CONJUNCTIONS

(liên từ)

I. But, So, Because, Although

- But: nhưng - Although: mặc dù - However: tuy nhiên
- Because: vì - So: cho nên - Therefore: cho nên
Cách dùng: But/So/Because/Although/However/Therefore + S + V (tức mệnh đề)
Phân biệt:
1. Because & So
- because & so đều chỉ mối quan hệ logic, nguyên nhân – kết quả. Khi 2 vế của câu thống nhất với
nhau về ý nghĩa => dùng because hoặc so.
- Because đi với vế chỉ nguyên nhân. So đi với vế chỉ kết quả. Trong cùng 1 câu chỉ có 1 trong 2 từ
này, ko đc có cả 2.
- So chỉ đứng ở vế t2, sau dấu phẩy. Because nếu đứng ở vế đầu thì phải có dấu phẩy ngăn giữa 2 vế.
Nếu because ở vế t2 thì ko cần dấu phẩy

+ VD: - He stayed home because he was sick

- Because he was sick, he stayed home.
- He was sick, so he stayed home

2. But & Although

- But & Although chỉ mối quan hệ tương phản, mâu thuẫn, so sánh giữa 2 thứ khác biệt nhau. Khi 2 vế
của câu ngược nhau hoặc khác nhau về ý nghĩa => dùng but hoặc although
- Trong 1 câu chỉ được có 1 trong 2 từ này, không được có cả 2
- But chỉ đứng đầu vế t2, sau dấu phẩy. Although nếu đứng đầu vế t1 thì phải có dấu phẩy ngăn giữa 2
vế. nếu although đứng đầu vế t2 thì có thể có dấu phẩy hoặc ko.

+ VD: - He was sick, but he still went to school.

- Although he was sick, he still went to school
- He still went to school (,) although he was sick.

3. However/Therefore và but/so
- However có nghĩa giống but, đều chỉ mối quan hệ tương phản. Tuy nhiên, but nối giữa 2 vế câu, cách
nhau bởi dấu “,” còn However nối giữa 2 câu hoàn chỉnh, cách nhau bởi dấu “.”
- However đứng đầu câu, sau nó là dấu phẩy
+ VD: - He was sick, but he still went to school => He was sick. However, he still went to school.
- Tương tự với so và therefore.
+ VD: - He was sick, so he stayed home. => He was sick. Therefore, he stayed home.
Bài tập.

A, Chọn đáp án đúng

1. Claire wants to go to Hawaii, _______ she might take a few days off.
2. Vegetables are good for our digestive system. _______, we should eat more vegetables.
3. My grandfather didn’t feel well, _______ I took him to the hospital.
4. Jane went to the cinema to see the movie. _______, it was so boring that she felt asleep.
5. She was exhausted. _______, she still tried to do all the homework.
6. I called him, _______ he didn’t pick up the phone.
7. They’re wet _______ they don’t bring an umbrella.
8. _______ there was a storm, all flights were cancelled.
9. They went to James’ home, _______ nobody was home.
10. People here build very strong houses. _______, the earthquake didn’t do a lot of damage.
11. He ate a lot, _______ he wasn’t hungry.
12. _______ he studied very hard, he still failed the exam.

B, Rewrite sentences using conjunctions

1. He got COVID-19. He still went out with his friends.
=> ________________________________________________
=> ________________________________________________
=> ________________________________________________
2. Janet didn’t feel well. She went to the hospital.
=> ________________________________________________
=> ________________________________________________
=> ________________________________________________
3. The teacher was very kind and considerate. We all loved her.
=> ________________________________________________
=> ________________________________________________
=> ________________________________________________
4. it rained heavily for 3 days. The whole village was flooded.
=> ________________________________________________
=> ________________________________________________
5. The earthquake destroyed hundreds of houses. Nobody lost their lives.
=> ________________________________________________
=> ________________________________________________
6. The music from the wedding is very loud. Everyone can’t sleep.
=> ________________________________________________
=> ________________________________________________
7. He wanted something beautiful to decorate his how. He bought a fish tank.
=> ________________________________________________
=> ________________________________________________
8. The alarm clock has rung for 15 minutes. She is still sleeping.
=> ________________________________________________
=> ________________________________________________

II. Because of, due to, In spite of, despite

1. Because of = due to: do, bởi vì
Cấu trúc: - Because of + Ving/N.
- Chỉ dùng Ving nếu 2 vế cùng chủ ngữ
- Có thể đứng đầu câu hoặc giữa.
Vd: + He was absent from school because he was sick
=> Because of being sick, he was absent from school.
=> He was absent from school because of being sick.
=> Because of his sickness, he was absent from school.
+ Because it rained heavily, the street was flooded
=> Because of the heavy rain, ___________ (ko phải là “because raining heavily”)
2. In spite of = despite: mặc dù
Cách dùng: tương tự because of/due to
Ngoài ra, có thể viết đơn giản hơn bằng cách: Inspite of/Despite + the fact that + Mđề, ….
Vd: + He had a headache, but he went swimming.
=> Despite having a headache, he still went swimming
=> Despite his headache, he still went swimming
=> Despite the fact that he had a headache, …
+ The weather is very harsh. These plants still survive.
=> In spite of the harsh weather, these plants … (ko phải despite being very harsh, the cactus.)
=> In spite of the fact that the weather is very harsh, …
1. The sky was gray and cloudy. ________, we went to the beach.
A. However            B. So         C. Therefore         D. Although
2. I turned on the fan __________ the room was hot.
A. due to                  B. in spite of               C. even though         D. because
3. James and his wife want to go out tonight, ________ they find a baby-sitter.
A. because          B. unless                   C. thefore             D. so
4. Carol went to the party ________ I didn’t invite her.
A. even though     B. despite                 C. because       D. however
5. My father won’t give me any more money this month. ________, I won’t be able to go.
A. Therefore          B. Despite        C. so            D. Although
6. The tsunami destroyed the nuclear plant. _______, the whole area was contaminated by radioactive.
A. Therefore          B. Despite        C. so            D. Although
7. We decided to leave early _______ the boring party.
A. although                B. despite C. because       D. because of
8. _______her absence from class yesterday, she could understand the lesson very well.
A. Although               B. In spite of C. Because of            D. despite of
9. I think they’ll be successful ________ their present difficulties.
A. despite               B. because of        C. even though         D. yet
2. Many people believe him__________ the fact that he often tells a lie.
A. because        B. in spite of C. although              D. because of