GENERAL BIOLOGY Everything you ingest is absorbed

by the cells; everything the cells

CELL STRUCTURES eliminate will be extracted from
your body
CHARACTERISTICS OF A LIVING THING
 Can reproduce  Produced in two ways:
 Move - Mitosis: identical daughter cells
 Respond - Meiosis: haploid daughter cells
 Organize
 Adapt  Unicellular: Living things with only
one cell (ex. Bacteria, protozoa)
Atom – Compounds – Organelle – Cell – - Microscopic
Tissue – Organ – Organ System – Organism –
Population – Community – Ecosystem –  Multicellular: many cells (ex.
Biosphere animals, plants)
- Macroscopic
THEORIES
 Divine Creation: God created PARTS OF THE CELL
everything
 Big Bang Theory: expansion of the CELL WALL
universe  Additional covering in plant
 Philosophical Theory cells (not found in animal cells)
 Spontaneous Generation: came from  Located outside the cell
dust membrane
 Biogenesis: came from other living  Made of cellulose – a
matters polysaccharide which is a
 Cell Theory: has 3 tenets substance composed of a long
- All living things are made up of chain of carbohydrates
cells  Maintains the shape
- Cell is the basic unit of life  Protects the cell
- Cells came from pre-existing  Regulates the cell’s uptake of
cells (omnus cellulae e cellula water
– Rudolf Virchow)
Primary cell walls – in newly formed
SCIENTISTS plants; thin and flexible
 Robert Hooke: coined the term
“cell” from cellula Secondary cell walls – develop
 Zacharias Janssen: introduced the when growth stops
microscope - thickens the primary wall or
 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek: deposits new layers
animalcules or bacteria - rigid, has more cellulose, and
 Robert Brown: nucleus may have lignin – primary
 Matthias Schleiden: plant cells component of wood
 Theodore Schwann: animal cells
 John Needham: supporter of the Plasmodesmata - channels in the
Spontaneous Generation cell wall that allow the exchange of
 Francisco Redi: disproved substances between adjacent cells
 Lazzaro Spallanzani: disproved
Peptidoglycan - bacteria; Chitin –
CELLS fungi
 contains different parts called
organelles – internal components
 involved in all processes that CELL MEMBRANE
sustain life  Has a hydrophilic head and a
hydrophobic tail
Whatever is needed by the  Semi-permeable
microscopic cells in your body  Double lipid layer
determines what you need as a  Allows the cell to choose
macroscopic organism substances to secrete, absorb,
or extract
Membrane proteins – proteins in the PARTS:
phospholipid bi-layer; participate in the  Nuclear envelope – boundary of
transport of molecules nucleus; composed of the outer
and inner nuclear membrane
CYTOPLASM
 Where the molecules first pass In between is the perinuclear
through space
 Liquid part that holds different
organelles (has no form)  Nucleoplasm – inside the nuclear
 Contains the semi-fluid substance envelope
called cytosol (different organelles - Has strands of chromatin – a
are suspended) combination of
deoxyribonucleic acid and
DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES WITHIN THE proteins; it condenses to form
CYTOSOL chromosomes during cell
 Electrolytes – produce division
electrically conducting
solutions  Nuclear pores – where substances
 Metabolites – produced during pass through
metabolism
 RNA – synthesized proteins  Nucleolus – spherical; contains
fibrils and granules; important in
Glycolisis – conversion of glucose creating ribosomes
to pyruvate

CYTOSKELETON RIBOSOMES
 Gives frame and figure  help in the assembly of proteins
 found in the cytoplasm, attached
PARTS: to the endoplasmic reticulum or as
 Microfilament – mainly composed a polyribosome attached to a
of a contractile protein called actin mRNA
 Microtubule – composed of
Protein synthesis is necessary for
globular proteins called tubulins
the organism survival; it starts in the
 Intermediate filament – most stable
nucleus
and least soluble, provides tensile
strength (maximum stress an object The info in the DNA is decoded by
can withstand) the mRNA. Then, it moves out of the
nucleus towards the ribosome. It
CENTRIOLES
will then create proteins based on
 Plays a role in cell division
the info in the mRNA.
 Microtubules arrange themselves to
ex. enzymes, membrane
form centrioles
proteins in the cell membrane
 Comes in pairs and are right angle
with one another
ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
 Seperates the cell into different
CILIA AND FLAGELLA
compartments; derived from the
 Appendages responsible for the
er and flows to the golgi from
locomotion of cells
which the lysosome bud
 Important in reproduction
 Cilia – present in the respiratory
Lysosomes – animals; Vacuoles
pathway that filters particles (dirt
– plants
and harmful organisms)
 Sperm uses the flagellum; Cilia
ENDOPLASTIC RETICULUM
helps move the egg or embryo
 Membrane-bound organelle that
forms a network of
NUCLEUS
interconnected sacs (cisterna)
 Control center (because this is
where most of the genetic
processes takes place)
ROUGH ENDOPLASTIC RETICULUM capturing light energy during
 Produces proteins photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is also
responsible for the plant’s green
SMOOTH ENDOPLASTIC RETICULUM color. The lumen is the space inside
 Produces lipids the thylakoid, which serves as the
 Produces phospholipids and site of several reactions during
cholesterol that comes from photosynthesis.
lipids
 Detoxifies the cell MITOCHONDRIA
 responsible for producing
GOLGI BODIES adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the
 Has two faces: cis face (part energy currency of the cell
facing the ER), and trans face
(faces the cytoplasm)
 Modifies and give labels to
substances
 Packaging center
 3 to 20 curved sacules

Proteins enter its lumen – space

inside the organelle. The substance
then pinches off to become a
vesicle (transports materials
needed in the body; moves toward
the cis face)

LYSOSOMES
 Originated from the ER
 Has hydrolitic enzymes (proteins
that use water to break down
substances)
 Can fuse with phagosomes –
vesicles containing bacteria

Apoptosis (programmed cell death),

lysosomes digest the particles (hence,
they are suicide bags)

VACUOLES
 Plants have larger vacuoles than
animals
 Animals: for temporary storage
 Plants: it maintains turgor pressure
(pressure exterted onto the cell
wall)
 Central vacuole – largest in plants
(approx. 90%)

CHLOROPLASTS
Photosynthesis – uses sunlight to
convert carbon dioxide and water
to glucose and oxygen

Inside the chloroplast is the stroma,

a colorless fluid surrounding several
grana (singular:granum). Each
granum contains several stack of
thylakoids. These thylakoids
contain chlorophyll, which is the
green pigment responsible for