches and MP3 players to
bigger machines like home appliances, industrial assembly lines, robots, transport vehicles, traffic light
controllers, and medical imaging systems. Often they constitute subsystems of other machines
like avionics in aircraft and astrionics in spacecraft. Large installations like factories, pipelines and electrical
grids rely on multiple embedded systems networked together. Generalized through software customization,
embedded systems such as programmable logic controllers frequently comprise their functional units.
Embedded systems range from those low in complexity, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with
multiple units, peripherals and networks, which may reside in equipment racks or across large geographical
areas connected via long-distance communications lines.
Applications
Embedded systems are commonly found in consumer, industrial, automotive, home appliances, medical,
telecommunication, commercial, aerospace and military applications.
Telecommunications systems employ numerous embedded systems from telephone switches for the network
to cell phones at the end user. Computer networking uses dedicated routers and network bridges to route
data.
Consumer electronics include MP3 players, television sets, mobile phones, video game consoles, digital
cameras, GPS receivers, and printers. Household appliances, such as microwave ovens, washing
machines and dishwashers, include embedded systems to provide flexibility, efficiency and features.
Advanced heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems use networked thermostats to more
accurately and efficiently control temperature that can change by time of day and season. Home
automation uses wired- and wireless-networking that can be used to control lights, climate, security,
audio/visual, surveillance, etc., all of which use embedded devices for sensing and controlling.