'THE CAMBRIDGE BIBLE

FOR SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES

GENERAL EDITOR FOR THE OLD TESTAMENT:-

A. F. KIRKPATRICK, D.D.
DEAN OF ELY

THE

BOOK OF GENESIS
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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 THE
BOOK OF. GENESIS

In the Revised Version

With Introduction and Notes
by
HERBERT E. RYLE, D.D.
Dean of Westminster,
Sometime Bishop of Exeter, and of Winchester;
Fellow of the British Academy.

Cambridge:
at the University Press
r92r
 First Edition 1914
Reprint,d 1921

---------
Printed in Great Britain
kv Turnbull &- Sfea-rs, Edinburgh
 PREfACE
BY THE

GENERAL EDITOR FOR THE OLD TEST AMENT

THE present General Editor for the Old Testament
in the Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges
desires to say that, in accordance with the policy of
his predecessor the Bishop of Worcester, he does not
hold himself responsible for the particular interpreta-
tions adopted or for the opinions expressed by the
editors of the several Books, nor has he endeavoured
to bring them into agreement with one another. It
is inevitable that there should be differences of
opinion in regard to many questions of criticism and
interpretation, and it seems best that these differences
should find free expression in different volumes. He
has endeavoured to secure, as far as possible, that
the general scope and character of the series should
be observed, and that views which have a reasonable
claim to consideration should not be ignored, but he
has felt it best that the final responsibility should, in
general, rest with the individual contributors.
A. F. KIRKPATRICK.

CAMBRIDGE.
 PREFACE
AN apology is due for the long delay in the
J-\.. appearance of this volume. It is ten years
since it was begun. But, as Bishop of Winchester
from 1903 to 1911, I had little leisure except during
the annual summer holiday for consecutive literary
work. The shortcomings of the present book, of
which I am only too conscious, are partly attributable
to this cause.
I acknowledge with gratitude my obligations to
the larger Commentaries of Dillmann, Driver, Gunkel,
and Skinner, and to the smaller books of Spurrell
and of Bennett. I should like especially to refer
to the encouragement I received from my friend
Dr Driver, whose loss all English-speaking Bible
Students are deploring, and whose work on the Old
Testament generally, and on Genesis and Exodus
in particular, has so greatly promoted the cause of
Sacred Study on lines of reverent criticism and
simple faith. My old friend, the Dean of Ely, as
General Editor of this Series, has helped me with
many useful suggestions. It only remains for me
to record my indebtedness to one who, when I was
recovering from illness, added to other kindnesses
that of copying out at dictation a very large portion
of this little Commentary.
HERBERT E. RYLE.

THE DEANERY, WESTMINSTER,

Easter Eve, 1914.
 CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION PAGES
§ I. Name ix, X
§ 2. Contents x-xiii
§ 3· Composition xiv-xviii
§ 4· The Documents (J, E, P) xviii-xxxi
§ 5. Literary Material~ xxxii-xxxviii
§ 6. Historical Value ... xxxviii-xlv
§ 7. Religiou5 Teaching xlvi-liii
§ 8. Moral Difficulties ... !iii-Iv
§ 9. The Names of God in the Book of
Genesis ... lvi-lxv
§ IO. Bibliography lxv--lxvii

NOTE lxviii
CHRONOLOGICAL NOTE lxviii
TEXT AND NOTES

SPECIAL NOTES :
On the plural form of the word Elohim 23
On the Jewish Interpretation of I. 26 ... 24
On the Sabbath ... 4of.
On the Cosmogonies of Genesis 42-46
On the Rivers of Paradise 47
On the Fall 60-67
On the Antediluvian Patriarchs 88-92
On the Flood Narratives II5-122
On IX. 25-27 ... 130
On the Genealogy of Shem 154
viii CONTENTS
SPECIAL NOTES-continued PAGES
On Chapter XIV. 179-181
On Melchizedek ... 182-184
On the Sacrifice of Isaac 240-245
On the Name "Jacob" 272

APPENDICES :
A. Babylonian Myths of Creation 447
B. A Legend of Lamech 452
C. The Duplicate Account of the Flood 453
D. The Tel el-Amarna Tablets 458
E. The Israelites in Egypt 463
INDEX 478-483
MAPS:
Palestine At End.
Western Asia
"
PLATES:
A diagram representing the Semitic conception
of the Universe To face p. 8
Assyrian Winged Bull ... 59
Fragment of Cuneiform Tablet, belonging to
"
the Deluge Series 116
Khammurabi (? Amraphel), King of Babylon,
"
receiving laws from Shamash, the Sun-god 167
Egyptians measuring the wheat and deposit-
"
ing it in the granaries 380
Marduk and Till.mat " 449
"
 INTRODUCTION
§ I. Name. § 6. Historical Value.
§ 2. Contents. § 7. Religious Teaching.
~ 3· Composition. § 8. Moral Difficulties.
§ 4. The Documents (J, E, P). § 9. The Names of God.
§ 5. Literary Materials. § JO. Bibliography.

§ 1. Name.
"GENESIS" is the name of the first book in the English Bible,
as also in the Latin Bible (or Vulgate) and in the Greek Old
Testament (or Septuagint). The name is taken from the Greek
rendering of the Hebrew word for "generations" in Gen. ii. 4,
"This is the book of the generations (Heb. toledoth, Gr. ,,,viu-,ws)
of the heavens and the earth." In the Codex Alexandrinus (5th
cent. A.D.) of the Greek Old Testament, Genesis has the title
of rENECIC KOCMOY, i.e. "The Origin of the World."
The word "genesis," in the sense of" origins" or "beginnings,'
has passed into familiar use in the English language.
In the Hebrew Bible the book is entitled B•resMth (="In
the beginning") from the opening word of the first verse.
The Hebrew Bible is divided into "The Law," or Torah,
"The Prophets,"or N•bhttm, and "The Writings," or K•thuMm
(Hagiographa). "The Law," or Torah, contains the first five
books of our English Bible, "the Pentateuch," a title which
also is of Greek origin (~ ,r,v-ranvxos, sc. fJlffJ\os) and means
"the book of five volumes." Sometimes, (a) because "the first
stage in the history of God's dealings with His chosen people ends
with their settlement in the Promised Land, rather than with
as
X INTRODUCTION
the death of Moses1," and (b) because the same documents can
be traced from the beginning of Genesis to the end of Joshua,
the first six books are treated as one work and spoken of as
"the Hexateuch." B•r;Jslzzth is the first book of the Torah.
We do not know at what date the Jews divided up the
Torah, or Pentateuch, into five books. The division is men-
tioned by Philo 2 and Josephus 3, and it may fairly be assumed
to have suggested the division of the Psalter into five books.
The division of "Genesis" was a very natural one. It was
clearly marked off, by the nature of its contents, from the four
books that follow. There is an appropriate break in the narra-
tive at the death of Joseph, and before the birth of Moses.

§ 2. Contents.
(a) Two mat"n divisions.
The Hexateuch, as has been said, "forms in itself a connected
whole, and displays to us the origin, choice, and planting of the
people of God, or the founding of the Israelitish theocracy 4.''
The Book of Genesis contains, in outline, the preliminary
materials of the sacred history, previous to the call of Moses.
These preliminary materials fall into two easily recognized
divisions: (1) the Primaeval History of Mankind (chaps.
i.-xi.), and (2) the History of the Hebrew Patriarchs (chaps.
xii.-1.).
These two divisions may, for clearness' sake, be subdivided as
follows:
I. Primaeval History· Narratives respecting
(i) The Origin of the World and of the Human Race
(chaps. i.-v.).
(ii) The Flood (chaps. vi.-ix.).
(iii) The Primitive Races before the call of Abraham
(chaps. x., xi.).
1 Chapman's Introd. to the Pent., p. 6.
2 De Abrahamo, § I, ii. J. 3 Contr. Ap. i. 8.
4 Knobel, quoted in Dillmann's Genesis, vol. 1. p. 3.
 CONTENTS let

II. Patriarchal History: Narratives respecting

(i) The Patriarch Abraham (chaps. xii. 1-xxv. 18).
(ii) The Patriarchs Isaac and Jacob (chaps. xxv. 19-
xxxvi. 43).
(iii) The Patriarchs Joseph and his brethren (chaps.
xxxvii.-1.).
(b) Arrangement of material.
The arrangement of the material explains the plan which is
followed throughout the book. It is not a history of the world;
but it is an introduction to the History of the Chosen People.
In consequence, as each stage in the Primaeval and Patriarchal
History is reached, the collateral material is disposed of, before
the main thread is resumed. Thus (1) the origin of the Human
Race having been described, the descendants of Adam through
the Cainite families are mentioned (iv. 16-26), before the main
narrative is resumed in the descendants of Seth (chap. v.).
(2) After the story of the Flood, the descendants of Japheth
and Ham are recorded (chap. x.), before the main subject of
the book is approached through the family of Shem (xi. 10 ff.).
(3) After the death of Abraham, the story of Isaac's sons is
not commenced, until the descendants of Ishmael have been
enumerated (xxv. 12-18). (4) The account of Joseph and his
brethren is not commenced, until the genealogy of Esau (chap.
xxxvi.) has disposed of the collateral branch. The plan of the
book, therefore, is continually to concentrate attention upon the
direct line of the ancestors of the Israelite people, tracing them
back to the very beginnings of the Human Race.
It has sometimes been maintained that the best sub-division
of the book is furnished by the formula "These are the gene-
rations," which is found eleven times in reference to (1) the
heavens and the earth, ii. 4; (2) Adam, v. 1; (3) Noah,
vi. 9; (4) the sons of Noah, x. 1; (5) Shem, xi. IO; (6) Terah,
xi. 27; (7) Ishmael, xxv. 12; (8) Isaac, xxv. 19 ; (9) Esau,
xxxvi. 1 ; (10) "Esau, the father of the Edomites in Mount
Seir," xxxvi. 9 ; (II) Jacob, xxxvii. 2. But the repetition of this
XU INTRODUCTION
formula offers no real clue to the analysis of the whole book,
though it reproduces the outline of the contents of one of its
component documents (see below, p. xxviii).

(c) Primaeval History.

Chaps. i.-xi. The first main division of the Book of Genesis
consists of a group of Narratives which furnishes answers to the
instinctive questionings of mankind: How did the earth, the
sea, the sky, and the heavenly bodies come into being? What
was the origin of the vegetable world, and of the birds, fishes,
reptiles and beasts ? What was the origin of man ? What was
the beginning of sin and of death ? What explanation can be
given of the sufferings of child-birth and of the laboriousness
of human life? How did the arts and industries take their
rise? What caused the difference of languages, and the
various types of races dispersed throughout the world? What,
again, led to the Flood of which traditions were handed on
from one generation to another?
These Narratives, though doubtless based upon the cosmo-
gonies which had come down from remote Hebrew ancestors,
are conspicuous for their beauty and simplicity. They do not
affront us with the superstition, silliness, or coarseness, which
are too often prominent in the literature of cosmogonies and
mythologies.
The events recorded are evidently regarded as affecting the
whole human race. The scenes are neither those of actual
history, nor those of mere mythology. We come across a few
survivals of an older mythological element, e.g. God speaks to
the inhabitants of heaven (i. 26); the serpent speaks to Eve in
human language (iii. I - 5); there is mention of the marriage of
angels with the daughters of men (vi. 1-4). But these instances
are very rare. The Narratives, while they preserve the outlines
of earlier legends, have been adapted to the religious thought
of the later Israelites. If, as is most probable, the primitive
form in which they were current was polytheistic, practically
every trace of polytheism has been removed. The Narratives
 CONTENTS xiii
are presented to us in such a manner as to convey in a fully
developed stage the distinctive teaching of the Israelite Prophets.
(d) Patn'archal History.
Chaps. xii.-1. In the second main division of the book
the Narratives belong to a different class. We pass from
legends respecting the Origin of the World and of the Human
Race to traditions respecting the earliest ancestors of the
Israelite People. The portraits of individual personages are
well and skilfully drawn. The scenes are laid in Palestine and
Egypt, ·and the incidents, for the most part, are associated with
well-known places, and are recounted with remarkable vividness
of description.
The impression given of the religious life of the Patriarchs
is that of the simple monotheistic worship of Jehovah. The
power of Jehovah is felt in Egypt (xii. 17, xxxix. 1-5), in
the Cities of the Plain (chap. xix.), in Gerar (chap. xxvi.), in
Syria (xxxi. 24), no less than in Canaan. The idolatry of the
heathen is scarcely referred to. The teraphim, stolen by Rachel
from her father's house, and possibly included among "the
strange gods," constitute almost the sole exception (xxxi. 19
and xxxv. 2-4).
The Patriarchal Narratives preserve to us traditions respecting,
for the most part, domestic incidents in the lives of Abraham,
Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph. Only in one passage (chap. xiv.),
where "Amraphel" is very possibly I:Iammurabi, the famous
Babylonian monarch, is any person mentioned whose name is
found in the inscriptions of the contemporary ancient monu-
ments. '
In a word, the Patriarchal Narratives represent a group of
Israelite traditions respecting remote ancestors, whose existence
belonged to the twilight of history, anterior to the era of Moses
and earlier than the beginnings of the Nation. The materials
which are embodied iri the Narratives are very various. But
in this, as in the first division of the Book of Genesis, the
contents have been brought into harmony with the religious
thought of the worshipper of Jehovah.
xiv INTRODUCTION

§ 3. Composition.
On the origin and composition of the Pentateuch the reader
is referred to Chapman's admirable Introduction to the Penta-
teuch (1911) in this series, Simpson's Pentateuchal Criticism
(1914), the articles in Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible, and
Black's Encyclopaedia Biblica, the Oxford Hexateuch (1900) by
Estlin Carpenter and Battersby Harford, Driver's Literature ef
the Old Testament (9th ed. 1913), and G. B. Gray's Critical
Introd. to the 0. T. (1913).
The fact that the Pentateuch was known to the Jews as
"The Law of Moses" (Luke xxiv. 44; Acts xxviii. 33), and was
referred to as "Moses" (Acts xv. 21), was once regarded as
a sufficient reason for assuming that Moses himself was the
author. This view, however, is no longer tenable. That Moses
himself did not write the Pentateuch, as we now have it, is one
of the literary conclusions of Biblical Criticism upon which
scholars are unanimous.
Here it must suffice to point out three important considera-
tions:
I. The Book of Genesis contains a number of passages
which imply that at the time of its composition the Israelites
were in settled possession of the land of Canaan.
(a) "The Canaanite was then in the land" (xii. 6, xiii. 7)
is an expression which compares the age of the Patriarchs when
the Canaanites were in undisturbed occupation of the land, with
the age of the writer, when the Israelites had become its undis-
puted masters.
(b) "To,'' or "Unto, this day" (xxii. 14, xxvi. 33, xxxv. 20) 1•
The names of places in Canaan are thus spoken of in accord-
ance with the usage of Israelites w'10 had long resided there;
1 xxii. ri, And Abraham called the name of that place Jehovah-
jireh: as it is said to this day, In the mount of the LORD, &c.
xxvi. 33, therefore the name of the city is Beer-sheba unto this day.
xxxv. ~o, the same is the Pillar of Rachel's grave unto this day.
In these passages, "To," or" Unto, this day" could not have been
used except by a person who was living in Palestine.
 COMPOSITION xv

cf. Deut. ii. 22, iii. 14, x. 8, xxxiv. 6; Jos. iv. 9, v. 9, vii. 26,
viii. 29, ix. 27, x. 27, xiii. 13, xiv. 14, xv. 63, xvi. 10.
(c) "And pursued as far as Dan" (xiv. 14). The town of
Laish in the extreme ·N. of Palestine received the name of Dan,
after it had been conquered by the Danites (Judg. xviii. 29).
(d) "Before there reigned a king over Israel" (xxxvi. 31),
an expression which implies acquaintance with the monarchy as
the recognized form of government in Israel, i.e. a date later
than S~uL
(e) The Philistines, who, as is most probable, are identifi-
able with the Purasati of the Egyptian inscriptions, established
themselves in the reign of Ramses II (1300-1224 B.c.) in the
S.W. of Palestine. They were regarded by the Israelites (cf.
Deut. ii. 23; Jer. xlvii. 4; Am. ix. 7) as invaders from Caphtor
(=Crete). But the occurrence of their name in Gen. x. 14,
xxi. 32, xxvi. r, is an indication that the traditions embodied
in our book have come down to us from a time when the
Philistines were accepted as the inhabitants of S.W. Palestine.
(/) "He had wrought folly in Israel" (xxxiv. 7) is an ex-
pression which implies the existence of an ordered community
of Israel (cf. Jos. vii. 15; Judg. xx. 6). "The land ·of the
Hebrews" (xl. 15) is a phrase which would most naturally be
used by a writer who regarded Canaan as the home of the
Hebrew people. The fact that the "West" (e.g. in xii. 8) is
denoted by the Hebrew word meaning "the sea," i.e. the
Mediterranean, and "the South" by the word " N egeb" (e.g.
xiii. 14, xxviii. 14), i.e. the country S. of Judah, implies a writer
dwelling in Palestine.
(g) Abraham is described as a prophet, nab£ (Gen. xx. 7).
In I Sam. ix. 9, we are told that "he that is now called a
Prophet, nab£, was beforetime called a Seer, r6'eh." The use
of the word nab£ is therefore more likely to be found in litera-
ture belonging to a time subsequent to, than to a time before,
the age of Samuel.
2. The literary criticism of the Pentateuch shews that it
.is not like a modern book of history, writ_ten, from. beginning
xvi INTRODUCTION
to end, by a single author, but that, on the contrary, it is of
composite origin, being a compilation of no less than four
distinct _writings.
To a modern reader such an account will sound strange and
improbable'. He reads the books in English as continuous
historical works. And so in a true sense they are. But they
are not homogeneous. Hebrew scholarship can, with a great
degree of certainty, discriminate between the different materials
out of which the books were composed. It is not often realized
that, in the Hebrew Bible, all the narrative books have been
composed in this way. The Books of Judges, Samuel, Kings,
Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah are compilations. The Penta-
teuch and Joshua are no exceptions to the general rule. They
were built up out of previously existing materials. We must
remember that there were no rights of Hebrew authorship.
Writers made free use of earlier documents. They cut out
and omitted : they expanded and amplified : they combined,
adapted, and adjusted, according to the purpose which they
had in view. See the examples of Hebrew and Semitic com-
posite narrative given in Chapman's Pentateuch, Appendix vii.,
"Characteristics of Composite Documents."
Instead of the composite origin of Genesis and the rest of the
Pentateuch being a thing improbable in itself, it is, on the con-
trary, if analogy be appealed to, most reasonable and probable.
It corresponds with what we know of the formation of other
books of the Bible, and with the literary practice unquestion-
ably followed in other Hebrew and Semitic prose writings.
3. Moreover, the discovery that the Book of Genesis is not
a homogeneous work, but a compilation of different writings,
has been found to explain, most simply and satisfactorily, the
numerous minor difficulties and discrepancies which catch the
attention of every careful reader.
For instance, why should there be two accounts of the Crea-
tion, in the one of which man and woman are created after all
the animals (i. 26), while, in the other, man is created before
and woman after the animals (ii. 7, 18, 19, 22)? How is it that
 COMPOSITION xvii
there are two versions of the number of the animals that
went into the ark and of the duration of the Flood upon the
earth (chaps. vi., vii.)? Is it not strange that the promise
of a son to Sarah should be given twice over (xvii. 16-19
and xviii. 10 ff.)? that the name of Isaac should three times
be accounted for by a mention of laughter (xvii. 17, xviii. 12,
xxi. 6)? that a second blessing should be given by Isaac to
Jacob in xxviii. 1 ff. without any reference to the blessing and
the deceitful manner of obtaining it, just recorded in chap.
xxvii.? How is it possible, after such passages as xvii. 17 and
xviii. 11, 12, to account for the statement that, after Sarah's
death, Abraham should beget a number of sons (xxv. 1 ff.)?
Who does not realize that the passages relating to Sarah in
xii. 11, xx. 2 ff. are out of harmony with the statement as to
her age in xvii. 17? Does not the account of Isaac's failing
powers in xxvii. 11 2 appear incompatible with the mention of
his having lived to the age of 180 years (xxxv. 28), i.e. for 100
years (cf. xxv. 26, xxvi. 34) after the marriage of Esau? How
can we explain the mention of Rachel's death in xxxv. 19 and of
her being alive in xxxvii. 10? How is it that immediately after
the account of Benjamin's birth and Rachel's death near
Bethlehem (xxxv. 18, 19), Benjamin's name is included among
the sons of Jacob born to him in Paddan-aram (xxxv. 25, 26)?
Why should Esau's wives have different names in xxvi. 34,
xxviii. 9 and in xxxvi. 2, 3 ? How does it happen that we find
varying explanations of the names Bethel (xxviii. 18, 19, xxxv.
14, 15), Beer-sheba (xxi. 31, xxvi. 33), Israel (xxxii. 28, xxxv. 10)?
Is the description of Benjamin as a "child of his [J acob's] old
age, a little one" (xliv. 20) reconcilable with the statements as
to the date of his birth (xxxv. 18, 23, 26), according to which
he would have been not less than 20 years of age when he
appeared before Joseph in Egypt (cf. xxxvii. 2, xii. 46, xiv. 6)?
These are examples of difficulties and discrepancies to be
found in the story of Genesis. The list could easily be added
to. They are not compatible with the theory of uniform,
.con,tinuous, and homogeneous literary co_mposition. On the
xviii INTRODUCTION
hypothesis of a single author and a continuous work, they would
denote an extraordinary lack of literary attention and care.
But, on the supposition that in the same book there are woven
together portions of different documents containing similar, but
not in all respects identical, accounts of the same narratives,
we have an explanation which satisfies the requirements of the
problem. Ridicule used to be directed against the Bible on
account of the presence of these difficulties and discrepancies.
That ridicule is seen now to be misplaced. We are able to
understand their nature and cause. The Book of Genesis is
a compilation. The combination of different documents has
led to the inclusion of divergent statements. Numerous in
quantity, though trifling in importance, these inconsistencies
survive as evidence of the literary process, through which the
books of the Pentateuch passed before they were given their
final shape.
§ 4. The Documents (J, E, P).
In 1753 Jean Astruc, a French physician, published anony-
mously at Brussels a book entitled Conjectures sur les memoires
originaux dont z'l paroit que Moyse s'est senn' pour composer le
Livre de la Genese. He had been led to infer from the inter-
mittent use of different names of God in Genesis that Moses
had employed different documents in its composition. This
was the beginning of systematic literary criticism upon the
Pentateuch. Other scholars carried on the work. It was soon
seen (1) that the use of the Divine Names was only one of
many literary characteristics by which the different component
documents were capable of being distinguished, (2) that the
different sources of the Pentateuch, thus linguistically and
stylistically determined, (a) correspond to different st'lges in
the development of the religion of Israel, and (b) reflect the
influence of different epochs in the nation's history. As the
History of Pentateuchal criticism would carry us further afield
than space will here allow, the student is referred to Chapman's
Introduction to the Pentateuch, Driver's Literature of the .Old
 THE DOCUMENTS (J, E, P) xix
Testament, Carpenter and Harford's Oxford Hexateuch, D. C.
Simpson's Pentateuchal Criticism (1914).
After a century and a half of minute and laborious research,
scholars are now agreed that the books of the Pentateuch and
of Joshua present to us a compilation of four distinct docu-
ments, to which the names have very generally been given of
(r) J, because of its preference for the Name familiarly known
in English as Jehovah (Heh. jahweh), translated "LORD,"
(2) E, because of its preference for the Name Elohim=" God,"
(3) D, the Deuteronomist, and (4) P, the Priestly Code. Of
these four documents, three, J, E, and P, may clearly be
identified in the Book of Genesis. The Deuteronomist, whose
style and characteristics are so unmistakable in Deuteronomy
and in certain passages of the Book of Joshua, has left little,
if any, trace of influence upon Genesis (? xxvi. 5).
J, E, and P may, as a rule, be identified by the character of
their contents and by distinctive features of language. But the
Priestly Code (P) can be very much more easily distinguished
from J and E than these can be distinguished from one another.
In style and diction as well as in selection and treatment of
subject-matter there is a much closer affinity between J and E,
than between either of these and the Priestly Code. As com-
pared with J and E, P is always recognizable. But it is fre-
quently impossible to determine whether a passage has been
derived from J or E.

The J Narratives.
The passages in Genesis which probably have been derived
from J are as follows :
ii. 4b-iv. 26, vi. 1-4, vii. I-viii. 22 (partially), ix. 18-27,
x. (partially), xi. 1-9, 28-30, xii. 1-4•, 6-20, xiii. 1-5,
7-11•, 12b-18, xv. (partially), xvi. rb, 2, 4-14, xviii., xix.
(exc. 29), xxi. (partially), xxii. 20-24, xxiv., xxv. 1-6, II h, 18,
21-26•, 27-34, xxvi. 1-33, xxvii. 1-45, xxviii. 10--22 (par-
tially), xxix.-xxx. (partially), xxxi. 1, 3, 36-50, xxxii. 3-xxxiii.
17, xxxiv. (partially), xxxv. 14, 16-22, xxxvi., xxxvii. (partially),
XX INTRODUCTION
xxxviii., xxxix., xii. (partially), xlii.-xliv., xlvi. 28-xlvii. 4, 6b,
12-27•, 29-31, xlix. 1-27, I. I - I I , 14.
A glance through this list will shew that J contained the
greater number both of the Primaeval and of the Patriarchal
Narratives. Many of them are masterpieces of Hebrew prose
wntmg. The story is told with beauty, vividness, and brevity.
The dialogue which is introduced, in e.g. chaps. iii., iv., xviii.,
xix., xxiv., xliii., xliv., adds a touch of brightness and life which
it would be difficult to find surpassed in any literature.
The Narratives are pervaded with deep religious feeling.
This is noticeable (a) in the account given of the beginnings of
sin and crime (chaps. iii., iv.), the spread of evil (vi. 1-8, viii. 21),
and the corruption of the people of the Plain (chap. xix.); and
(b) in the emphasis laid upon the Divine call which caused
Abraham to migrate into Canaan (xii. 1-3), and the Divine
purpose of goodness and mercy expressed in the promises to
the Patriarchs (xviii. 18, xxiv. 7, xxvi. 4, xxvii. 28, 29). "In
os·der to illustrate the divine purposes of grace, as manifested
in history, he introduces ... prophetic glances into the future
(Gen. iii. 15, v. 29, viii. 21, ix. 25-27, xii. 2, 3, xviii. 18, 19,
xxviii. 14, Num. xxiv. 17, 18), as he also loves to point to the
character of the nations or tribes as foreshadowed in their
beginnings (Gen. ix. 22-24, xvi. 12, xix. 31-38, xxv. 21-28,
xxxiv. 25-31, xxxv. 22, cf. xlix. 9 ff.) 1."
In representations of the Deity, J makes use of simple
anthropomorphic expressions, e.g. iii. 8 "the LORD God walk-
ing in the garden in the cool of the day," vi. 6 "it repented
the LORD that he had made man," vii. 16 "the LORD shut him
[Noah] in," viii. 21 "the LORD smelled the sweet savour," xi. 5
"the LORD came down to see the city and the tower, which
the children of men builded," xviii. 1 "And the LORD appeared
unto him [Abraham] by the oaks of Mamre, as he sat in the
tent door in the heat of the day"; cf. xviii. 21, 33, xxxii. 24-30.
Characteristic as is the use of Jehovah [Jahweh) for the

1 Dillrnann in Driver's L. 0. T., p. 120,

 THE DOCUMENTS (J, E, P) xxi
name of God, Elohim ( = God) is also found, e.g. in the
colloquy between the serpent and the woman {iii. 1, 3, 5), and
in the words of Eve (iv. 25) before "men began to call on
Jehovah" (iv. 26); when a foreigner addresses an Israelite
(xliii. 29), or when, as in xxxii. 28, 30 (Heb. 29, 31), xxxiii. 10,
the use of Elohim seems intended to contrast the Divine with
the human nature.
J traces back the religious institutions of Israel to the very
earliest times, e.g. sacrifice (iv. 3), prayer to Jehovah (iv. 26),
distinction of clean and unclean animals (vii. 2, viii. 20), altar.s
(viii. 20, xii. 7, 8), enquiry of Jehovah (xxv. 22).
There is an especial fondness in J for the etymology of proper
names: (1) Of persons, e.g. "woman" (ii. 23), Eve (iii. 20),
Cain (iv. 1), Seth (iv. 25), Noah (v. 29), Peleg (x. 25), Ishmael
(xvi. 11), Moab and Ammon (xix. 37, 38), Jacob and Esau=
Edom (xxv. 25, 26, 30), the sons of Jacob (xxix. 31-xxx. 24),
Israel (xxxii. 28), Benjamin (xxxv. 18), Perez (xxxviii. 29).
(2) Of places, e.g. Babylon (xi. 9), Beer-lahai-roi (xvi. 14), Zoar
(xix. 22), Esek, Sitnah and Rehoboth (wells) (xxvi. 20-22),
Beer-sheba (xxvi. 33), Bethel (xxviii. 19), Galeed and Mizpah
(xxxi. 48, 49), Peniel (xxxii. 30).
The diction of J abounds in striking and happy expressions,
e.g. "to find favour (or grace) in the eyes of" (vi. 8, xviii. 3, xix. 19,
xxx. 27, xxxii. 5), "to call by [RV. "on," or" upon"] the name
of the LORD" (iv. 26, xii. 8, xiii. 4, xxi. 33, xxvi. 25), and familiar
phrases, e.g. "Behold now" (xii. I 1, xvi. 2, xviii. 27, 31, xix. 2,
8, 19, xxvii. 2), "forasmuch as" (xviii. 5, xix. 8, xxxiii. 10,
xxxviii. 26).

The E Narratlves.
The passages generally assigned to E are as follows:
xx. 1-17, xxi. 6-32, xxii. 1-13, 19, xxvii. 1-45 (partially),
xxviii. 10-22 (partially), xxix.-xxx. (partially), xxxi.-xxxii. 2
(partially), xxxiii. 19, 20, xxxiv. (partially), xxxv. 1-8, xxxvii.
(partially), xl., xli. (partially), xlii. (partially), xlv., xlvi. 1-5,
xlviii. 1, 2, 8-22, I. 15--22.
GENESIS
"
xxii INTRODUCTION
The extent of narrative covered by E is thus much more
limited than that of J. Whether any portions of E (e.g. possibly
in chap. xv.) are to be identified before chap. xx., is doubtful.
But it may be assumed that E contained some account of the
call of Abraham and. of his migration into Canaan.
As compared with J, the narrative in E is less prominently
marked by its religious thought. But it contains some of the
most striking passages in the book, e.g. the story of the sacri-
fice of Isaac (chap. xxii.), and the bulk of the story of Joseph
(chaps. xxxvii., xxxix.-1.).
Anthropomorphisms are not so prominent as in J. The
revelation of the Divine Will is generally conveyed through a
dream (xx. 3, 6, xxviii. 12, xxxi. IO, 24, xxxvii. 5-11, xl., xli.,
xiii. 9, xlvi. 2), or by an angel (xxi. 17, xxii. l 1, xxviii. 12, xxxi.
11, xxxii. 1). Very interesting are the traditions of worship, e.g.
the altar on Moriah (xxii. 9), and at Bethel (xxxv. 1, 3, 7), the
pillar (ma:f:fe'bah), the vow, and "the tenth" at Bethel (xxviii. 18,
22), the teraphim of Laban stolen by Rachel (xxxi. 19, 20) and
"the strange gods" (xxxv. 2). Abraham is called a "prophet"
(xx. 7). Important personal details in the patriarchal story are
preserved to us by E, e.g. the names of Deborah, Potiphar,
Zaphenath-paneah, Asenath; also the mention of J acob's purchase
of land at Shechem (xxxiii. 18-20), his_conquest of Shechem by
arms (xlviii. 22), and many details of Egyptian life, e.g. xii. 14.
Characteristic of E is the preference for the use of the Divine
Names Elohim (though Jehovah occurs, e.g. in xxii. II, xxviii.21 ),
and £:I, used absolutely, xxxiii. 20, xxxv. 7, xlvi. 3.
There are also many phrases and words which are regarded
by scholars as sound criteria for distinguishing the materials of
E. But, as appears from the frequent occurrence of the word
"partially" in the list of passages assigned above to E, it is often
impossible to say for certain whether the tradition has been
derived originally from J or E. For it seems to be the case
both that passages derived from E were very commonly ex-
panded by extracts from J, and that details of interest recorded
in E were very commonly inserted into the Narrative of J.
 THE DOCUMENTS (J, E, P) xxiii

The./ and E Narratives.

(a) Origin.
Collections of popular narratives containing the early folk-
lore of the Israelites were derived from, or based upon, oral
tradition. This had been recited at festivals, treasured up in
connexion with sacred spots, repeated over camp-fires, and de-
claimed at burial-places. Some of the narratives may soon
have obtained a stereotyped form, others may long have been
current in varying traditions. A certain number were early
embodied in collections of songs, like the Book of the Wars
of Jehovah, quoted in Num. xxi. 14, and the Book of Jashar,
quoted in Jos. x. 12, 13 and 2 Sam. i. 18. All of them would,
presumably, be circulated and known in different versions, before
they were committed to writing.
The collections represented by J and E respectively had,
probably, been only very gradually formed_; and may each of
them have been known in shorter and longer versions. It
would be a mistake to regard either of them as the work of
a single author, or as the composition of a single mind, or as
the product of the generation in which they were committed to
writing.
(b) Locality.
It has, on the whole, been deemed probable that J presents
us with popular traditions current in the Southern Kingdom
of Judah. In J, Abraham and, possibly, Jacob appear as living
at Hebron: the story of Judah and Tamar seems to contain
a tradition of S. Palestine tribal memories. In the Joseph
narratives, Judah enjoys a position of eminence above his
brethren. E, on the other hand, has been assigned to the
Northern Kingdom. The sacred places of Bethel, Shechem,
and Beer-sheba (a place of pilgrimage from the Northern King-
dom, Amos v. 5, viii. 14) are given great prominence. Abraham
resides at Gerar and Beer-sheba, Jacob at Beer-sheba and She-
chem. Joseph is the hero among his brethren; alone of Jacob's
b2
xxiv INTRODUCTION
sons his body is to be carried out of Egypt (1. 25). Reuben,
not Judah, takes the lead as the eldest-born. In E Hebron is
not mentioned ; and Central Palestine is J acob's residence for
a long time.

(c) Date.
At what date they were respectively committed to writing,
can only be a subject of approximate. conjecture. In the case
of J, it has been pointed out (1) that the curse pronounced
upon Canaan (ix. 25) would reflect popular feeling a.fter, but not
long after, the final reduction of the Canaanites to subjection
(1 Kings ix. 20): (2) that the boundaries of the Promised Land, as
defined in xv. 18, correspond with the boundaries of Solomon's
kingdom in I Kings iv. 21 ; and (3) that the prediction of Edom's
subjugation under Israel and of his ultimate recovery of liberty
(xxv. 23, xxvii. 40) would hardly have been written before the
time of Edom's successful revolt (2 Kings viii. 22). Obviously
such a line of argument is not to be pressed.
In the case of E, it has been conjectured that the compact
concluded between Jacob and Laban in the mountain of Gilead
(xxxi. 23-55) may reflect the rel.ations between Israel and Syria
in the early part of the 8th cent. B.c.; and, on the hardly less
precarious ground of xxxvii. 8 (" shalt tliou indeed have dominion
over us ? "), it has been inferred that E was committed to writing
at some time subsequent to the Disruption of the Kingdom.
Allusions in the early Hebrew Prophets to events recorded
in the Pentateuch are exceedingly rare; and, when they occur,
it is not easy to say whether they are based upon the written
Narratives embodied in the Hebrew Bible, or upon similar,
but not identical, oral tradition recording the same events :
cf. Hos. ix. 10; Am. ii. 9 ; Mic. vi. 4, 5. Take, for instance,
the passage in Hos. xii. 3, 4, " In the womb he [Jacob] took
his brother by the heel.. .he had power over the angel and
prevailed: he wept and made supplication unto him: he found
him at Bethel, and there he spake with us ... 12, Jacob fled
into the field of Aram, and Israel served for a wife, and for
 THE DOCUMENTS (J, E, P) XXV

a wife he kept sheep." This shews close resemblances with

xxv. 26, xxvii. 43, xxviii., xxix,, 20, 30, xxxi. 41, xxxii. 24-32.
But there is nothing in the text of Genesis corresponding to
"he wept and made supplication unto him." The most that we
are entitled to say is that the earlier prophets were acquainted
with Narratives recorded by J and E, but,, whether with the
actual J and E documents incorporated in the Pentateuch, the
evidence is insufficient to prove.
The lz'terary style of J and E is of such perfection in its
simplicity and vividness, that they clearly do not represent the
beginnings, but rather the brightest and most finished specimens
of Hebrew prose.
The religious thought both of J and E assumes the sole
pre-eminence of the God of Israel. He is one Who reveals
Himself in Haran, and Who protects the family of Abram in
Egypt (xii. 1, 17). He protects Eliezer in his journey into
Mesopotamia (chap. xxiv.): He warns Laban on "the mountain
of Gilead" (xxxi. 24) : He prospers Joseph in everything in the
land of Egypt (xxxix. 3, 5). The intercession of Abraham on
behalf of Sodom (xviii. 17-33) has been thought to reflect a
somewhat later phase in the revision of the Patriarchal N arra-
tives. But when Abraham appeals to Him as "judge of all the
earth" (xviii. 17), his monotheist sentiment is in full harmony
with the general teaching of J and E.
There is no expression of hostility to the religion of the
native Canaanite, or to the religion of Egypt and Philistia
The closer relation with Shechemites is not opposed on the
ground of religion (chap. xxxiv.): nor is the faith of Joseph
an obstacle to his .marriage with the daughter of the priest of
On (xii. 45). Abi:aham, speaking of Gerar, is made to say,
"Surely the fear of God is not in this place" (xx. II). But
God manifests Himself to Abimelech "in a dream of the night,''
and Abimelech replies, "Lord, wilt thou slay even a righteous
nation?" (xx. 3, 4 E).
Once more, it cannot be said that the allusions to Assyria and
. Babylon in x: 9-12 (J), xi. 1-9 (J), xiv. 1 ff. _imply any recognition
xxvi INTRODUCTION
of the menace to Israel which the great powers of the Euphrates
valley subsequently became. If the rivalry of the Canaanite
has disappeared, the dread of Assyria has not yet become real.
Abraham builds altars at Shechem, Bethel (xii. 7, 8 J), Hebron
(xiii. 18 J and xv. 9, 10 J (E)), and Moriah(?) (xxii. 9 E). Jacob
ets up a pillar at Bethel (xxviii. 18 E) and on the mountain of
Gilead (xxxi. 45): he builds an altar at Bethel (xxxv. 3, 7 E) and
at Beer-sheba (xlvi. 1 E). To the writer of the Priestly Code it
seemed impossible that any sacrifices could have been offered
before the Levitical Law was instituted, or were lawful except
at the central sanctuary. But J and E represent the simpler
traditions of the early monarchy. The erection of a pillar
(ma11ibah), which is recorded of Jacob in Xlfviii. 18, xxxi. 13,
45, xxxv. 14 (cf. 1 Sam. vii. 12; 2 Sam. xviii. 18), is condemned
as hateful to Jehovah in Deut. xvi. 22, c£ Mic. v. 13, in the
later days of the monarchy.
The conclusion which has been reached by the most sober
criticism of the Hexateuch is that the composition of J belongs
probably to the ninth, and that of E to the early part of the
eighth century B.c.

The P ,Varratives.
The passages in Genesis generally assigned to P are as
ollows:
i. 1-ii. 4•, v. 1-28, 30-32, vi. 9-22, vii. 6, II, 13-16•, 18-
21, 24, viii. 1, 2•, 3b-5, 13•, 14-19, ix. 1-17, 28, 29, x. 1-7,
20, 22, 23, 31, 32, xi. 10-26, 27, 31, 32, xii. 4\ 5, xiii. 6, IIb-
12•, xvi. 1•, 3, 15, 16, xvii., xix. 29, xxi. 1b, 2b-5, xxiii., xxv.
7-II, 12-17, 19, 20, 26\ xxvi. 34, 35, xxvii. 46-xxviii. 9, xxix.
24, 29, xxxi. 18\ xxxiii. 18•, xxxiv. (partially), xxxv. 9-13, 15,
22b-29, xxxvi., xxxvii. 1, 2•, xii. 46, xlvi. 6-27, xlvii. 5, 6•, 7-11,
27h, 28, xlviii. 3-6, 7 (?), xlix. I•, 28b-33, 1. 12, 13.
These passages shew that they belong to a continuous and
systematic summary of the Primaeval and Patriarchal Periods.
The Narrative itself is, for the most part, slender and jejune,
except in connexion wit~ important events and institutions in
 THE DOCUMENTS (J, E, P) xxvii
the religion of Israel. In Genesis these are (r) the Creation
and the Sabbath (i.-ii. 4 •), (2) the covenant of Noah (chap. ix.),
(3) the institution of circumcision (chap. xvii.), (4) the purchase
of Machpelah (chap. xxiii.).
The character of the contents and the style of the diction are
so distinct that as a rule there is no difficulty in separating P
from J and E throughout the Hexateuch. "Because of_ the
precise assignment of dates and the systematic arrangement
of material, this document practically forms a framework which
binds together the component parts of the Hexateuch" (Chap-
man, p. 71). The main portion, which describes the legislation
at Sinai (Ex. xxv.-Num. x.), is so largely occupied with Priestly
functions, that the whole document is denoted by P, or PC, the
Priestly Code.
Its contents are marked by orderliness of arrangement and
by careful attention to chronology. Under the head of orderH-
ness may be noted in Genesis (r) the sequence of the creative
acts in the Six Days of Creation (chap. i.); (2) the arrangement
of the genealogies in chap. v., where three verses are assigned
to each name, and in xi. 10-26, where two verses are assigned
to each name; (3) the details of the purchase of the cave of
Machpelah in chap. xxiii.: and (4) the genealogy of the sons
of Jacob (xxxv. 23-26, xlvi. 8-27).
Under the head of chronology, the system followed by P,
however artificial, is methodical and continuous; we may note
the mention of the day, month, and year of the Deluge (vii. 6,
c£ viii. 4, 5, 13, 14); the ages of the descendants of Seth
(chap. v.) and of Shem (xi. 10-26); and the ages of the
Patriarchs and their wives (xii. 4 h, xvi. 16, xvii. 1, 24, xxi. 5,
xxiii. 1, xxv. 7, 17, 26, xxvi. 34, x;i.xv. 28, xxxvii. 2•, xli. 46,
xlvii. 9, 28).
The narrative, as a rule, is little more than is sufficient to
trace the chronology of Israel from the earliest times. "The
history," says Driver 1, "advances along a well-defined line, marked

1 L.O.T., p. 127.
xxviii INTRODUCTION
by a gradually diminishing length of human life, by the revela-
tion of God under three distinct names, Elohim, El Shaddai,
and Jehovah, by the blessing of Adam and its characteri.tic con-
ditions, and by the subsequent covenants with Noah, Abraham,
and Israel, each with its special 'sign,' the rainbow, the rite of
circumcision, and the Sabbath (Gen. ix. 12, 13, xvii. 11 ; Ex.
xxxi. 13)."
The Name of God which is regularly used by the Priestly
Document until Ex. vi. 2, is Elohim, not Jehovah. There are
two exceptions in xvii. 1 and xxi. 1 \ where it is possible that
the Names have been altered in transcription. There are four
passages in which God makes Himself known to the Patriarchs,
or in which they speak of Him, as it! Shaddai (xvii. 1, xxviii. 3,
xxxv. II, xlviii. 3). It is only after the account of the communi-
cation of the Name Jehovah to Moses and the people (Ex. vi. 2ff.)
that that Name is regularly used in the Priestly Document.
P ignores the distinction between clean and unclean animals
in the Story of the Flood, and does not record the offering
of sacrifices before the institution of the Levitical system. In
Genesis the only religious usages referred to are (1) the Sabbath
(ii. 1-4•), (2) the prohibition to eat blood (ix. 4, 5), (3) the rite
of circumcision (chap. xvii.).
In style there is a frequent redundancy, e.g. i. 27 "God
created man in his own image, in the image of God created
he him" ; vi. 22 "Thus did Noah ; according to all that God
commanded him, so did he" (cf. Ex. xl. 16); ix. 9 "And I,
behold, I establish my covenant with you ... ; II And I will
establish my covenant with you ... ; 12 This is the token of the
covenant which I make ... ; 13 I do set my bow in the cloud,
and it shall be for a token of a covenant between me and the
earth ... ; 16 And the bow shall be in the cloud ... ; 17 This is
the token of the covenant which I have established ...."
There are also recurrent formulae which form a noticeable
feature in the style, e.g. "These are the generations of, &c."
(see ii. 4 •, v. 1, vi. 9, &c.), "These are the sons of... after their
families, after their tongues, in their lands, in their nations"
 THE DOCUMENTS (J, E, P) xxix
(x. 20, 31 ), "And these are the names of the sons of Ishmael"
(xxv. 13), "And these are the names of the children of Israel"
(xlvi. 8); cf. xxv. 16, xxxvi. 40.
A very large number of words and Phrases peculiar to, or
characteristic of P, have been collected (see the fifty "literary
characteristics," with references, in Driver's L.O. T. (pp. 131-5)).
As instances may be cited here the expressions for "to be
gathered unto his people" (xxv. 8, 17, xxxv. 29, xlix. 29, cf. Num.
xx. 24): "make or establish a covenant" (vi. 18, ix. 9, xvii. 2, cf.
Ex. vi. 4): "male and female," zdkdr un•ljebah (i. 27, v. 2, vi. 19,
vii. 3): "sojournings" (xvii. 8, xxviii. 4,-xxxvi. 7, xlvii. 9, cf. Ex.
vi. 4): "possession" (xvii. 8, xxiii. 4, 9, 20, xxxvi. 43, xlvii. 11,
xlviii. 4, xlix. 30, I. 13): "be fruitful and multiply" (i. 22, 28,
viii. 17, ix. 1, 7, xvii. 20, xxviii. 3, xxxv. l 1, xlvii. 27, xlviii. 4):
"the selfsame day" (vii. 13, xvii. 23, 26, cf. Ex. xii. 17).
"Israel" is not used by Pas a name for Jacob. The Hittites
are the b'ne lfeth (" children or sons of Heth") in P (xxiii. 3, 5,
7, 10, 16, xxv. 10, xxvii. 46), not "I;littim" as 'in the other docu-
ments. Hebron appears as "Kiriath-Arba" (xxiii. 2, xxxv. 27, cf.
Jos. xv. 13), Haran as "Paddan-aram" (xxv. 20, xxviii. 2, 5, 6, 7,
xxxi. l 8, xxxiii. l 8, xxxv. 9, 26, xlvi. l 5), not Aram-naharaim (J).
The recurrence of the distinctive phraseology and style of P,
together with the distinctive treatment of the subject-matter,
both in the Pentateuch and in the Book of Joshua, enables the
Hebrew reader without difficulty to identify the materials of
this document. 1

The Process of Compilation or Redaction (R),

Those who were responsible for the work of compiling the
Pentateuch and the Book of Joshua, desired to give an- account
of the people of Israel from the earliest times down to the
conquest of Canaan and the death of Joshua. The first por-
tion extended from the creation of the world down to the
death of Joseph in the land of Egypt. The materials em-
ployed for this part of the compilation were, in all probability,
1 On the date of P, see additional note. on page lxvii.
XXX INTRODUCTION
(1) the J and E collections of traditions, and (2) the Priestly
Code (P).
The methods adopted in the process of compilation were
very various. Six, at least, may be recognized: i.e. (1) Ver-
batim extracts, (2) Abridgment and omission, (3) Duplication
of narratives, (4) Conflation and combination, (5) Harmonizing,
(6) Glosses.
1. Sometimes long extracts were transferred almost verbatim,
as in the case of the account of the Creation (i. 1-ii. 4 •), the
Genealogy of the Sethites (chap. v.), the Covenant of Noah
(ix. 1-17), the Covenant of Circumcision (chap. xvii.), the pur-
chase of Machpelah (chap. xxiii.), which are taken from P; and
as in the case of the story of Eden (ii. 4 b-iv. 26), the story of
Abraham at Mamre and the fate of Sodom (chaps. xviii., xix.,
except v. 28), the story of Abraham's servant and Rebekah
(chap. xxiv.), the story of Tamar (chap. xxxviii.), which are
taken from J.
2. Sometimes the account taken from one document is
abridged, because a fuller narrative is preferred from another
source. Thus the Cosmogony in J (ii. 4, 5) is fragmentary.
The opening portion of it has evidently been omitted, because
the previous section from P (i. 1-ii. 4 •) has been given the
preference. The account of Abraham's death in J, in or after
chap. xxiv. 1 ff., seems to have been omitted, because the
account in P is to be inserted later on in chap. xxv. 7-1 I.
Similarly the account, in J, of Isaac's death which is imminent
in the story of xxvii. 41, is withheld, because of the insertion, in
xxxv. 28, 29, of P's record of the event.
3. Sometimes parallel, but not necessarily identical, narra-
tives are retained side by side. Thus J's account of the forma-
tion of man and the animals, in chap. ii., follows immediately
upon P's story of Creation in chap. i. In J's account Rebekah
persuades Jacob to flee to Haran in order to escape Esau's
after-wrath (chap. xxvii.); but in P (xxviii. 1-9), Jacob departs
with Isaac's blessing in order to seek for a wife from Rebekah's
kindred. Again, in xlviii. 3-7 we have P's account of Jacob's
 THE DOCUMENTS (J, E, P) xxxi
last words to Joseph, with special reference to Ephraim and
Manasseh, which are immediately followed by the parallel
account from JE (xlviii. 7-22) in which Israel (not Jacob)
beholds Joseph's sons and enquires who they are, and blesses
them. The combination of duplicate narratives may be illus-
trated also by the twofold explanation of the names Issachar,
Zebulon and Joseph (xxx. 16-24).
4. Sometimes, when the narratives were identical in their
main outlines, but differed in small details, the Compiler com-
bined them, selecting first from one, and then from the other,
the material most suitable for his purpose, and omitting or
altering material that obviously was not harmonious. This is
especially noticeable in the Deluge Narratives (chaps. vii., viii.),
the Table of the Nations (chap. x.), the story of Jacob at Haran
(chaps. xxx., xxxi.), and the story of Joseph (chaps. xxxix.-1.).
5. Sometimes, in order to remove an appearance of dis-
crepancy, and to secure continuity between passages, editorial
changes were introduced. Thus, in view of the change of the
forms Abram and Sarai to Abraham and Sarah (related by P,
in chap. xvii.), the names Abram and Sarai are used through-
out the previous J, as well as P, portions of the narrative.
The use of the double Name LORD God (Jehovah Elohim),
in chaps. ii. and iii., is probably thus to be explained, as an
addition by the compilers, in order to combine the Elohim of
chap. i. (P) with the first mention of Jehovah in the following
section. In xxxix. 1, the name of "Potiphar, an officer of
Pharaoh's, the captain of the guard" is inserted in order to
harmonize the account in J, in which Joseph's master is a
nameless Egyptian, with that in E, in which Potiphar's name
is given (xxxvii. 36).
6. Sometimes, explanatory notes or glosses, which may have
come from a later hand, have been inserted into the text, as in
xiv. 2, 3, 7, 8, xx. 18, xxxi. 47, xxxv. 6, 19.
xxxii INTRODUCTION

§ 5. Literary Materials.
The very various materials embodied in JE and P in con-
nexion with the main thread of personal narratives, relating to
Adam, Noah, and the Patriarchs, Abrahan:J, Isaac, Jacob and
Joseph, can be classified under at least six groups: (1) primitive
folk-lore : (2) local traditions: (3) tribal traditions: (4) national
traditions: (5) songs: (6) genealogies.
1. Primitive folk-lore. The early stories respecting the
Creation, the beginnings of the Human Race, and the Delbge,
are probably ultimately to be traced back to the common stock
of primitive Semitic folk-lore. Whether the people of Israel
received them (a) through Canaanite channels, or (b) directly
from Babylonian influence, or (c) from their own Hebrew
ancestors long previous to immigration into Palestine, is a
question which at present we lack the means of answering.
Babylonian thought and culture pervaded W. Asia in the
second millennium B.C. But the points of resemblance be-
tween the Babylonian and the Israelite cosmogonies are
neither so numerous nor so close as to make it necessary to
infer that the Hebrew stories were borrowed immediately from
the Babylonian. The Canaanites, among whom the Israelites
settled, must have had their own version of a cosmogony. That
this was coloured by Babylonian influence would be a reason-
able conjecture. Again, the ancestors of the Hebrew race in
the valley of the Euphrates had their own primitive Semitic
traditions, and these would have been influenced by contact
with Assyrian and Babylonian religion.
These stories were originally myths1, that is, poetical tales in

1 See Kirkpatrick's Divine Library of the 0. T., .Note C, on "Alle-

gory and Myth," Westcott's Hist. of Religious Thought in the West,
pp. 3 ff. Cf. Sprott's Inspiration and the 0. T. (Cambridge), pp. 130 f.
" The greatest difficulty presented to ordinary people by modern
Criticism, viz. the alleged presence of myth and legend in the early
Biblical records ... is of course accentuated by our colloquial use of the
word myth as a synonym for mere fiction .... Without exception, unless
 LITERARY MATERIALS xxxiii
the imagery of which the primitive Semite found an explanation
for the phenomena of nature, aseribing them to the action of
supernatural beings. The myths were rooted in polytheism.
The polytheistic element, in Genesis, has been entirely re-
moved. The Biblical cosmogony gives us a representation of
folk-lore, not in_its early, crude and superstitious form, but as it
was shaped and adapted to be the vehicle of religious thought,
in accordance with the needs of a much later age, with the
teaching of the Hebrew Prophets, and the monotheistic wor-
sll_ip of Jehovah.
2. Local traditions. Many of the narratives in Genesis are
assodated with -localities whose sanctity was traditionally con-
nected by the Israelites with manifestations to the Patriarchs,
e.g. Shechem (xii. 7), the oaks of Mamre (xiii. 18), Beer-lahai-roi
(xvi.. 14), Beer-sheba (xxvi. 23-25), Bethel (xxviii. 10-22),
Mahanaim (xxxii. 1),_Penuel (xxxii. 24-31). In some of these
spots, stones, trees, and springs had been regarded from pre-
historic times as tenanted by Divine beings. When the Israelites
dispossessed the Canaanites, the sanctity of these places con-
tinued ; and popular legend connected them with historic inci-
dents in the lives of the Hebrew ancestors.
3. Tribal traditions. It can hardly be doubted that, under
the guise of personal incidents, some of the Narratives of Genesis
have preserved the recollection of events in the early history of
Hebrew clans and tribes. One very possible example · may
the Hebrew literature be an exception, the earliest literature of all
peoples is mythical and legendary. Not .until a comparatively late
date does it reach the stage of matter-of-fact history .... The myths of
the world's childhood are not historically true: events did not happen
so. In fact, a myth is but a parable-a story with a hidden meaning;
with this difference that the mythic narrative presents itself not merely
as the vehicle of the truth, but as being itself the truth; whereas in
the parable, form and essence, husk and kernel, are consciously dis-
tinguished. The myth is the parable of the world's childhood ; the
parable is the myth of the world's maturity. The myth then contains
no 'fact.' The legend, on the other hand, does contain 'facts' ... but
fact so modified and coloured by thought that it is always difficult, and
not seldom impossible, to recover just what really happened. It thus
belongs to a later stage in human development.".
XXXIV INTRODUCTION
be found in the story of Dinah and the treacherous revenge
taken by Simeon and Levi (chap. xxxiv.). It is possible that
Dinah impersonates a weak Israelite tribe or clan, which
was in danger of being absorbed among_ the native Canaanite
clans, and that this peril brought about the savage attack by
the two brother tribes. It is almost certain that the story of
Tamar (chap. xxxviii.) turns upon the tribal history of Judah;
and that, while accounting for the disappearance of the Hebr·ew
clans of Er and Onan, it represents, under the symbolism of
marriage relations, the building up of the tribe of Judah through
fusion with local Canaanite clans.
Once more, the blessing of Jacob, conferred upon Ephraim
and Manasseh (chap. xlviii. E), is evidently intended to ratify
the position of the two most prominent tribes in the Northern
Kingdom ; while the words of the Blessing of Jacob in chap.
xlix. reflect the history and geographical position of the tribes
after the conquest of the land.
4. National traditions. What has been said about tribal
history being impersonated in the Patriarchal Narratives, is
clearly capable of extension to nations and peoples. The
rivalry between Israel and Edom is prefigured in the ante-
natal struggle of Jacob and Esau (xxv. 23). The delimitation
of the frontiers between Israel and Syria may be symbolized
in the covenant between Jacob and Laban (xxxi. 44). It is,
at least, a possible interpretation of the repulsive legend in
chap. xix., respecting the origin of Moab and Ammon, that
Israelite prejudice expressed itself in a story based upon the
popular etymology of the two names. In the stories of Hagar
and Ishmael, the presentation of traits of the Bedouin type
is clearly not excluded: and, under the similitude of family
relationship, the connexion of the Israelite people with their
neighbours, Aramaean, Edomite, and Arabian, is illustrated
in numerous passages, e.g. chaps. xi., xxii. 20-24, xxv. 1-6,
12-16, xxix., xxxvi.
5. Songs. The Book of Genesis contains several poetical
pieces. It is very probable that many of the prose narratives
 LITERARY MATERIALS XXXV

have been derived from earlier lyrical compositions, just as

the Song of Deborah (Judg. v.) wntained in poetry the record
of a great national event which was afterwards related in prose
(Judg. iv.). Popular song has often preceded prosaic narrative.
In the other books of the Pentateuch we are familiar with the
Song of Moses (Ex. xv.), the Songs of the Wars of the LORD
and of the Well (Num. xxi. 14, 15, 17, 18), the Song of Triumph
over the Defeat of Sihon (Num. xxi. 27-30), Balaam's Oracles
(Num. xxiii. 7-w, 18--24, xxiv. 3-9, 15-24), the Song of
Moses (Deut. xxxii.), and the Blessing of Moses (Deut. xxxiii.).
In Genesis the following passages are genuine specimens of
Hebrew poetry, and in style and language are quite distinct
from the setting of prose narrative in which they are preserved:
(i) The Song of Lamech (iv. 23, 24), on the invention of
weapons.
(ii) The Song of Lamech (v. 29), on the introduction of
vine culture.
(iii) Noah's Oracle on his Sons (ix. 25-27).
(iv) The Oracle granted to Hagar (xvi. 11, 12).
(v) The Blessing on Rebekah, pronounced by her family
(xxiv. 6o).
(vi) The Oracle granted to Rebekah respecting her
children (xxv. 23).
(vii) The Blessing of Isaac upon Jacob (xxvii. 27-29).
(viii) The Blessing of Isaac upon Esau (xxvii. 39, 40).
(ix) The Blessing of Jacob upon his sons (xlix. 2-27).
It may safely be assumed that these Songs were composed
long before the time at which they were included in the J narra-
tive of the Book of Genesis. The Blessing of Jacob seems to
be a very early collection of Israelite Songs or poetical Oracles,
having reference to the tribes after the settlement in Canaan
(xlix. 13, 14); and it is possible that the allusion to "the
sceptre of Judah" may indicate a period at which the king-
dom .:as established at Jerusalem (xlix. IO ).
6. Genealogies. At least ez'ght Genealogies occur in the
Hook of Genesis. They constitute a remar_kable feature in its
XXXVI INTRODUCTION
literary composition. They illustrate the diligent care with
which the attempt was made to trace back not only Israel, but
Israel's neighbours, into the remotest antiquity. The majority
of the Genealogies belong to the statistics preserved in P.
The Priestly Document computes that the Exodus from
Egypt occurred in the year 2666, and the Flood in the year
1656, after the Creation. It is in connexion with this chronology
that the age of Noah, at the time of the Flood, is given with such
minuteness (vii. 11); and that the ages of the Patriarchs are so
carefully recorded. The narratives of J and E are not built
upon this chronology, and in consequence their statements are
often irreconcilable with those contained in the narrative of P.
(i) Genealogy from Adam to Noah (chap. v. P). It has been
thought possible that the original source for the contents of this
list is to be sought for in a version of Babylonian Tradition.
Berossus, the Babylonian Chronicler (circ. 200 B.C.) commences
his Babylonian dynasties with Alorus, Alaparus, Amelon,
Ammenon, Megalarus, Daonus, Evedorachus, Amempsinus,
Otiartes, and Xisuthros. There are ten names, and the list
closes with Xisuthros, the Babylonian Noah. The list in
Gen. v. has ten names, and closes with that of Noah.
(ii) The Genealogy of the Sons of Noah (chaps. x., xi., P (J)).
The Genealogy of the Nations is derived from J as well as
from P. The lists of names are of great interest and value.
They must not be regarded as possessing any scientific value
ethnographically. But they illustrate the political geography of
the Hebrews, and embody a reminiscence of Israelite tradition
upon the relative position of peoples known by name and repute.
(iii) The Genealogy of Terah (xi. 27-32) contains fragments
from J and P, and, probably, portions of J's genealogy of Shem,
resumed from x. 24-30. It has been thought to describe a
tradition of early tribal relationships in the Terahite branch of
the Hebrews, and to preserve the recollection of (a) thx disap-
pearance of the clan of Haran, (b) the survival of the clan of
Lot, and (c) the amalgamation of the clan of Milcah with the
native clans.
 LITERARY MATERIALS xxxvii
(iv) The Genealogy of Nahor (xxii. 20-24) is an ancient list
preserved in J. The twelve. tribes here named traced their
ancestry back to Nahor. Probably the list belongs to a late
revision of J. For, while, in chap. xxiv., Abraham's servant
finds N ahor's grandchildren, Laban and Rebekah, fully grown,
in this 22nd chapter Abraham receives the news of the birth
of N ahor's children. The Genealogy contains an ethnographical
record, not a personal history: and, accordingly, while the legiti-
mate sons of Nabor (vv. 20-23) typify the true tribal stock, the
sons of the concubine (v. 24) denote clans of mixed or inferior
lineage:
(v) The Genealogy of Keturah (xxv. 1-6) contains a list of
North Arabian tribes with whom the Israelites acknowledged
a degree of kinship. They were, therefore, represented as the
children of Abraham by a later marriage, after the death of
Sarah. As in the case of the Genealogy of N ahor, the Genealogy
of Keturah probably belongs to a late insertion into J. For the
main n~rrative of J leaves no room for the mention of a second
marriage of Abraham. The beginning of chap. xxiv. sug~sts
that Abraham is conscious of his approaching end.
(vi) The Genealogy of Ishmael (xxv. 12-18) contains a list,
from P, of the twelve traditional ancestors of the Ishmaelite
tribes whose home was in the Syro-Arabian Desert.
(vii) The Edomite Genealogies (chap. xxxvi.) consist of (1) a
list of the wives and children of Esau, vv. 1-5 ; (2) a list of
Esau's desce.ndants, vv. 9-14 ; (3) a list of Esau clans,
vv. 15-19; (4) a list of Horite clans, vv. 20-30; (5) a list of
Edomite kings, vv. 31-39; (6) a second list of Esau clans,
vv. 40--43. This very valuable genealogy seems to contain an
authentic record of Edomite tribal history, presumably derived
from some Edomite source.
(viii) The Genealogy of Jacob's descendants (xlvi. 8-27 P)
is a list.which purports to contain the names of "the children
of Israel, which came into Egypt, Jacob and his sons." But
as it includes. the names of Er and Onan (v. 12) who died
in Canaan, and also the names of Joseph and his two sons

GENESIS C
xxxviii INTRODUCTION
Manasseh and Ephraim (v. 20), who were already in Egypt when
Jacob went down, the title of the list is evidently inexact.

§ 6. Historical Value.
A. Gen. i.-xi.
The first portion of the Book of Genesis deals with the Origin
of the Universe and the Beginnings of the Human Race. These
Narratives, from a modern point of view, are unscientific. There
is nothing in them of which modern astronomy, geology, or
biology can take account. Physical Science and the Biblical
Cosmogony, in their description of natural phenomena, belong
to two wholly diverse phases of thought.
The Biblical Narrative, under the symbolism of primitive
folk-lore, represents, as in a series of parables, fundamental
religious ideas respecting the beginning of things. It is neither
history nor science. In the attempt to answer the instinctive
questionings of mankind, it lifts the mind Godward. The
mysteries of the Universe and the riddles of sin, suffering,
and death receive their interpretation through the medium of
stories which have come down from the intellectual childhood
of the Semitic peoples.
No historic records of primitive man can be looked for.
Before the ages of civilization, for thousands, perhaps for hun-
dreds of thousands, of years, man, with the spark of Divine
life implanted in him, slowly fought his way out of the condi-
tion of the savage. The earliest traces of Assyrian or Egyptian
civilization, between six and ten thousand years before the
Christian era, belong to a comparatively recent stage in the
growth and spread of the human race. Any historic remi-
niscence of the Beginning is inconceivable.
The Legend of the Flood finds an echo in the early traditions
of peoples in all parts ofthe world. It is evident,however, that
the Biblical Narrative of the Flood stands in close relationship
to the Babylonian. The earliest Babylonian accounts are based
upon ancient records written many centuries before the days of
Moses. While geological science has demonstrated that a
 HISTORICAL VALUE xxxix
Flood has never simultaneously covered the whole surface
of the globe, there is nothing improbable in the view that the
Hebrew Narrative records a tradition of a vast and over-
whelming Deluge in Mesopotamia, the memory of which is
also contained in the inscriptions of Babylon.
The Israelite had no such conception as we possess of the
physical laws of Nature. He was not interested, as we should
say, in secondary causes. The science of the Israelite con-
sisted in the recognition of the handiwork of the Creator. His
knowledge of physical phenomena was knowledge of the Power
and Presence of God. Accordingly, the Deluge, the earliest
event of which a recollection is preserved in Babylonian and
Hebrew legend, is related as a symbol of Divine judgement
upon sin, and as a typical example of Divine deliverance: while
the description of its physical characteristics follows the exag-
gerated account of popular tradition.

B. Gen. xii.-!.
When we turn to the Patriarchal Narratives, we pass into an
entirely different atmosphere. Nevertheless, the Patriarchal
Narratives are very different from those which describe the ad-
ventures of David or the rebellion of Absalom. We stand, as
it were, on the threshold of the shrine of History. We have not
yet passed through its doorway. A thousand years separate
the age of David from that of Abraham.
It is evident that not all the contents of the Book of Genesis
were intended to convey literal fact. Folk-lore is often expressed
under the symbolism of personal relationship and domestic
experiences. Many names, e.g. those of Midian, Aram, Amalek,
are not those of individual personages, but of tribes and peoples.
Stories which turn upon the popular etymology of proper names,
e.g. Ishmael, Isaac, Issachar, cannot be regarded as on the
same footing with the annals of history.
It is, however, otherwise with the great Patriarchs themselves.
It is not too much to claim that the main personages who
most vividly impressed themselves upon the popular recollection
C2
xl INTRODUCTION
were actual historic characters. Their names, we may be
sure, were not invented. That they are the names of real
persons, and that round a nucleus of historic facts poetry
and tradition collected and expanded popular legends, is the
simplest and most probable explanation. The episodes with
which these narratives are concerned are for the most part
events and details of domestic life. There is a lack in them
of contact with the larger history of the time. In conse-
quence, in recent years, there has been a tendency to deny
historic value to the Genesis story ; and to account for the
Patriarchs (a) either as impersonations of the people, (b) or
as the survivals of the recollection of Canaanite deities, (c) or
as astral emblems.
(a) It has been urged, for instance, that the departure of
the Patriarch Abraham from Ur of the Chaldees, and from
Haran, merely personifies a great migratory movement, and
that the marriage of Jacob with Rachel and Leah symbolizes
the reinforcement of the Hebrew stock from Aramaean tribes.
In a certain number of instances this line of explanation will be
found to throw an interesting additional light upon the narra-
tives. But it does not admit of being generally applied. It
fails to account for the main thread of personal incident. The
intensely vivid portraiture of individual character looks as if it
were drawn from the life, though viewed at a distance of time
and through the haze of poetry and legend.
(b) The theory has been advanced that the names of the
Patriarchs are the names of Canaanite deities, and that the
Israelites passed from the stage of offering them worship to
that of revering them as heroes and ancestors. It is quite pos-
sible that such names as Abram, or "lofty Father," and Sarah,
or "Princess," were borne by Semitic deities. But this does
not prove that the Israelites ever worshipped them, or that
the names could not be borne by human beings. The fact
that the names of Abiram, Abner, Samuel, and many other
Israelites, were compounded with names of the Deity, and that
"Isaac,"" Jacob,'' "Joseph," were very possibly shortened forms
 HISTORICAL VALUE xli
of" lsaac-el," "Jacob-el," "Joseph-el" (cf. lshma-el, Jeral:ime-
el, &c.), in no way precludes us from regarding them as the
names of historical personages. The suggestion that the
"Fear of Isaac" (xxxi. 42, 53) denotes the "fear inspired by
Isaac," i.e. the local deity of Beer-sheba, and not "the God
whom Isaac the patriarch feared," is an example of the very
precarious arguments by which this view has been supported.
There is practically no support from Genesis itself for regarding
the Patriarchs as degenerated objects of Divine worship. When
Abraham at Mamre receives the three angelic visitants (chap.
xviii.) or when Jacob wrestles with the angel at Penuel (chap.
xxxii.), the early tradition depicts man in conscious communion
with Deity. The tradition may contain more of symbolical
instruction than of actual history. But it rests on the assump-
tion that the Patriarchs were flesh and blood, and were neither
Canaanite deities nor Hebrew demigods.
(c) Another line of interpretation, which looks for "astral
motifs" in the Patriarchal Narratives, may be illustrated from
the writings of the distinguished Assyriologist, Jeremias (Old
Test. t"n the Lij;ht of the Ancient East, II. pp. 19, 20, Eng.
Tr.): "The number 318 in Gen. xiv. 14.. .is the number of days
in the lunar year when the moon is visible." ... '" Twelve years
they served Chedorlaomer, and in the thirteenth year they re-
belled' (Gen. xiv. 4). This is distinctly a lunar number." •.. " The
moon is' the Wanderer.' ... Abraham moved from East to West
like the moon." ... "Our Biblical story also recognizes the Tam-
muz-Ishtar motif. The journey of Abraham with his sister and
wife(!) Sarah to Egypt is presented there as·a journey into, and
a rescue from the Underworld. As south, Egypt is the Under-
world .•.. When Ishtar, the primeval Mother, descends into the
Underworld all fertility ceases .... The chronicler hints this,
Gen. xii. 7 : the house of Pharaoh was 'plagued' because of
Sarah ... sterility had come upon the women.'' Speculations,
upon lines like these, will be more likely to excite our surprise
at the ingenuity of their originators, than to impress us with
confidence in their judgement.
xiii INTRODUCTION
While upholding the historical character of the Patriarchs, we
must not be too sanguine in the expectation that the historical
elements in early legend can easily be demonstrated. This is
far from being the case. Fact, poetry, and symbolism are often
inextricably intertwined. Let us recognize the fact that it is
not possible to claim a high standard of historical accuracy
for a narrative, the date of whose composition is separated
by many centuries from the events which it records, and whose
statements have not as yet been verified by contemporary evi-
dence. Even the written traditions of Israel were liable to be
modified, in a strange degree, by subsequent generations, as
is evident by a comparison of the Books of Chronicles with
the Books of Kings, or, still more, of the Book of Jubilees with
the Book of Genesis. Oral tradition, however high the standard
of its accuracy in the Semitic world, was not likely to be less
susceptible to the influences affecting the transmission of narra-
tive than was tradition embodied in writing. But while we are
prepared to hear it alleged that " the basis of our belief in the
historical character, e.g. of Abraham, is somewhat sentimentaJI,''
statements to the effect that Abraham "seems to have been
created to connect together the peoples kindred to Israel in
a genealogical system of relationship" must be described as
purely speculative. The framework of literary style and of
religious thought, in which the portraits of the Patriarchs are
presented to us, is derived from the prophetic period. But
there is no evidence to shew that the prophets or their con-
temporaries either created the names of the patriarchs, or
invented the traditions respecting them. That which they in-
herited from their forefathers they reproduced, stripped of crudity
and archaism, and arrayed in the perfect style of their prose
narrative. This they presented to their countrymen, glowing
with the life of that Revelation which raised the teaching of the
Hebrew Prophets immeasurably above the level of contemporary
Semitic thought.

1 Prof. Curtiss, "Chronicles," p. 70, Internal. Critical Commcnt,zry.

 HISTORICAL VALUE xliii
During the past forty years light has been shed by archaeo-
logical research upon the history of the world in the Patriarchal
Period (2100-1400 B.C.). It has been shewn that the influ-
ence of Babylonian arms, culture, and worship had made
itself felt throughout Western Asia as far as to the shores of
the Mediterranean. It has been shewn that Egyptian kings
exercised suzerainty over the provinces and cities of Canaan in
the 15th century. It has been shewn that in the 15th and 14th
centuries the peoples of Canaan, nominally subject to Egypt,
were being hard pressed by the Hittites in the North and
the l;labiri in the East. It has been shewn that the names
of Jacob-el and Joseph-el occur among the names of places
in Canaan conquered by Thothmes III, and recorded in his
inscriptions on the Great Temple of Karnak; and that, in the
time of Seti I, Aser appears as the name of a region subse-
quently occupied by the tribe of Asher. Whether the I;Iabiri,
of the Tel el-Amarna Tablets, and the 'Apuriu of the Egyptian
inscriptions of Ramses II and his successors, should be identi-
fied with the Hebrews, is still much disputed t.
It is not easy, in our present incipient stage of knowledge, to
see precisely in what way some of these new historical data are
reconcilable with the Biblical account. We may look forward
with confidence to receiving further light from the monuments.
In the meantime it is advisable to abstain from hasty judge-
ments.
The only incident in the Patriarchal Narratives, which puts
us into touch with the history of the surrounding nations, is the
rebellion of the Cities of the Plain and the punitive invasion
by the allied armies under Chedorlaomer (chap. xiv.). It is
quite possible that in Amraphel king of Shinar we may recog-
nize I;Iammurabi, the historic founder of the Babylonian Empire.
On this assumption the period of Abraham is roughly that
of the century 2200-2100 B.C. Abraham has not yet been
1 See Driver's Schweic!, Lectures (1909); Hogarth's Autho, ity and
Archaeology (1899); P. S. P. Hanclcock's Latest L;;;•fzt on BibleLamls
(S.P.C.K., 19,3). See Appendix D.
xliv INTRODUCTION
identified in the Babylonian inscriptions. It has, indeed, been
claimed by Egyptologists that in the list of places, which Shishak
(circ. 930 B.c.) records he has conquered in Palestine, there
is one (No. 71-72) which has the Semitic title !zaef:al Abram,
"field of Abram." If this is substantiated, it may represent
the earliest occurrence of the Patriarch's name in writing, i.e.
about twelve hundred years after his death (Breasted's Hist.
o.f Anc. Eg., p. 363).
Even Joseph's name has not yet been found in the Egyptian
monuments. There is no means of ascertaining, with any
degree of confidence, under which king of Egypt Joseph rose
to power. See Appendix E.
Accordingly, while future archaeological research may have
many surprises in store for us, truth compels us to admit that
up to the present no event recorded in the Patriarchal Narra-
tives of Genesis has been found related in contemporary Monu-
ments. Nor do the Patriarchal Narratives by themselves enable
us to form any adequate impression of the political and social
condition of Canaan and of its inhabitants during that period.
Babylonian culture · was predominant : Babylon and Egypt
seem alternately. tc have ruled over Canaan : in the 16th and
15th centuries B.C. the chief towns of Canaan were held by
Egyptian officials, and were paying tribute to the Egyptian
kings. These are the historical features which archaeology has
unexpectedly revealed, but of which, before recent archaeo-
logical discovery, no Biblical student could have had any
conception from reading the Book of Genesis.
The fact seems to be that the historic traditions respecting
the Hebrew Patriarchs, both as to language, social conditions,
and religious thought, have come down to us in the garb, not
of the period from which they first emanated, but of the period
in which they were committed to writing. "The writers neces-
sarily threw back their own modes of thought upon the earlier
times of which they wrote 1." It is this explanation, also, which
1 .Davidson, O.T. Prophecy, 314.
 HISTORICAL VALUE xiv
fully accounts for the occurrence of such apparent anachronisms
as the mention of "Philistines"· and of "Dan" ( =Laish), and
the use of such phrases as "folly in Israel," and "the land of
the Hebrews" in the Patriarchal period (see above, p. xv).
Social customs in the East are little altered by the lapse of
centuries. The scenes of Patriarchal life in Palestine and Syria
may be witnessed every day by travellers of the 20th century A.D.
At the same time the student will do well very carefully to
note the allusions to the semi-nomadic life of the Patriarchs.
They were dwellers in tents, and their encampments were very
often in the vicinity of wells and springs (xii. 8, xiii. 3, 18, xviii.
I, 2, 6, 9, 10, xxiv. 67, xxv. 27, xxvi. 25, xxxi. 25, 33, xxxiii. 19).
Abram and Lot possess cattle and sheep in great abundance
(xii. 16, xiii. 2, 5). Isaac has great possessions "of flocks and
herds" (xxvi. 14). Jacob is a skilled shepherd (chap. xxx.). He
leaves Haran with flocks, herds, and camels (xxxii. 7). Jacob's
sons are shepherds (xxxvii. 2, 12-16), and the pasture-lands of
Goshen are assigned to them as such (xlvi. 34, xlvii. 3). The
regular Bedouin, roving on the frontiers of the desert, the
warrior Ishmaels and Esaus, though of kindred origin, are
different in character and pursuits (xxi.· 20, xxxiii. 12-16).
On the other hand, Isaac grows corn in the land of the
"Philistines" (xxvi. 12-14); Jacob receives from his father
the blessing of a fruitful soil, with plenty of corn and wine
(xxvii. 28); he has corn-fields in Haran (xxx. 14); and J oseph's
dreams suggest a bringing-up in corn-growing land (xxxvii. 5, 6).
In the Blessing of Judah the luxuriant growth of the vine is the
pride of tho tribe (xlix. 11). The mention of "houses" in con-
nexion with the Patriarchs indicates how easily the narrative
passes into the use of the terms belonging to a more settled
condition of life (xv. 3, xxiv. 23, xxvii. 15, xxviii. 21, xxxiii. 17,
xxxviii. 11).
xlvi INTRODUCTION

§ 7. Religious Teaching.
The Book of Genesis, like the rest of the Pentateuch to which it
forms the Introduction,is primarily a book ofreligious instruction
( Torah). It traces back, to the earliest imaginable time, the re-
lations of the People of Israel to their God. For this purpose the
Narratives were collected, and to this purpose they were adapted.
The main religious idea is this ; that the God who made the
Universe, created mankind, brought the Flood upon the world,
and appointed the distribution of the Human Races, was the
God of Israel, who in the remote ages called, chose, protected,
and guided the ancestors of the Hebrew People.
"Creation" and "Election" are the aspects under which, in
the Book of Genesis, the devout Israelite was taught the two
primary lessons of his relation to God. In answer to the
question "What am I?" he learned (1) that he was a member
of the Human Race Created by the One God, and (2) that
he was a member of the Family of Abraham Chosen by the
One God.
The Narratives are recorded in language which never deviates
from the pure monotheism of the Israelite prophets. (a) They
have no taint of the idolatry of Canaan or of Egypt. (b) They
carry with them no trace of the struggle with Baal worship.
(c) They suggest no claim on the part of any God except
Jehovah to be supreme in the world. The people of the land
as impersonated in Melchizedek (chap. xiv.), Abimelech (chap.
xx.), Pharaoh and Joseph's steward (chaps. xii. 38, 39, xliii. 23),
are not wanting in the fear of the true God.
The supreme value of the Book of Genesis has always con-
sisted in its religious message. Its influence has not resulted
from perfection of scientific or historical accuracy, but from its
power of presenting, through the medium of the people's tradi-
tions and folk-lore, the essential truths of the Revelation of the
God of Israel. Like every other human medium, it was adapted
to the age of its production. It was neither infallible nor perfect.
But it was part of that inspired witness by which throughout
 RELIGIOUS TEACHING xlvii
the ages the Spirit of God has spoken to the spiritual nature
of man with a voice adapted to· his understanding. In every
phase of Christian experience the Book of Genesis has been
recognized as having borne a prominent part in the "Prae-
paratio Evangelica." The God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob
is the One Supreme Divine Person, omnipotent in power, perfect
in righteousness, infinite in wisdom. Whether in Canaan, in
Egypt, or in Haran, His Will is sovereign and absolute. To
the Canaanite King, Melchizedek, He is the Most High God
(~l Elyon): to the Hebrew Patriarchs, He is God Almighty(~/
Shaddai).
God, who "hath at the end of these days spoken unto us in
his Son," "of old time spoke unto the fathers in the prophets
by divers portions and in divers manners (1r0Avµ.ipros ,ml 1r0Av-
Tpo1rros)" (Heb. i. 1). The Book of Genesis is one of those
"divers manners." They were truly "prophets" to whom we
owe it. They were inspired men, moved by the Holy Ghost
(a) to collect, purge, and edit the primitive traditions of the race
and the early legends of the people, and (b) thereby to interpret
to their countrymen and to the world "divers" fragments and
"portions" of the message of Divine Redemption. Human
judgement stumbles at the thought that the first of the sacred
writings of Israel to be set apart as" the oracles of God" should
contain the initial stages of a national literature, i.e. legends
and folk-lore. Our preconceptions make us slow to realize the
meaning of the progressive character of Divine Revelation.
Where law and prophecy, poetry and narrative have their share,
legend and tradition are not wanting to complete the human
element in the preparation for the coming of the Christ.

(1) God. In some of the Narratives preserved by the earlier

traditions there are traces of the earlier and more anthropo-
morphic conception of the Almighty. J chovah speaks as if
apprehensive of the human race becoming too powerful (iii. 22,
xi. 6); as if regretting the act of creation (vi. 6, 7); as if needing
to be convinced of human wickedness (xi. 7), or of the corruptions
xlviii INTRODUCTION
of.Sodom (xviii. 20, 21). But these survivals of a more naive
treatment of the Divine Nature are only evidence of the fact
that there has been growth and development in the religious
thought of Israel.
The mention of the teraphi"m of Laban (xxxi. 19, 30-35) and
of "~he strange gods" in Jacob's household (xxxv. 1-4) acknow-
ledges rather than condemns the usage of other peoples.
The God of Israel is the beneficent Creator of the Universe:
His Word and Will are the only means by which created things
are brought into existence (chaps. i., ii.). Their creation is in
accordance with His moral purpose of goodness (i. 31). Matter
is neither self-existent, nor inherently evil; what God creates, is
"very good." From the first He maintains communion and
intercourse with mankind. At every stage He communicates
His Will to man, to Adam and Eve, to Cain, to Noah, to the
Patriarchs, to Hagar, to Rebekah, to Pharaoh, &c. He hears
their prayer (iv. 15, xv. 1-6, xxv. 22, 23, xxxii. 29, xlvi. 1-4).
He makes covenants with them (ix. 1-17, xv. 18, xvii. 2 ff.).
He overrules the wrong-doings and troubles of life to be the
means of blessing (iii. 16, 17, xiv. 5, I. 20).
(2) Man. Man is made in the image of God (i. 27). His
nature is twofold, partly material, partly spiritual (ii. 7). His
life is designed for activity; he is the crowning point of creation;
he is intended to exercise authority and to maintain order and
control upon earth (i. 28, 29, ii. 15, 20). From the first he
approaches God with sacrifice (iv. 3-5) and prayer (iv. 26).
(3) Sin. The Nature, not the Origin, of Sin is depicted in
chap. iii. Temptation to sin comes from an external source
(iii. 1-5). It is not in man, nor from God. It exalts personal
desire against the knowledge of the Divine Will: it shews itself
in distrust and self-will. Conscience is active in the wake of
sin (chaps. iii., iv., xiii.).
There is no direct assertion of the hereditary transmission
of sin. Perhaps it is implied in the fact that the story of the
murder of Abel follows at once upon that of the expulsion from
the Garden. The rapid spread of moral corruption occasions
 RELIGIOUS TEACHING xlix
the Divine judgement of the Deluge (chaps. vi.-ix.), and in the
overthrow of the Cities of the Plain,(chap. xix.). There is no such
thing as human immunity from sin. Even Abraham, the father
of the faithful, is guilty of turpitude and cowardice (xii. 11-13,
xx. 12). The character of Jacob is a medley of warm feeling,
persevering energy, deceitfulness, and self-interestedness. Even
in Joseph, before the discipline of suffering, there is a strain of
vain-glory (xxxvii. 5-12).
(4) Election. The Call of Abraham is represented as the
free expression of Divine Favour and Grace. It is not the
reward of merit, nor the recognition of service. The human
aspect is ignored. God's Voice is the test of obedience and
of faith. Abraham's belief in Jehovah (xv. 6) precedes the
covenant. He represents the ideal of righteousness, i.e. right
relations with God (cf. Rom. iv. 9; Gal. iii. 6; James ii. 23).
The command comes from God to Abraham to leave his home;
and the promise is added of a blessing in the distant future.
The promise has reference (1) to numberless descendants, (2) to
the possession of Canaan, (3) to a source of benediction for all
the dwellers on the earth (xii. 2, 3, xvii. 6-8, xviii. 18, xxviii. 13,
14, xxxv. 9-12). As interpreted in the Book of Genesis, Elec-
tion implies no selfish enjoyment of prerogative, but a vocation
to discipline, patience, and service. Its origin is God's call; its
sphere is the service of man ; its ratification is the covenant
relation; the rite of circumcision is its sacrament; its reward is
the revelation of the Divine Will. The Election of the indi-
vidual leads up to the Election of the Nation, out of whose
ranks and from whose country shall come the ultimate Blessing
for all the families of the earth. The material blessings oflong
life, numerous descendants, and a fertile land, are the appointed
symbols and pledges of the spiritual fulfilment of the Divine
Promise, to which our Lord refers in the words, "Abraham re-
joiced to see my day; and he saw it and was glad" (Joh. viii. 56).
The Hebrew mind may have been deficient in speculative and
philosophical ability. But it was intensely sensitive of religious
impressions; and, while rejecting all external representations
 INTRODUCTION
of the Deity, could rest with quiet confidence in the absolute
Power, Wisdom, and Goodness of His Personality (cf. xv. 6,
xviii. 25, xxxv. 3, xlviii. 15).
(5) The Messianic Hope. The Divine Promises, in the Book
of Genesis, cannot be said to indicate a belief in the coming of
a personal Messiah. In Gen. iii. 15, the enmity between the
Serpent and the Seed of the Woman symbolizes the antagonism
between the human race and the forces of Evil. The passage
predicts, that victory over the source of transgression will rest
with man. It contains in germ the Gospel of Redemption for
humanity. It is universal, not national, in its range of ap-
plication. But it contains no announcement of a personal
Redeemer.
The much controverted words, "Until Shiloh come" (xlix. 10),
have very frequently been understood to predict the advent of
a personal Messiah. But it is very improbable that "Shilo! "
can bear the meaning of a proper name. Probably nothinr
more definitely Messianic is indicated than that the most
sacred hopes of Israel were bound up with the future of the
royal tribe of J uclah. The promises made to Abraham and
to Jacob included the kingship of their descendants (xvii.
5, 6, xxxv. II) ; and the poetical prediction concerning "the
sceptre of Judah" points forward, with the indefiniteness of an
ancient oracle, to the expectation of an ideal, a Messianic,
kingdom.
(6) Love. But, although the Book of Genesis contains but
little that belongs to definitely Messianic predictions, its whole
idea of the Divine Nature and of its relation towards man-
kind, whether expressed in Creation, or in Election, or in Dis-
cipline, is the same. It is that of love. Love first originates
the object of benevolence; and then, by gradual and progressive
revelation, seeks to raise, educate, and enlighten it, until the
full communion between God and man can be established.
The assurance of the Divine Presence (" I am with thee,"
xxvi. 24, xxviii. 15, xxxi. 3; cf. v. 24, vi. 9, xxxix. 2, 21, xlviii. 15)
is at every epoch conveyed to the servants of Jehovah.
 RELIGIOUS TEACHING Ii
"In the early stages of Bible history there was not a direct,
immediate and adequate revelation of the true God, but an
indirect and educational revelation of God, which was to the
knowledge of God Himself as the shadow of blessings to come
... is to the glorious light of Christ 1."
No account of the Book of Genesis would be adequate which
omitted to notice the religious and moral teaching of its narra-
tives. The great succession of scenes which pass before the
reader's eyes is unrivalled in any literature for simplicity, vivid-
ness, moral force, and adaptability for purposes of instruction.
Except the Parables of the Gospels, probably no stories have
been so universally used as material for sacred lessons. When
the Apostle speaks of the Scriptures being "profitable for teach-
ing, for reproof, for correction, for instruction which is in right-
eousness" (2 Tim. iii. 16), his words are in a peculiar degree
applicable to Genesis. Unless it be the Psalter, there is no
book of the; O.T. which has so deeply influenced the Christian
consciousness as the Book of Genesis. It deals with the
simplest and the profoundest thoughts in terms of everyday
life. A child can grasp the outline of the story : the pro-
foundest theologian is continually finding in it fresh depths
of unexpected meaning.
It has ceased to be regarded, as once was the case, in the
light of a text-book of secular science. It is more and more
regarded as a treasury of religious truth. The stories of Adam
and Eve, of Cain and Abel, of the Flood, of Abraham, of
Sodom and Gomorrah, of Lot's Wife, of Jacob, were used by
our Lord as parables, already known to His hearers, for the
purpose of enforcing His instruction (Matt. xix. 4, 5, xxiii. 35,
xxiv. 37; Luke xvi i. 29, 32; J oho i. 51, viii. 56). St Paul con-
tinually employs the Genesis narratives as illustrations in
theological argument. Abraham, Sarah and Hagar, Ishmael
and Isaac, are to him impersonations of religious ideas (cf.
Rom. iv. 3-r8, ix. 7-r3; Gal. iv. 22-30).
1 Westphal, The Law and the Prophets (p. r8),
Iii INTRODUCTION
The Story of Paradise and the Story of Cain and Abel are
passages in which nearly every verse is full of religious signifi-
cance. The Flood Narrative which emphasizes the Divine
hatred of sin and the purpose of salvation, prepares the way for
the call of Man and the Chosen Family; while the Genealogy
of the Races reminds us that the unknown peoples and ·dark
ages of the world are included within the range of the Divine
plan of Redemption 1•
In the Narratives of the Patriarchs the delineation of charac-
ter is extraordinarily varied and lifelike. We are conscious
that the view, e.g. of Ewald who regarded the Patriarchs as
emblems or impersonations of the people, utterly fails to satisfy.
Though they may not as yet be identified in the Monuments of
antiquity, we feel that they have stepped straight out of the
heart of the religious experience of the people.
We see in Abraham the type of unquestioning trust and obe-
dience. He leaves all at the Divine call. His strong faith is
put to the test by long waiting for the fulfilment of the Promise ;
and it is put to a yet more supreme test by a command which
seems to revoke the Promises previously given (chap. xxii.).
His character is depicted as magnanimous (chaps. xiii., xiv.),
hospitable (xviii. 1-8), courteous (chap. xxiii.). He is the wise
and thoughtful head of a great household (xviii. 19). He is not
free from human weakness, he yields to ignoble cowardice (xii.
14-20, xx. 1-18); and yet he is admitted into terms of closest
communion with Jehovah (xviii. 23-33). Isaac, the man of
meek and yielding temperament, of obscure, retiring, perhaps
self-indulgent habits, is none the less included in the privileges
of personal relation with the God who reveals His will. Jacob,
warm-hearted, calculating, self-seeking, persevering, is the type
of character in which good and evil are strangely blended.
In the turning-points of his life, he realizes (1) that there is
communion between earth and heaven, (2) that, in spite of
what he is, Jehovah has even sought him out and is ready to

1 See the writer's Earl)' Narratives of Genesis (Macmillan).

 MORAL DIFFICULTIES !iii
grant the Divine blessing on one who perseveres to sue for it.
Joseph, high-minded, capable, fa,ithful to his God in the hour of
temptation, strong in family affection, ready to forgive, presents
a noble type of virtue in high position. How lifelike also are
the touches in the representation of the secondary characters !
the jealousy of Sarah ; the selfishness of Lot ; the meanness of
Laban; the generous, but shallow, impulsiveness of Esau. We
see Rebekah as she hastens to give drink to the camels of
Abraham's servant, and hurriedly plots to secure the blessing
for her favourite son. We see Joseph's brethren now scheming
for his death in the field of Dothan, and now conscience-stricken
and bewildered in the house of the Egyptian lord.

§ 8. Moral Difficultz"es.
The Moral Difficulties which have been felt by readers of the
Book of Genesis may be grouped under three heads.
(i) A rudimentary moral standard of life is presented in the
Patriarchal Narratives. For instance, the substitution of Hagar
for Sarah (chap. xvi.), the expulsion of Hagar (chap. xxi.), and
the marriage of Jacob with two sisters (chap. xxix.), are inci-
dents which, though they shock and offend our notions of
morality, were in harmony with the ethical standard of early
Israelite society. It is terrible to our ideas that Abraham
should be ready to sacrifice his son (chap. xxii.), and that
Reuben should offer his two sons as hostages to be slain
(xiii. 37). But, according to the usages of ancient Semitic life,
individual rights were entirely subordinated to those of "cor-
porate responsibility 1.'' Scripture enables us to recognize the
law of growth in moral life. If so, we must be prepared to
meet with its earlier as well as with its later stages. We must
not expect from the picture which is given us of the Hebrew
Patriarchs in Canaan the standard of morality represented in
the Sermon upon the Mount.

1 Robinson "Wheeler's Christian Doctrine ef Man, pp. ·,7-~o.

GENESIS d
!iv INTRODUCTION
(ii). The moral failures of the Patriarchs are recorded without
any expression of censure. The repudiation of Sarah by Abraham
at the courts of Pharaoh and of Abimelech (chaps. xii., xx.),
and of Rebekah by Isaac at the court of Abimelech (chap. xxvi.);
the drunkenness and incest of Lot (chap. xix. 30-38); the acts
of deception practised by Jacob in order to obtain his father's
blessing (chap. xxvii.), are episodes in which it is impossible
to palliate or excuse the behaviour of the Patriarchs. And yet,
it is objected, there is no word of disapproval on the part of the
narrator. Is it, however, necessary that the moral should always
be told at full length? The incidents tell their own story. Their
narration is their condemnation. They illustrate the moral
failures of the representative historic personages of primitive
Israel. There is no claim of moral perfection made for them;
there is nothing of the hero or demigod in their conduct.
Abraham and Isaac are rebuked by heathen princes (xx. 9,
xxvi. 10). Racial antipathy may be reflected in the story of
the shameful origin of Moab and Ammon, but Jacob's decep-
tion is punished by twenty years' exile from his home, by the
wiles of Laban, and by the treacherous conduct of his own chi!-
dn,n. In the millennium before Christ, deception and craftiness
may conceivably have seemed to Orientals more humorous and
less repellent than they do to us. But conscience always and
unhesitatingly condemns such forms of evil. There is no room
for the sophistry that, because the Patriarchs were the chosen
servants of God, their bad actions have been condoned. Holy
Scripture records without comment the sins of Abraham, Isaac,
and Jacob, of King- David, and of St Peter. The mere state-
ment of moral lapse is enough : censure may be less eloquent
than silence.
(iii) The representation of the Divine attributes sometimes
tallies rather with the crude conceptions of paganism than with
enlightened ideas of the God· of Holiness. Allowance must be
made for the progressive character of the Revelation granted
to Israel. (a) The destruction of the world's inhabitants by the
Deluge is described as a moral judgement for sin and wickedness.
 MORAL DIFFICULTIES Iv
The emphasis rests upon the sternness of the visitation. But
the picture which it gives of tae extermination of the human
race rests on a primitive idea of the Deity, without mercy for
the ignorant and without consideration for the innocent and
the weak. (b) The Narratives of the Deluge and of the Tower
of Babel preserve some features of the fierceness and wrath,
which in the Old Testament belong to the earlier conceptions of
the God of Israel. Similarly, God is represented as threatening
Abimelech and all his people with death, because in ignorance
and entire innocency of intention he has taken Abraham's wife
(xx. 7). The purpose of the story is to emphasize the Divine
favour which protected the Chosen Family from peril. But the
words which threaten Abimelech reflect a "particularism"
against which conscience protests. (c) When, however, in chap.
xxii. 2, God is said to command Abraham to offer Isaac for a
burnt offering, the difficulty is not simply to be met by admit-
ting, that in early days the Israelites could think of their God
as one who impersonated their own fierceness. The story
presupposes a recognition of the practice of human sacrifice.
The utterance of God symbolizes the impulse of conscience,
stirring the religious feelings in Abraham. Could he make
the same supreme sacrifice which the Canaanite peoples were
willing to make to their gods ? Could he trust a God who
seemed to repudiate His own promise? This was the final test of
the Patriarch's faith. The word of God, conveying so terrible a
command, reflects indeed the moral standard of a time at which
such sacrifices were thought compatible with true devotion.
But, the God of the Hebrews, who "proved" Abraham by the
voice of conscience, no less definitively forbade the inhumanity
of such offerings. He who was continually raising His people
to a higher moral level, taught them "little by little" that God
is love.
lvi INTRODUCTION

§ 9. The Names of God in the Book of Genest"s.

The subject of the Divine Names as used in the Old Testament
has been discussed in recent years by some of our ablest scholars.
Students should consult Dr Driver's Excursus I (pp. 402-409)
in his Commentary on The Book <if Genest"s, and his valuable
note on Ex. iii. 14 (p. 40, Cambridge Bible for Schools); Prof.
A. B. Davidson's Theology <if the O.T. (1904), pp. 46, 54-58;
Principal Skinner's discussion of the subject in "Genesis"
(Internal. Crit. Comm.), pp. xxxv-xxxviii, and in his remark-
able series of articles in the Expositor, April-Sept. 1913.
There are also important articles in the chief Dictionaries, e.g.
by Kautzsch, Encycl. Bibi., s.v. "Names" (§§ 109-113), Kittel
in the RealencyklopiiditfJ, s.v. "Elohim" and "J ahve," Davidson
in D.B. II. 199.
(i) Elohim (C'\1~~) is the ordinary and regular Hebrew na:me
for "God." . Its origin and etymology are obscure. In its form
it is a plural word, and yet, with only a few exceptions, it is
used with verbs and adjectives in the singular. This usage is to
be explained not as a relic of polytheism, but as an instance of
the "plural of ex.cellence" or "majesty" ( Gesenius, Heb. Gram.
§ 124, g, E.T.), as in the case of adonim in Gen. xiii. 30, "the lord
of the land." It must not be supposed that Elohim is always
used of the God of Israel. It is used generically for" God"; and,
moreover, is often found in the plural to denote the "gods" of
the heathen. It may be assumed to be akin to 1!:l, another
Hebrew word for "God"; and is evidently closely related
the Canaanitish El, the Assyrian Ilu, and the Arabian Ildh.
The conjecture that it denotes "strength" and "protecting
power'' is very probable, but cannot be regarded as certain.
In the Book of Genesis Elohim is used by itself for " God "
177 times. With a few exceptions, it is used by both E and
P throughout Genesis and in the Exodus Narrative up to the
passage in which the distinctive name "J ahweh" is revealed to
Moses (Ex. iii. 13 ff. E: Ex. vi. 2 ff. J).
 THE NAMES OF GOD lvii
(ii) Jahweh (or Yahveh), "the LORD," is the distinctive name
of the God of the Israelites. It is quite possible that its original
pronunciation and etymology have been lost. While some have
suggested that it is the causative form of the verb meaning "to
fall," and thus denotes "the feller" or·" destroyer," others regard
it as the causative of the verb meaning "to become," and
hence understand it to mean "the creator." But we know
that Hebrew proper names may originally have had a different
pronunciation from that which popular etymology has made
familiar. The origin of the name may, therefore, be irre-
coverable. We have, however, the popular explanation which
is preserved to us in the Book of Exodus, where God, revealing
Himself to Moses, says in the first person " I will be that I
will be" ('Ehyek 'asher ehyeh). The meaning of the Name,
expressed,'as proper names so frequently were, by the 3i:d pers.
sing. of the Imperfect tense (Heb.) of a verb (e.g. Isaac, Ishmael,
J erahmeel), would be "He will be." The rendering of the Eng.
vers. "I am that I am," fails to give the full sense of the verb,
and suggests an idea of abstract metaphysical existence which
is foreign to Hebrew thought. "He will be" expresses the
promise of a permanent relation with the Israelite people: it
implies the presence and protection, the loving care and Divine
guidance, which they will receive from Him who made Himself
known to them.
The pronunciation "Jehovah'' is unquestionably wrong. It is
attributed-to Petrus Galatinus, confessor of .Leo X, in 1518. It
unites the vowels of the word meaning "Lord," adonai ('i"I~),
with the consonants of the Sacred Name, the Tetragrammaton
J HVH (i1Hl\). And although, in consequence of four centuries of
Christian use, the name" Jehovah" enjoys a peculiar sanctity, it is
etymologically a "mongrel word." There is no doubt, of course,
that the Jews, owing to a superstitious dread of pronouncing
the Sacred Name, had given to it the vowels of "Adonai " at
the time when the vowel points were introduced into the Hebrew
MSS. (7th-9th cent. A.D.). Accordingly, in public reading,
"Yahveh," a.; we may pronounce it, was pronounced" Adonai,"
lviii INTRODUCTION
and translated by the LXX as Kvpws. But traces of the original
pronunciation survive in proper names, and in Greek it is found
transliterated as la8, and law.
According to P and E, the Name was- not known until it
was revealed to Moses. But in J it is used in Genesis from
the very first. In the Paradise section (ii. 4h-iii. 24) we find
Jahweh Elohim, an unusual combination due probably to
the editorial insertion of Elohim, in order to preserve the
continuity with the previous section (i. 1-ii. 4•) in which
"Elohim" alone is used. But after chap. iii. "Jahweh" is regularly
used by J: and in iv. 26 it is expressly said, "Then began men
to call upon the name of the LORD (Jahweh)." Evidently in
the J Narratives, it was assumed that "Jahweh" was from the
first the Proper Name of God.
It is, however, important to realize that Jahweh and Elohim
are not synonymous. "Jahweh is Elohim jn relation to Israel."
Just as Chemosh was God in Ammon, so Jahweh was God in
Israel : and it is probable that a long interval elapsed, before
the Israelites realized the truth that not only was Jahweh the
God of Israel, but that the God of Israel alone was the God,
lta-Elohim. The Monotheism of the Jew represents the growth
of centuries. It was preceded by the period of monolatry, when
the Israelite recognized the existence of many "gods" (elohim),
but worshipped only One, the Elohim of Israel, whose appella-
tion was Jahweh.
In recent years it has been contended that Jahweh was the
name of a deity which is to be found in certain Babylonian
compound proper names, e.g. Ja-a-ve-i/u. · It is possible that
Jahu may have been the name of a West Semitic deity. But in
the O.T. its earliest occurrence is in the proper names Jochebed,
the mother of Moses (Ex. vi. 20), and Joshua, his successor.
(iii) El (?~) is another generic name for "God" in Hebrew.
It appears in most of the other Semitic languages, e.g.
Babylonian, Phoenician, Aramaic and Arabic. Its origin and
etymology are lost in obscurity. How it is connected with
Elohim (sing. Eloah) is a doubtful point. Some scholars have
 THE NAMES OF GOD lix
derived it from roots denoting "strength" or "leadership": but
all such derivations are conjectu'ral. It is found in the Book of
Genesis on a few occasions by itself, e.g. xvi. 13, xxviii. 3, xxxi.
13, xxxiii. 20, xxxv. 1, 3, 7, xlix. 25. But it is also frequently
found in conjunction with some descriptive epithet or substantive.
(1) £1 Elyon, "the most high God," may have been an ancient
Canaanite name for the Deity (xiv. 18). The Phoenicians had a
god 'EXwvv Ka/\ov,.,,fvos "Y'1,urTos (Euseb. Praep. Ev. i. 10, 11, 12),
cf. Ps. lxxviii. 35. (2) £1 Shaddai (see below). (3) El 'Olam,
"the God of everlasting" (xxi. 43). (4) El R 0 i, "the God of
seeing" (xvi. 13). (5) £1 Beth-el, "the God of Bethel'' (xxxi. 13,
xxxv. 7).
(iv) Shaddat" (I"!.~). This name for "God" is generally found
combined with El; but in poetry it is found alone. It occurs
in Genesis xvii. 1 (" I am El Shaddai" addressed to Abraham),
xxxv. II ("I am El Shaddai,'' addressed to Jacob), xxviii. 3 and
xlviii. 3 (El Shaddai, spoken of by Isaac and Jacob): see also
xlix. 25. According to P, while Elohim was the name of God
regularly employed, £1 Shaddaz· was the Name revealed to the
Patriarchs and used by them (see Exod. vi. 2).
The name is obscure in origin and meaning. It is ren-
dered "Almighty"; and the conjectural derivations, from words
denoting "wasting" and "mountain," are most precarious. In
the LXX it is rendered 8fos, KVpws, and 1raVT0Kpar<,>p. It ap
pears in compound names in N um. i. 6, 12 "Zuri-shaddai "=
"Shaddai is my rock," and "Ammi-shaddai" =" Shaddai is my
kinsman." It is probable that Shaddai is an ancient Divine
appellative meaning "omnipotence," which was traditionally
associated with the early revelation granted to the Hebrew
ancestors. It is very noticeable that in the poetical book of Job
the name "Shaddai" occurs no less than 41 times. See also
Num. xxiv. 4, 16; Ruth i. 20, 21; Ps. lxviii. 14, xci. 1; lsai.
xiii. 6; Ez. i. 24; Joel i. I 5.
On other titles (" the Fear of Isaac," "the Mighty One of
Jacob," and "the Stone of Israel"), sec notes on xxxi. 42, 53;
xlix. 24.
 TABLE OF PASSAGES IN GENESIS IN WHICH THE CHIEF PROPER
K°
NAMES OF GOD OCCUR

E CHAP. I. 1, 2, 3, 42, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 102, ll, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20,21 2, 22, 24, 25 2, 26, 27 2, 28 2, 29, 31
J
E CHAP. II. 2, J2
J (E) 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22
E CHAP. III. 1, 3, 52
J (E) I 82, 9, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23 ...,z
E CHAP, IV. 25 V. 1 2, 22, 242 :,:;
0
J 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 13, 15 2, 16 26 29 t1
E CHAP. VI. 2, 4 9, 11, 12, 13, 22 9, 16, VIII. 12, 15 e
(j
J 3 5, 6, 7, 8 VII. 1 16 20,21 2 j
0
E CHAP. IX. 1, 6, 8, 12, 16, 17 27 z
J 26 X. 92, XI. 5, 6, 8, 92, XII. 1, 4, 72, 82, 17
E CHAP. XIII.
J 4, 1o2, 13, 14, 18 22, XV. 1, 2 ('Adonai f.), 4, 6, 7, 8 (Adonaz J.), 18
t1 Elyon XIV. 18, 19, 20, 22
E CHAP. XVI. 3, 7, 8, 9, 15, 18, 19, 22, 23
J 2, 5, 7, 9, ro, 11 2, 13, XVII. 1 . XVIII. 1, 13, 14, 17, 192
t.1 13
£1 Sh.
 E CHAP. XVIII. (cont.) 292, XX. 3, 6, 11, 13, 17 2
J 20, 22, 26, 33, XIX. 132, 14, 16, 242, 27 18
E CHAP. XXI. 2, 4, 6, 12, 1i, 19, 20, 22, 23 XXII. 1, 3, 8, 9 12 XXIII. 6
J 12 33 II 142, 15, 16
t1 'Olam 33
E II ,-.,J
J CHAP. XXIV. 1, 3, 7, 12, 21, 26, 27 2,
31, 35, 40, 42, 44, 48 2,
50, 51, 52, 56, XXV. 21 2, 22, 23 ::c
M
E 28 (ka-E), XXVIII. 4, 12, 17, 20, 22 z
J CHAP. XXVI. 2, 12, 22, 24, 25, 28, 29, XXVII. 7, 20, 27 132, 16 21 >
t1 19
:s:
M
t1 Sh. Ul
3
E XXX. 2, 6, 8, 17, 18, 20, 229, 23 0
"1
J CHAP. XXIX. 31, 32, 33, 35 24, 27, 30
C'l
.E CHAP. XXXI. 7, 9, r 1 (ka-E), 162, 24, 42 50, XXXII. 1, 2 28, 30 0
t:l
J 3 49 9
t1 13
E CHAP. XXXIII. 5, 10, II XXXV. 1, 5, 7, 7 (ka-E), 9, 10, II, 13, 15
J XXXVII I. 72, 10
t1 20 1, 3, 7
tl Sh, II
[
 E 9 XL. 8, XLI. 16, 25 (ha-E), 28 (ha-E), 322 (ha-E), 38, 39, 51, 52 I[
J CHAP. XXXIX. 2, 32, 52, 21, 2J2
E CHAP. XLII. 18 (ha-E), 28, XLIII. 29, XLIV. 16 (ha-E), XLV. 5, 7, 8 (ha-E), 9
J
El Sh. 14
E CHAP. XLVI. 2, 3, XLVIII. 9, 11, 15 2 (ha-E), 20, 21
J XLIX. 18 ....
El Sh. 3 25 z
>-l
El 25 :;;,
0
E CHAP. L. 19, 20, 24, 25 t,
J C:
n
j
In this Table, E=Elohim=God, J (E)=Jahweh Elohim=the LORD God, J=Jahweh=the LORD, 0
El Sh.=E'/ Shaddai=God Almighty. Elohim is only recorded in cases where it is used absolutely,
z
i.e.. as a Proper Name. In cases where it is used generically, or in the construct state, e.g. "my God,"
or "the God of Abraham," i.e. not as a Proper Name, Elohim is not recorded in the above Table.
The references are to the English Bible (not the Hebrew).
(In Gen. vi. 5, "God" in the A.V. is a mistake for "LORD" (Jahweh); in xx. 4, "LORD" in
some reprints of the A.V. is a mistake for "Lord" (AdJnai); in xviii. 27, 30, 31, 32, "Lord" is
'AdiJnai; in xxx. 8, "mighty wrestlings" is in Heb. "wrestlings of God"; in xliv. 7, 17, where the
English rendering is "God forbid," there is no Name of God in the Hebrew.)
 THE NAMES OF GOD lxiii
The renderings of the Hebrew by the LXX shew as we
might have expected, that in a· translation the tendency to
substitute one Sacred Name for another is very strong, and
that a Greek scribe prefers the usual Greek word for "God,"
o B£os, to the Hebraic title Kvpios. The suggestion that the
Hebrew text is so corrupt that no reliance can be placed upon
its use of the Divine Names, and that, therefore, the Docu-
mentary analysis of the Pentateuch falls to the ground, can
only be ascribed to an entire misapprehension of Pentateuchal
Criticism. It is a mistake to suppose that "the employment
of various designations for God" is regarded by critics as
"sufficient evidence for the assumption that different docu-
ments were employed in the compilation of the Pentateuch."
Pentateuchal Criticism is based, not on a sing-le point of evi-
dence, but on a wide range of inductive reasoning, dealing with
(1) the evidence of words and phrases, (2) the literary evidence
of style, selection, and treatment of material, (3) the historical
evidence supplied by the allusions to different stages in the
growth of Israelite religion and worship. The distinctness of
origin of (a) JE, (b) D, and (c) I' may be treated as having
been finally established as the result, not of a single brilliant
guess, but of a long, minute, and scientific process of literary
cntic1sm. It is true that the first clue to the Documentary
analysis of the Pentateuch was supplied by the observation
of the manner in which the Hebrew Names of God were
distributed throughout Genesis. But it was soon realized that
there were numerous other characteristic differences between
the component Documents. "If P had used Yahweh in Genesis,
as he does after Ex. vi. 2, the grounds for the separation of
P from JE would have been substantially not less strong
than they are now.... In view of the smaller number of criteria
distinguishing J and E the varying use of the Divine names is
of relatively greater importance for the analysis of JE than it
is for the separation of JE from P ; but there are many cases
in which it is not the only criterion on which critics rely for the
purpose" (Driver, Genesis, Addenda n., p. xliv).
lxiv INTRODUCTION
With regard to the Hebrew text, the general agreement of
the Samaritan Version in the use of the Divine Names shews
that in Palestine there was no serious change, and certainly no
arbitrary change, in their transcription, from a time not im-
probably previous to the LXX translation. The LXX MSS.
are full of variations. In the rendering of the Sacred Names,
the Greek translator would not attach the significance to the
difference between Bd,s and 1<.vp,os (0c, Kc) which the Hebrew
discerned between Elohim and Jahweh. The Greek copyist
would prefer the use of 6 B•os. Habit, as well as feelings of
reverence, would lead to the substitution of o B«ls or 1<.vp,os a
B•os for the Hebraic o K.Jp,os. The tendency, therefore, both
in the translation and in the transcription of the Greek Ver-
sion, would not be on the side of scrupulous avoidance of
alteration.
The substitution of one Divine Name for another in a trans-
lation, e.g. in the A.V.'s mistake of "God" for "LORD" (Gen.
vi. 5), will, generally, be a matter of small moment. But in
the transmission of the original Hebrew text, certainly from the
2nd cent. A.D., a painful care, almost amounting to superstition,
has been shewn by Hebrew copyists. The LXX contains
valuable material for the textual criticism of the 0. T. But in
the Hebrew of Genesis the number of doubtful readings is very
small, and the superiority of the Greek translation (if the original
Greek text is obtainable) over the Hebrew text, in such a
matter as the readings for the Divine Names, could not, with
any regard for accuracy of statement, be asserted as a general
principle. Nor, indeed, except at the most in one or two instances,
could it reasonably be claimed in connexion with the reading of
the Sacred Names. The mere occurrence of variants in the
LXX, or other versions, is no evidence that they represent a
more original reading than that of the Massoretic, or official
Hebrew text. And where the Sacred Names occur, the pre-
sumption is in favour of the greater scrupulousness, care, and
avoidance of variation, on the part of the Hebrew copyist than
of the Greek transcriber or translator.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY lxv
The LXX variations, as Dr Skinner 1
has pointed out, would,
at the most, only throw doubt upon "three-sixteenths of the
whole number" of the occurrences of the Divine Names in
Genesis. And, even in this small proportion of cases, there
are very few, if any instances, where the Greek variation from
the Heb. text of the Divine Name is not to be ascribed rather
to loose inaccurate renderings than to any superiority of reading.
For a full and exhaustive enquiry into the whole subject,
which is too technical to be pursued here, see Dr Skinner's
valuable articles in the Expositor, April-September, 1913,
entitled "The Divine Names in Genesis"; Driver's Genesis,
Addenda II. (1910); L. 0. T. Addenda, pp. xxvi-xxxiii (1913);
D. C. Simpson's Pentateuchal Criticism (1914), which in an
Appendix discusses B. D. A. Troelstra's The Name of God
in the Pentateuch ; and, on the other side, Wiener's Essays
on Pentateuchal Critidsm (1909), and Dahse's Text-Kritische
Materialien zur Hexateuchjrage (1912).

§ 10. Bibliography.
(a) Commentaries :
The Book of Genesis, by S. R. Driver, D.D. (Westminster
Commentaries), 8th ed., 1911 (London).
A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Genesis, by John
Skinner, D.D. (International Critical Commentary), 19io (Edin-
burgh).
Genesis Critically and Exegetically Expounded, by Dr A.
Dillmann (Eng. Trans.), 1897.
Genesis iibersetzt u. erkliirt, von D. Hermann Gunkel, 3te
Aufl., 19io (Giittingen)
Genesis (The Century Bible), by W. H. Bennett, D.D. (Edin-
burgh).
The Book of Genesis (The Expositor's Bible), by Marcus
Dods, D.D., 1890 (Edinburgh).
The Book of Genesis, by G. Woosung Wade, D.D., 1896.
1 Expositor, Sept. 1912, P· 272.
!xvi INTRODUCTION
The Early Traditio11s of Genesis, by A. R. Gordon, D.Litt.,
1907 (Edinburgh).
The Early Narratives of Genesis, by Herbert E. Ryle, D.D.,
3rd ed., 1904 (London).
Genesis, erklart von D. Holzinger (Kurzer Hand-Commentar
A.T.), 1898 (Freiburg).
Die Genesis iibersetzt u. erkliirt, von D. Otto Pri.icksch, 1913
(Leipzig).
A New Commentary on Genesis, by Franz Delitzsch, D.D.
(Eng. Trans.), 1888.
Notes on the Text ofthe Book of Genesis, by G. J. Spurrell, 1\1.A.,
1896 (Oxford).
The Speaker's Commentary, vol. I., pt I (1876)
(b) Introductions
Driver, Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament,
9th ed. (1913).
Driver, Exodus (19u).
Chapman, Introduction to the Pentateuch (1911).
Carpenter and Harford, The Composition of the Hexateuch
(1902).
G. Buchanan Gray, A Critical Introduction to the 0.T. (1913).
D. G. Simpson, Pentateuchal Criticism (1914).
W. R. Smith, Old Testament in t/ze Jewish Church, 2nd ed.
(1892).
(c) Archaeology ·
J. H. Breasted, History of the Ancient Ezyptians (1908).
Flinders Petrie, History of Egypt, vols. r. and II.
D. G. Hogarth, Authority and Archaeology (1899).
Driver, Schweich Lectures (1908), on "Modern Research as
illustrating the Bible" (1909).
P. S. P. Handcock's Latest Light on Bible Lands (S.P.C.K.),
1913.
C. I. Ball, Light from the East (1899).
Alfred Jeremias, Old Testament in tlze Light of the East,
2 _vols. (Eng. Trans.) (19u).
 BIBLIOGRAPHY Ixvii
A. H. Sayce, The "Hi,gher Criticism" and the Verdict of the
Monuments (1894).
A. H. Sayce, The Early History of the Hebrews (1897).
L. W. King, TJ1e Seven Tablets of Creation (1902).
Morris Jastrow, Jr, The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria
(1898).
Hugo Gressmann, Altorientalisclze Texte u. Bilder z. A. T.,
2 Bde (1909).

(d) Dictionaries :
Hastings, Dictz"onary of the Bible, 5 vols. (1898-1904).
Hastings, DicHonary of the Bible, I vol. ( 1909).
Cheyne and Black, Encyclopaedia Biblica, 4 vols. (1903).

Ad,/itional uote on the date of P (page xxix).

The date of P is probably best assigned to the 6th or 5th century
B.C. It embraces materials derived from an earlier period. Doubt-
less, also, it contains additions which were made to it subsequently.
The authorship of it should not be ascribed to any individual ; but
rather to a school of priestly writers. Their literary activity belongs
to the interval of time between the Captivity and the Age of
Nehemiah, Some have conjectured that Ezra, the priest, himself was
largely responsihle for its final acceptance by the people and it5 in-
corporation with JE and D.'
1
See Chapman's lntrodu:..·tion to tlte Pentateuch, pp. 184 f.
lxviii INTRODUCTION

NOTE
The letters on the margin (J, E, P, R) indicate the sources of
which the text appears to be composed.
In citations, the letters • and b denote the first and second
parts of the verse cited.
In the transliteration of Hebrew words, it has been usual to
adopt the following equivalents :
'=t(, '=ll, ~=n, ~=i', f='l;
but this has not been done in the case of familiar names.

CHRONOLOGICAL NOTE
Babylonian and Egyptian civilization before 5000 B.C. :

l:Iammurabi, 6th king of First } 2130-2088 B.c. (U ngnad)

Dynasty of Babylon 1958-1916 B.C. (Meyer)
. f H k f E
E xpu ls1on o y sos rom gypt } 1587 B.C. (Petrie)
( d)
15 8o n.c. Breaste
Tel el-Amarna Correspondence:
1399-1365 n.c. (Ungnad)
Burnaburiash, king of Babylon }
1382-1358 B.C. (Meyer)
Amenophis IV (Khu-n'aten) } 1383-1365 B.c. (Petrie)
1375-1358 B.C. (Breasted)
Ramses II, probably Pharaoh of} 1300-1234 B.C. (Petrie)
Oppression 1292-1225 n.c. (Breasted)
Merenptah, probably Pharaoh} 1234-1214 B.C. (Petrie)
of Exodus 1225-1215 B.C. (Breasted)
 THE FIRST BOOK OF MOSES,
COMMONLY CALLED

GENESIS
N the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. 1 p
I
. And the earth was waste and void; and darkness was 2

CHAPTER I. 1-II. 4" (P). THE CREATION NARRATIVE.

1-li. THE BEGINNING OF ALL THINGS, AND THE

FIRST CREATION DAY.

1. In the beginning] B'dshtth: LXX b, dpxfi: Lat. in prindjno.

This opening word expresses the idea of the earliest time imaginable.
It contains no allusion to any philosophical conception of "eternity."
The language used in the account• of Creation is neither that of abstract
speculation nor of exact science, but of simple, concrete, and unscientific
narrative.
The opening words of St John's Gospel (iv dpxii ~• oM-yos, i. r) are
based upon this clause. But, whereas St John refers to the Word's
eternal pre-existence before time, the Hebrew writer simply speaks of
"the beginning " of the universe as the historic origin of time and
space.
In the Hebrew Bible the book of Genesis is called "B'reshtth,"
deriving its title from this first word.
God] Elohim: LXX o0,6s: Lat. Deus. See Introduction on "The
Names of God." The narrative begins with a statement assuming the
Existence of the Deity. It is not a matter for discussion, argument, or
doubt. The Israelite Cosmogony differs in this respect from that
of the Babylonians, Phoenicians, Egyptians, &c. The Cosmogonies
of the ancients were wont to be preceded by Theogonies. The exist-
ence and nativities of the creating divinities were accounted for in
mythologies which were often highly complicated, and not seldom
grotesque. The Hebrew narrator, by beginning with the Creation,
·emphasizes his entire freedom from, and exclusion of, polytheistic
GENESIS t
2 GENESIS I. 1

thought. If Polytheism had existed in the earliest Hebrew times, it had

been abandoned in the growing light of the Israelite religion. "God"
is infinite ; He was before all time: " In the beginning God created."
Upon the subject of the Divine Existence prior to "the beginning" the
writer does not presume to speculate. That Israelite imagination did
not wholly avoid the subject, we know from Job xxviii. 25-28, Prov.
viii. 22--30, Wisd. ix. 9, Ecclus. xxiv. 9.
Concerning the Israelite conception of God (E!ohim), we learn
(r) from the present verse, that He (i) is a Person, and (ii) exists
from all eternity; (2) from the whole passage, i. 1-ii. 4•, that He
is (i) supreme in power, and (ii) perfect in wisdom and goodness. The
attribute of power is shewn in creative omnipotence; that of wisdom
in the orderly sequence of creation; that of goodness in the benevolent
purpose which directed i1.; successive phases.
created] The word so rendered (btira, LXX brolr,<Tev, Lat. creavit) is
used especially of the acts of God, in doing, or calling into existence,
something new or marvellous: cf. Ei'- xxxiv. ro, "I will do marvels
such as have not been wrought (Heb. created) in all the earth":
Ps. Ii. 10, "Create in me a clean heart." In the present section it
occurs again in connexion with (r) the creation of living organisms
(ver. 21); (2) the creation of man (ver. 27); (3) the creation of the
whole universe (ii. 3, 4). It is used in Ps. cxlviii. 5, "He commanded,
and they were created," where the reference is to this section.
A different word, "made" ('asah), is used in connexion with the
"firmament" (ver. 7), the heavenly bodies (ver. 16), the terrestrial
animals (ver. 25).
It is, however, a mistake to suppose that the word b1Jrt1 necessarily
means "to create out of nothing."
the heaven and the earth] These words express the Hebrew con-
ception of the created universe. They do not denote, as has of late
been suggested, "matter" in the mass, or in the rongh. They embrace
sky, earth, and ocean: cf. xiv. 19, 22, xxiv. 3; Dt. iii. 24.
Attention should be called to an alternative rendering of this verse,
preferred by many eminent commentators. It turns npon the gram-
matical point that the first word of the verse, "B'1-!shtth," means
literally "In beginning," not "In the beginning," which would be
"Bareshtth." Consequently, it is contended that "B'reshtth," being
grammatically in "the construct state," should be translated "In the
beginning of,'' or "In the beginning when"; and not, as if in "the
absolute state," " In the beginning." If this contention, i.e. that
b'reshtth is in the construct state, be correct, verse I will be the pro-
tasis ; verse z will be a parenthesis ; verse 3 will be the apodosis :
,, In the beginning when God created the heaven and the earth (now
the earth was waste, &c.... upon the face of the waters), then God said,
'Let there be light.' "
In comparison with our familiar translation (in both R. V. and A.V.)
the alternative rendering seems to present the serious disadvantage of
opening the book with a long, cumbrous, and involved sentence. The
reply, that the second creation narrative (ii. 4b-7) opens with a
 GENESIS I. 1, 2 3
similarly long sentence, hardly meets the objection. The opening
words of the whole book ~an har,dly be compared with the opening
words of a subsequent sect10n.
The simplicity and dignity of the short opening sentence in the
familiar translation impress themselves upon every reader, The author
of the Fourth Gospel was evidently conscious of it.
The force of the grammatical objection is weakened by the parallel
case of the anarthrous use of b'reshtth in Is. xlvi. 10. It is doubtful
whether reshfth is found with the article. In the present instance, it
may be pleaded that the absence of the article lends a significant
indefiniteness. The rendering of the LXX, lv apxfi i-1rolrJ11,v o O,os Tov
oupavov Kai T-1/v 'Y'iv, which supports the anarthrous b'rhhtth (lv apxy,
not ev Tf, apxf,), was evidently the traditional rendering of the Jews in
at least the third century B. c. The rendering of the Targum of Onkelos,
"In the first times" (b'qadmin), supports it in the second centmy A.D,
2. And the earth, &c.] Notice, in the present verse, (1) that
"darkness" exists which God is not said to have made: (2) that
"waters" exist before the formation of the seas: (3) that "the spirit
of God" is mentioned, without explanation of its nature or origin, as
"brooding upon the face of the waters." The whole picture is vague
and obscure, because tlie touches, by which it is conveyed, are left
unexplained. The old monstrous and grotesque figures with which
primitive Semitic, and possibly primitive Hebrew, imagination sought
to fill up the void of the unimaginable past, have been left out. The
gap which they filled is not wholly supplied. The description is brief
and condensed. But, even making allowance for the brevity of the
narrative, we are conscious of the presence of features in it, which
represent the dim and cancelled outlines of an earlier mythological
story. The thought of the Israelite reader is elevated to a higher
religious plane in this simple and stately account.
the earth] i.e. the materials out of which the universe is formed. We
are not told what the origin of these materials was, or whether God had
created them. God is not here spoken of as creating the universe
out of nothing, but rather as creating it out of a watery chaos: cf.
Wisd: xi, 18. That which is affirmed in Heb. xi. 3, i.e. that God did
not make "that which is seen out of things which do appear," is not
asserted in this verse, though it is implied in the general representation
of God's omnipotence and His solitary personal action.
was] The simplest description of what "existed" before the first day
of Creation. To translate "became," or "came into being," in order
to import into the verse an allusion to the nebular hypothesis for the
origin of the solar system, is an expedient not to be entertained by any
scholarly interpreter. It has, however, found favour in some quarters.
Apologists have been known to appeal to this verse as demonstrating
that the Bible contains anticipations of the latest discoveries in Natural
Science, as if the Hebrew auxiliary denoted the process of gradual
evolution out of nebulous gas.
The theory, however, would never have been thought of except for
the well-meaning, but mistaken, purpose of defending the .honour of
I-2
4 GENESIS I. 2

Holy Scripture on the supposition that it must contain perfection of

instruction upon all matters of scientific knowledge.
It is sufficient to remind the reader that the ancients were entirely
'ignorant of the Copernican theory of the solar system; and, ex hypothesi,
could not have comprehended Laplace's nebular theory.
It violates every canon of interpretation to assume that simple words,
like "earth," "darkness,"" water," &c., were intended to convey to
the Israelite reader not the meanings which the Hebrew equivalents
everywhere else conveyed, but those which could only be understood
after the scientific discoveries of the nineteenth century had transformed
men's conception of the universe.
Equally arbitrary is the explanation of this verse, that it is intended
to summarize the period, or periods, of catastrophe which, according to
some writers, preceded the present geological condition of our planet.
Geology is a modern science. The view which regarded the geological
history of the globe as a succession of gigantic catastrophes is now very
generally abandoned. The theory, that the earth has reached its present
condition through gradual changes which have taken place during an
enormous span of time (the uniformitarian theory), has now received
the general adherence of geologists. (Cf. Sir Arch. Geikie, Art.
"Geology," Encyc. Brit.)
On the other hand, the Hebrew conception of the Creation in this
chapter is in agreement with a fundamental principle of scientific
thought. It recognizes in Nature an orderly progress from the simple
into the complex, from the lower into the higher. Evolution, in the
modern acceptance of the word, would have been unintelligible. But
the ideas of order and progress, which it endorses and illustrates, are
dominant in the present description. See Special Note, pp. 45 f.
waste and void] A.V. "without form and void." The Heb. t6hfl
va-bhohfl is untrauslateable. The LXX, aopa.Tos rn! aKa.Tao-Keuao-Tas,
"invisible and unformed," fails to give the meaning. The Latin,
inanis et vacua, is closer to the original. The alliteration of the Heb.
words cannot be reproduced in English: "void and vacancy" would
partially represent the sense and the sound.
tohfl in lsai. xiv. 18, where there is a reference to the Creation
Narrative, seems to denote "waste" or "vacancy"; while bohfl=
"emptiness," "void," occurs elsewhere only in lsai. xxxiv. 11, Jer.
iv. 23, with a reference to the present passage. Conceivably, the
words may contain some similarity to primitive names, which had
become obsolete, but which had been used to personify the conditions
of chaos out of which the universe was formed. We may, at least, in
connexion with this suggestion, compare the Phoenician Bavv=Night,
the Mother of Chaos, and the Gnostic technical terms Bu0os and Xaos,
designating primaeval matter.
darkness] The existence of ''darkness" is here assumed. It is not
said to have been created. "Light," not "darkness," has its origin in
the creative act of God.
For another conception, cf. lsai. xlv. 7, "I form the light, and create
darkness."
 GENESIS I. 2 s
upon the face of the deep: and the spirit of God moved P 1

1 Or, was broodingupqn

t!te deep] Heb, t'!t6m, LXX d{Ju<T<Tov, Lat. abyssi. This word is
generally used in the Q.T. for the "Ocean," which, according to
Hebrew ideas, both encircled the world, and occupied the vast hollows
beneath the earth: cf. Gen. xlix. 25. It is used like a proper name,
without the article; and is very probably Babylonian in origin. In the
present verse it denotes the chaotic watery waste destined on the Second
Day to be confined within certain definite limits. It is conceivable that
in primitive Hebrew mythology this t'Mm, or "abyss," fulfilled the
same part as the somewhat similar Babylonian Tiamtu, or Tiamath,
"the Goddess of the Great Deep," with a dragon's body, whose
destruction preceded the creative deeds of the Babylonian Supreme God,
Marduk, or Merodach. Marduk slew the dragon, clave its body in
two parts, and made the heaven of one portion, and the earth of the
other. See Appendix A.
The Hebrew notion that, before the Creation, the universe was
enveloped in the waters of the great deep is possibly referred to in
Ps. civ. 6, "Thou coveredst it [the earth] with the deep as with a
vesture," cf. Ps. xxxiii. 7.
the .rpirit of God] Nothing could more effectually distinguish the
Hebrew Narrative of the Creation from the representations of primitive
mythology than the use of this simple and lofty expression for the
mysterious, unseen, and irresistible presence and operation of the Divine
Being. It is the "breath" of God which alone imparts light to dark-
ness and the principle of life to inert matter.
The student should be warned against identifying this expression
with the Holy Spirit in the Christian doctrine of the Blessed Trinity.
We must not look for the distinctive teaching of the Christian Revela•
tion in the pages of the O. T.
The word for "wind," Heb. rua{t, Gr. 1,-vefJµ.a., Lat. spiritus, was
accepted as the most suitable term to express the invisible agency of
God. In consequence, it is sometimes difficult to decide whether the
word is used literally in its meaning of " wind" or "breath," or
metaphorically in its meaning of ''spirit" as the symbol of the invisible
operation and influence of the Almighty. An instance of this am-
biguity occurs in our Lord's words in John iii. 8, "The wind (1rv,fJµ.a.)
bloweth (marg. 'The Spirit breatheth ') where it listeth, &c .... so is every
one that is born of the Spirit (1rv,fJµ.a.)." Similarly, whereas the Targum
of Onkelos probably rendered our clause by "wind from the LORD
blew upon the face of the waters," the Targum of Palestine renders
"the Spirit of mercies from the LORD breathed upon the face of the
waters."
moved upon the face of the waters] The rendering of the margin,
was broodini· upon, famishes the picture of a bird spreading its wings
over its nest ; it also reproduces the meaning. of the participle of the
 6 GENESIS 1. 2, 3
P 3 upon the face of the waters. And God said, Let there be
Hebrew verb, which implies continuousness in the action. For the
use of the same unusual Hebrew word, cf. Deut. xxxii. r I, ' ' As an
eagle that stirreth up her nest, That /luttereth over her young, He
spread abroad his wings, He took them, He bare them on his pinions."
By the selection of this word the writer conveys the thought that
the continuous, fostering care of the Almighty was given to the welter
of primaeval chaos no less than to the orderly successive phenomena
of the universe.
Milton employs this metaphor in two well-known passages.
Thou from the first
Wast present, and, with mighty wings outspread,
Dove-like sat'st brooding on the vast Abyss,
And mad'st it pregnant ...
-Par. Lost, i. 19 •
... Matter unformed and void. Darkness profound
Covered the Abyss; but on the watery calm
His brooding wings the Spirit of God outspread,
And vital virtue infused, and vital warmth,
Throughout the fluid mass ....
-vii. 134.
It may, indeed, be questioned whether, if the word is intended to
denote the action of a bird, it should not be rendered "was flutter-
ing," or "was hovering," rather than "was brooding." Motion seems
to be implied : and the simile is not so much that of a bird sitting
upon its nest as that of a bird hovering with outstretched wings over
the young ones in the nest. The choice of the word, with its allusion to
bird life, has been thought to contain an intentional reference to primitive
mythologies, e.g. Phoenician, Egyptian, according to which the universe
was hatched by a female deity out of the primaeval egg of Chaos.

S. THE FIRST DAY,

S. And God said] Observe here that the spoken Word is the only
means employed throughout the six days' Creation, cf. Ps. xxxiii. 6, 9,
"By the word of the LORD were the heavens made .... For he spake,
and it was done; he commanded, and it stood fast." Creation by a word
combines the idea of perfect facility with that of absolute power.
It is only through the Revelation of the N .T. that we learn to identify
the work of Creation with the operation of the Personal Word (John i.
3): "All things were made through him (o Aoyos); and without him
was not anything made that hath been made," cf. Col. i. 16, "For in
him [the Son] were all things created ... all things have been created
through him, and unto him." Heb. i. 1, "through whom [his Sou]
also he made the worlds."
Let there be light] This command, in the Hebrew, consists of two
 GENESIS I. 3-5 7
light: and there was light. And God saw the light, that it 4 P
was good: and God divided. the light from the darkness.
And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called s
Night. And there was evening and there was morning,
one day.
short words, y'ki 'dr. Light is the first created thing, that upon which
depends all life and growth known to us on earth.
For "light" as the symbol of the Divine Presence in the Revelation
of the N. T., cf. John i. 4, "in him was life; and the life was the light
of men," cf. v. 9, and viii. I z, "I am the light of the world."
and there was light] Literally, "and light came into existence.''
Apparently the primitive conception of the Hebrews was that light and
darkness were separate things, incomprehensihle indeed, but independent
of the sun, cf. Job xxvi. 10, xxxviii. 19, "where is the way to the
dwelling of light, and as for darkness, where is the place thereof?"
The unscientific notions of the Israelite have received in regard to
light an unexpected illustration from modern discovery; but we must
be careful not to suppose that there is any resemblance between the
Hebrew picture of the creation of light, and modern theories respecting
light and the ether of infinite space. The Hebrew view of the uni-
verse was (cf. vv. 6-8) extremely limited; the modern scientific view
of the universe is practically infinite in its capacity for development,
and is continually being enlarged. There is little room for comparison
between them.
4. And God... good] This phrase is repeated (vv. 10, 12, 18, u,
25, and in slightly amplified form, v. 31) at each successive creative act,
except on the second day (v. 8, where see note). The purpose of this
sentence is to express ( 1) that the phenomena of the natural world, in
their respective provinces, fulfil the will of the Creator, (z) that what is
in accordance with His will is "good" in His sight.
and God divided... darkness] By this simple and concrete expression
it is implied, that God assigned their own places to "light" and "dark-
ness" respectively, and that, before the moment of separation, the light
had been confused and entangled in the darkness. The two elements
were now divided, and apportioned to different dwelling places, c£ Job
xxxviii. 19 quoted above.
5. And God called... ] That God should give names to things is to
our minds a strange and almost unintelligible thought. To the Hebrews,
on the contrary, it seemed a natural feature of the story. To them the
Hebrew language was that in which the Divine Will was expressed;
and, to their minds, the Hebrew name and the thing which it designated
had been rendered inseparable by Divine Decree on the day of its
creation.
Observe that the names "Day" and "Night" are given to "light"
and "darkness," although the heavenly bodies are not made until the
fourth day.
and there was ... ] The "day" with the Hebrews began in the evening.
 8 GENESIS I. 6
p 6 And God said, Let there be a 1 firmament in the midst of
1 Heb. expanse.
It was reckoned from 6 p.m. to 6 p.m. The Israelite writer, therefore,
in speaking of the days of Creation, describes them as ordinary days
with their succession of evening and morning. There is no need to
imppose, as some have done, that the '' evening" in this verse refers to
the pre-existent darkness of v. 2, and that "morning" denotes the period
of light before the creative work of the second day. In the mention of
the days, the Hebrew story of Creation is perfectly simple and natural.
With childlike faith, it told how the C!eator completed His work
in a time corresponding to six earthly days, each consisting of even-
ing and morning. The hallowing of the seventh day, in chap. ii. 2, 3,
presupposes the literal character of the previous six days.
Suggestions have frequently been made in the course of the last half
centiJry, that each of the six days is to be understood as a period of
indefinite duration. But it is important to remember that the facts,
with which modern science has familiarized us, respecting the antiquity
of the earth, as shewn by geology, and our solar system, as shewn
by astronomy, were wholly unknown until quite recent times. We
must be careful, therefore, not to read back such notions into the minds
of the writer and of those for whom he wrote this chapter. The
assumption that the inspired record must be literally accurate has
led to much misinterpretation of Scripture as well as to great mental
confusion and religious distress.
The difficulties, which have been felt with regard to the mention of
"days," have arisen from the natural wish to reconcile the plain and
childlike language of ancient unscientific Semitic story, which accounted
for the origin of the world, with the abstruse and dazzling discoveries
of modern Physical Science, The two must be kept absolutely distinct,
one day] So the Hebrew, not "the first day"; but "one day," LXX
fiµ,lpa µ,la, Lat. dies unus.

6-8. THE FIRMAMENT OF THE HEAVEN,

6- Let there be ... waters] The work of the "second day" is the
creation of the so-called "firmament" of heaven. The Hebrews had
no conception of an infinite ethereal space. The vault of heaven was to
them a solid arched, or vaulted, structure, resting upon the pillars of the
earth (Job xxvi. II). On the top of this dome were the reservoirs of
"the waters above the heaven," which supplied the rain and the dew.
Beneath the earth were other reservoirs of waters, which were the
sources of the seas, lakes, rivers and springs. After the creation of light
the next creative act was, according to the Hebrew cosmogony, the
division of the primaeval watery abyss, by means of a solid partition,
which is here denoted by the word rendered "firmament." The waters
are above it and below it.
a firmament] This word reproduces the Lat, finnamentum; LXX
 -
---
---
----
- -----
- --
---- . - - -
· - --- -- - -
-
- - "'
A diagram representing the Semitic conception of
the Universe.
From D r Hastings' Dictionary OJ tlze Bible, by kind permission
of IVIessrs T. & T. Clark.
 GENESIS I. 6-9 9
the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters. P
And God made the firmament, and divided the waters 7
which were under the firmament from the waters which
were above the firmament : and it was so. And God 8
called the firmament Heaven. And there was evening
and there was morning, a second day.
And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be 9
,neplwµa,. The Hebrew rr1qfa denotes (see Heb. Lex.) "extended sur-
face, (solid) expanse" (as if beaten out; cf. Joh xxxvii. 18). For the
verb raq'a==beat, or spread, out, cf. Ex. xxxix. 3, Num. xvii. 4, Jer. x. 4,
Ezek. i. 22, "and over the head of the living creatures there was the
likeness of a firmament .. .stretched forth over their heads above."
Compare Job xxxvii. 18, "canst thou with him spread out (tarqi'a)
the sky which is strong as a molten mirror?" See Ps. xix. 1, cl. 1,
Dan. xii. 3, where "firmament"==sky.
Fo1 the solidity of the heaven according to this conception, cf. Amos
ix. 6, "it is he that buildeth his chambers in the heaven, and hath
founded his vault upon the earth." The fall of rain was regarded as
the act of God in opening the sluices of heaven, cf. Gen. vii. 11,
2 Kings vii. 1, 19, Ps. lxxviii. 13, cxlviii. 4, "ye waters that be above the
heavens."
The LXX adds at the end of this verse, "and it was so." This
formula, which appears in vv. II, 15 and 14, in each case after the
words of Divine fiat, seems more suitable here than at the close of v. 7,
as in the Hebrew text.
7. and it was so] This formula is here out of place. See previous
note.
8. Cod called the.firmament Heaven] It is clear therefore that what
the Hebrews meant by "Heaven," was neither the clouds and mist, nor
the empty space of the sky. It was a solid arch, to which, as we shall
see in v. 14, the luminaries of the sky could be attached.
At the close of the description of the work on the other days, we find
the formula "AndGodsawthatitwasgood" (vv. 10, 11, 18, 11, 15, 31).
The omission of it here, at the close of the second day, is probably due
to textual error.
LXX adds after the word "Heaven," "and God saw that it was good."
It is more probable that the words have fallen out accidentally from the
Hebrew text, than that the formula was intentionally omitted because,
"the waters under the firmament " not having yet received their place,
the Divine work upon the waters of the deep was regarded as still
incomplete.
9-13. THE THIRD DAY-Two CREATIVE ACTS. (1) THE SEPA•
RATION OF SEA AND EARTH (vv. 9, 10). (2) THE CREATION
OF THE VEGETABLE WORLD (vv. II-13).
9. Let the waters .•. appear] In this verse the dry land is rendered
 IO GENESIS 1. 9, to
P gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land
10 appear : and it was so. And God called the dry land
visible by the removal of the waters, that were under the Heaven, into
their special place. The account reads as if the Earth had existed
previously, but had been submerged in the water. It is not stated that
God made the earth at this juncture; but only that He now caused it
to become visible. The description of the formation of the earth, like
other details of the old Hebrew cosmogony, has been omitted either for
the sake of brevity, or in order to free the account from materials which
were out of harmony with its general religious teaching.
unto one place] According to the Hebrew conception the Earth
was supposed to have a flat surface, surrounded on all sides by the
ocean; while the ocean was connected by subterranean channels with
vast reservoirs of water that lay under the earth and fed the springs
and rivers. Cf. Ps. xxiv. 2, "for he hath founded it (the world)
upon the seas, and established it upon the floods"; cxxxix. 9, "if I
take the wings of the morning, and dwell in the uttermost parts of
the sea." In the story of the Flood we read that "all the fountains of
the great deep" (Gen. vii. II P) were broken up.
Instead of" place," the LXX reads" gathering," o-wa-yw-y,lv, the word
which is reproduced in the familiar term "synagogue." It has been
suggested that this may very possibly represent the original reading;
and that, at any rate, the less usual word i1.ii'I;), miqveh="gathering,"
was more likely to be altered in transciiption into the common word
Clip~, maqom=''place," than vice versa. On the other hand, the word
i11i'I;), miqveh, occurs in the following verse (v. 10), "the gathering
tog~ther of the waters" (ra <TV<TTeµara rwv v/5,!.Twv), in a slightly different
sense, and a copyist may have introduced the word here by accident
and given rise to the LXX rendering.
the dry land] That is, the surface, or crust, as it would now be
called, of the earth, consisting of soil, sand, and rock. Christian
tradition, until the beginning of the 19th or the end of the r8th century,
was satisfied that the Hebrew narrative, attributing the origin of the
earth's crust to the work of a single day, adequately met the require-
ments of terrestrial phenomena, and did justice to the conception of
Divine omnipotence. The rise of the science of Geology, in the last
century and a half, has totally transformed educated opinion. It
is recognized that the Hebrew cosmogony is devoid of scientific
value (see p. 4). Geologists are agreed that the cooling process, by
which the surface of the glowing and molten body of our planet came
to be sufficiently solidified to support the weight of vast seas, must
have extended over long ages to be reckoned by millions and millions of
years. The subsequent geological ages, Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, Cainozoic,
and Quaternary, which account for the gradual formation of the rocks
as we know them, have been demonstrated to have covered a similarly
stupendous length of time. The thicknesses of the successive geological
 GENESIS t. 10-13 11

Earth ; and the gathering together of the waters called he p

Seas: and God saw that it was· good. And God said, Let u
the earth put forth grass, herb yielding seed, and fruit tree
bearing fruit after its kind, wherein is the seed thereof,
upon the earth: and it was so. And the earth brought 12
forth grass, herb yielding seed after its kind, and tree
bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after its kind :
and God saw that it was good. And there was evening 13
and there was morning, a third day.

strata furnish the means of estimating the relative durations of the

periods. The infinite tracts of time and space, which modern science
has in an increasing degree revealed to be in relation to one supreme
and all embracing harmony, testify to the omnipotence of the Divine
Will and Wisdom even more impressively than did the brief and inter-
mittent acts of Creative Power, which in the legends of the ancient
world accounted for the origin of earth and sea and stars.
The LXX adds at the end of the verse, '' And the water that was
under the heaven was gathered together into their gatherings (o-vva:yw-yas
avTwv), and the dry land appeared," which looks like a gloss. But
avTwv implies a Heb. original (i.e. the plural form Cl!~iJ, "the waters,"
not the sing. TO VBwp).
11. Let the earth ... grass] The creation of the vegetable world follows
naturally and logically upon the emergence of the earth out of the
waters. The most common and beautiful thing in nature, in the East,
is the instantaneous appearance of fresh green blade and shoot, after
the rain has fallen upon some parched and apparently lifeless soil. This
phenomenon suitably marks the commencement of organic life in the
Hebrew cosmogony.
It is doubtful whether we should distinguish in this verse three, or
two, types of vegetation. Assuming that the former is to be preferred,
we may distinguish (1) the grasses, (1) the herbs, (3) the trees. Ac-
~ording to another view, the main class of vegetation ("grass") is
described under two heads, (1) the herbs, (1) the fruit-trees.
This classification of the vegetable world into three (or two) orders
marks the beginnings of what we call botany. The "herb" and the
"fruit-tree" are described in popular language, according to the mode
of their propagation by seed or fruit.
after its kind] The word is collective, and the phrase means accord-
ing to their various species. Cf. vv. 11, 15; vi. 10 (P).
We should notice the emphasis that is here laid upon the fact that
both the main orders of the vegetable kingdom and their subdivisions
have their origin in the Divine command. The food of the Oriental is
almost entirely vegetable.
 t2 GENESIS I. 14
P 14 And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament
of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let
14-19. FOURTH DAY. THE CREATION OF THE HEAVENLY
BODIES.
Observe that the creation of the "lights" in the heaven on the fourth
day corre·sponds to the creation of "light" on the first day. If we divide
the six days into two groups of three, there are in each group four
creative acts, and at the head of each group is the creation of light
in two different forms, (1) elemental, (2) sidereal.
14. Letthere belights] The word rendered" lights" (LXX q,w11T'i'Jpes:
Lat. lttminaria) denotes a thing, or body, carrying light; cf. Ps.
lxxiv. 16, "The day is thine, the night also is thine: Thou hast pre-
pared the light (Heb. luminary) and the sun"; Ezek. xxxii. 8, "All the
bright lights of heaven."
It has seemed strange to some that the creation of the heavenly bodies
should follow after that of the vegetable world, whose life, according to
our notions, is dependent on the light of the sun. But, beside the
artificial arrangement (according to which the creation of "the lights"
of the sky on the fourth day corresponds to the creation of "the light" on
the first day), it is probable that, in the ascending scale from vegetable
organisms to animal life, the "lights," i.e. the sun, moon, and stars,
with their mysterious movements and changing, yet ordered, paths in
the sky, seemed to be endowed with a vital activity, which, if inferior
to that of the animals, yet was far surpassing that of the plants.
Described in terms of astronomy, the account here given of the origin
and functions of the heavenly bodies is, what is called, "geocentric,"
that is, it supposes the earth to be the centre of the system. It conceives
the sun, moon and stars to be much smaller bodies of varied light-giving
capacity, formed for purposes of use to the dwellers upon earth, and
attached to the roof of heaven at no very great allitude above the
flat earth.
Primitive and childlike will this Hebrew view seem now to us who
inherit the privilege of the continually advancing discoveries of astro-
nomical science since the days of Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton. But
we shall do well to recollect, that the statement in these verses respect-
ing the origin, nature, and function of the heavenly bodies, stands on an
immensely higher level of reasonable and dignified intelligence, than
the notions of other peoples in the ancient world, who identified the
heavenly bodies with gods, or semi-divine beings, exercising a bene-
volent or malevolent potency over the affairs of men and women,
countries, and nations. The Hebrew account is simple almost to
baldness, but it is an account which harmonizes with the fear and
worship of the one God of Israel. There is neither idolatry nor super-
stition in it. It gives no loophole for the follies or fears of astrology,
which even down to modern times has been known to enslave the
reason of Christian minds.
 GENESIS I. 14-16 13
them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days and years : P
and let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven 15
to give light upon the earth: and it was so. And God 16
made the two great lights ; the greater light to rule the day,
and the lesser light to rule the night: he made the stars also.
God is described as calling into existence the heavenly bodies for
three distinct purposes: (r) to divide between day and night; (z) to
determine periods of time, days, months, years, seasons, festivals, &c.;
(3) to give light upon earth, providing by day for the growth, health,
and strength of living organisms, and by night for the guidance of the
wayfarer and the mariner.
for signs, and for seasons] Literally, "for signs and for fixed times."
The seasons of the year were indicated by the position of the sun,
moon, and stars; the "signs" probably have special reference to the
constellations, and especially to what are called "the constellations of
the Zodiac "-a knowledge of which was from a very early time
possessed by the Babylonians. Comets, eclipses, shooting-stars, &c.
would also be included among the "signs" of the sky.
The "fixed times" probably denote the periods of the year for
agricultural and rural occupations, together with their festivals. Days
of festivals were determined by particular moons, or by the rising
of particular stars. Cf. Job xxxviii. 3z, "Canst thou lead forth the
Mazzaroth (signs of the Zodiac) in their season?"
16. And God made, &c.] The work of creation on the fourth day
is twofold. In verse r6 God is said to make the sun, the moon, and the
stars ; in verse 1 7 He is said to set them in their place.
It is noticeable that, although the "greater" and the "lesser lights"
are here mentioned, the names of "sun " and "moon" are omitted :
possibly in order to avoid reference by name to heavenly bodies whose
worship was a source of idolatrous superstition, from the peril of which
Israel was not free.
to rule] This expression assigns to the sun and moon a kind of
quasi-personal dominion over the realms of day and night. Cf. Job
xxxviii. 33, "Knowest thou the ordinances of the heavens? Canst thou
establish the dominion thereof in the earth?" Possibly the expression
"rule" may be a survival of an earlier stage in the Hebrew cosmogony,
in which the sun and moon received some kind of personification.
At least, the word is noticeable in a context singularly free from
metaphor.
he made the stars alro] A translation must fail to do justice to
the abruptness of the original, which literally runs, "and the stars."
The brevity of this clause, together with the absence of any further
definition of the function of "the stars" as distinguished from "the
greater lights," is very noteworthy. It may possibly indicate a necessary
abbreviation, in order to remove some older features of the cosmogony
which conflicted with the pure monotheism of Isr!le!.
 GENESIS I. 17-20

P 17 And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give

18 light upon the earth, and to rule over the day and over the
night, and to divide the light from the darkness: and God
19 saw that it was good. And there was evening and there
was morning, a fourth day.
20 And God said, Let the waters 1 bring forth abundantly
1 Heb. swarm with swarms ef living creatures.
17. And God set them] Having made the heavenly bodies (as in
v. r6) Goel is now sai<l to "set," that is, to place (LXX Mero, Lat.
posuit), them in "the firmament of heaven." They are located in the
firm strncture which stood as a dome, or convex roof, over the surface
of the earth; see note v. 6; cf. Pliny u. 106, sidera coelo ad.fixa. No
mention is here added of the movements of the heavenly bodies; nor
is any explanation given, in this condensed narrative, of the way in
which the luminaries placed in the firmament were nevertheless ap-
parently possessed with mysterious powers of movement; cf. Job xxxviii.
32. They occupied certain positions, and moved upon certain paths,
appointed them by God ; and, like the sea, they were not able to pass
the bounds set them.

20-23, THE FIFTH DAY, THE CREATION OF WATER ANIMALS

AND FLYING ANIMALS.
20. Let the waters ... life] The rendering, "bring forth abundantly
the moving creature that bath life," fails to give the full meaning ot
the original. Literally, the words mean "let the waters swarm
swarms, even living soul": and the purpose of the command is that
the waters are to teem with myriads of living animals. Hence the
R.V. margin, "swarm with swarms of living creatures" is closer to
the original; but it fails to reproduce the phrase "living soul," in
apposition to the word translated "swarms." No translation is satis-
factory which fails to give prominence to the thought, that the waters
are to teem with things endowed with a wondrous new gift, the active
principle of animal life, which the Hebrews called nephesh, and which
is nearly represented by the Greek 'flf)(.f/, We might, therefore, trans-
late "let the waters swarm with swarms of creatures, even with count-
less things which have life."
That there should ever be any difficulty in deciding whether an
organism belonged to the vegetable or to the animal kingdom would
never have occurred to an ancient writer.
The rendering "the moving creature" went wrong in following the
ancient versions, which supposed that the word rendered in the margin,
"swarm," denoted only "creeping things" or ''reptiles." LXX lp1r<ra
y,vxwv J:wo-wv. Lat. reptile animae viventis. This gives an entirely
 GENESIS I. 2q, 21 15
the moving creature that hath life, and let fowl fly above P
the earth 1 in the open firmament of heaven. And God 21
created the great sea-monsters, and every living creature
1 Heb. on the face of the expanse of the heaven.
false impression. The command is for the creation of all sorts of
water animals.
and let jowl jly] Rather," and let winged things fly." The command
includes all creatures with wings, e.g. bats, butterflies, beetles, insects,
as well as birds.
in the open firmament of heaven] This rendering scarcely reproduces
the sense of the Hebrew words, which literally mean "in the face of,"
or "over against, the firmament of heaven." The idea is that winged
things are to fly "above" the earth, and "in front of" the vault of
heaven. The KV. margin, on the face of the expanse of the heaven,
is cumbrous and obscure. The meaning seems to be that the flight
of winged things shall be in mid air, "in front," as it were, of the solid
"firmament of heaven," which was not remote. The winged creatures
would continually be visible against the sky.
21. And God created] Observe the use of the word "create" (Heh.
Mrri). It signalizes a new departure of the Divine work, when the
principle of animal life (nephesh) is first communicated on earth, and
living animals are formed: cf. note on v. r.
The writer does not directly speak of fish ; but the water animals are
described under two main classes, which would include all marine and
fresh-water creatures.
the great sea-monsters] Better, "the great monsters." The word
in the Hebrew is applied to monsters, or creatures of strange and
monstrous size, such as occur in mythological and poetical pictures,
e.g. the Dragon, Behemoth, and Leviathan; cf. Ps. lxxiv. 13, cxlviii.
7, Is. xxvii., Ii. !t: It was also used of the crocodile (cf. Ezek. xxix. 3),
and of snakes (Ex. vii. 9). The Hebrew did not know of the me-
gatherium, ichthyosaurus, iguanodon, &c. But the expression here
used is singularly appropriate to them.
The translation of the A.V., "great whales," was based upon the
versions LXX Ta KTJTTJ Ta µe-ya.\a, Vulg. cete grandia; but the word
is used of any animals of vast size. Moreover, there is no probability
that the warm-blooded marine animal, which we call a "whale," was
known to the Israelites.
every living creature] Literally, "and all the living soul tliat
moveth with which the waters swarmed." This is the second main
class of water animals, viz. all the things in which is the principle of
animal life, and with which the waters teem. They are further de-
scribed by their motion, "that moveth." The Hebrew word denotes
the gliding, swift movement of the fish for which there is no adequate
English equivalent.
The LXX, 1rii11av ,t,vxrw twwv ep1r<rw>, gives too restricted a sense
 16 GE~ESIS I. 21-24

P that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly,

after their kinds, and every winged fowl after its kind : and
22 God saw that it was good. And God blessed them, saying,
Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas,
23 and let fowl multiply in the earth. And there was evening
and there was morning, a fifth day.
24 And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living
and suggests only lizards and reptiles: while the Vulg. omnem animam
viventem atque motabilem, like the R.V., is too general.
which ... brought forth abundantly] Better, "with which the waters
teemed" or '' swarmed."
after their kinds] Cf. vv. II, 12; the expression has reference to
the great variety of species of water animals.
and every winged jowl] or "and every winged flying thing": LXX
1r&v 1r,nivbv ?TTEpwrov. The actual word "bird" is not used, doubtless
intentionally, in order that the class may comprehend as many varieties
as possible of winged creatures.
The assignment of the creation of birds and fishes to the second
day after that of vegetation is probably due to the view that an
ascending scale of vitality is represented by plants, heavenly bodies,
fish, and birds. Clearly the Israelite drew a very sharp line of dis-
tinction between the vegetable and the animal world. Modern science
has shewn how infinitely fine is this line; and geology has shewn that,
in the earliest rock formations which contain fossils, it is difficult to
decide whether vegetable or animal life recedes into the most distant
antiquity.
22. God blessed them] With the creation of the living animals of the
water and the air is introduced the mention of a new Divine act, that
of blessing. It is connected with the gift of life (see note on v. 21).
The animal world differs from the vegetable world in its distinctive
principle of life. The animals possess powers, instincts, and energies
which are to be exercised, and on the exercise of which God gives His
blessing. He has placed them in conditions favourable to their
development and multiplication. Modern science, especially as repre-
sented by the honoured names of Darwin and Lyell, has shewn in what
wonderful and varied ways the blessing of God has attended both the
multiplication of animal life and the adaptation of the animals to their
surroundings.

24-31. SIXTH DAY: (a) CREATION OF THE LAND ANIMALS

(vv. 24, 25);
(b) CREATION OF MAN (vv. 26-30);
(c) THE END OF THE CREATION (v. 31).
24. Let the earth, &c.] The work of the sixth, like that of the third,
day is twofold. Furthermore, the creation of the land animals on the
 GENESIS I. 24, 25 17
creature after its kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and P
beast of the earth after its kind : and it was so. And 25
God made the beast of the earth after its kind, and the
cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon
the ground after its kind: and God saw that it was good.

sixth day seems to correspond to the creation of the earth on the third
day.
The creation of the land animals immediately precedes that of man-
kind. It is implied that they are closer both in structure and in intelligence
to the human race than the animals of the water and air. On the
other hand, the words "let the earth bring forth " (the same phrase as
is used in v. r r of the creation of the vegetable world) emphasize the
difference in origin between the land animals ("let the earth bring
forth") and mankind, who are described (vv. 26, 27) as, in a special
manner, "created" by God Himself.
the living creature] viz. "living soul," as above (vv. 20, 21). Here
the words are used especially of the land animals. To speak of animals
having "a soul" is strange to modern ears. But it was not so to the
Israelites, who realized, perhaps better than we do, man's kinship with
the animal world, in virtue of that principle of nephesh, the mystery
of life, which is shared by the animals and human beings.
after its kind] viz. the various species of the animals about to be
mentioned.
cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth] This is a rough
threefold classification of the animals dwelling on the earth: (r) "the
cattle" (Heb. beh!mah, LXX rerpa:1ro6a (="quadrupeds"), Lat. jumenta
(="cattle")), under which head are here probably classed all the domestic
animals, e.g. oxen, sheep, horses, asses, camels, as in Jonah iv.11. Here
it seems to be implied that the domestic animals were tame originally,
and not through association with mankind. ( 2) "creeping things";
LXX ep1rer&., Lat. reptilia. In this class seem to be included not only
snakes and lizards, but also the smaller animals, generally, and the insect
world. (3) "the beasts of the earth"; LXX 0TJpla r,js -y,js, Lat. bestias
terrae, viz. the wild beasts, strictly so called, as distinguished from the
domestic animals.
25. And God made] Notice the word "made," Lat. ftcit, not
"created"; cf. vv. 7, 16.
and God saw that it was good] It is noticeable that the blessing,
which followed these words after the creation of the water animals and
the birds (v. 22), is here omitted. E;ither the blessing was allowed to
drop out, in order that the description of the sixth day might not
become too long in comparison with that of the previous five days; or
the blessing so fully pronounced upon man in vv. 28-30 may be
considered to embrace also the living creatures created on the same
sixth day.
GENESIS II
 18 GENESIS I. 26
P 26 And God said, Let us make man in our 1m ge, after our
26-30. Let us make, &c.] The creation of man, although taking
place on the same day with that of the land animals, is a completely
separate creative act. It constitutes the climax and the crown of Creation.
It is, therefore, described with especial fulness and solemnity. There is
no formula, "let there be man," or "let the earth bring forth man," as
in the case of the previous creative acts. We observe, (i).firstly, that
God prefaces the creation of man with a declaration concerning (a) the
Divine purpose; (b) man's future nature; (c) his sphere of authority
and influence (v. 26); (2) secondly, that in a direct and special manner
God creates man, in His own image, both male and female (v. 27);
(3) thirdly, that He both blesses them, and in trusts them with duties and
powers upon the earth (v. 28); (4) fourthly, that He makes provision
for their food and sustenance (v. 29), .as well as for that of the lower
animals.
26. Let us make] LXX 1ro1r,uwµe11, Lat. faciamus. The use of the
1st pers. plur. is a well-known crux of interpretation. How are we to
explain its occurrence in the utterance of the Almighty? The only
other. passages in which it is found are (1) Gen. iii. 22, "And the
LORD God said, Behold, the man is become as one of us"; (2) Gen. xi.
7, "Go to, and let us go down, and there confound their language";
(3) lsai. vi. 8, "And I heard the voice of the LORD, saying, Whom
shall I send, and who will go for us?" Very different explanations
have been given.
i. Until recently, the traditional Christian interpretation has seen
in the 1st pers. plur. a reference to the Three Persons of the Blessed
Trinity. The requirements of a sound historical exegesis render this
view untenable: for it would read into the Book of Genesis the
religious teaching which is based upon the Revelation of the New
Testament.
ii. It has been regarded as a survival of polytheism, and has been
compared with "Elohim," a plural word for "God" which some
regard as a relic of polytheism. But "Elohim, in the present context,
is always combined with a verb in the singular. Why should "said"
be in the singular, ii" let us" indicates the plurality of Gods? Again,
any departure from the strictest monotheism is unthinkable in the
writing of the Priestly Code. The explanation may safely be dismissed
as improbable in the extreme.
iii. It has been explained as the plural of Majesty. It is pointed
out that the commands and rescripts of royal personages are conveyed
.. 1 the 1st pers. plur.; and reference is made, in support of this view, to
Ezra iv. 18, 1 Mace. x. 19, xi. 31. It may be allowed that the view is
tenable; but the examples adduced are drawn from a very late period
of Biblical literature, and, as an explanation, it appears to be little in
harmony with the directness and simplicity of the passage.
iv. It has been explained as the "plural of the fulness of attributes
and powers." It is pointed out that not only is the word for God
 GENESIS I. 26 19
(Elolzim) plural in form, hnt also the words for "Lord" (Adon) and
"Master" (Ba'al) are often used in the plural of a single person. "It
might well he that, on a solemn occasion like this, when God is repre-
sented as about to create a being in His own image, and to impart to
him a share in that fulness of sovereign prerogatives possessed by
Himself, He should adopt . this unusual and significant mode of
expression" (Driver, in loc.). It may, however, be questioned whether
the passage in Gen. xi. 7 satisfies the exacting requirements of this
finely described test. Again, while '' the plural of plenitude" in a
substantive or adjective is unquestioned, it may be doubted, whether
we should be right to explain the 1st pers. plur. of a verb on the
ground that the speaker is one to whom the plural of the fulness of
power can justly be attributed.
v. It has been explained as the plural of Deliberation. It has been
truly remarked that there is more solemnity and dignity in the words,
"Let us make man in our own image," than would have been conveyed
in the words, "Let me (or, I will) make man in my own image." The
entire simplicity of this explanation tends to recommend it.
vi. It was the old Jewish explanation that God is here addressing
the inhabitants of heaven. In the thought of the devout Israelite, God
was One, but not isolated. He was surrounded by the heavenly host
(1 Kings xxii. 19); attended by the Seraphim (Is. vi. 1-6); holding
His court with "the sons of God" Gob i. 6, ii. 1). We are told in a
poetical account of the Creation, that when the foundations of the earth
were laid, "all the sons of God shouted for joy," Job xxxviii. 7 (cf. Ps.
xxix. 1, lxxxix. 7, ciii. 19-n). It is claimed that, at the climax of the
work of Creation, when man is about to be formed, the Almighty admits
into the confidence of his Divine Purpose the angelic beings whose
nature, in part, man will be privileged to share (Ps. viii. 4, 5, cf, Ileb.
ii. 7). At the risk of appearing fanciful, we may remind the reader
that the birth of the Second Adam was announced by "the angel," and
"there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host praising
God" (Luke ii. 13).
It has been objected against this view ( 1) that the Priestly Narrator
now here mentions angels, and (2) that the explanation tends to detract
from the dignity of man's creation. But (1) angels are not here men•
tioned; and if the plur. indicates their presence in attendance upon the
Almighty, the picture which it suggests is in harmony with the religious
thought of the Israelites; and ( 2) the work of creating man is neither .
delegated to, nor shared with, otl·ers. God "created man in his own
image" (v. 27); but, before creating him, He had associated with
Himself all those who, through participation in image and likeness
with Himself, would henceforth be allied to man.
The two last explanations appear to be the most probable.
man] Heb. tidtim. This, the first mention of "man" in Holy
Scripture, is spoken by God. It denotes "mankind" generally. Note
the plural "they" in the next sentence. On "Adam" as a personal
na1!1e, see note on ii. 7.
in our ima$e, after our likeness] LXX reads "and after our likeness,"
;1-2
 20 GENESIS I. 26-28

P likeness : and let them have dominion over the fish of the
sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and
over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that
27 creepeth upon the earth. And God created man in his
own image, in the image of God created he him ; male and
28 female created he them. And God blessed them : and God

Some distinction must clearly be drawn between "image" {Heh. ietem;

LXX elKwv; Lat. imago) and "likeness" (Heh. d'm·IUh; LXX oµolwuis;
Lat. similitudo). The former is more permanent, the latter more
fleeting. But the distinction cannot be pressed. Inv. 1 we read "in
the likeness (d'milth) of God made he him," and v. 3, "And he (Adam)
begat a son in his own likeness, after his own image." The most we
can.say is that "image" suggests reproduction in form and substance,
physical or spiritual: and "likeness" gives the idea of resemblance and
outward similarity. The words contain a truth which was wont to be
exaggerated by Jewish and Patristic commentators. Man's nature is made
"in the image of God"; he possesses divine qualities indestructible and
inalienable, which no animal possessea. He is made "after the likeness
of God"; his character is potentially divine. He is capable of ap•
proaching, or receding from, the "likeness " of God. The resemblance
can never be perfect: but it can increase, and it can diminish.
The view that there is any reference to the conception of an outward
resemblance, in shape or form, to the Hebrew idea of the Personal Deity
is wholly improbable, and is contrary to the spirit and teaching of the
religion of Israel.
and let them have dominion, &c.] As this dominion is promised to
man in virtue of his creation in God's image, this sentence will help-
fully shew that man's superiority arises, not from physical strength, but
through the equipment of his higher nature.
and over all the earth] It seems strange that mention of" the ea1th"
should be interposed between two of the four classes of animals, "the
cattle" and "every creeping thing," over which man should rule. There
can hardly be any doubt that the text, which is that also of the LXX and
the Latin, has suffered from an early omission. We should read, with
the Syriac Peshitto, "over all the beasts of the earth." The addition of
the words "beasts of," in the sense of "the wild beasts of," will complete
the classification of living creatures, as (1) fish, (2) birds, (3) domestic
animals, (4) wild beasts, (5) creeping things. This enumeration repro•
duces the animals previously mentioned (vv. 20-25).
117. The reiteration of the principal words in the"clauses of this verse
has something of the rhythm of poetry. Repetition and love of detail are
characteristics of the Priestly Code. "Created," cf. vv. 1, 21 (see notes).
male and female] The distinction of the sexes, which is here given,
has been omitted, probably for brevity's sake, in the mention of the
animals.
When, in view of the discoveries of the science of Anthropology, the
 GENESIS I. 28, 29 21

said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish p

the earth, and subdue it ; and .have dominion over the fish
of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every
living thing that 1 moveth upon the earth. And God said, 29
Behold, I have given you every herb yielding seed, which
is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the
which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall
1 Or, cnepetk
question is asked whether there was one original.pair of human beings,
or whether each of the different races, Caucasian, Mongolian, Negro,
Red Indian, Australian, &c., originated from one pair, or from groups ·of
pairs, we must answer that such questions do not , come within th~
horizon of thought in our passage. They are to be solved not by
Revelation in Holy Scripture, but by the exercise of the gifts of patient
enquiry, accurate observation, and sound reasoning. The Hebrew
writer has in view a population drawn from a single stock. His
account of the origin of Man, applicable to one race, is symbolical of
all, if a plurality of origin is to be assumed.

28, THE BLESSING AND THE COMMAND.

28. replenisk] The word is the same as that used in v. 'VJ of the
fishes, "be fruitful, and multiply, andji// the waters."
and subdue it] A strong word, denoting subjugation to power. Man's
authority over the creatures of the earth confers upon him responsibility
for the exercise of his powers. Supremacy over the fishes, the birds,
and the beasts, will require courage, forethought, skill, observation, and
judgement. The blessing, therefore, of "fruitfulness" is incomplete,
until reinforced by the commission so to exercise the faculties as to
ensure intellectual growth. In this connexion, compare Ray Lankester
("Rede Lecture, 1905 "), "What we call the will or volition of Man ...
has become a power in nature, an imperium in imperio, which has pro-
foundly modified not only Man's own history, but that of the whole
living world, and the face of the planet on which he lives."

29. PROVISION OF FOOD,

In this verse God gives food to mankind consisting of the seed-bearing
herbs and the fruit of trees. By comparison with ix. 3, we see that the
writer believed that, until after the Flood, mankind subsisted upon a purely
vegetable diet. It may be asked how, if this were the case, man had
the opportunity of exercising his dominion over fish, birds, and beasts:
if he did not wish to eat them, neither would he wish to kill them. The
truth seems to be that, according to the P version of Hebrew tradition,
the first generations of mankind were intended to live, without bloodshed
. or violence, in an ideal condition, like that predicted by Isaiah (xi. 6-9),
 22 GENESIS I. 29-31
P 30 be for meat : and to every beast of the earth, and to every
fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the
earth, wherein there is 1 life, I have given every green herb•
31 for meat: and it was so. And God saw every thing that
he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And there
was evening and there was morning, the sixth day.
1 Heb. a living soul.

"they shall not hurt nor destroy in all my holy mountain." The prophet's
words, "a little child shall lead them," imply a dominion over the
animal world which does not rest upon force.
30. to every beast ef the earth] God ordains that the wild beasts,
tfie birds, and all living creatures, shall have the leaves for their food.
The words, "every green herb," would be more literally "all the green,
or verdure, of the herbs." A distinction is, therefore, drawn between
the food ordained for mankind and the food ordained for the animals.
Man is to have the herb bearing seed and the fruit of the-trees (v. 29):
the animals are to feed on the grass and the leaves.
far meat] This expression, here and in the previous verse, is liable to
be misunderstood by English readers. The Hebrew means "for food."
The word "meat" is an old English term for "food." Cf. St Luke
xxiv. 41 A.V. "He said unto them, Have ye here any meat?" R.V.
"Have ye here anything to eat?"
It may be asked whether we are to understand that, according to
Gen. i., the nature of animals was different at the first from what it
became afterwards, and that they did not prey upon one another. The
reply is that this was evidently the belief of the Israelite, as represented
in this chapter. Like other features of the picture, it is childlike and
idealized. Palaeontology has demonstrated, that, from the earliest
geological period at which animal life can be shewn to have existed, the
animals preyed upon one another. From the earliest days of animal
life nature has been "red in tooth and claw."
31.. and, behold, it was very gvod] The work of the six days' Creation
having been completed, God, as it were, contemplates the universe
both in its details and in its entirety. That which He saw to be
"good," on each separate day, was but a fragment; that which He sees
to be "very good," on the sixth day, is the vast ordered whole, in which
the separate parts are combined. The Divine approval of the material
universe constitutes one of the most instructive traits of the Hebrew
cosmogony. According to it, matter is not something hostile to God,
independent of Him, or inherently evil, but made by Him, ordered by
Him, good in itself, and good in its relation to the purpose and plan of
the Creator. The adjective "good" should not therefore be limited
in meaning to the sense of "suitable," or "fitting." There is nothing
"evil" in the Divinely-created universe: it is '' very good" (LXX Kal\a
l\lav : Lat. valde Z.ont1).
 CENESIS i.

SPECIAL NOT]j: A, ON I. 26.

Prefessor Davidson, On the plural form ef the word Elohim.
"The plural form of the word Elohim might be supposed to have
some bearing on the question of unity. And, indeed, by many it
has been supposed to bear testimony to the plurality of gods originally
worshipped among the Semitic peoples ; and by others, who seem to
consider the name Elohim part of God's revelation of Himself, to
the plurality of persons in the Godhead. The real force of the
plural termination .. .is not easy, indeed, to discover, But a few facts
may lead us near it. In Ethiopic the name of God is ,1.mliik, a
plural form also of a root allied to melek-a king. All Shemitic
languages use the plural as a means of heightening the idea of the
singular; the precise kind of heightening has to be inferred from the
word. Thus water-C~l;)-is plural, from the fluidity and multiplicity
of its parts; the heavens-C:r.,~-from their extension. Of a different
kind is the plural of adon-lord, in Hebrew, which takes plural suffixes
except in the first person singular. Of this kind, too, is the plural of
Baal, even in the sense of owner, as when Isaiah uses the phrase 0~:J.~
, 1(1/f (i. 3). Of the same kind, also, is the plural teraphim, penates,
consisting of a single image. And of this kind probably is the plural
Elohim-a plural not numerical, but simply enhancive of the idea of
might. Thus among the Israelites the might who was God was not an
ordinary might, but one peculiar, lofty, unique. Though the word be
plural, in the earliest written Hebrew its predicate is almost universally
singular. Only when used of the gods of the nations is it construed
with a plural verb; or, sometimes, when the reference is to the general
idea of the Godhead. This use with a singular predicate or epithet
seems to show that the plural form is not a reminiscence of a former
Polytheism. The plural expressed a plenitude ef might. And as there
seems no trace of a Polytheism in the name, neither can it with any
probability be supposed to express a plurality of persons in the Godhead.
For it cannot be shown that the word is itself part of God's revelation;
it is a word of natural growth adopted into revelation, like other words
of the Hebrew language. And the usage in the words baa!, adon, rab,
and such like, similar to it in meaning, leads us to suppose that the
plural is not numerical, as if mights, but merely intensifying the idea of
might. Nor can it be shown to be probable that the doctrine of a
plurality of persons should have been taught early in the history of
revelation. What the proneness of mankind to idolatry rendered
imperative above all and first of all, was strenuous teaching of the
Divine Unity." Davidson's Theology ef the O.T, pp. 99, 100
(T. and T. Clark).
 GENESIS II. t, 2
P 2 And the heaven and the earth were finished, and all the
2 host of them. And on the seventh day God finished his
SPECIAL NOTE B.
Note on Ike Jewish Interpretation of i. z6.
(a) Targum of Pseudo-Jonathan, "And the Lord said to the angels
who ministered before Him, who had been created in the second day of
the creation of the world, Let us make man in Our image, in Our like-
ness." .
(b) Pesi!fta 34• (ed. Buber), "God took counsel with the ministering
angels, and said unto them, Let us make, &c."
(c) Philo (i. 556, ed. Mangey), "The Father of the Universe dis-
courses to His own Hosts" (ra.'is eaurov owdµeow).
(d) Rashi, Commentary.
Humilitatem Sancti illius Benedicti hinc discimus, quoniam homo ad
similitudinem angelorum .creatus fuit et illi erga eum invidia incitati
fuerunt, idcirco Deus cum illis consultaYit .... Etiamsi angeli non opem
tulerint ei Deo in illius creatione ... non omittit tamen Scriptura,
quominus doceat morem hominum modumque humilitatis, ut nimirum
is, qui major est, consu!tet et facultatem impetret a minore, quod si
scripsisset Moses faciam hominem, non docuisset nos, quod Deus
locutus sit cum domo judicii sui; sed cum seipso; responsionem vero
Epicuraeis opponendam scripsit Moses in latere ejus, "et creavit,"
inquiens, hominem; non vero scripsit; "et creaverunt."
Ed. Breithaupt, i. pp. 15, 17.

CH. II. 1-4•.

THE SEVENTH DAY: {a) THE CESSATION FROM
WORK; (b) THE HALLOWING OF THE DAY,

1. were finis/zed] In these verses the repetition of the words" finish,"

"work," "seventh day," "made," is probably intended to heighten the
solemnity connected with the seventh day; see also note on i. z7, and
Introduction, on the characteristics of P.
and all Ike host efthem] The word "host" is noteworthy. The Hebrew
is ,libli, "army," the plural of which is the word "Sabaoth" (=f'bd,Jth
= "hosts") familiar to us in the Te Deum. Here, as applied to the
countless forces of the universe, its use is metaphorical. In the ancient
world a great army represented the ideal of an organized multitude: and
the designation of "host" (flibli) is often given in the 0, T. to the
heavenly bodies (e.g. z Kings xvii. 16). The LXX o KOoµos a.urwv,
="their order, beauty, or array," is reproduced iri the Lat. ornatus
eorum= "their splendour," missing the significance of the original.
Upon this error of the V ulgate St Thomas Aquinas based his di vision of
the works of Creation into "opera distinclionis" and '' opera ornatus."
2. on tke seventk day] Some misunderstanding arose in very early
times in consequence of these words. Jealous for the sanctity of the
 GENESIS II. 2, 3 25
work which he had made ; and he rested on the seventh P
day from all his work which· he had made. And God 3
blessed the seventh day, and hallowed it : because that in

Sabbath, men said, "No, not on the seventh day, but on the sixth day,
God finished the work of creation." So we find "on the sixth day" is
the reading of the Samaritan, the LXX, and the Syriac Peshitto. The
mistake was not unnatural : it was not perceived that the conclusion of
work was identical with the cessation from work. God wrought no
work on the seventh day; therefore, it is said, He brought His work to
an end on the seventh day. The reading, "on the sixth day," may
be dismissed as an erroneous correction made in the interests of keeping
the Sabbath. All reference to the sixth day was concluded in eh.
i. 31.
ht's work] LX:l.{ ra. lf"Ya aorou, "his works." The same Hebrew
word as in the Fourth Commandment, Ex. xx. 9, "all thy work" ;
it denotes not so much the "result" of labour, as its "process," or
"occupation." Driver renders by "business."
rested] LXX Karhrav<Te= "ceased," Lat, requierit. Heb. shdbath
has strictly the· sense of "ceasing," or "desisting." It is this
thought rather than that of "resting" after labour, which is here
prominent. Elsewhere, the idea that God rested on the seventh day,
is more directly expressed, e.g. Ex. xxxi. 17, "And on the seventh
day he (the LORD) rested (shabath, 'desisted'), and was refreshed."
The idea of "cessation" from the employment of the six days suggested
the conception of " rest," which is mentioned, both in Ex. xx. 11 and
xxxi. 17, as the sanction for the observance of the Sabbath. Rest in the
best sense is not idleness, but alteration in the direction of activity.
3. And God blessed the seventh day] It was the belief of the devout
Israelite that in some mysterious way God at the beginning conferred
His special favour upon the seventh day. The writer does not in this
passage mention the name "Sabbath," but the reference to the Israelite
Sabbath is indisputable. A play on the word " Sabbath" is evidently
intended by the use of the word shdbath. The Hebrew cosmogony
traced back the observance of the Sabbath to the Divine example on
the seventh day of the creative week. Whether its observance was
followed by the Israelites before the time of Moses, has been much
disputed. No reference to it occurs in the Patriarchal narratives: but
the intervals of seven days occurring in the story of the Flood (vii. 10,
viii. 10, 12 J) may indicate the belief in the primitive recognition of the
"week" as a sacred division of time. The reference to the Sabbath in
Ex. xvi. 23 ff. has led many commentators to suppose that the opening
word(" Remember") of the Fourth Commandment assumes the primitive
recognition of the institution. See Special Note.
hallowed] viz. separated from common and profane usage. . LXX
TJ")'ia<Tev : Lat. sanctijicavit. This is the first mention of the idea of
 GENESIS II. 3, 4

P it he rested from all his work which God had created and
made.
4 These are the generations of the heaven and of the earth
holiness, which in Holy Scripture occupies such an important place in
the description of religious worship and godly life.
We may be unable fully to discern what was intended by the writer,
when he spoke of God" hallowing" or "making separate" the seventh
day. But it conveys to us the thought that God from the first, set His
seal upon "time" as well as His blessing upon matter; and this con-
secration of the seventh day should serve as the continual reminder that
as "the earth is the Lord's and the fulness thereof," so time is of the
LORD and the opportunities thereof. The Sabbath is the sacrament of
time : its rest is the symbol of the consecration of work. The worship
of the Creator made a demand for the consecration of time as well as of
place. Notice the absence of the formula, "There was evening and
there was morning, the seventh day." This omission led some to
suppose that the seventh, or rest, day of God is not yet ended; and
that, when the work of Creation was finished, there began on the
seventh day the different task of the maintenance of the universe.
But it seems more probable that by the reference to the seventh day in
v. 2, and by the blessing of the seventh day in v. 3, the writer intended
that the seven days should be regarded as completed, and as presenting
the Divine type for every week of seven days. After the seventh day
came .another phase of Divine activity, the unceasing operation of
Divine laws. The Immanence of Creative Love and Wisdom needs to
be acknowledged no less than their Transcendence; cf., especially, John
v. 17, "My Father worketh even until now, and I work." In that
conception of Divine work, there is no room for the thought of cessation.
4". These are the generations ... created] These words, as they stand
here, seem to form a summary of the preceding account of the Creation.
Elsewhere, however, the phrase "These are the generations, &c." is the
formula employed in Pas a heading, title, or superscription, to introduce
the passage that fallows. Cf. v. 1, "The generations of Adam," vi. 9
(Noah), x. 1 (The Sons of Noah), xi. 10 (Shem), 27 (Terah), xxv. 12
(Ishmael). The conjecture has been made that the formula "These are
the generations, &c." originally stood at the beginning of eh. i., and was
transferred to its present place, either, in order that the book might
begin with the word b'rlshi'th (="In the beginning"), or to obtain a
sentence which would serve both as an epitome of the opening section
and as a link with the one that follows.
generations] Heb. t6-l'-d6th="successions by descent," usually mean-
ing "the chronicles," or "genealogies," of persons and families, is here
metaphorically applied to "the heaven and the earth" in the sense of
the "history" of their origin and their offspring. LXX, therefore,
gives an explanatory rendering, ali-n] 17 fJlfJ11os "'(eveirews ovpavov Ka! -yils.
It is quite a different word from that found, e.g. in xv. 16, "in the
fourth genera/um" (Heh. d6r, LXX "'(€Pea). .
 GENESIS II. 4
when they were created, I in the day that 1 the LORD.God PJ
I Heb. Jehovah, as in other places 'where LORD is put in capitals.
created] This word closes the first section of the book, and there
should be a full stop after it. The next section, giving another narrative,
that of the creation of man and of Paradise, opens with the words "In
the day that."
The first section has been derived from the materials of the Priestly
Code (P), the second is from the Prophetic Writing (J). The styles
which characterize the two sources offer a marked contrast.

CH, II. 4h.-cJII. 24 {J), THE STORY OF PARADISE: I. THE CREA·

TION OF MAN (ii. 4b-z5). II. THE FALL OF MAN {iii. 1-24),
I. The Creation of Man (ii. 4h-z5).
4b_7, The Creation of Man.
8-9, The Garden in Eden.
10-14. Its geographical situation.
15-17. The Trees of Life and of the Knowledge of good and evil.
18-20. The Creation of the Animals.
21-25. The Creation of Woman.
In this passage the compiler has had before him another account of
the Creation. The earliest part dealing with the formation of the earth,
the heavens, and the seas, he has omitted. The account in the previous
chapter was evidently deemed to be sufficient. The description, however,
of the origin of man and woman and of the animals is quite different
from that given in eh. i. The narrative goes into greater details; and
events are described in a different order. It cannot escape the reader's
notice that, whereas in eh. i. all the living creatures are created before
man and woman, in eh. ii. man is first created (vv. 6, 7), the animals
are created afterwards as companions to him (vv. 18-zo}, and that
woman, last of all, is created out of his rib to be his wife (vv. zr-z 5).
The picture, therefore, presented in this chapter comes from a different
source from that in eh. i. ; and the fact is shewn not only by the
variety in the treatment of the subject matter, but also by the un-
mistakable variety in the style and vocabulary. Some of the more
noteworthy instances will be commented upon.

4b_7, THE CREATION OF MAN,

4. in the day that] There is no allusion here to the Days of
Creation. It is simply the vivid Hebrew idiom for "at the time when."
the LORD God] The Hebrew words '' Jahveh Elohim " are used in
this section for the Almighty. On the Sacred Names, see Introduction.
The use of JHVH, the Name of the God of Israel (Ex. iii.) which the
Jews in reverence forbore to pronounce, and which received, in the 16th
century, the wholly erroneous pronunciation of" Jehovah," is one of the
 GENESIS II. 4, 5
J 5 made earth and heaven. And no plant of the field was
yet in the earth, and no herb of the field had yet sprung
characteristics of the writing of J. In the previous section, i. 1-ii. 4•,
the Sacred Name is "Elohim "= " God"; and the use of " Elohim " is
prevalent in the P Narratives of Gen. In the present section, ii,
4b-iii. 25, the Sacred Name is a combination of Jahveh and Elohim,
i.e. Jehovah (=LORD) and "God.'' In the next section, the story of
Cain and Abel, Jehovah alone is used; throughout the rest of Genesis
we find either Jehovah or Elohim alone. The combination of the two
Sacred Names is elsewhere of exceedingly rare occurrence. How to
account for it in the present passage, is a problem to which no certain
answer can be given. The theory that " God" (Elohim) is used for
the God of Nature, and LORD (Jehovah) for the God of Revelation, is
unsupported by the facts: e.g. "God" (Elohim) is the name used of the
Deity in eh. xvii. at the establishment of the covenant of circumcision:
the LORD (Jahveh) is the name used at the destruction of the cities of
the Plain (xix. 1-28, see note on xix. 29). There seems no reason to
assign any doctrinal ground for the exceptional usage.
It should most probably be attributed to the handiwork of the com-
piler. On the first occasion in which the sacred title of the God of
Israel was used, he wished to emphasize the fact that Jehovah and the
Elohim of Creation were one and the same.
Another suggestion has been made, that the Paradise Narrative was
current in two versions, in one of which the Sacred Name was Jahveh,
in the other Elohim, ;ind that the compiler who was acquainted with
both versions left a trace of the fact in the combined names. But
the compiler has not resorted to any such expedient elsewhere.
ea1·th and heaven] An unusual order of words, found only in Ps.
cxlviii. 13.
5. And no plant, &c.] If, asis possible, vv. 5 and 6 area parenthesis,
then v. 7 carries on the sentence of v. 4b. The whole sentence would
then run, "At the time when Jehovah Elohim made earth and heaven
(there was as yet no plant of the field ... face of the ground), Jehovah
Elohim formed man." But this arrangement is too cumbrous to be
probable. Moreover, the state of things described in vv. 5 and 6 is
evidently one of considerable duration; it intervenes between the
making of the earth and the heavens (v. 4b) and the formation of man
(v. 7). It is better to regard v. 5 as the apodosis to v. 4b, "At the
time when Jehovah Elohim made, &c., (5) there was as yet no
plant, &c., (6) but a mist (or, flood) used to come up, &c.''
plant of the jield... herb of the field] The word "plant " is the
same in the original as that rendered ''shrub" in Gen. xxi. 15, the
stunted growth of the desert under which Hagar cast her child, and
"bushes" in Job xxx. 4, 7. The "herb" is the vegetation useful for
food and requiring cultivation. There was no "plant" or "bush,"
because the LORD God had not yet caused it to rain: there was no
"herb," because there was no man to prepare the ground. In the
 GENESIS II. 5-7 29
up : for the LORD God had not caused it to rain upon the J
tttrth, and there was not a man to till the ground ; but 6
there went up a mist from the earth, and watered the whole
face of the ground. And the LORD God formed man of 7
the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the
absence of rain and of tillage there was no vegetation. The ground
originally was desert, without tree, bush, or grass.
6. there went up] or "there used to go up," i.e. periodically. The
frequentative idea of the verb is given in the LXX dvefJa,vev, Lat.
ascmdebat.
a mi"st] Heb. 'M, a word found elsewhere in the 0. T. only in Job
xxxvi. 27, where it is rendered "vapour." Here the meaning is not
certain: the versions (LXX 71"'>J'Y'7: Lat.fans: Targum"cloud") reflect
the doubt. The English versions follow the Targum. Recently,
Assyriologists have compared the Babylonian Mfi, meaning a "flood"
or "overflowing." It is possible that the rendering "spring" or
"stream" may be more accurate than "mist"; that in Job xxxvi. 27
'Id may denote the "source" of the waters above the heavens; and
that here it may refer to the hidden source of the rivers of the world.
No account is given of the origin of rain.
watered] Literally, "gave to drink"; an expression better suited to
a "stream" than to a "mist": cf. v. 10, where it is used of a river:
"The ground," the face of which was watered by it, was "the culti-
vable soil" (addmah).
'1. farmed] A different word from that used in i. 1 and 27, "created,"
or in i. 16, "made." The metaphor is that of the potter shaping and
moulding the clay, LXX b-"».acrev, Lat. formavit. As applied to the
Creator, the metaphor is a favourite one; cf. Isai. xlv. 9, Jer. xviii.
1-5, Wisd. xv. 7, Rom. ix. 20-24.
See Browning's Rabbi Ben Ezra, "Aye, note that Potter's wheel,
That metaphor, &c."
man] Heb. &idm. Man was popularly thought to be so called
because taken.from the addmah, "the cultivated ground," to which
he is to return at death (iii. 19), and· which he is to cultivate during
life (iii. 23). It is impossible in English to give any equivalent to this
play upon the names for "man" and "ground."
In this verse and elsewhere, where the Heb. dddm (=man) occurs
with the def. article (ha-dddm), there is no reference to the proper
name "Adam." See note on v. 16.
of the dust ef the ground] These words describe the Hebrew belief
concerning the physical structure of man. It was seen that after death
the bodily frame was reduced, by dissolution, into dust: it was, therefore,
assumed that that frame had at the first been built up by God out of
dust. For other passages illustrating this belief, cf. Gen. iii. 19, xviii.
27, Ps. xc. 31 civ. 19, r Cor. xv. 47. · We find the same idea.in the
Babylonian myth, where man is made out of earth mingled_ with the
 30 GENESIS II. 7, 8
J 8 breath of life; and man became a living soul. And the
LoRD God planted a garden eastward, in Eden ; and there
blood of the God Marduk 1, and in the Greek myth of Prometheus and
Pandora.
b,-eathed.. .life] The preceding clause having explained man's bodily
structure, the present one explains the origin of his life. His life is not
the product of his body, but the gift of God's breath or spirit.
At death the breath (ruaM left man's body; hence it was assumed,
that, at the first, the mystery of life had been imparted to man by the
breath (rna[,) of God Himself. Through life, man became "a living
soul," (nephesh), and, as "a living soul," shared his life with the
animals. But man alone received his life from "the breath of God."
It is this breathing (n' shamah) of life (LXX ,r11071 fwf)s: Lat. spi,-acu-
!um vitae) which imparts to man that which is distinctive of his higher
principle of being, as compared with the existence of the animals,
cf. v. 19. It would seem from Job xxxiv. 14, 15 that one phase of
Hebrew belief was (1) that at death the flesh of man turned again unto
dust; (1) that God took back unto Himself His breath (rua(,) which
He had given; (3) that the nephesh, or soul, departed into the Sheol,
the region of the dead.
For the picture here given of vitality imparted to man by the breath
breathed by God into man's nostrils, cf. Job xxvii. 3, '' The spirit (or
breath) of God is in my nostrils."
• We should compare the expression "breathed into" with the words
in St John's Gospel xx. 11. There the symbolical act of our Lord
derives significance from this verse. Christ who is "the New Man,"
Himself imparts the life-giving Spirit; "He breathed on them, and
saith unto them, Receive ye the Holy Spirit."
8-9. THE GARDEN IN EDEN.
8. a garden] More strictly "an enclosure.'' LXX ,rap&.8wrov, Lat.
paradisum, a word borrowed from the Persian, and meaning "a park-
like enclosure." Its use here has given rise to the Christian metaphorical
use· of the word '' Paradise.'' '' The word is of Iranian origin. In
Avesta it is pairi-daeza 'encircling wall' ( Vend. iii. 18). It passed into
Neo-Babylonian, Aramaic, post-Exilic Hebrew, Neo-Hebrew, Armenian,
Persian, Kurdish, Greek, and Arabic as a word for a park or splendid
garden. In the O.T. it is found in Neh. ii. 8, Cant. iv, 13, Eccles. ii.
5" (Encycl. Ji'el. and Eth. vol. II, p. 705).
eastward] The point of view is not that of the Babylonian, but of
the Israelite, who regarded the East, and, in particular, Babylonia, as the
cradle of man's earliest civilization. Notice here the quite general
description of the site of the "garden.'' For its more minute definition,
see vv. 10-15. ~XX Ka:~ av_aroMs: Vulg. a principio, The
Hebrew, when speakmg or wntmg, 1s mentally facing East. "Eastward"
is the same as "on the side fronting you."
in Eden) Eden is not the name of the "garden," but of the country
1 See Appendix A,
 GENESIS II. 8, 9 31

he put the man whom he had formed. And out of the 9 J

ground made the LORD God · to grow every tree that is
pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life

or district in which Jehovah planted his "garden." Eclen in Hebrew

means "delight," or "happiness"; and the Israelite naturally associated
this meaning of the word "Eden" with the dwelling place of the first
man and woman, because this auspicious name seemed appropriate to
the Garden of Jehovah. Hence we find the Garden of God spoken of
as the place offertility, beauty, and delight, Isa. Ii. 3, Ezek. xxviii. 13,
xxxi. 8, 9, xxxvi. 35, Joel ii. 3.
"In Eden"; so, rightly, LXX ev 'EMµ. The Lat. "voluptatis,"
= "of pleasure," represents a popular misapprehension, not recognizing
it as a proper name,
Assyriologists point out that the Assyrian word eclinnu, meaning "a
plain" or "steppe," was applied to the Euphrates Valley. They
suggest that the "garden" lay in this region. The Hebrew narrative,
however, evidently contemplates a fruitful enclosure, not a plain: the
name "Eden" is chosen because of its auspicious meaning in Hebrew,
while the fact that in sound it reproduced the Babylonian designation
of a remote Eastern, or Mesopotamian, region, made it appear all the
more appropriate.
9. Ancl out of the ground, &c.] The characteristic feature of the
"garden," or "enclosure," is not its flowers, but its trees. This is
evident, also, from the traditional belief as to the Garden, which is
reproduced in Ezek. xxxi. 8, 9. To the Oriental, the large well-grown
tree was an especial object of reverence ("pleasant to the sight"): and
man was to live on the fruit of the trees (" good for food"). It is
implied that the trees of the "garden," like the man who is put into
it, were from the first fully grown.
the tree of life] There are two wonder-working trees in the II garden."
One is called "the tree of life," whose fruit imparts immortality to
those who eat it (cf. iii. 22-24): the other is called the "tree of the
knowledge of good and evil," whose fruit conveys moral discernment.
These gifts of knowledge and of immortality are the special prerogatives
of Jehovah (iii. 5, 22).
The mention of the two trees in this verse comes in a little abruptly.
"The tree of life" is spoken of as "in the midst of the garden"; "the
tr.ee of knowledge" is then mentioned, but without any description of
its position. In v. 17 the LORD God forbids the man to eat of "the
tree of knowledge"; but does not mention "the tree of life." In iii. 3
the woman refers to "the tree which is in the midst of the garden," as
if there was only one tree that had been forbidden to them, and v. 5
shews it is "the tree of knowledge.'' It is probable that we have here
the trace of some little confusion between two Hebrew traditions about
the sacred trees. The mention of " the tree of life" has here, and in
iii. 22, 24, been added to that of "the uee of knowledge.''. At any
 32 GENESIS II. 9, ro

J also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of the know-
10 ledge of good and evil. And a river went out of Eden to
water the garden; and from thence it was parted, and
rate, in this verse, "the tree of life" is given the place belonging to
"the tree of knowledge" which is "in the midst of the garden." The
story of the Temptation and the Fall turns on the tradition, according
to which there was one tree, that "of the knowledge of good and evil,"
" in the midst of the garden." The expression "tree of life " was
used as a common metaphor of health and fruitfulness in Hebrew
language, cf. Prov. iii. 18, "She (Wisdom) is a tree of life"; xi. 30,
"the fruit of the righteous is a tree of life."
the tree ef the knowledge ef gvod and evil] What is signified by this
is doubtful, Some say it is the knowledge which infancy lacks and
experience acquires, cf. Deut. i. 39, "Your children which this day
have no knowledge of good or of evil." Judging by the context we
should rather identify it with moral judgement : the fruit produces the
exercise of conscience, which is accompanied by the realization of evil,
though not necessarily by the forfeiture of innocence. See Special Note
on Chap. iii.
Palms as sacred trees are frequent objects of representation in Assyrian
and Babylonian art.
On the possible connexion of" the tree of the knowledge of good and
evil" with the date palm, see Barton's Semitic Origins, pp. 93-95.
10-14. A GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE GARDEN,
This is very probably a later insertion. It interrupts the sequence of
thought.
10. And a river went out] The description of the river in this verse
is as follows: (1) it took its rise in the land of Eden; (z) it flowed
through the garden, and irrigated it; (3) after passing through the
garden, it separated into four branches, or, as they are here called,
"heads."
to water] The same word as in v, 6, "a mist ... watered the whole
face of the ground."
The account which follows (u-14) is irreconcilable with scientific
geography. But the locality of a garden planted by the LORD God,
containing two wonder-working trees, is evidently not to be looked for
on maps. In the description of the four rivers, we must remember that
the Israelites possessed only a very vague knowledge of distant lands.
They depended upon the reports of travellers who possessed no means
of accmate survey. Mediaeval maps often present the most fantastic
and arbitrary arrangement of rivers and seas to meet the conjectures of
the cartographist. We need not be surprised, if the early traditions of
the Hebrews claimed that the four greatest known rivers of the world
had branched off from the parent stream, which, rising in Eden, had
passed through the garden of the LORD God. The four rivers here
 GENESIS II. 10-13 33
became four heads. The name of the first is Pishon : that r r J
is it which compasseth the whole land of Havilah, where
there is gold; and the gold of that land is good: there is 12
bdellium and the 1 onyx stone. And the name of the 13
second river is Gihon : the same is it that compasseth the
1 Or, beryl
mentioned are referred to in the order of Pishon, Tigris, Euphrates, and
Gihon in Ecclus. xxiv. 25-27.
'' Alexander the Great believed he had found the sources of the Nile
in the lndus, because of the crocodiles and beans he saw there (Arrian,
vi. i. 2 ff.; Str. xv. i. 25) ... Pausanias records the tradition that 'the
same Niie is the river Euphrates, which was lost in a lake, and re-
emerged as the Nile in the remote part of Ethiopia'" (Gordon, p. 278).
When such views of geography were held by the most enlightened
Greeks, we need wonder at nothing in the primitive traditions of
Palestine.
11. Pishon] The name of this river does not occur elsewhere in the
Bible except in Ecclus. xxiv. 25. What river was intended, we can
only conjecture, (a) from the description of its course, and (b) from the
names of the rivers with which it is classed, two being the Tigris and
the Euphrates. It is described as "compassing," that is, encircling,
"the whole land of Havilah." The identification of Havilah is much
controverted. In the present day scholars are of opinion that the name
probably denotes a region either in N.E., or in S., Arabia. It is
mentioned again in Gen. x. 7, 29, xxv. r8, passages in which Arabia
seems to be indicated. Havilah is further called a land "where there
is gold." Arabia, in ancient times, was famous for its gold.
The river which would encircle Havilah is, therefore, quite probably
rightly identified by P. Haupt, the Assyriologist, with the Persian Gulf
and the sea that surrounded Arabia, on the east.
Josephus identifies it with the'.' Indus."
12. bdellium] LXX d.v0paf: Lat. bde!lium. In Numb. xi. 7,
"manna" is compared with "bdellium "; where the LXX gives
Kpuna),:>,.os. Possibly it may be identified with an aromatic transparent
resin, obtained from balsam (balsamodendron mukul), and found in
Arnbia as well as in India, Bactria and Africa. The Hebrew name
b' dJla!z is probably a foreign word. Another rendering, "pearls" (which
are abundantly found in the Persian Gulf), would be more poetical, and
possibly more appropriate for comparison with "manna": but we can
only conjecture.
the onyx stone] or beryl. Hebrew Shoham mentioned elsewhere,
Ex. xxv. 7, Job xxviii. r6. A precious stone is clearly intended;
possibly= "carbuncle.'' Assyriologist-s have identified it with an As-
syrian word Samdu; but what Samdu was, is not known. Sayce
conjectures "turquoise"; Haupt "pearl." •
, 13. Gihon] This river is not mentioned again by the same name m
GENESIS 3
 34 GENESIS II. 13, 14
J 1 4 whole land of Cush. And the name of the third river is
1 Hiddekel: that is it which goeth 2 in front of Assyria. And
1 That is, Tigris. » Or, toward the east of
the Bible, except in Ecclus. xxiv. 27. The student will be careful not
to confound it with the Gihon of I Kings i. 33 1 a spring in the neigh•
bourhood of Jerusalem, It is here described as encircling "the whole
land of Cush." ''Cush" in the Bible generally denotes Ethiopia (but
cf. Gen. x. 8 note); and by Ethiopia would be signified Nubia, the
Soudan, and Upper Egypt, a great tract of country watered by the
Nile, cf. Isa. xviii. 1. Hence, though the description" that compasseth
the whole land of Cush" is fanciful, it seems very probable that the
Gihon here means the Nile. The Nile is generally called in the Bible
y"'or (cf. Gen. xii. r), and sometimes Shihor (cf. Isa. xxiii. 3, Jer. ii. 18).
See note xii. r. For Cushites in David's time, cf. 2 Sam. xviii. u.
14. Hiddekel] Tigris. The Assyrian name is "Idiklat," or
"Diklat," the old Persian "Tigra," whence the Greek "Tigris"
(modern Digle). It is mentioned in the Bible elsewhere only in
Dan. x. 4 and Ecclus. xxiv. 25. This famous river rises not far from
the source of the Euphrates, and flows at first east from Diarbekr and
unites with the Bohtan Tsckai, after which it flows south-east. It
approaches the Euphrates at Bagdad, but continues a separate course
until it unites at Koma with that river, and enters the Persian Gulf as
the Schatt-cl-Arab. In earlier times the two rivers entered the sea at
different points. The Tigris was so called from an old Persian word
meaning "arrow," and probably because of its swiftness.
in front ef Assyria] The Hebrew expression rendered "in front of"
generally denotes "to the east of," cf. v. 8, iv. 16, xii. 8 notes. The
Hebrew standpoint is always that of a person facing east. That which
is in front is east: towards his right hand is the south, towards his
left the north, at his back the west. It is objected that Assyria was
a country, through which the Tigris flowed, and that, as Assyrian terri-
tory lay on the east as well as the west bank of the Tigris, it would
not be correct to describe the Tigris as " that which goeth towards
the east of Assyria." Hence Sayce conjectures that we should here
understand, not the country "Assyria," but the country's old capital
"Asshur" which gave its name to the country, and which 13¥ on the
west bank of the Tigris. But Asshur, the city, is not mentioned else-
where in the Bible ; presumably, therefore, it was little known to
the Hebrews, and was not likely to be mentioned in a geographical
description. On the other hand, "Asshur" is the regular Hebrew
designatiop of the country "Assyria" 1 ; the mention Jiere of "Assyria"
is parallel to that of "Cush" in the preceding verse. There seems
no sufficient reason for doubting that the name "Asshur" is here used,
in its usual Biblical application, for the land of Assyria. If so, the
geographical description of the Tig1is may not be strictly accurate.
1 See x. 22. The "Asshur'' Qf Ezek, xxvii. 23 is mentioned with "Sheba, .. and
Chilmad,"
 GENESIS II. 14-17 35
the fourth river is Euphrates. And the LORD God took 15 J
the man, and put him into the garden of Eden to dress it
and to keep it. And the LORD God commanded the man, 16
saying, Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat :
but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou 17
shalt not eat of it : for in the day that thou eatest thereof
thou shalt surely die.
Considering its remoteness from Palestine, this need not surprise
us, especially in a writing dating from a period previous to the active
Assyrian interference in the course of Israelite affairs.
Euphrates] Heb. Prath. Assyrian "Puratu," old Persian Ufrdtu,
whence the Greek and Latin " Euphrates." The Euphrates rises in
the mountains near Erzerum, and, after following a tortuous course
through the Taurus Mts., flows first in a southerly, and then, from
Balis, in a S.E. direction, uniting with the Tigris before entering the
Persian Gulf.
The Israelites seem to have regarded the Euphrates as "the river par
excellence." Hence "the River," as a proper name, in Ex. xxiii. 31,
1 Kings iv. 21, 24, Ps. lxxii. 8, lxxx. II, Isai. viii. 7, Zech. ix. 10.
111. This verse resumes the subject matter of v. 9, which has been
interrupted by the description of the rivers.
to dress it and to keep it] The LORD God puts man into the garden
for a life, not of indolence, but of labour. "To dress it," that is to
cultivate the soil, tend and prune the trees: "to keep it," that is to
defend it from depredation by animals, or from the evils arising from
unchecked luxuriance. In other words, he is given, from the first, his
work to do, by which he is (1) to improve his surroundings, (2) to
provide for the necessities of life, (3) to protect from waste or loss that
which is committed to his care, This work will exact abundant
physical effort; it will exercise his powers of observation and judgement;
it will furnish him with food for his body, and with thought for his mind.
Notice, that the garden requires to be dressed and kept ; it is not
a place of spontaneous perfection. Man in the garden is to work, to
take trouble, to practise forethought, to exercise solicitude and sympathy
for the objects of his toil. " Paradise" is not a place for indolence and
self-indulgence.
16. Here, as in i. 29, man receives a command to eat the fruit of the
trees : but this command is to receive one special limitation.
"man," LXX 'Aliaµ=' 'Adam," as a proper name, wrongly: see on
v. 7.
17. ef the tree of the kn()wledge efgood and evil] See above, on v. 9·
Here only one tree is mentioned, as in iii. 3 ; and it seems not unlikely
that the mention of "the tree of life" did not belong to the main
original version of the story, but was derived from a separate source.
thou shaft not eat ef it] In this prohibition man is apprised of
another element in the discipline to which he is subjected in the garden
3-2
 GENESIS II. 18

J 18 And the LORD God said, It is not good that the man
should be alone; I will make him an help 'meet for him.
1 Or, answering to
of the LORD God. In v. 15 it is his physical and intellectual powers
wl,ich are to be exercised : in this verse he receives warning of a moral
discipline. His moral being is to be tested by a simple injunction for
which no reason is assigned. No hardship is imposed: but a limitation
to self-gratification is required. He who makes the requisition has
given freely the enjoyment of everything beside. Man's character is to
be tested in the simplest manner. Will he shew obedience to the
Divine will and trust in the Divine goodness?
in the day that ... die] Literally, in the day that Adam ate of the
fruit, he did not die. This is one of the minor inconsistencies in the
story which are not explained for us. Either we are to assume that, in
some fuller version of it, the LORD God was described as ''repenting"
of the sentence of immediate death, as changing His mind and sparing
man in His mercy : or the words "in the day, &c." are to be regarded
as metaphorical. and the doom, "thou shalt surely die," merely means
"thou shalt become mortal."
We must not infer from this verse that the LORD God was considered
to have made man .other than mortal. It is clear from iii. 22, that man
was created1 a mortal being. Perhaps, in one version of the story, he
was intended to eat of the tree of life "and live for ever."
18-211, THE CREATION OF ANIMALS AND OF WOMAN.
18. It is not good, &c.] Man is created a social animal. His full
powers cannot be developed by physical and mental work alone ;
nor his moral being by self-discipline in solitude. His faculties and
his character require to be expanded and beautified by the duties of
domestic and social life, as a member of a family, as a friend, as a
fellow-worker, as a citizen. To be alone is not "good"; it does not
promote his fullest life, or his best service.
an help ,neetfor him] "meet": or answering to. The word "meet"
means "suitable," or "adapted to." The LORD God will make for man
a "help" corresponding to his moral and intellectual nature, supplying
what he needs, the counterpart of his being.
"Help meet," which has become a recognized English word, fails to
give the full sense of this passage from which it is derived. Man will
find help from that which is in harmony with his own nature, and, there-
fore, able adequately to sympathise with him in thought and interests.
It is not identity, but harmony, of character which is suggested. The
word "help" in the Hebrew is '!zer, the same as is found in Ebenezer
(1 Sam. vii. 12): LXX fJorJIJ6v: Lat. adjutorium.
"Meet for him" is lit. "as over against him." LXX Ko.T' o.6T6v,
Vulg. simile sibi.
Observe that the versions have "let us make," LXX 7:0!YJ<Twµ,v,
Lat. fadamus, in imitation of i. 26, but inaccurately.
 GENESIS II. 19-21 37
And out of the ground the LORD God formed every beast 19 J
of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought them
unto the man to see what he would call them: and what-
soever 'the man called every living creature, that was the
name thereof. And the man gave names to all cattle, and 20
to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field; but
for 1 man there was not found an help meet for him. And 21
1 Or, Adam

19. And out ef tke ground] The animals also (LXX adds tTt; so
also Sam.) are '' formed," or ''moulded," out of the ground, like man :
see v. 7. They are brought into man's presence to see whether they
could be the needed help to him. Only the beasts of the field and the
birds are mentioned in this account.
to see wkat ke would call tkem] The names which man will give
them will determine their use and position in reference to man's own
nature. Their names would reflect the impression produced on the
man's mind. A "name," in the estimation of the Hebrew, conveyed
the idea of personality and character. It was more than a mere
label. The animals, in this account, are created after man, and in
definite relation to him; an entirely different representation from that
in eh. i.
20. tke man gave names] We have here the. exercise of man's
powers of discrimination and classification. This is the birth of science.
Man's first use of speech is in the naming of animals. The names
describe their character or appearance. From the instance given
in v. 23 of a name thus applied, it is clear that primaeval man was
supposed to speak in the Hebrew language.
but for man] From this clause it appears, as indeed is shewn by
vv. 18, 19, that the animals on being formed were brought to the man,
in order that, if it were possible, some amongst them might be the help
that his nature needed. The passage implies that the nature of the
animals had a kinship with that of man; but, while full of sympathy
with the animal world, it implies that companionship, in the truest
sense, was not to be found by man in creatures destitute of the higher
prerogatives of human nature. "An help meet for man" must be on a
level with him in feeling, in intellect, and reason.
for man] Not, as R.V. marg., for Adam. We should undoubtedly
here read "for the man" (la' addm) in accordance with the general
usage in this section. The LXX introduces the proper name at v. 16,
Lat. Vulg. at v. 19: both ignore the <lefinite article here and in vv. 21,
22,23.
21-22. THE CREATION OF WOMAN,
The description in these verses is remarkable for its deli~acy a!ld
beauty. Nothing could be more clear than that we are dealmg with
· the poetry of symbolism, not with the record of-literal fact.
 GENESIS 11. 21-23

J the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man,
and he slept; and he took one of his ribs, and closed up
2 2 the flesh instead thereof: and the rib, which the LORD God
had taken from the man, 1 made he a woman, and brought
23 her unto the man. And the man said, This is now bone
of my bones, and flesh of my flesh : she shall be called
1 Heh. builded he into.
21. deep sleep] The word is used in Gen. xv. rz, r Sam. xxvi. 12,
Isai. xxix. ro, indicating a mysterious heavy sleep sent by God. Heh.
tard!mah, LXX tKo-raau, Lat. sopor.• The mystery of Divine working
is thus hidden from man's perceptions.
one ef his n'bs] Symbolizing the closeness and intimacy of the relation
between the sexes. Woman, formed from the side of man, is to be
the "help meet for him." As his own flesh, he is to watch over and
protect the woman. The story is a parable interpreting the instinct
of love.
It is man's description, respecting the origin of woman, as of one
made for man, after man, and subordinate to him. The " rib" is
mentioned presumably, because "ribs" are comparatively numerous,
and it was thought that one could be spared without structural loss.
22. made he] Heh. "builded He," so LXX ~Koooµ,110-<11, Lat.
aedijicavit: a diff~rent word from that in vv. 7-r9.
23. This is now, &c.] The exclamation of joy and wonder is ex-
pressed in the rhythmical language of poetry. It is as if the man, after
passing in review the animals, recognizes instantaneously in woman the
fulfilment of his hope. "This is now" is equivalent to "he1e at last";
the German '' Diese endlich."
bone ef my bones] A strong metaphorical phrase to denote that the
woman is different from all the animals, and is absolutely one with the
man. For similar expressions used of near relationship, compare xxix. r4,
xxxvii. 27; Jud. ix. 2; 2 Sam. v. r, xix. rz, r3; r Chron. xi. r.
This proverbial expression may have furnished the symbolism of the
story.
she shall be called, &c.] The marg. by pointing out that the Hebrew
for "woman" is Isshah, and for "man" Ish, shews the resemblance in
the sound of the two words. This is fairly reproduced in the English
words "Woman" and "Man"; and in Luther's rendering" Mannin" and
"Mann." The LXX is unable to reproduce it. The Latin attempts it
with questionable success, haec vocabitur virago, quoniam de viro
sumpta est.
Instead of" from man," m!-ish, LXX and Targ. read "from her
husband"= mR-ishdh, which adds to the resemblance in sound.
As a matter of philology the derivation is inaccurate. Probably Isshah
is derived from a different root, anash. Bnt nearly all these popular
derivations of words prove to be inaccurate when judged by scientific
etymology. They a!'e based upon the assonance, or obvious resemblance
 GENESIS 11. 23-25 39
1 Woman, because she was taken out of "Man. Therefore 2 4 J
shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave
unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh. And they were 25
both naked, the man and his wife, and were not ashamed.
1 Heb. Jsshah. 2 Heb. lsh.

in sound ; and this, while it cannot fail to catch the ear and cling
to the recollection of the people, is notoriously to be distrusted for
supplying the real derivation.
24. Therefore shall a man, &c.] This verse contains the comment
which the narrator makes upon the words of the man in v. 23. The
word "therefore" introduces his inference. As in x. 9, xxvi. 33,
xxxii. 32, a sentence beginning with "therefore" supplies the applica-
tion, or relation, of the ancient narrative to later times. It is the
man who is to leave "father and mother," not "the woman." Some
compare the story in Judg. xv. 1, where the woman remains with her
family or clan, and Samson comes to live with her. This feature has
been thought to illustrate the primitive usage of "the matriarchate."
But it is unlikely that the Hebrew narrative would contain a reference
to such conditions.
Instead of "shall leave," the full force of the tense in the Hebrew would
be given by "doth leave " and " clea veth." The sanctity of marital
relations is thus referred back to the very birthday of human society,
being based on a principle laid down before the Fall.
The relation of the man to his wife is proclaimed to be closer than
that to his father and mother. By the words, "shall cleave unto his
wife ... one flesh," is asserted the sanctity of marriage. Polygamy is
not definitely excluded ; but the principle of monogamy seems to be
implied in the words "cleave" and "shall be one flesh": and this
principle is upheld by the prophets as the ideal of marriage, in their
representation of the relation of Jehovah and Israel under the metaphor
of the married state.
This is the classical passage dealing with marriage to which our LORD
appeals, Matt. xix. 4-6, Mark x. 6-8, in His argument against divorce.
St Paul quotes it in 1. Cor. vi. 16, in condemnation of unchastity, and
in Eph. v. 31, when describing the ideal relationships of Christ and
His Church.
and they shall be one flesh] Lit., as LXX Kai t~ovra, oi 8110 els ~dpKa
µ.lav, Lat. erunt duo in carne una, where the addition of" the two" is
supported by the Syriac Peshitto, the Targum of Pseudo-Jonathan,
and the quotations in the N. T., Matt. xix. 5; Mark x. 8; 1 Cor.
vi. 16. ·
25. This verse by one simple illustration describes the condition of
the man and the woman in the garden. It is not that of moral per-
fection, but that of the innocence and ignorance of childhood. The
untried innocence of the child does not possess the sense of shame: the
depravity of vice forfeits it. The sense of shame is t~e shadow
which temptation to sin throws across the pathway of pnnty.
 GENESIS II.

NOTE ON THE SABBATH

In connexion with the Institution of the Sabbath recorded in Gen, ii.

1-3 the following points deserve to be noticed.
1. The writer gives the reason for the sanctity among the Hebrews
of the Seventh Day, or Sabbath, As, in chap. xvii., he supplies an
answer to the question : What is the origin of the Hebrew sacred rite of
circumcision? so, here, he gives an answer to the question: What is the
origin.of the observance of the Sabbath?
2. Whereas the Hebrew rite of circumcision is described as having
its origin in the command of God delivered to Abraham, the Father of
the Chosen People, the origin of the Sabbath is treated as more ancient
and uniquely sacred. As an institution, it follows at once upon the
work of Creation. Whatever its import, therefore, may be, it is regarded
by the writer as universal in its application. The Divine rest from
Creation, like the Divine work of Creation, was a pledge of Divine Love,
not to the Jew only, but to the whole world.
3. From the first, God is said to have" blessed" and "sanctified"
the seventh day. In other words, he invested the seventh day with
the quality of highest value and advantage to those who observed it;
stamped its observance with the seal of Divine approbation; and "set
it apart," as distinct from the other six days, for sacred purposes.
4. The account of the origin of the Sabbath, given in this passage,
is followed in the legislation, Ex. xxxi. 17 (P), and seems to have sup-
plied the appendix to the primitive form of the Fourth Commandment
as found in the Decalogue of Exodus (xx. u).
In the Deuteronomic Decalogue (Dt. v. 12-15) the observance of the
Sabbath is enjoined, without any reference to the days of Creation, but
with an appendix explaining its humanitarian purpose. "And thou
shall 1·emember that thou wast a bondman in the land of Egypt, and
the LORD thy God brought thee out thence by a mighty hand and by a
stretched out arm : therefore the LORD thy God commanded thee to
keep the sabbath day."
A similar explanation for the observance of the Sabbath is found in
the so-called Book of the Covenant (Ex. xx. 22-xxiii. 33 E), which
contains the earliest collection of Hebrew laws: "Six days thou shalt
do thy work, and on the seventh <lay thou shalt rest: that thine ox and
thine ass may have rest, and the son of thy handmaid, and the stranger,
may be refreshed" (Ex. xxiii. 12). In the old ritual laws of Ex. xxxiv.
10-28, the observance of the seventh day is commanded as a duty with
which no pressure of field labour is to interfert: " Six days thou shalt
work, but on the seventh day thou shalt rest; .in plowing time and in
harvest thou shalt rest" (v. 21).
What relation exists between the Hebrew institution of the Sabbath
and Babylonian usage is a question which has been much discussed in
recent years. It has sometimes been too hastily assumed that the Hebrew
 GENESIS 11. 41
ordinance has been directly imported from Babylonia. For a full dis-
cussion, see Driver (D.B. s.v. Sabbath); Gordon, Early Traditions
of Genesis, pp. 216-223; the Commentaries by Driver and Skinner;
Meinhold, Sabbatk u. Wocke im A.T. The following points may
here be noticed :
(a) The Assyrian word skabattu appears in a cuneiform syllabary
(II Rawlinson 32, 16 a, b) with the equivalent 1/,n ni/l_t libbi (ildmJ, i.e.
"day of resting (satisfying or appeasing) the heart of the gods."
(b} In a tablet, discovered in 1904 by Pinches, the word skapattu
appears to have been applied to the 15th day, or full-moon day, of the
month (P.S.B.A. xxvi. 51 ff.).
(c) There is evidence which shews that the 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th
days, and also the 19th (i.e. the 49th=7 x 7th, from the commencement
of the preceding month} were in certain, if not in all, of the Babylonian
months, regarded as "unlucky" days. The following quotation is from
a calendar of the intercalated month of Elul. " On the 7th day, suppli-
cation to Marduk and Sarpanitum, a favourable day (sc. may it be).
An evil day. The shepherd of many nations is not to eat meat roasted
by the fire, or any food prepared by the fire. The clothes of his body
he is not to change, fine dress (?) he is not to put on. Sacrifices he is
not to bring, nor is the king to ride in his chariot. He is not to hold
court, nor is the priest to seek an oracle for him in the holy of holies.
The physician is not to be brought to the sick room. The day is not
suitable for invoking curses. At night, in the pre.sence of Marduk and
Ishtar, the king is to bring his gift. Then he is to offer sacrifices so that
his prayer may be acceptable" (M. Jastrow's Religion of Baby/()nia and
Assyria, PP· 376, 377).
(d} It is only on the side of prohibition that we can here see any
resemblance between the Babylonian treatment of the seventh day and
the Hebrew Sabbath of every seventh day. Of course it is possible that
if the use of the Babylonian word shapattu for "full-moon" day is
sustained, it may be a survival of Semitic lunar sacred days, the ob-
servance of which, thougl, dropped by Babylonian usage, was retained
by Hebrew legislation and given a new religious significance.
(e) In the pre-exilic writings of the O. T. (2 Kings iv. 23; Is. i. 13;
Hos. ii. II; Amos viii. 5) we notice the joint mention of the New
Moon and the Sabbath as sacred festivals observed by the people; but
the conjecture of Meinhold, that the Sabbath was originally the Hebrew
name of the Full Moon Festival, seems very improbable. That there
is some underlying connexion between the Babylonian shabattu and the
Hebrew shabbatk is highly probable. At present, there is no evidence
to shew that the Hebrew usage is borrowed from Babylonian. Nor
does the language of the post-exilic writers suggest that the Hebrew
observance of the Sabbath was one which they associated with Baby•
Ionian religion.
 GENESIS II.

NOTE ON THE COSMOGONIES OF GENESIS

The Book of Genesis contains two Cosmogonies: (1) the earlier and
simpler one, that of ii. 4b-25 J, (2) the later and more systematic one,
that of i. 1-ii. 4• P.
(1) The distinctive features of the earlier one suggest a scene familiar
to dwellers in the desert. The earth is barren and dry: there is as yet no
rain to make it fruitful, no man to till it (v. 5). A stream 1 issues "from
the earth"; it irrigates "the whole face of the ground" (v. 6). Jehovah
forms "man" out of the dust, and breathes life into him (v. 7). He
causes him to dwell in a garden of rich soil and fruitful trees (vv. 8-17).
He forms " the beasts of the field" and " the fowls of the air" to be
man's companions (vv. 18-20). But they give no true companionship:
and Jehovah, casting "man" into a deep sleep, takes out of him a rib,
and forms "woman" to be man's companion (vv. 2r-25).
The process of formation is orderly: (1) dry earth, (2) water, (3) man,
(4) vegetation, (5) animals, (6) woman. Jehovah is the maker of all.
Man is, in all, the object of Jehovah's care and solicitude. The scene
of the garden is that of an oasis teeming with life and vegetation.
(2) The later and more elaborate Cosmogony (i. 1-ii. 4•) is, un-
doubtedly, ultimately derived from the alluvial region of Babylonia.
At the first, there is a primordial watery chaos, over which "broods"
the quickening" spirit of God" (v. 2). Then ensue six days of Creation.
On the first, God creates the light, causinf day and night (v. 3). On
the second, He "makes" the " firmament,' or solid expanse of heaven,
which parts asunder the waters above and the waters below (v. 7).
On the third day, God collects the lower waters into seas, and makes
the earth appear, and clothes it with vegetation (vv. 9-13). On the
fourth day, He makes the sun, moon, and stars; and "sets" them in
the "firmament," to rule over the day and the night (vv. r4-r9). On
the fifth day, He causes the water and the air to bring forth water-
animals and winged things (vv. 20-23). On the sixth day, God
"makes" the animals of the earth; and, finally, "creates" man, "male
and female," "in the image of God" (vv. 24-31).
In this Cosmogony there are certain points of resemblance to the
Babylonian Cosmogony contained in the Seven Tables of Creation, in
which Marduk, the god of light, overthrows Tiamat, the dragon-goddess
of the watery chaos, sets up the luminaries of heaven, and makes man 2.
The following table, taken from Gordon's Early Traditions of Genesis
(p. 51), will shew all the chief points of resemblance, and will also make
it clear that the Biblical story is not a mere reproduction of the Baby-
lonian myth. -
Gen. i. Seven Tables.
i. The emergence of light (vv. i. The appearance of Marduk,
3 f.). god of light (ii. 97).
u Stream''; R. V. "mist." See note in loc. 2 See Appendix A.
 GENESlS 11. 43
Gen. i. Seven Tables.
ii. The division of primaeval ii. The splitting in two of Tia-
chaos into heaven and earth mat, to form heaven and earth
(vv. 6 ff.). (iv. 135 ff.; cf. Berosus) 1•
iii. The growth of herbs and iii. The setting up of the sun,
trees from earth (vv. 11 f.). moon, and stars in heaven,
as images of the great gods,
to "rule" the day and night,
and determine the seasons
(v. I ff.).
iv. The placing of the sun, moon, iv. The creation of plants (not
and stars in the firmament of found in our present text,
heaven, to ''rule" the day but evidently an original
and night, and to serve as element of the Epos-prob.
" signs " of seasons, &c. in Tab. v., after the setting
(vv. 14 ff.). up of the heavenly bodies)
(cf. vii. r f., 21 ff.).
v. The creation of the animals v. Creation of the animals (also
(vv. 20 ff.). missing from our present
text, but authenticated by
Berosus-its place also, pro-
bably, in Tab. v., after crea•
tion of plants).
vi. The creation of man in God's vi. Creation of man from Mar-
image (vv. 26 ff.). duk's blood mixed with earth
(Tab. vi. 5 ff.; cf. vii. 29, and
Berosus).
It will be observed that, except for the exchange in the position of the
creation of the plant world and the heavenly bodies, the same general
order is followed. In the details of the account, the division of the
waters above and below the firmament seems to correspond closely to
the cleaving of Tiamat into two pieces, to form the heaven and the
earth; and the setting of the heavenly bodies as "signs," for the deter-
mining of seasons, days, and years, and for ruling the day and night,
presents a feature of striking similarity to the Babylonian story.
The Genesis Cosmogony has dispensed with the grotesque and often
unlovely and confusing details of the Babylonian mythology. For
example, whereas man is made out of the compound of Marduk's blood
and the dust of the earth, the truth, which underlies this crude repre-
sentation, is stated by the Hebrew writer in the simple words, "And
God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness" (i. 26).
The two main ideas that run through this Hebrew Cosmogony are:
(r) God is the One Almighty Creative Power; whether calling into
being light (v. 3), the firmament (vv. 6, 7), the heavenly bodies (vv. 16,
17), and man (v. 27), or causing vegetation to come forth from the
earth (vv. 11, 12), fish from the water (vv. 20, 21), animals from the
,earth (vv. 24, 25).
l See Appendix A.
44 GENESIS It.
(2) The sequence in the_ creative acts is an orderly ascent from one
stage to another, progressing from amorphous chaos to m~n as the crown
of creation. At first,, there is darkness and watery mass. Light dis-
places darkness; a solid dome of heaven separates the waters; the
waters are collected; earth emerges, and out of the earth vegetation;
the heavenly bodies are bearers of light; the waters and the air produce
their living creatures; and, lastly, the earth produces the beasts; and, to
crown the whole work, God creates man.
It is progress from chaos to order; from elemental to complex ; from
inorganic to organic; from lifeless matter to vegetable; from vegetable
to animal, and, finally, to human life.

THE Six DAYS,

The most distinctive feature in the Hebrew Cosmogony of Gen. i. 1--
ii, 4• is the scheme of Six Days Creation. The orderly arrangement of
chronological material is characteristic of the style of P. The stages of
the Divine Creative work lent themselves to be distributed over Six
Days. But, according to the religious thought of the devout Israelite,
the Seventh Day must from the first have been a day of rest, and the
Divine example alone could have communicated to the observance of
the Sabbath its supreme seal of sanctity.
It is noteworthy that the only two passages in the Old Testament in
which reference is made to the "six days work" of Creation, are Ex.
xx. II and xxxi. 17, both of which are probably based upon P's narra-
tive. (See Commentaries by McNeile and Driver, in loc.) The Six
Days Creation, followed by the Seventh Day of Rest, are distinctively
Israelite and not Babylonian features. There is nothing cor~sponding
to them 1n the Babylonian myth. The Seven Tables of Creation are not
arranged in any· sequence of days.
The Creative works of the Six Days have been classified in different
ways.
(1) Thomas Aqninas divided them into three "opera distinctionis"
and three "opera ornatus."
Opera distinctionis, Opera onzatus.
1st Day. Light. 4th Day. Heavenly Bodies.
2nd Day. The Firmament. 5th Day. F,ishes and Birds.
3rd Day. Sea, Land, and Vegeta- 6th Day. Cattle, Beasts, and
tion. Man.
(2) Many modem scholars, e.g. Wellhausen a~d Gunkel, suggest
tl)at the Cosmogony originally told of eight creative works, and that
these have been arranged in P's scheme of "six days":
Elements. Inhabitants.
1. Light. 5. Luminaries.
2. Heaven. 6. Fishes.
3. Sea. 7. Birds.
4. Vegetation, 8. Animals and Man,
 GENESIS II. 45
(.~) The en<lea vour to find any exact symmetry of parallelism between
the works of the first three days and the works of the second three days
m1 st be abrndoned. Roughly speaking, it may suffice to say, to quote
D1her, that "the first three days are days of preparation, the next three
are days of accomplishment." But the following facts are noteworthy.
{a) Each group of three days contains four creative acts: (b) the third
day, in each group, has two creative acts assigned to it: {c) the creation
of light on the first day has corresponding to it on the fourth day the
creation of the " light-bearers," or heavenly bodies: (d) the separation
of the VI ate s, on the second day, by the making of the firmament, seems
to correspond with the creation, on the fifth, of the creatures of the sea
and of the fowls "that fly above the earth in the open firmament of
heaven" (v. 20): (e) whereas, on the third day, the dry land appears,
and vegetable life is made, it is on the sixth day that the animals of the
earth, and man, are created; while the herbs,.grasses, and fruits of the
third day's creation are the appointed food {v. 30), both of animals and
of mankind.
1st Day. Light. 4th Day. Heavenly Bodies.
2nd Day. The Firmament, sepa- 5th Day. Fowls of the Air, and
rating between the Water Animals.
waters above and below.
3rd Day. (a) Formation of the 6th Day. (a) Animals of the
Sea and the Earth, and Earth, (b) Mankind.
(b) of the Vegetable
World,

THE COSMOGONIES AND SCIENCE AND RELIGION.

Every Cosmogony expresses, under the form of imagery, the childlike
answers of a people in its earliest phases of civilization to the question-
ings of the human mind as to the origin of the world and of life. No
Cosmogony, therefore, can be expected to give any but naive, crude, and
simple explanations of the deep mysteries of the universe.
The Biblical Cosmogonies only differ from other Cosmogonies in this
respect. They reproduce the early beliefs of the Israelite people respect-
ing the Origin of the World and of the Human Race in the form of
narrative which, however simple and childlike, is devoid of any taint of
polytheism or degrading superstition, and is capable of conveying the
profoundest truths respecting God, the Universe, and Mankind.
Unquestionably, they present to us the physical science of their age.
And, by comparison with other Cosmogonies, the statement, contained
in the first two chapters of Genesis, surpasses in dignity, lucidity, and
simplicity that which is to be found in any other ancient literature. It
is no exaggeration to say that the picture, which the first chapter of
Genesis presents of the orderly progress out of primordial chaos,. and
of the successive stages in the creation of vegetation, fishes, buds,
mammals, and man, is unrivalled for its combination of_ simplicity,
 GENESIS II.
grandeur, and truth. It contains, in principle, though, of course, with-
out exactitude in detail, the thought which is contained in the modern
idea of evolution.
Judged by the standards of modern knowledge, the Cosmogonies of
Genesis are wholly defective. They present to us pictures, account-
ing for the origin of things, which vividly corresponded with the Semitic
thought of their age and country, but which from the point of view of
science are devoid of any value.
For instance, in Gen. ii., the formation of man out of the dust of the
earth, and of woman out of man's rib, is the symbolism of primitive
legend, not actual fact.
In Gen. i., the conception of the universe, as in the O.T. generally,
is geocentric. The sun, moon and stars are formed after the earth, and
attached to the "firmament." The " firmament" of the heaven is a
solid dome above which are vast reservoirs of water. The vegetation
of the earth appears before the formation of the sun. "Six Days"
account for the origin of the whole universe. Two days are assigned for
the formation of all forms of animal life and of mankind.
These are ideas which, however beautifully expressed, belong to the
childhood of the enquiring thought of mankind. They have had their
value in helping to supply the science of the Christian world in pre-
scientific days. In this respect they have served their time. We derive
our knowledge of the structure of the globe, of the universe, of the stars,
of the succession of animal life, of the antiquity of man, not from these
two chapters of Genesis, but from the continually progressive teaching
of modern science. Modern science is based upon the skilled and
minute observations of men of genius and highly trained intellect. The
astronomical discoveries of Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton, reinforced
by the philosophical teaching of Bacon's Novum Organon, have revo-
lutionized the natural sciences. The pre-Copernican conception of
the universe has passed for ever away.
It is to be remembered that to the Israelite writers " the realm of
natural sciences," as we call them, had no existence. The universe
had come into being by the Will of God. The phenomena of Nature
were the manifestations of His handiwork. God was the immediate
fashioner of all from the beginning. The religion of Jehovah had
chased away the Nature Deities of the heathen nations. The Spirit
of God is the source of all life: every law of Nature is the direct fulfil-
ment of Divine command. To the Israelite writer " religion" and
"science" are one. The gaps in human knowledge are filled up with
the poetry of primitive imagination ; but this is never allowed to conflict
with the pure monotheism of Israel. Neither the. world, nor any
creature, nor the heavenly bodies, are identified with the Divine Being.
Nothing in the universe has any existence save through the Will of God.
There is no independent, no hostile, deity. God has willed and made
all; and, therefore, He is able to pronounce all to be "very good."
The Hebrew Cosmogonies testify to a God who is not only omnipotent,
but whose works proclaim His praise as the God of order, of progress,
and of love,
 GENESIS II. 47
NOTE ON THE RIVERS OF PARADISE
Gen. ii. 11-14,
The mention of the four rivers of Paradise has given rise to many
endeavours to localize the site. A fomous pamphlet by Prof. F. Delitzsch,
entitled Wo lag das Paradies? (=What was the site of Paradise?), 1881,
gave an immense impulse'° the enquiry.
r. Delitzsch himself ingeniously identifies Pishon with the Palla-
kopas, a canal on the W. bank of the Euphrates, flowing into the
Persian Gulf, and Gihon with the modern Shatt-en-Nil, a canal from
the E. bank of the Euphrates, near Babylon, and returning to the
Euphrates over against Ur. Hiddekel and Euphrates will then be the
lower portions of the Tigris and the Euphrates; Havilah part of the
desert W. of the Euphrates; Cush the name for that region in Babylonia,
which gave its name to the Kassite dynasty. According to this theory,
Eden is the plain (edinu) between the Tigris and the Euphrates, and
the river in v. 10 is the Euphrates. It seems, however, fatal to this
ingenious view that
(a) it identifies the river of fl, 1 r with one of the four heads into
which it divides itself:
(b) "the whole land of Havilah" must be intended to denote some-
thing mnch more extensive than the small district enclosed by the
Pallakopas canal: while the canal Shatt-en-Nil conic! never be described
as encircling the land of Cnsh :
(c) "in front of Assyria" is a description of the Tigris to the N. of
Babylonia, and is unsuitable to the region near Babylon where the two
rivers approach most closely to each other,
2. Sayce, in H. C. M. 95 ff,, proposes that the garden of Eden is to
be identified with the sacred garden of Ea at Eridu, once the seaport of
Chaldaea on the Persian Gulf; and the river which waters it (v. 1 r),
with the Fersian Gulf, while the four rivers are the Euphrates,
the Tigris, the Pallakopas ( = Pison), the Choaspes (modern Kerkha)
=Gihon, their waters entering the Persian Gulf by separate mouths.
The Persian Gulf was sometimes designated in the Babylonian language
Ntlr Marratum (" Bitter River"). It is an objection that the Biblical
account makes the one river divide up into four, while this theory makes
four rivers flow into one.
3. With this view should be associated that of Hommel (A .H. T.
314 ff.), who identifies Eden with the" garden" at Eridu, the river of
v. 11 with the Persian Gulf, and the three rivers Pishon, Gihon and
Hiddekel with three wiidis in N. Arabia.
4. Haupt, quoted in Driver, supposes the common source of the
four rivers to have been an imaginary lake in N. Mesopotamia. The
Pishon is the Persian Gulf encircling Havilah, or Arabia; the Gihon is
the Karun, supposed to flow eventually through Cush and become the
Nile; while the Tigris and the Euphrates entered, by separate mouths,
the marshes, beyond which was the Persian Gulf..
 GENESIS III. 1

J 3 Now the serpent was more subtil than any beast of the
5. Skinner suggests (p. 64) that the Hebrew geographer, who was
himself only acquainted with the two great Mesopotamian rivers, the
Tigris and the Euphrates, added to them the names of two others, the
Pishon and the Gihon, by which he intended the two mysterious rivers
of the Indian world, the Indus and the Ganges.
Delitzsch and Dillmann identify the Pishon with the Indus, and the
Gihon with the Nile. "But if the biblical narrator believed the Nile
to rise with Euphrates and Tigris, it is extremely likely that he regarded
its upper wattrs as the Indus, as Alexander the Great did in his time ;
and we might then fall back on the old identification of Pishon with the
Ganges" (Skinner).
6. Two of the rivers are the Tigris and the Euphrates, which were
known to flow from a remote Northern region into Mesopotamia. The
tradition supposed this Northern region to contain also the sources of
two other rivers which rivalled the Tigris and the Euphrates. One of
them, according to the vague notions of ancient geography, some-
how encircled Havilah (=Arabia), while the other watered the region
=
of Cush ( Soudan). ·
7. The well-known names embodied in this strange piece of ancient
geography make it very improbable that any mythological or astrological
explanation can meet the requirements of the problem.

CH. III. (J.) STORY OF PARADISE (cont.): II. THE

THE
FALL OF MAN (1-24).
1-5. The Temptation.
6-8. The Fall.
9-13. The Enquiry.
14-19. The Sentence.
20-21. Man's Clothing.
22-24. The Expulsion from the Garden.
1. Now the serpent] The abrupt mention of the serpent is charac-
teristic of this narrative. Vivid and picturesque as it is, the story
leaves many things omitted and unexplained. The present verse is
an illustration. It makes no mention of time; whether the interval
between the Creation and the Fall was one of days, months, or years, is
not stated. The serpent is brought upon the scene without explanation,
though he is gifted with speech and is able, by means of knowledge
superior to that of the woman, to tell her what will be the results of
eating of the forbidden fruit; cf. v. 5 with v. 22.
Ch. iii., though one of the same group of narratives as eh. ii. 4b
-25, has no appearance of being the immediate continuance of eh. ii.,
but rather of being a distinct and independent story. The connecting
link is the mention of the tree "in the midst of the garden."
The serpent is (1) one of "the beasts of the field" (cf. ii. 19)
" formed out of the ground " ; ( 2) more " subtle " than any of them~
 GENESIS III. 1-3 49
field which the LORD God had made. And he said unto J
the woman, Yea, hath God said, Ye shall not eat of 1 any
tree of the garden ? And the woman said unto the serpent, a
Of the fru_it of the trees of the garden we may eat : but of 3
the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden,
1 Or, all the trees

(3) not identified with a spirit, or any personal power, of evil. For
this development of the narrative, belonging to a late period of Jewish
literature, cf. Wisdom ii. 23, " by envy of the devil death entered into
the world," Rev. xx. 2, "the dragon, the old serpent, which is the
Devil and Satan."
more subtifj i.e. more sly, clever, and mischievous. For the wisdom
of the serpent, cf. the proverbial expression quoted by our Lo RD, '' Be
ye wise (<f,p6v,µo,) as serpents," Matt. x. 16. Here the LXX has I:, lie a,p,s
ijv <f,pov,µwTa.ros ,ra.vrwv TWP Or,plwv.
Yea, hath God said] The serpent, in order to secure success, addresses
the woman, who (a) was the weaker, (b) was apparently alone, and (c) had
not herself received the Divine command respecting the fruit of the
tree (ii. 16).
Observe that in the serpent's mouth the general name, "God"
(Elohim), is used, and not the sacred name "Jehovah" (LORP), and
that the woman replying takes up the serpent's words.
The method which the serpent adopts is insidious. He knows the
prohibition ; he feigns ignorance, and asks to be instructed. The
question suggests a doubt of Divine goodness. It takes the tone of
indignant surprise at the injustice and harshness of a prohibition
which had forbidden the man and the woman to eat of any tree of the.
garden. Such a suggestion, however easily refuted, might instil into
the mind of the unsuspicious woman a grain of doubt, whether even
any limitation was consonant with perfect justice and kindness. Com-
pare the first temptation: "If thou art the Son of God," Matt. iv.,
Luke iv. 3,
The versions, misunderstanding the Hebrew particles, give a slightly
different turn to the serpent's question : LXX Tl lin, Lat. cur, making
the serpent ask, not as to the fact, but as to the reason of the pro-
hibition.
2. the woman, &c.] The woman is quick to correct the error into
which she fancies the serpent has fallen, and to defend the generosity of
the LORD.
3. of the fruit of the tree, &c.] The woman speaks of only one tree,
and that one is in the midst of the garden. She does not mention
it by name. In ii. 9, where two trees are mentioned, the one which
is described as "in the midst of the garden" is the tree of life. Here
the woman speaks of the tree, which is "in the midst of the garden,"
as the tree of knowledge. ·
GENESIS 4
 so GENESIS III. 3-6

J God hath said, Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch
4 it, lest ye die. And the serpent said unto the woman, Ye
5 shall not surely die: for God doth know that in the day ye
eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be
6 as 1 God, knowing good and evil. And when the woman
1 Or, gods
neither shall ye touch it] This is an addition to the prohibition con-
tained in ii. 17, either an element omitted in the previous chapter, or an
exaggeration expressive of the woman's eagerness.
4. Ye shall not surely die] The words are very emphatic, "by no
means shall ye die." The serpent directly contradicts the statement of
the penalty of death, and thus craftily removes the cause for fear, before
dweIJingupon the advantages to be obtained from defiance of the Divine
decree.
6. for God doth know, &c.] Having denied the fact of the penalty,
the serpent proceeds to suggest that there is an unjust motive for the
threat. It is not, he says, for the good of the man and the woman, but
in order to exclude them from their privilege and right. No reason had
been assigned: the serpent suggests one, that of jealous fear, Jest men
should be as God. According to the story, there is a half-truth in each
utterance of the tempter: ( r) "Ye shall not surely die"; and it is true
that the penalty of ii. 17 was not IiteralJy carried out. The man did
not die in the day that he ate of the fruit: (2) "in the day ye
eat thereof your eyes shall be opened" ; the prediction is verified in
v. 7 : (3) "Ye shall be as God, knowing good and evil": the pre-
diction is confirmed by the words of Jehovah Himself, v. 22, "Behold
the man is become as one of us, to know good and evil." These three
assertions, the denial of penalty, the promise of knowledge, and the
prospect of independence, therefore, are not lies capable of direct refuta-
tion, but half-truths requiring explanation.
your eyes shall be opened] An expression denoting the sudden ac-
quisition of discernment to apprehend that which before had been
hidden from ordinary sight. Cf. xxi. 19; 1 Sam, iciv. 29; 2 Kings
vi. 17.
as God] or as gods. Both translations are possible, as in the
Hebrew the word for God, E!ohim, is plural ; and consequently it is
sometimes impossible to say whether "a god," or "gods," is the right
translation: e.g. 1 Sam. xxviii. 13, "and the woman said unto Saul,
I see a god (or 'gods') coming up out of the earth." In favour of
the plural "gods" is the expression in v. 22, "the man is become
as one of us." The word "Elohim" may be used of the Heavenly
Beings, "Sons of God," who living in the presence of God are
spoken of as sharers in His Divinity ; see note on i. 26. But as the
purpose of the serpent is to implant distrust of, and disaffection towards,
the LORD who had made the man and woman, the singular, "as God,"
is to be preferred. -
 GENESIS III. 6, 7 51
saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was a J
delight to the eyes, and that. the tree was 1 to be desired to
make one wise, she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat ;
and she gave also unto her husband with her, and he did
eat. And the eyes of them both were opened, and they 7
1 Or, desirable to look ttpon

8-8, THE FALL.

The serpent here disappears from the story, except for the mention
of him in the woman's words of excnse (v. 13), and in the Divine
sentence upon him (vv. 14, 15). He did not tell the woman to eat the
fruit. The temptation which is most dangerous is rarely the most
direct. The soul, which has once yielded to the temptation to distrust
the goodness of God, may be left to itself to disobey Him, and, in the
conflict between pleasure and the service of God, will prefer its own way.
Disobedience to God is the assertion of self-will, and "sin is lawless-
ness" (civoµla), 1 John iii. 4.
6. And when the woman] The woman's attention has been drawn
to the tree. She finds that the serpent's suggestion, based on the
mysterious properties of the fruit and on the supposition of J ehovah's
jealousy and unkindness, is reinforced by the attractive appearance of
the fruit. Probably good to taste, evidently. fair to look on, and
alleged to contain the secret of wisdom, the sight of the fruit stimulates
desire, and this being no longer resisted by a loyal love_ of God obtains
the mastery; cf. Jas. i. 14, 15, "Each man is tempted when he is
drawn away by his own lust, and enticed. Then the lust, when it bath
conceived, beareth sin: and the sin, when it is fullgrown, bringeth
forth death."
to be desired to make one wise] or rather, "to be desired, in order to
be wise." The same word in the Hebrew as in Ps. ii. 10, "now
therefore be wise, 0 ye kings." The R.V. marg., "desirable to look
upon," gives a rendering of the Hebrew word which is not supported
by its use elsewhere in the Bible, though found with this sense in late
Hebrew, and in this verse supported by the versions, LXX wpa'ioi,
rov rnravofi,ra,, Vulg. aspectu delectabile, and the Syriac Peshitto.
and she gave also] The story is so condensed that we are left in
ignorance, whether the man yielded as easily to the woman as she had
to the serpent. The fact that the woman "fell" first, before the man,
was presumably a point upon which stress was laid in the Rabbinic
teaching, to which St Paul alludes in r Tim. ii. 14, "and Adam was
not beguiled, but the woman being beguiled bath fallen into trans-
gression.''
7. And the eyes, &c.] The serpent's promise is fulfilled; their eyes
having been opened, they have forfeited the state of innocence of
. which 1111kedness was symbolical, cf. ii. 25. The knowledge to which
4-:a
 52 GENESIS III. 7-10

J knew that they were naked ; and they sewed fig leaves
8 together, and made themselves 'aprons. And they heard
the 2 voice of the LORD God walking in the garden in the
•cool of the day: and the man and his wife hid themselves
from the presence of the LORD God amongst the trees of
9 the garden. And the LORD God called unto the man, and
10 said unto him, Where art thou ? And he said, I heard thy
9
voice in the garden, and I was afraid, because I was naked;
1 Or, girdles 2 Or, sound 8 Heb. wind.
they have attained is neither that of happiness, wisdom, nor power,
but that of the consciousness of sin and of its conflict with the Will
of God.
jig leaves] These leaves would be chosen because of their size. The
fig tree is said to be indigenous in Palestine, but not in Babylonia. If
so, it is an indirect proof that our version of the story is genuinely
Israelite. "Fig leaves are thick, palmately lobed, and often a span or
more across" (Hastings' D.B., s.v.).
aprons] Better, as R. V. marg., girdles: LXX 1r,p1NJµa.Ta, Lat.
perizomata.
The rendering "breeches," which appeared in the Genevan Bible
(1560), caused that version to be popularly known as "the breech~s
Bible."
8. the voice] Better, as R.V. marg., sound. The man and woman
are represented as hearing the sound of God's footsteps in the
garden.
in the cool of the day] Lit. "in the wind of the day "; that is,
at the time of day when, in the East, a cool wind springs up, and
people leave their houses. LXX TO 0E1~1116v, Vulg. ad auram post
meridiem.
hid themselves] Evidently it had hitherto been their custom to go
with Jehovah when He "walked in the garden." Now conscience
makes cowards of them; and, like children who had done wrong, they
hide themselves "in medio ligni Paradisi" (Vulg.).
9-13. THE ENQUIRY.

The certainty of tone with which the following questions are put
indicates either perfect knowledge or accurate perception, and reduces
the guil~y !Oan to :1 speedy conf~ssion. The. questions are put, not
to obtam mformahon, but to give opportumty for self-examination
and acknowledgment of guilt. The endeavour of the man and woman
to put the blame on others is a lifelike trait.
9. When art thou ?] The LORD does not abandon, He seeks,
the guilty. The question is one which the voice of conscience puts
to every man who thinks that he can hide his sin from God's sight.
10, heard... afraid.,.hid] The man has not courage to tell the whole
 GENESIS III. 10--14 53
and I hid myself. And he said, Who told thee that thou u J
wast naked? Hast thou eaten of the tree, whereof I com-
manded thee that thou shouldest not eat ? And the man 12
said, The woman whom thou gavest to be with me, she
gave me of the tree, and I did eat. And the LORD God 13
said unto the woman, What is this thou hast done ? And
the woman said, The serpent beguiled me, and I did eat.
And the LORD God said unto the serpent, Because thou 14
hast done this, cursed art thou 'above all cattle, and 1 above
1 Or,from among

truth. Fear suppresses that part of the truth which love should have
avowed. To hide from God's presence is the instinct of guilt; it is
the converse of "to seek His face."
11. Who told thee, &c.?] To this question no answer is expected.
The knowledge could only come in one way. The sense of shame
implies contact with sin.
Hast thou eaten, &c. ?] An opportunity is given for a full confession
of disobedience and for the expression of contrition.
12. The woman, &c.] The man, unable to deny the charge, seeks
to excuse himself by laying the blame primarily on the woman, and
secondarily on Jehovah Himself, for having given him the woman as his
companion. Guilt makes the man first a coward, and then insolent.
13. The serpent begut'led me] The woman, in answer to the direct
and piercing question, lays the blame upon the serpent. For the word
"beguiled," cf. z Cor. xi. 3. See St Paul's use of the passage in
I Tim. ii. 14.
The serpent is not interrogated. Perhaps, as some suggest, because
"being an animal it is not morally responsible: but it is punished here
as the representative of evil thoughts and suggestions" (Driver). Others
have surmised that, as some features of the story have disappeared in
the condensed version that has come down to us, the question put to
the serpent and his answers may have seemed less suitable for pre-
servation.
The interrogation is over : it has been admitted, ( 1) that the man
and the woman had eaten the fruit: (z) that the woman had given it
the man: (3) that the serpent had beguiled her. The evil has been
traced back from the man to the woman, from the woman to the
serpent : there is no enquiry into the origin of the evil. Judgement is
now delivered in the reverse order, aeginning with the serpent, and
concluding with the man on whom the chief responsibility rests; for he
had enjoyed direct converse with the LORD, and had received the charge
of the garden.
14-19. THE SENTENCE.
, 14. cursed art thou] The word "cursed" is. only used in addressing
the serpent, as the originator of the temptation, and in reference to
 S4 GENESIS III. 14, 15
J every beast of the field; upon thy belly shalt thou go, and
15 dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life : and I will put
enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy

"the ground" as the sphere of man's penalty (v. 17). Jehovah does
not pronounce a curse either upon the man or upon the woman.
above] Better, as R.V. marg., from among. Taken from among
the other animals, the domestic cattle and the wild beasts, the serpent
alone receives the. curse. So LXX ,br6, Vulg. "inter." An objection
to the rendering "above " is, that it would imply a curse of some sort
upon all animals, and a special one upon the serpent.
upon tky belly, &c.] It appears from this sentence that the story
considered the serpent to have been originally different in appearance
and mode of progression. Its crawling movement on the ground and
the apparent necessity for its swallowing dust are regarded as the results
of the curse pronounced in the garden.
Prostrate, no longer erect, and feeding on the dust which man shakes
off from his foot, the serpent-race typified the insidious character of the
power of evil, to which the upright walk of man was the typical
contrast.
all tke days ef tky life] Not the individual serpent, but the whole
serpent-race. These words, together with the details of the curse,
conclusively shew that Jehovah is addressing an animal, and not the
spirit of evil.
111. and I will put enmity] The first meaning of this sentence
refers to the instinctive antipathy of mankind towards the serpent,
and the frequently deadly character of the wounds inflicted by serpents
upon human beings.
But this explanation does not exhaust the full meaning of the verse.
The narrator tells the story, not in the spirit of a compiler of folk-lore,
but with the purpose of embodying in it the truths of religion. The
hostility between the serpent and the wolllan, between the serpent's
seed and the woman's seed, typifies the unending conflict between all
that represents the forces of evil on the one hand, and all that represents
the true and high destiny of mankind on the other. Upon this
antagonism Jehovah has, as it were, set His seal from the very be-
ginning. He has ordained it. There must be war between every form
of evil and the children of man. This verse has been called the Prot-
evangelium. There is no prediction of a personal victor, or even of an
ultimate victory. Commentators used to see in the words, "thou shalt
bruise his heel," a prediction of the sufferings and crucifixion of our
Lord, as "the seed' of the woman; and in the words, "it shall bruise
thy head," the victory of the Crucified and Risen Son of Man over the
forces of sin and death. We are not justified in going to the full length
of this interpretation. The victory of the Cross contains, in its fullest
expression, the fulfilment of the conflict, which God here proclaims
between ,Mankind and the symbol of Evil, and in which He Himself
 GENESIS III. 15, 16 55
I
seed and her seed : it shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt J
1bruise his heel. Unto the woman he said, I will great! y 16
multiply thy sorrow and thy conception; in sorrow thou
1 Or, lie in wait for
espouses the cause of man. The Conflict and the Victory are oracularly
announced. But there is no prediction of the Personal Messiah.
enmity] An unusual word in the Hebrew, occurring elsewhere in
O.T. only in Num. xxxv. 21, 22, Ezek. xxv. 15, xxxv. 5. LXX lx0pav,
Lat. inimicitias. It denotes the "blood-feud" between the man and
the serpent-race.
bruise] The Hebrew word rendered "bruise " is the same in both
clauses. Suitable as it is in its application to the ''crushing" of a
serpent's head beneath a man's foot, it is unsuitable as ajtplied to the
serpent's attack upon the man's heel. Accordingly some scholars prefer
the rendering "aim at," from a word of a similar root meaning to
"pant" or "pant after." So the R. V. marg. lie in wait for (which,
however, the root can hardly mean). The LXX has watch, TrJP'Y/IJ'EL
and TrJP'YJIJ'ELS, probably with the same idea. Vulg. has conte.-et=" shall
bruise," in the first clause; insidiaberis="shalt lie in wait for," in the
second clause. It has been conjectured that the root shfJph=" bruise,"
may have had some special secondary meaning in which it was used
of the serpent's bite.
The Vulgate ipsa conteret caput tuum is noticeable. By an error, it
rendered the Heb. masc. pronoun ("he"= LXX auT6s) by the feminine
pronoun "ipsa," ascribing to the woman herself, not to her seed, the
crushing of the serpent's head. The feminine pronoun has given rise to
some singular instances of exegesis in honour of the Blessed Virgin
Mary.
16. I will greatly multiply] The sentence upon the woman deals
with the two aspects of the married woman's life, as wife and as mother.
The story explains the pains of child-bearing as the penalty for the Fall.
The possession of children is the Eastern woman's strongest passion.
The sentence upon the woman gratifies her desire, but crosses it with
sorrow. The penalty brings also its blessing ; and the blessing its
discipline.
thy sorrow] Better, as Driver, "thy pain," as the word, elsewhere
used only in =· 17, 29, is evidently not restricted to mental distress.
thy conception] Lat. conceptus tuos. But LXX Tov IJ'uva-yµ.6v IJ'ol!=
"thy groaning," according to a reading which differs by a very slight
change in two Hebrew letters. This is preferred by some commenta•
tors, who represent that in the Israelite world a numerous family was
regarded as a sign of God's blessing, and not in the light of a penalty.
But the change is needless. The sentence both upon the man and upon
the woman is not so mueh punitive as disciplinary. The woman's
vocation to motherhood was her highest privilege and most intense
happiness. The pains and disabilities of child-bearing, which darken
 56 GENESIS lII. 16-19

J shalt bring forth children; and thy desire shall be to thy

17 husband, and he shall rule over thee. And unto Adam he
said, Because thou hast hearkened unto the voice of thy
wife, and hast eaten of the tree, of which I commanded
thee, saying, Thou shalt not eat of it: cursed is the ground
for thy sake ; in 'toil shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy
18 life; thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee;
19 and thou shalt eat the herb of the field; in the sweat of
1 Or, sorrow
the mystery of many a woman's life, are declared to be the reminder that
pain is part of God's ordinance in the world, and that, in the human
race, suffering enters largely into the shadow of sin.
in sorrow] viz. "in pain" as above.
thy desire, &c.] LXX 7/ a1ro1;rpoq,fi uou, i.e. "thy turning or in-
clination," with a very slight change of one letter in the Hebrew.
But, again, there is no need to alter the reading. The two clauses
present the antithesis of woman's love and man's lordship. Doubt-
less, there is a reference to the never ending romance of daily life,
presented by the passionate attachment of a wife to her husband,
however domineering, unsympathetic, or selfish he may be. But the
primary reference will be to the condition of subservience which woman
occupied, and still occupies, in the East; and to the position of man, as
head of the family, and carrying the responsibility, as well as the
authority, of "rule."
This is emphasized in the Latin sub viri potestate eris.
17. cursed is the ground] The man is addressed as one who in the
future is '.o be dependent upon the soil for the means of subsistence.
Not man, but the ground for man's sake, is accursed. Its fruitfulness
is withheld, in order that man may realize the penalties of sin through
the pains of laborious toil. The sentence, which reverses the blessing of
ii. 15, befalls the whole earth.
in toil] R. V. marg. "sorrow." But see note on v. 16.
18. thorns also, &c.] These are not new products of the soil because
of sin, but are typical of that which the earth brings forth of itself,
and of ground neglected or rendered fallow by man's indolence. Left
to itself, the soil produces weeds which must be removed. Man is to
live upon that which he laboriously sows and plants and cultivates.
thistles] Elsewhere only in Hos. x. 8.
the herb of the field] It is here ordained that ma.n shall eat " the
herb of the field," requiring laborious cultivation. This is a change
from the diet of fruit assigned to him in ii. 16 (J). The passage assumes
that agriculture was man's first industry. Anthropology tells a different
story; but the Hebrew belief is a recognition of the fact that agriculture
was essential to the life of dwellers in Palestine.
19. in the sweat of th)' face] As in the sentence upon the woman,
 GENESIS Ill. 19-21 57
thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the J
ground; for out of it wast thou taken: for dust thou art,
and unto dust shalt thou return. And the man called his 20
wife's name 1 Eve; because she was the mother of all living.
And the LORD God made for Adam and for his wife coats 21
of skins, and clothed them.
1 Heh. Havvak, that is, Living, or, Life.

so here, in the sentence upon the man, suffering is not punitive, but
disciplinary, being associated with his highest vocation. The necessity
of labour has proved man's greatest blessing; it has evoked the qualities
which are distinctively most noble, and has been the cause of all
progress and improvement.
till thou retum, &c.] Man's work is to continue to the end. Old
age has its own scope for activities. Physical robustness is not the only
measure of responsibility or efficiency.
dust thou art, &c.] See note on v. 7. Jehovah does not slay man at
once; He is merciful, and relaxes His first decree. Man is not to enjoy
earthly immortality : but he shall live until "the breath of God" is
taken from him, and he becomes dust again.
20-21. These two verses are a parenthesis interrupting the thread
of the narrative. Probably they contain materials current in some
other thread of tradition, and inserted here at the close of the judicial
sentence.
20. Eve] Heh. Qavvah, that is, Living, or Life. The man is
represented as calling his wife by this name, because she was the mother
of the whole human race. The word is evidently of great antiquity;
for it is not found with this spelling in Biblical Hebrew, but in the form
of lfayyalt. The sound of the name "I:Iavvah '' (Eve) was sufficiently
close to that of the root meaning " Life" (l;ay) to suggest connexion.
Whether havvalt was an old form, or a name taken over from the
primitive people of Palestine, we have no means of deciding.
21. coats of skins] in reference to v. 7. The sense of shame is the
result of the knowledge of evil. .
The present verse gives the traditional explanation of the origin of
clothes. The word "coats" hardly represents the Hebrew so well as
LXX x,rwva.s, and Lat. "tunicas," cf. z Kings i. 8, Heh. xi. 37. The
Heh. k'th&mtlt (=xirWP) was a kind of shirt without sleeves, reaching
down to the knees.
The first mention of death among animals is implied in this provision
for man's clothing. Does it contain an allusion to the otherwise un•
recorded institution of sacrifice?
The Divine sentence of punishment is thus followed at once by a
Divine act of pity, as if to certify that chastisement is i.Jiflicted not in
,anger, but in affection.
 58 GENESIS III. 22-24

J 22 And the LORD God said, Behold, the man is become as

one of us, to know good and evil; and now, lest he put
forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and
23 live for ever: therefore the LORD God sent him forth from
the garden of Eden, to till the ground from whence he was
2 4 taken. So he drove out the man ; and he placed at the
east of the garden of Eden the Cherubim, and the flame of

22-24. THE EXPULSION FROM THE GARDEN.

22. as one of us] It is not stated to whom Jehovah addresses these

words. Two explanations are possible. Either (1) He speaks to the
Heavenly Beings by whom the throne of God was believed to be
surrounded. See notes on i. 26 and iii. 5, vi. 1, xi. 7. "As one of us"
will then mean, not "like unto Jehovah personally," but "like to the
dwellers in Heaven," who are in the possession of "the knowledge of
the distinction between good and evil." Or (2) the words are used in
the language of deliberation, and represent the LORD moved, as it
were, by apprehension or displeasure, because the eating of the Tree of
Knowledge had conferred upon man an attribute to which he was not
entitled.
According to either line of explanation, the sentence is one which is
most easily understood as one of the few survivals of the earlier
myth form of narrative.
The Targnm of Onkelos, to avoid the phrase '' as one of us," renders
"is become one from himself."
and now, lest, &c.] Man must be prevented from eating of the Tree
of Life, and so obtaining another prerogative of Divinity, that of
immortality. Man is created mortal. Immortality, obtained by dis-
obedience and lived in sin, is not according to Jehovah's will.
The verse contains a survival of the naive trait in the primitive story,
which represented Jehovah as jealous of the possible encroachment by
man upon the prerogatives of Divinity. The serpent had referred to
this (v. 5); and it appears again in xi. 5.
23. sent him forth, &c.] Map is dismissed from the garden with
the duty imposed upon him to till the ground. Agriculture is here
treated as the earliest human industry. See note on v. 18.
24. So he drove out] The expulsion from the garden is repeated in
this verse in stronger terms. In v. t3, it was" sent him forth" (LXX
i~a1recrrei-,..ev, Lat. emisit) : here, it is "drove out " (LXX e~e{Ja-,..e,
Lat. ejecit). Though there is a repetition which may possibly imply
different narratives combined together, the milder tone of v. 23 is
connected with the description of man's vocation to work, the sterner
tone of v. 24 expresses the exclusion of sinful beings from the privileges
of the Divine presence.
at the east] Implying that the entrance was on the east side. Man
Assyrian Winged ·Bull.
 GENESIS III. 24 59
a sword which turned every ~ay, to keep the way of the J
tree of life.
is driven out eastward, in accordance with the prevalent belief that the
cradle of human civilization was to be sought for in the east.
tht Cherdbim] Mentioned here without explanation, as if their.
character must be well known to the readers. The O.T. contains two
representations of the Cherubim: ( 1) they are beings who uphold the
throne of God, cf. r Sam. iv. 4, 2 Sam. vi. 2, 2 Kings xix. 15, Ps. lxxx.
2, xcix. 1; possibly, in this aspect, they were originally the personifi-
cation of the thunder clouds, cf. Ps. xviii. 10, "And he (Jehovah),
rode upon a cherub, and did fly," where the passage is describing the
Majesty of Jehovah in the thunderstorm: (2) they are symbols of
the Divine Presence, e.g. two small golden cherubim upon the Ark
of the Covenant, Ex. xxv. 18 ff.; two large-winged creatures made
of olive wood, sheltering the Ark in the Holy of Holies, 1 Kings
vi. 23. They were represented in the works of sacred art in the
Tabernacle, Ex. xxv. r8 ff.: and on the walls and furniture of the
Temple, I Kings vi. 29, 35, vii. 29, 36, cf. Ezek. xli. 18 ff.
The description of the four living creatures in Ezek. i. 5 ff., and
x. 20 ff., gives us the Prophet's conception of the Cherubim, each one
with four faces (of a man, a lion, an ox, and an eagle), and each one
with four wings. But in Ezek. xli. 18, 19 the Cherubim have two
faces, one of a man, and one of a lion. It is natural to compare the
Assyrian composite figures, winged bulls, and lions with men's heads,
and the Greek "'fPVY,, or "gryphon." In the present passage, the
Cherubim are placed as sentinels at the approach to the Tree of Life, and,
therefore, we are probably intended to understand that they stood, one
on either side of the entrance to the garden, like the two winged figures
at the entrance of an Assyrian temple. They are emblematical of the
presence of the Almighty : they are the guardians of His abode.
the .flame of a sword] It is not usually noticed that we have in these
words a protection for the Tree of Life quite distinct from the Cherubim.
The hasty reader supposes that the " sword" is a weapon carried by
the Cherubim. In pictures, the sword with the flame turning every
way is put into the hand of a watching Angel. But this misrepresents
the language of the original Hebrew, which states that God placed, at
· the east of the garden, not only the Cherubim, but also "the flame of
a sword which turned every way." What the writer intended to
convey we can only conjecture. Very probably it was a representation:
of the lightnings which went forth from the Divine Presence, and were
symbolical of unapproachable purity and might.
The student should refer to the description of the Cherub, in Ezek.
xxviii. 1 r-19, and note particularly the words, v. 13, "thou wast in
Eden, the garden of God," v. 14, "thon wast the anointed Cherub that
covereth: and I set thee, so that thou wast upon the holy mountain of
. God; thou hast walked up and down in the mid~t of the stones of fire,"
(See Davidson's Notes, in loc. in Cambridge Bible.)
6o GENESIS III.
The LXX T1JJI <j,\o-ylP'T)P poµrj,alav r17v urp<rj,oµ,v'T)P, and Lat.jlammeum
gladium atque versatilem, give a good rendering of the original,
to keep the way ef the tree ef lije] That is to "keep," or " protect,"
"the way that led to the tree of life," so that man should not set foot
upon it.
In the N.T. "the tree of life" is mentioned Rev. ii. 7, "to him that
overcometh, to him will I give to eat of the tree of life, which is in the
Paradise of God," cf. xxii. 2,

NOTE ON THE FALL

I. The following illustrations of the Story of the Fall are from

Jeremias ( 0. T. in the Light ef the Ancient East, E.T.).
(a) In Mexican mythology the first woman is called "the woman
with the serpent," or" the woman of our flesh," and she has twin sons ....
In the same way the Indians have a divine first mother of the race of
man, who dwells in Paradise (the Indian Meru). Also in the beginning
the evil demon Mahishasura fought with the serpent, trod upon and cut
off his head; a victory to be repeated at the end of the world, when
Brahma will give back to lndra the rulership over all ....The Chinese
have a myth according to which Fo-hi, the first man, discovered the
wisdom of Yang and Yin, masculine and feminine principle (heaven
and earth) .... A dragon rose from the deep and taught him. "The
woman," it is said in an explanatory gloss, "is the first source and the
root of all evil'' (p. 231).
(b) Legend ef Eabani. The [Babylonian] epic of Gilgamesh tells
about a friend of the hero, reminiscent of Pan a_nd Priapus, Eabani,
whose whole body was covered with hair. He is the creation of Aruru
when she " broke off clay" and " made an image of Anu." He is a
being of a gigantic strength. "With the gazelles he eats green plants,
with the catl:!e he satisfies himself(?) with drink, with the fish (properly
crowd) he is happy in the water. He spoils the hunting of the 'hunter.'
Out of love to the animals he destroys snares and nets (?), so that the
wild beasts escape. Then by the craft of the hunter, who feared him, a
woman is brought to him, who seduces him, and keeps him from his
companions the beasts, for six days and seven nights. When he came
back, all beasts of the field fled from him. Then Eabani followed the
woman, and let himself be led into the city of Erech. In the following
passages of the epic the woman appears as the cause of his troubles and
sorrows. A later passage records that Eabani cursed her. The First
Man is not in question here, but a certain relationship of idea in this
de~cription to the story of the. happy primeval state of Adam must be
granted" (p. 232 f.).
(c) Legend of Adapa. Adapa, the son of :fta, was one day fishing
when '' the south wind suddenly overturned his boat and he fell into
the sea. Adapa in revenge broke the wings of the south wind (the bird
 GENESIS III. 61
Zu), so that he could not fly for seven days. Anu, God of Heaven,
called him to account, saying, ':r-fo mercy ! ' but at the prayer of
Tammuz and Gishzida, Watchers of the Gate, Anu softened his anger,
and commanded that a banquet should be prepared, and a festival
garment presented to him, and oil for his anointing: garment and oil he
accepted, but food and drink he refused. Ea had warned him: 'When
thou appearest before Anu, they will offer thee food of Death: eat
not thereof! Water of Death will they offer thee : drink not thereof !
They will present thee with a garment : put it on! They will offer thee
oil: anoint thyself with it!' But, behold, it was Bread of Life aud
Water of Life! Anu breaks forth in wonder. Upon the man who has
been permitted by his creator to gaze into the secrets of heaven and
earth ... , he (Anu) has desired to bestow also immortality. And by
the envy of the God the man has been deceived" (p. 183 f.).
J astrow remarks upon this legend : "Adam, it will he recalled, after
eating of the fruit of the tree of knowledge, makes a garment for him-
self. There can he no doubt that there is a close connection hetweeIJ
this tradition and the feature in the Adapa legend, where Adapa, who
has been shown the 'secrets of heaven and earth,'-that is, has
acquired knowledge-is commanded by Ea to put on the garment that
is offered him. The anointing oneself with oil, though an essential
part of the toilet in the ancient and modern Orient, was discarded in
the Hebrew tale as a s.uperfluous feature. The idea conveyed by the
use of oil was the same as the one indicated in clothing one's nakedness.
Both are symbols of civilization which man is permitted to a(Jain, hut
his development stops there. He cannot secure eternal life" (Religion
of B. and A., p. 551 f.).
In this legend, the man Adapa who has acquired "knowledge," is
prevented by the deceit of Ea, the creator of man, from acquiring
immortality. There is therefore a striking parallelism of idea with the
narrative of Gen. iii., hut there is no resemblance in its general
features.
Hitherto there has not been discovered any Babylonian story of the
Fall. But, when we observe the occurrence of such features as " the
garden," "the tree of life,"." the serpent," "the Cherubim," it is
clear that the symbolism employed is that which is quite common in the
records and representations of Assyrian and Babylonian myths.
II. The Story of the Fall does not offer an explanation for the
origin of sin. But (r) it gives a description of the first sin; and (1) it
presents an explanation of (a) the sense of shame (v. 7), (b) the toil
of man (vv. 17-19), (c) the birth-pangs of woman (v. 16), (d) the use
of clothing (v. 11). Whether it offers an explanation of the origin of
death, is doubtful. The penalty of death, threatened in ii. 17, was not
carried out. In iii. 19 it is assumed that man will die, if he does not
eat of the tree of life. He is not, therefore, created immortal ; yet
immortality is not impossible for him.
The story turns upon man's eating of the fruit of the tree of k~ow-
Jedge of good and evil. What is this "knowledge of good and evil"?
62 GENESIS III.

Four answers have been given. (r) Initiation into the mysteries of
magical knowledge. (2) Transition to the physical maturity of which
the sense of shame is the natural symptom (iii. 7). (3) Acquisition
af the knowledge of the secrets of nature and the gifts of civilization,
e.g. clothing (iii. 21), arts, industries, &c. (iv. 17 ff.). (4) Arrival at
the moral sense of discernment between right and wrong.
Of these, (1) the first may at once be dismissed as quite alien to the
general ten our of the story.
(2) The second emphasizes one feature in the story (iii. 7, ro, 21),
the sense of shame on account of nakedness. But this new conscious-
ness of sex is only one symptom of the results of disobedience. As an
explanation, though possibly adequate for some earlier version of the
story, it fails to satisfy the requirements of its present religious
character.
(3) The third explanation goes further. It supposes that the know-
ledge is of that type which afterwards characterizes the descendants of
Cain (iv. 17 ff.). It implies the expansion of culture with deliberate
defiance of God's will. It means, then, simply the intellectual know-
ledge of "everything," or, in the Babylonian phrase, of the "secrets
of heaven and earth." Cf. Jastrow, p. 553 n.
(4) The fourth explanation has been objected to on the ground that
God could not originally have wished to exclude man from the power
of discerning between good and evil. Notwithstanding, it seems to
be the one most in harmony with the general religious character of the
story, which turns up:m the act of disobedience to God's command,
and upon the assertion of man's will against the Divine. It may, of
course, fairly be asked whether the fact of prohibition did not assume
the existence of a comciousness of the difference between right and
wrong. We need not expect the story to be psychologically scientific.
But the prohibition was laid down in man's condition of existence
previous to temptation. It was possible to receive a Divine command
without realizing the moral effect of disobedience. The idea of violating
that command had not presented itself before the Serpent suggested
it. Conscience was not created, but its faculties were instantaneously
aroused into activity, by disobedience. "It is not the thought of the
opposition and difference between good and evil..., but it is the
experience of evil, that knowledge of good and evil which arises from
man having taken evil into his very being, which brings death with
it. Man, therefore, ought to know evil only as a possibility that he
has overcome ; he ought only to see the forbidden fruit ; but if he
eats it, his death is in the act." (Martensen, Chn"stian Dogmatics,
P· r56.)
III. (a) It does not appear that the Story of the Fall is elsewhere
alluded to in the Old Testament. The passages in Job xxxi. 33,
"If like Adam I covered my transgressions," Hos. vi. 7, "But they
like Adam have transgressed the covenant," are doubtful exceptions.
But, in all probability, in both cases the rendering of adam, not
as a proper name, but as "man" or "men," is to be preferred.
There is, indeed, a reference to the "garden of Eden" tradition in
 GENESIS III.
Ezek. xxviii. 1 But there is no instance, either in the prophetical or
sapiential writings, in which the Story of the Fall is made the basis for
instruction upon the subject of sin and its consequences. "The Old
Testament," as Mr Tennant says 2, "supplies no trace of the existence,
among the sacred writers, of any interpretation of the Fall-story
comparable to the later doctrine of the Fall." At the same time,
there is no ancient literature comparable to the writings of the O.T. for
the deep consciousness of the sinfulness of man in God's sight.
The later Jewish 1iterature shews how prominently the subject of the
first sin and of man's depravity entered into the thought and discussions
of the Jews in the last century B.c. and in the first century A.D.
(b) The most notable of the passages referring to the Fall, which
illustrate the theology of St Paul, are as follows:
Rom. v. 12-14, "Therefore, as through one man sin entered into the
world, and death through sin ; and so death passed unto all men,
for that all sinned :-for until the law sin was in the world, but sin is
not imputed when there is no law. Nevertheless death reigned from
Adam until Moses, even over them that had not sinned after the like-
ness of Adam's transgression, who is a figure of him that was to come."
v. 18, "For as through the one man's disobedience the many were made
sinners, even so through the obedience of the one shall the many be
made righteous." 1 Cor. xv. 21-22, "For since by man came death,
by man came also the resurrection of the dead. For as in Adam all
die, so also in Christ shall all be made alive." '2 Cor. xi. 3, "The
serpent beguiled Eve in his craftiness." 1 Tim. ii. 14, "Adam was not
beguiled, but the woman being beguiled hath fallen into transgression."
In Romans v. and I Cor. xv. St Paul compares the consequences of
the Fall of Adam with the consequences of the redemptive work of
Christ. Adam's Fall brought with it sin and death : Christ's justifying
Act brought righteousness and life. The effects of Adam's sin were
transmitted to his descendants. Sin, the tendency to sin, and death,
became in consequence universal. But the effect of Adam's Fall has
been cancelled by the work of Grace, by the Death and Resurrection
of Christ.
For a full discussion of St Paul's treatment ot the Fall, see Sanday
and Headlam's Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans (chap. v.),
Bishop Gore's Lectures on the Romans (vol. 1. pp. 185 ff.), Thackeray's
St Paul and Jewish Thought (chap. ii.), Tennant's The Fall and
Original Sin (chap. xi.), Bernard's article Fall in Hastings' D.B.
(vol. 1.). ,
(c) The following passages, quoted from Charles' Apocrypha, will
!llustrate Jewish religious thought upon the subject of the Fall and
its consequences :
\Visd. ii. 23, 24, "Because God created man for incorruption, and
made him an image of his own proper being ; But by the envy of the

1 Mic. vii. 17, '' to lick the dust like a serpent," is an illustration of Gen. iii. 1 +
rather than an allusion to the story.
2
' The Falt and Original Sin, p. 93• ·
 GENESIS III.
devil death entered into the world, and they that belong to his realm
experience it."
Ecclus. xxv. 24, "From a woman did sin originate, and because of
her we must all die."
4 Ezra iii. 7, "And to him [Adam] thou commandedst only one
observance of thine, but he transgressed it. Forthwith thou appointedst
death for him and for his generations."
4 Ezra iii. zr, "For the first Adam, clothing himself with the evil
heart, transgressed and was overcome ; and likewise also all who were
born of him. Thus the infirmity became inveterate; the Law indeed
was in the heart of the people, but (in conjunction) with the evil germ ;
so what was good departed." Cf. iv. 30, 31.
4 Ezra vii. n8, "0 thou Adam, what bast thou done I For though
it was thou that sinned, the fall was not thine alone, but ours also who
are thy descendants!"
z Baruch xvii. 2, 3, "For what did it profit Adam that he lived nine
hundred and thirty years, and transgressed that which he was com-
manded? Therefore the multitude of time that he lived did not profit
him, but brought death, and cut off the years of those who were born
from him."
2 Baruch xxiii. 4, "When Adam sinned and death was decreed
against those who should be born."
2 Baruch xlviii. 42, "0 Adam, what hast thou done to all those who
are horn from thee? And what will be said to the first Eve who
hearkened to the Serpent?"
2 Baruch !iv. 15, 19, "Though Adam first sinned and brought untimely
death upon all, yet of those who were born from him each one of them
has prepared for his own soul torment to come .... Adam is therefore not
the cause, save only of his own soul, But each of us has been the Adam
of his own soul."
z Baruch lvi. 6, "For when he [Adam] transgressed, untimely death
came into being."
It will be observed that in some of these passages, e.g. 2 Baruch
!iv. 15, 19, the spiritual consequences of Adam's Fall are in the
main limited to Adam himself. Jewish thought was not agreed upon
the question whether all men inherited from Adam a tendency to sin,
or whether each man enjoyed freedom of choice and responsibility.
Both views could be supported from St Paul's words, "Through the
disobedience of the one the many were made sinners," "And so death
passed unto all men, for that all sinned."
(d) The teaching of the Talmud is summed up by Weber : "Free
will remained to man after the Fall. There is such a thing as trans-
mission of guilt, but not a transmission of sin (es gibt eine Erbschuld,
aber keine Erbsiinde); the fall of Adam occasioned death to the whole
race, but not sinfulness in the sense of a necessity to sin. Sin is the
result of the decision of each individual; as experience shows it is
universal, but in itself even after the Fall it was not absolutely
necessary" (quoted by Thackeray, ut supra, p. 38). Compare the
Midrash Bemidbar l{abba, chap. xiii. : "When Adam transl$"ressed the
 GENESIS III.
command of the Holy One, and ate of the tree, the Holy One de-
manded of him penitence, thereby revealing to him the means of
freedom (i.e. from the result of his' sin), but Adam would not show
penitence."
(e) Christian doctrine has been much influenced by the teaching of
the Fall. But it is not too much to say that speculation upon Original
Sin and the effects of the Fall of Adam has too often been carried
into subtleties that have no warrant either in Holy Scripture or in
reason. "Speaking broadly, the Greek view was simply that 'the
original righteousness ' of the race was lost ; the effect of Adam's sin
was a privatio, an impoverishment of human nature which left the
power of the will unimpaired. But the Latin writers who followed
Augustine took a darker view of the consequences of the Fall. It is
for them a depravatio naturae ; the human will is disabled; there is left
a bias towarcfs evil which can be conquered only by grace." (Bernard,
art. Fall, D.B.)
According to St Augustine, Adam's sin was the abandonment of
God, and his punishment was abandonment by God. Adam forfeited
the adjutorium of grace. His will was no longer capable of good. In
virtue of the "corporate personality " of Adam, all in Adam sinned
voluntarily in him. All shared his guilt. This idea of the whole race
being tainted with Adam's act of sin, rests partly upon the exaggerated
emphasis laid upon the Roman legal phrase of "imputation," partly
upon the mistranslation, "in quo," of St Paul's words i,p' cp 1rdn,s
-ijµaprov, as if it were "in whom all sinned," instead of '' in that all
sinned."
The Fathers very generally held that original righteousness, which
combined natural innocence and the grace of God granted to Adam,
was lost at the Fall : and that man, therefore, lost primaeval innocence
and the Divine Spirit simultaneously.
(f) Thomas Aquinas went still further in the systematization of the
doctrine. Mr Wheeler Robinson gives the following summary: "The
immediate result of the Fall was the loss of man's original righteous-
ness, that is, of the harmonious inter-relation of his nature, through
the complete withdrawal of the gift of grace and the decrease of his
inclination to virtue (I. b, Q. lxxxv. 1 ). The disorder of his nature,
when uncontrolled by grace, shews itself materially in concupiscentia
and formally in the want of original righteousness (I. b, Q. lxxxii. 3),
these two elements constituting the ' original sin' which passed to
Adam's descendants with the accompanying 'guilt' (I. b, lxxxi. 3) ...•
all men are one, through the common nature they receive from Adam.
As in the individual the will moves the several members, so in the race
the will of Adam moves those sprung from him " (I. b, lxxxi. 1 ). ( The
Christian Doctrine of Man, p. 106 f.) .
The Council of Trent, Sessio Quinta §§ 1, 3, June 17, 1546, m the
'' Decree concerning Original Sin," laid down the following d~gma:
"If any one asserts that the prevarication of Adam inj~red hm~self
alone, and not his posterity ; and that the holiness and justice, received
of God, which he lost, he lost for himself alone, and not for us a),o;
GENESIS 5
66 GENESIS III.
or that he, being defiled by the sin of disobedience, has only transfused
death and pains of the body into the human race, bnt not sin also,
which is the death of the soul; let him be anathema: whereas he-
contradicts the apostle who says: By one man sin entered into the
world, and by sin death, and so death passed upon all men, in whom (in
quo) all have sinned" ... " this sin of Adam,-which injts origin is one,
and being transfused into all by propagation, not by imitation, is in each
one as his own .... " (Schaff's Creeds of the Gr. and Lat. Churches,
P• ir)XXXIX Articles. '' Original sin standeth not in the following of
Adam (as the Pelagians do vainly talk), but it is the fault and corrup-
tion (vitium et depravatio) of the nature of every man, that naturally is
engendered of the offspring of Adam, whereby man is very far gone
(quam longi'ssime distet) from original righteousness, and is of his own
nature inclined to do evil, so that the flesh lusteth always contrary to the
spirit, and therefore in every person born into this world, it deserveth
God's wrath and damnation. And this infection (depravatio) of nature
doth remain, yea in them that are regenerated (in renatis) ...." (Art. ix.
Of original or Birth Sin.)
"The condition of man after the fall of Adam (post lapsum Adae) is
such that he cannot turn and prepare himself by his own natural
strength and good works, to faith and calling upon God .... " (Art. x.
Free Wil!.f
For a valuable series of discussions, in which traditional Christian
doctrine respecting "Original Sin" and the "Fall of Adam" is
criticized, see The Origin and Propagation of Sin (1909), The Sources
of the .Doctrines of the Fall and Or(r;inal Sin (1903), The Concept of
Sin (1912) by the Rev. F. R. Tennant, D.D., B.Sc., Cambridge
University Press.
The problem has very largely been modified by modem enquiry,
both as regards the origin of the race and the character of the
Scripture narrative. Christian doctrine is no longer fettered by the
methods of the Schoolmen. Modern philosophy of religion, assisted by
the newer studies of sociology, anthropology, and comparative religion,
is beginning to revise our conceptions both of personality and of sin.
It is inevitable, that, in the larger horizon which has opened up,
the attempt should be made to restate Christian thought in reference to
the nature of "sin," of" guilt," and of'' personal freedom."
In conclusion, the following extract from Sanday and Headlam's
Note on Rom. v. 12-21 (p. 146 f.) will repay the student's careful
consideration :
"The tendency to sin is present in every man who is born into
the world. But the tendency does not become actual sin until it takes
effect in defiance of an express command, in deliberate disregard of a
known distinction between right and wrong. How men came to be
possessed of such a command, by what process they arrived at the
conscious distinction of right and wrong, we can but vaguely speculate.
Whatever it was, we may be sure that it could not have been presented
to the imagination of primitive peoples otherwise than in such simple
 GENESIS IV. 1

And the man knew Eve his wife; and she conceived, 4 J
forms as the narrative assumes i~ the Book of Genesis. The really
essential truths all come out in that narrative-the recognition of the
Divine Will, the act of disobedience to the Will so recognised, the
perpetuation of the tendency to such disobedience; and we may add
perhaps, though here we get into a region of surmises, the connexion
between moral evil and physical decay, for the surest pledge of im-
mortality is the relation of the highest part of us, the soul, through
righteousness to God. These salient principles, which may have been
due in fact to a process of gradual accretion through long periods, are
naturally and inevitably summed up as a group of single incidents.
Their essential character is not altered, and in the interpretation of
primitive beliefs we may safely remember that 'a thousand years in the
sight of God are but as one day.' We who believe in Providence and
who believe in the active influence of the Spirit of God upon man, may
well also believe that the tentative gropings of the primaeval savage
were assisted and guided and so led up to definite issues, to which
he himself perhaps at the time could hardly give a name but which he
learnt to call 'sin' and 'disobedience,' and the tendency to which
later ages also saw to have been handed on from generation to genera-
tion in a way which we now describe as 'heredity.' It would be
absurd to expect the language of modern science in the prophet who
first incorporated the traditions of his race in the Sacred Books of the
Hehrews. He uses the only kind of language available to his own
intelligence and that of his contemporaries. But if the language which
he does use is from that point of view abundantly justified, then the
application which St Paul makes of it is equally justified. He, too,
expresses truth through symbols, and in the days when men can dis-
pense with symbols his teaching may be obsolete, but not before."

CH. IV. 1-16. THE NARRATIVE OF CAIN AND ABEL. (J.)

The vivid interest, which this section inspires, sometimes causes it to
be forgotten that we have here the only tradition relating to the family
life of Adam and Eve.
The narrative, as we have it, is evidently intended to describe the
spread of sin, its hereditary character, and its issue in violent deeds and
death. It is conceivable that J preserved other ancient narratives in
which the Hebrew folk-lore recounted the sayings and doings of the
first family and their descendants. They might have answered the
questions which the gaps in the present narrative inevitably raise; e.g.
what was the origin of sacrifice (v. 3)? why was Cain's sacrifice rejected
(v. 5)? whose vengeance did Cain fear (v. 14)? did Cain confess his
deed to his parents? who was Cain's wife (v. 17)? who lived in the
city which Cain built (v. 17)? As it is, such questions are incapable
of being answered, except by conjecture. Only such portions of the
Hebrew folk-lore have been incorporated from t~e J source of narrative
as se«med likely to serve the religious purpose of the book.
5-2
 68 GENESIS IV. 1

J 1
and bare Cain, and said, I have gotten a man with the
1 Heb. kanah, to get.
Our curiosity remains unsatisfied. The narratives, more especially
in the early part of Genesis, obviously make no claim to be regarded as
complete. They are brief, disjointed, and fragmentary excerpts from
Hebrew tradition, recording the popular belief respecting the infancy of
the human race.
In its original setting, the narrative of Cain and Abel may have been
intended to give an account of the first murder, and to supply the origin
of blood-revenge. At any rate, the absence of any reference to Adam
and Eve between v. 2 and v. 24 is very noticeable.
1, 2. The birth of Cain and Abel.
3-7. The sacrifices of Cain and Abel: Abel's accepted, Cain's
rejected: Cain's anger; Jehovah's remonstrance.
8-111. Cain's murder of Abel: the curse of Jehovah: Cain's fear,
and the sign of Jehovah for his protection.
16. Cain an exile.
1. Cain ...gotten] Heb. lfanah, to get. The word "Cain" does not
mean "gotten"; but Eve's joyful utterance gives a popular etymology,
which derived the proper name from the verb whose pronunciation
it resembled. The word "Cain" (,5:'ayin) means in Hebrew "a
lance"; and by some the name is interpreted to mean "a smith."
Its relation to Tubal-Cain "the artificer" is doubtful (see v. 24). That
the name is to be identified with that of the nomad tribe of the
"Kenites" (cf. Num. xxiv. 22, Judg. iv. II) is a view which has been
strongly maintained by some scholars. But the evidence seems to be
very slight. The Kenites were not traditionally hostile to Israel, and
did not play any important part in the history of the people so far as
is known. The fact that the name appears in another form, "Kenan,"
in the genealogy (chap. v. 9-14) should warn us against hasty identi-
fications. Pronunciation notoriously suffers through transmission, and
spelling of proper names is wont to be adapted to the sound of more
familiar words.
Eve gives her child its name as in v. 24. It has been pointed out
that elsewhere, where the mother is mentioned in J and E, she gives
the name, cf. xxix. 32-35, xxx. 1-24 (but see iv. 26, v. 29, xxv. 25);
whereas, in P, the father gives the name, cf. xxi. 3. That the"mother
should name the child, has been considered to be a survival of a primi-
tive "matriarchal" phase of society: see note on ii. 24. But the
inference is very doubtful.
I have gotten ff man with the help of the f-ORD] Literally," I acquired
(or, have acqmred) man, even Jahveh.' Eve's four words in the
Hebrew (ffiinfthi tsh eth- Yahveh) are as obscure as any oracle.
(i) The difficulty was felt at a very early time, and is reflected in the
versions LXX od1, rov Owv, Lat. per Deum, in which, as R.V., the
particle ith is rendered as a preposition in the sense of "in conjunction
with," and so "with the help of," "by the means of.'"
 GENESIS IV. t, 2

help of the LORD. And again she bare his brother Abel. 2 J
Konig, who holds an eminent position both as a commentator and
as a Hebrew grammarian and lexicographer, has recently strongly
defended the rendering of hh as a preposition meaning "with," in
the sense here given by the English version " with the help of" (see
Z.A. T. W. 1912, Pt 1, pp. zz ff.). The words will then express the
thanksgiving of Eve on her safe deliverance of a child. It is a pledge
of Divine favour. Child-birth has been "with the help of the LORD."
(ii) The Targum of Onkelos reads m!-tlh= "from" (instead of !th
="with"), and so gets rid of the difficulty: "I have gotten a man
from Jehovah," i.e. as a gift from the LORD. But this is so easy an
alteration that it looks like a correction, and can scarcely be regarded
as the original text. Praestat !ectio difficilior.
(iii) According to the traditional Patristic and mediaeval interpreta-
tion, the sentence admitted of a literal rendering in a Messianic sense :
"I have gotten a man, even Jehovah," i.e. "In the birth of a child I
have gotten one in whom I foresee the Incarnation of the LORD." But,
apart from the inadmissibility of this N.T. thought, it is surely im-
possible that the Messianic hope should thus be associated with the
name of Cain. The Targum of Palestine, however, has "I have
acquired a man, the Angel of the LORD."
(iv) Another direction of thought is given by the proposed alternative
rendering: "I obtained as a husband (i.e. in my husband) Jehovah," in
other words, I discern that in marriage is a Divine Gift. Perhaps the
Targum of Palestine meant this, "I obtained as a husband the Angel
of the LORD": my husband is the expression to me of the Divine
good-will which I have received. The objection, however, to this
interpretation is that it is the reverse of simple and natural. It makes
Eve's words go back to marriage relations, instead of to the birth of her
child.
(v) Conjectural emendations have been numerous, and ingenious.
Thus, at one time, Gunkel conjectured ethavveh for eth- Yahveh, i.e. "I
have gotten a son that I longed for "; the unusual word ethavveh
accounted, in his opinion, for the easier reading eth- Yahveh. But in his
last edition (1908) the conjecture does not appear.
2. Abel] Heh. Hebel="breath," or "vapour," a name suggestive
of fleeting life, cf. Job vii. r6. No better explanation of the name is
given. Assyriologists have suggested that the name reproduces the
Assyrian aplu=" a son." But it is doubtful whether the resemblance
is anything more than accidental. At any rate, no Babylonian version
of this narrative has yet come to light. More probable is the sug-
gestion that "Hebel" might represent a form of "J abal," as the
keeper of sheep (cf. v. zo). As in the case of Cain (see above), the
original form and significance of proper names preserved in primiti_ve
folk-lore must be extremely uncertain. In the course of the transmis-
sion and repetition of the narrative, less known names would continually
, be altered to forms which would suggest familiar-ideas. ,
 GENESIS IV. 2-5

J And Abel was a keeper of sheep, but Cain was a tiller of

3 the ground. And in process of time it came to pass, that
Cain brought of the fruit of the ground an offering unto the
4 LoRD. And Abel, he also brought of the firstlings of his
flock and of the fat thereof. And the LORD had respect
5 unto Abel and to his offering: but unto Cain and to his
keper ef sheep] Abel is here mentioned first, as the representative
of pastoral life. Cain follows the agricultural life, which was corn•
mantled for Adam in iii. 17, 13. The calling of Abel is one for which
the Israelites had a special fondness. The metaphors taken from the
shepherd and the sheep are among the most frequent and the most
striking in Holy Scripture.
3. in process ef time] Lit." at the end of days," a phrase for a period
of quite indefinite length ; LXX µ.eO' 7Jµ.lpas; Lat. post multos dies.
ef llie fruit ef the ground] Probably the best, or the earliest, of
the fruit, corresponding to the "firstlings" in Abel's offering. Cf.
Num. xviii. 11, "All the best (Heb. /at) of the oil, and all the best
(Heh.fat) of the vintage, and of the corn."
an '!lfering] Heb. minl}ali, lit. a "gift" or a "present," as in
xxxii. 13, when Jacob sends "a present for Esau his brother," and
in, xliii. 11, where he says unto his sons, "carry the man down a
present." The word is used especially for "a gift" made to God;
and with that sense, especially in P and Ezek., of the "meal offering,"
cf. Lev. ii., vi. 7-10. Here it is used of" offerings to God" generally,
both of animals and of the fruits of the earth.
This is the first mention of sacrifice in Scripture. Its origin is not
explained, nor is an altar mentioned. Man is assumed to be by nature
endowed with religious instincts, and capable of holding converse with
God. Worship was man's mode of approach to the Deity; and sacrifice
was its outward expression. The purpose of the offering was ( 1) pro•
pitiatory, to win favour, or to avert displeasure; and (2) eucharistic, in
expression of gratitude for blessings on home or industry. It was
deemed wrong to approach God with empty hands, that is, without
an offering or gift, Ex. xxiii. 15, xxv. 30.
4. the jirstlings] i.e. " the first born," regarded as the best and
choicest, cf. Ex. xxxiv. 19; Num. xviii. 17; Prov. iii. 9.
tlie fat] i.e. the fatty portions, which were regarded as choicest for
the purpose of a banquet (cf. 1 Sam. ii. 16), or for burning in sacrifice,
Is. i. II, "the fat of fed beasts."
liad respect unto] i.e. looked with favour upon. In the two passages
which it is natural to quote in illustration of this expression, N um. xvi.
15, "Respect not thou their offering," and Amos v. 22, "Neither will
I regard the peace-offerings," the Hebrew has a different verb, but the
Latin renders, as here, by respicere.
How the favourable regard was expressed we are not told. See note
on the next verse.
 GENESIS IV. 5 71
offering he had not respect. And Cain was very wroth, J
11. but unto Cain] In what way the Divine displeasure was con-
veyed is not recorded. The suggestion that fire from heaven consumed
the offering of Abel, but left that of Cain untouched, is a pure
conjecture based upon the group of passages in the 0. T., in which the
fire from God attested the approval of the sacrifice, Lev. ix. 24 ;
Judg. vi. ZI, xiii. 19, 20; 1 Kings xviii. 38; 1 Chr. xxi. 26; 2 Chr. vii. 1;
2 Mace. ii. 10, 11.
It is a serious omission, also, that we are left to conjecture the reason
for the favour shewn to Abel and withheld from Cain. We can hardly
doubt, that in the original form of the story the reason was stated; and,
if so, that the reason represented in the folk-lore of Israel would not
have been in harmony with the religious teaching of the book.
Taking, therefore, the omission of the reason in conjunction with the
language of vv. 6, 7, and with the general religious purport of the
context, we should probably be right in inferring that the passage, as it
stands, intends to ascribe the difference in the acceptability of the two
offerings to the difference in the spirit with which they had been made.
Jehovah looked at the heart (cf. 1 Sam. xvi. 7). Thus the first mention
of_ worship in Holy Scripture seems to emphasize the fundamental
truth that the worth of worship lies in the spirit of the worshipper, cf.
John iv. 24, ' ' God is spirit ; and they that worship him must worship
in spirit and truth." This is the thought of Heb. xi. 4, "By faith Abel
offered unto God a more excellent sacrifice than Cain, ... God bearing
witness in respect of his gifts."
The following conjectures have at different times been put forward to
explain the preference of Jehovah:
(a) It has been suggested that Abel's offering was preferred, because
it consisted of flesh, and that Cain's was rejected, because it consisted of
vegetable produce. Each man offered of the fruits of his work and
calling. Did the original story contain a condemnation of the agri-
cultural as compared with the pastoral calling? But Adam was com-
manded to till the ground (ii. 15, iii. 19).
(b) The old Jewish explanation was that Cain had failed to perform
the proper ritual of his offering, and therefore incurred the Divine
displeasure : see note on the LXX of v. 7. But, again, if so, it has to
be assumed that Divine directions upon the ritual of service had pre-
viously been communicated to man.
(c) The common Christian explanation that Cain's sacrifice, being
"without shedding of blood " (Heb. ix. 22, cf. Lev. xvii. 1 r ), could
not find acceptance, equally assumes that the right kind of sacrifice
h"d previously been Divinely instituted, and that Cain's rejection was,
therefore, due to the wilful violation of a positive command as well as
to the infringement of sacrificial rule. . . .
In the silence of the narrative respecting the origin of the ms1Itut1on
of sacrifice, these conjectures are merely guess-work, and must be
. considered more or less fanciful.
 72 GENESIS IV. 5-7

J 6 and his countenance fell. And the LORD said unto Cain,
Why art thou wroth? and why is thy countenance fallen?
'I If thou doest well, 1 shalt thou not be accepted? and if thou
doest not well, sin coucheth at the door : and unto thee
1 Or, shall# not be lifted up?

his countenance ftl[J A picture true to nature and more familiar than
easy to express in any otber words.
The passage illustrates the progress of sin in Cain's heart. Firstly,
disappointment and wounded pride, aggravated by envy of his brother,
lead to anger; secondly, anger unrestrained, and brooding sullenly
over an imaginary wrong, rouses the spirit of revenge; thirdly, revenge
seeks an outlet in passion, and vents itself m violence and murder.
6. And the LORD said, &c.] Whether Jehovah appeared in a visible
form, or spoke to Cain in a dream or vision, is not recorded. The
importance of the interrogation lies in the fact, that Jehovah mercifully
intervenes to arrest the progress of evil thoughts, by simple words
demanding self-examination.
7. If thou doest well,&c.] A verse well known for its difficulties. The
rendering in the marg. "shall it not be lifted up?" should be followed.
Literally the first clause runs thus : "Is there not, if thou doest well,
to lift up?" The infinitive "to lift up" must be taken as an infinitival
substantive=" a lifting up," with reference, in all probability, to the
previous phrase, "the falling" of Cain's countenance. The meaning
then is, "If thou doest well, and makest thy offering with a pure and
right motive, thy face, instead of falling, shall be lifted up in happi-
ness." This, on the whole, seems better than the alternative rendering
"is there not forgiveness?" The word "to lift up" admits of the
meaning "to forgive," but is hardly likely to be used in this sense
without an object, and before any mention of sin has been made.
sin couchetlz] The meaning is, "and, if thou doest not well and
cherishest evil in thy heart, then, remember, sin, like a savage wild
beast, is lying in ambush ready to spring out upon you."
"Sin" is here mentioned for the first time. .lfatt&' th has a varied
significance, and might here mean either "guilt," or" punishment," or
"the active principle of sin." And in view of the personification in the
next clause, this last meaning is here to be preferred.
The Hebrew text of v. 7 is probably corrupt.
The LXX took the first clause to refer to a ritual inaccuracy in
sacrifice, and mistranslated the words "sin coucheth," failing to
perceive the metaphor: o{JK, ia.11 opDws 1rpou,vhKTJs, opOws lie µ11 liu!>-.ys,
rfµapus; 71uvxauo11. "If thou madest thine offering rightly, but didst
not rightly divide it, didst thou not sin? hold thy peace.' In other
words: "you broke the ritual rules of offering; you have no right to
complain."
The Latin reads: No11ne, si bene egeris, recipies? sin autem male,
 GENESIS IV. 7, 8 73
Ishall be his desire, and thou shalt rule over him. And 8 J
Cain 2 told Abel his brother. • And it came to pass, when
1 Or, is its desire, but thou shouldest rule over it 2 Heh. said
unto. Many ancient authorities have, said unto Abel his brother, Let
us go into the field.
statim in foribus peccatum aderit; sed sub te erit appetitus ejus, et tu
dominaberis illius.
shall be his desire, &c.] Better, as marg., "is its desire, but thou
shouldest rule over it." Evil, like a savage animal, is ravening for
thee ; but thou hast strength, if thou hast the will, to overcome it.
The alternative rendering of the text, "his desire ... over him," intro-
duces the idea of one brother's authority over the other, which seems
foreign to the context.
The metaphor of sin as a wild beast ready at any moment to spring
upon, and get the mastery of, the man who will not make the effort to
do what he knows to be right, embodies deep spiritual truth. The evil
passions, always ready to take advantage of the will that refuses to hear
the voice of the better self, have often in literature ,been likened to a
wild beast, cf. Tennyson's In Memoriam, Canto II8:
"Arise and fly
The reeling Faun, the sensual feast ;
Move upward, working out the beast,
And let the ape and tiger die";
and George Meredith's expression : " The unfailing, aboriginal,
democratic, old monster, that waits to pull us down" (Diana '!I
the Crossways, p. 14, edit. 1892).
his desire ... rule over] The phrase is identical with that in iii. 16, but
obviously the words have a different signification suitable to the context.
That these words should refer to the younger brother is the interpre•
tation of the text (R. V.), to which no exception can be taken on lexical
or grammatical grounds. But the relation of a younger to an elder
brother is not that which is likely to be described in this way. It is
better to refer the phrase to the personification of sin, over which Cain
can, if he will, obtain the mastery.
8. told] Heh. said unto, which is the only possible meaning of the
original. The rendering " told " implies that Cain repeated to Abel,
his brother, the words spoken to him by Jehovah. But this is not
the meaning of the original, which is, "Cain said unto Abel his
brother" ; some words, which are wanting in the Hebrew text,
either having been intentionally omitted by the compiler, or acci-
dentally dropped by carelessness in transcription. As the R.V. margin
states, "many ancient authorities [Sam., LXX, Syr. Pesh., and Ps.
Jon.] read said unto Abel his brother, Let us go into the field"; LXX,
iMMwµ,v ,Is ro 1/'eolov; Lat. egrediamur foras. This addition has all
the appearance of an insertion, supplied to fill up an obviou~ gap, and
,borrowed from the next verse. Gunkel proposes to read, mstead of
 74 GENESIS IV. 8-10

J 9
they were in the field, that Cain rose up against Abel his
brother, and slew him. And the LORD said unto Cain~
Where is Abel thy brother? And he said, I know not: am
10 I my brother's keeper? And he said, What hast thou done?
the voice of thy brother's blood crieth unto me from the
"and said" {vayy6mer), "and was bitter" (vayyRmer), i.e. "and made a
quarrel." Here, as in the preceding verse, we have probably an instance
of a very early disturbance of the text.
Possibly, the words spoken by Cain to his brother Abel contained
some allusion which seemed wanting in the right spirit towards the
faith and worship of the God of Israel, and were omitted without other
words being substituted.
thefal<f] i.e. having left the sacred place, shrine or altar, where they
had offered their sacrifices. An allusion to such a spot might well have
been omitted as unsuitable.
rose up] preliminary to assault: see Judg. viii. 2i; 2 Sam. ii. 14;
2 Kings iii. 24.
9. And the LORD said, &c.] The condensed narrative does not say
whether Cain tried to conceal the body of Abel, or had fled at once
from the spot. Apparently Jehovah speaks to him suddenly, when at
a distance from the scene of the murder. The process of interrogation
may be compared with that in iii. 9-13.
I know not: am I my brother's keeper?] Cain's reply consists of
(a) a statement which is a falsehood; and (b) a question which is
defiance. "Keeper,'' perhaps with reference, in a mocking tone, to
Abel's occupation as a keeper of sheep. " Am I the keeper's
keeper?"
The first words of the first murderer renounce the obligations of
brotherhood. The rejection of the family bond is the negation of love;
it is the spirit of murder; cf. 1 John iii. 12, 15.
10. What hast thou done ?] The same question as that put to Eve
{iii. 13). This question has been put by the voice of conscience to
every murderer since Cain; it had a special force in reference to the
first man done to death by his brother.
the voice ef thy brother's blood] Probably it would be more accurate
to translate, as Driver, "Hark I thy brother's blood, &c." The word
"blood" in the Hebrew is plural, and the word "crieth" is in the plural
agreeing with it. The Hebrew for "voice" (fol) should similarly be
rendered "Hark !," instead of "noise," in Isa. xiii. 4, and instead of
"the voice of," in Isa. Iii. 8; see Heh. Lexicon.
The Hebrew idea was that blood shed, for which there was no
avenger, cried to Jehovah for vengeance against the murderer. Jehovah
has learned of Abel's murder from the cry of his blood spilt npon the
ground. Another Hebrew belief was that, if only the blood were
covered with earth, it would be silent. Cf. Job xvi. 18, "Oh! earth,
cover not thou my blood and let my cry have no resting-place";
 GENESIS IV. 10-12 75
ground. And now cursed art thou from the ground, which 11 J
bath opened her mouth to receive thy brother's blood from
thy hand; when thou tillest the ground, it shall not hence• 12
forth yield unto thee her strength ; a fugitive and a wanderer

Isa. xxvi. 11, "The earth also shall disclose her blood, and shall no
more cover her slain"; Ezek. xxiv. 7. To this ancient supposition
there is an allusion in Heb. xii. 14, "the blood of sprinkling that
speaketh better than that of Abel."
" In the picturesque legend of the Arabs, there rose from the blood
(or bones) of the slain man the 'death-owl,' which shrieked, 'Give me
to drink,' until it was appeased by the blood of vengeance." {Gordon's
Early Traditions of Genesis, p. 203.)
11. from the ground] The meaning is not quite obvious. Probably,
we should not understand, that the curse is to come from the ground
upon Cain, but that Cain is driven by Jehovah's curse from the ground.
The emphasis is on "the ground" (hti-adiimilh). It is the ground
which Cain tilled, the ground whose fruits he offered, and the ground
which he has caused to drink human blood. From this ground he is
now driven by a curse. For pollution of the land by bloodshed cf.
N um. xxxv. 33, "So ye shall not pollute the land wherein ye are : for
blood, it polluteth the land : and no expiation can be made for the
land, for the blood that is shed therein, but by the blood of him that
shed it."
On blood-revenge, cf. Robertson Smith, Kinship and Marn"age, pp,
25-27.
12. when thou tillest, &c.] The meaning is, that when, or if, after
this curse, Cain continues to till the ground, the ground will refuse to
give a return for his labour. Therefore, he will not be able to live on
the cultivated ground. He must leave it and wander forth.
her strength] That is, "her fruits." So the Vulg. "fructus suos."
The word '' strength " is used in this sense for the produce of the soil in
Job xxxi. 39, "If I have eaten the fruits (marg. Heb. strength) thereof
(i.e. of the land) without money."
a fugt"tive and a wanderer] The alliteration of the two words in the
original (n'a va-ntid) is difficult to reproduce in English. The word for
"a fugitive" means "one who staggers, or reels," from weakness,
faintness, or weariness.
"Weary and wandering," or "staggering and straying" would be
attempts at reproducing the original. The LXX O"rlvwv Ka.I rpeµ.w11
=" groaning and trembling," is more of a comment than a translation;
and the Lat. "vagus et profugus," like the English version, is inexact.
Two points are to be noticed in this sentence upon Cain: .
( 1) He is sent forth from the cultivated soil: in other words, he IS
banished into the desert. He is to lead the life, neither of the shepherd,
nor of the tiller of the soil, but of the roaming Bedouin of the desert.
' {1) His wandering is not the result of a guilty conscience, but of a
 GENESIS IV. 12--15

J 13 shalt thou be in the earth. And Cain said unto the LORD,
14 1 My punishment is greater 2 than I can bear. Behold, thou
hast driven me out this day from the face of the ground;
and from thy face shall I be hid; and I shall be a fugitive
and a wanderer in the earth ; and it shall come to pass,
15 that whosoever findeth me shall slay me. And the LORD
1 Or, Mine iniquity 2 Or, than can be forgiven
Divine sentence. It is his penalty to lead the nomad life of the desert,
homeless and insecure and restless. Whereas Adam was banished
from the garden to till the soil (iii. 17), now that soil is to refuse its
fruits to Cain, and he must fly into the desert.
13. And Cain said] The bitter cry of Cain is not that of repentance
for his sin, but of entreaty for the mitigation of his doom.
My punishment] Better than marg. mine iniquity. The Hebrew word
is used to denote both guilt and its penalty, and consequently is some-
times ambiguous, e.g. 1 Sam. xxviii. 10, ' ' And Saul sware to her by the
LORD, saying, As the LORD liveth, there shall be no punishment
happen to thee (marg. guilt come upon thee) for this thing." In our
verse the rendering " punishment " is to be preferred. Cain in v. 14 is
thinking of his sentence, not of his sin.
than I can bear] The rendering of the margin, than can be forgiven,
which is that of the versions, though possible, is not to be preferred.
It has sometimes been advocated on the ground that the "iniquity " of
Cain was typical of the sin "that is unto death" (r John v. 16), and
that cannot be forgiven (St Mark iii. 29). LXX µ,l!;wv ri alrla µov roii
aq,,Mwal µe. Lat. major est iniquitas mea quam ut vcnia11t merear.
Similarly Targum of Onkelos: cf. Ps. xxxviii. 4, "As an heavy
burden, they [mine iniquities] are too heavy for me."
14. Behold, thou hast, &c.] Cain accepts Jehovah's sentence as a
banishment from the cultivated ground. "And from thy face shall I
be hid," Cain recognizes that banishment from the land, in which
Jehovah's presence was manifested, implied expulsion from Jehovah's
presence. In the desert to which he was to flee, Jehovah would not be
found : Cain would be hidden from His face. The early Israelites
believed that, if a man was driven from the land in which Jehovah was
worshipped, he was no longer in the presence of Jehovah, but of other
gods. Thus David says, I Sam. xxvi. 19, "they have driven me out
this day that I should not cleave unto the inheritance of the LORD,
saying, Go, serve other gods." The desert to which Cain would be
driven was a region believed to be haunted by lhe demon Azazel
(Lev. xvi. 8) and dangerous spirits.
whosoever _findeth me, &c.] Of whom was Cain afraid? Different
answers have been given. 1. The wild beasts Uosephus). 2. A pre-
Adamite race of man. 3. Other sons of Adam. 4. It has been sug-
gested that the present story formed part of a tradition originally
referring to a later time, when the earth was numerously inhabited,
 GENESIS IV. 15 77
said unto him, Therefore whosoever slayeth Cain, vengeance J
shall be taken on him sevenfold. And the LoRo appointed
a sign for Cain, lest any finding him should smite him.

and has been adapted, on account of its moral significance, to the story
of the first family. But it is unreasonable to expect from the detached
narratives of early folk-lore the logical completeness of history. Cain's
words are rightly understood as a reference to the custom of blood-
revenge, which went back to the remotest prehistoric age. The
cultivated land was regarded as the region in which there prevailed
social order and regard for life ; but in the desert there would be none
of the restrictions wliich regulated the existence of settled communities.
In the desert Cain, as the murderer, would be destitute of the protec-
tion of Jehovah. He would have no rights of kinship : anyone might
slay him with impunity. He would find no friendly tribe ; he would
be an outlaw.
15. Therefore] i.e. on account of Cain's entreaty, Jehovah's mercy is
shewn to the first murderer. Cain has no friend: Jehovah, by an act
of benevolence and authority, will protect him, and undertake his cause
even in the desert,
A slight variation in text accounts for LXX o.Jx oln-ws, Lat. Nequa-
quam ita .fiet.
vengeance ... sevenfold] i.e. if Cain were killed, seven deaths would be
exacted in retaliation; the murderer and six of his family would forfeit
their lives, cf. 2 Sam. xxi. 8. The words of Jehovah are noticeable,
because (1) they emphasize the corporate responsibility of family life,
which so often meets us in the O. T.; and (2) they recognize, but
regulate, blood-revenge, as a disciplinary primaeval custom of Semitic
life. This Oriental custom, while recognized in the 0. T. as part of
Israelite institutions, is continually being restricted by the operation
of the spirit of love, gradually revealed by prophet and by law, in the
religion of Jehovah.
the LORD appointed a sign for Cain] The popular expression '' the
brand of Cain," in the sense of "the sign of a murderer,' arises from a
complete misunderstanding of this passage. The object of the sign
was to protect Cain. It was a warning that should prevent the
avenger of blood from slaying him. Even in the desert Jehovah
would be Cain's champion. We have no means of knowing what the
sign was. The words imply that some visible mark, or badge, was set
upon Cain's person. If so, it may have some analogy to the totem
mark of savage tribes. "There seems little doubt, that the sign which
Jahveh gave to Cain ... was a tattoo mark, probably on his forehead
(cf. Ezek. ix. 4, 6), to show all men that Cain was under His protection,
and thus to save his life. In all probability the mark was the 'sign _of
Jahveh,' the tav (Ezek. ix. 4, 6)-which was once doubtless worn qmte
openly by His devotees, and only afterwards degenerated into a super-
stition." (Gordon, Earl)' Traditions ef Genesis,p. nr.)
 GENESIS IV. 16, 17
J 16 And Cain went out from the presence of the LoRD, and
17 dwelt in the land of 1 Nod, 2 on the east of Eden. And
Cain knew his wife; and she conceived, and bare Enoch :
and he builded a city, and called the name of the city, after
1 That is, Wandering. 2 Or, in front of
16. from the presence of] Cf. 14, "from thy face." Cain going out
"from the presence of" Jehovah, quits the land in which that presence
was revealed. Jonah in fleeing from Palestine fled "from the presence
of the LORD " Uonah i. 3).
in the land of Nod] That is, Wandering, cf. the word " wanderer "
(ndd) in vv. 12 and 14. This region cannot be identified; it serves as
a vague designation for all the country in the unknown East, which
was thought to be inhabited only by nomads.
on the east of] This rendering, like the Lat. ad orientalem p!agam,
is preferable to that of the marg. in front of (LXX Ka.Te11an,). See
notes on ii. 14 and iii. 24,

1'1-M. THE DESCENDANTS OF CAIN : THE GENEALOGY OF

THE CAINITES, (J.)
See the Special Note on "the Antediluvian Patriarchs," pp. 88 ff.
The traditions preserved in this section probably belong to a different
J source from that of the verses immediately preceding. This will ex-
plain how it is that Cain, who has just been condemned to a nomad
life and has withdrawn into the land of "Wandering" (Nod), is in v. 17
described as the founder of a city, and as the ancestor of men who
originated the industries and callings of civilization.
1'1. his wije] On the question, Who was Cain's wife? see note at the
beginning of the chapter. If.the narrative be homogeneous, she must have
been either a daughter of Eve, or of a family of whose contemporaneous
origin and existence this narrative in Genesis gives no account. But the
compilation of our primitive story from different sources necessarily
leaves many questions unanswered. No attempt is made to remove this
and similar obvious inconsistencies.
Enoch] Heh . .QanJkh ="dedication": the same name occurs in
v. 18; see note. It is also the name of a Midianite clan, xxv. 4 ;
1 Chron. i. 33; and ofa Reubenite clan, xlvi. 9; Ex. vi. 14.
builded a ciry] It seems strange that we should have the mention of a
city at a time when the inhabitants of the world were so few. But the
purpose of this section is evidently to trace back to the Cainites, in the
antediluvian period, the origin of early institutions. To the Hebrew
the "city," that is to say, a town community, represented the nucleus of
civilized life, and hence the building of a city is ascribed to the father of
the line from which emanated the various callings of civilization. It is
needless to say that this tradition is devoid of scientific value for any
 GENESIS IV. 17-20 79
the name of his son, Enoch. And unto Enoch was born 18 J
Irad : and Irad begat Mehujael : and Mehujael begat
Methushael: and Methushael begat Lamech. And Lamech 19
took unto him two wives : the name of the one was Adah, and
the name of the other Zillah. And Adah bare Jabal: he 20

enquiry into the progress of civilization in prehistoric times. Its interest

lies in the record of the belief, that urban life could be dated back into
the most primitive age. The site of the city is not indicated.
18. And unto Enoch, &c.] The genealogy of Cain is a framework
of names, each of which may have been connected with traditions that
either had been forgotten, or were not deemed suitable for preservation
in this context. It is a mistake, into which some commentators have
been betrayed, to endeavour to extract meanings from the proper names
of the antediluvian patriarchs. It is very doubtful, whether the original
names would have conveyed the same thoughts which their later
Hebraized pronunciation has suggested to devout, but fanciful, imagi
nation. The facts of history are not to be spelt out from the obscure
etymology of primaeval proper names. These well-meaning endeavours
have sometimes been based on the assumption that Hebrew was the
original language.
The most that can be said is that these names preserve the recollection
of legendary persons, and that they have received a Hebraized form
which rendered them easier of pronunciation and facilitated a symbolical
interpretation.
Irad] The name occurs in I Chron. iv. 18; see note on Jared, v. 16.
Mehujae{J Cf. Mahafalel, v. 12. If a Hebrew word, it may mean
"blotted out by God." Cf. vi. 7, where "destroy" is in the marg.
blot out.
The LXX Ma/17;>,. must have read Mahyiel= "God maketh me to
live."
Methushael] Cf. Methuselah, v. zr. Assyriologists say that the name
means "Man of God," and is the same as Mutu-sha-ili.
19. Lamech] The seventh of the Cainite line has three sons, as Noah,
the tenth of the Sethite line, has three sons.
two wives] Lamech is the first recorded instance of polygamy. The
custom, prevalent in patriarchal times and in the days of the kings
(e.g. David, Solomon), was recognized in the Law of the Pentateuch
and placed under restrictions, Deut. xxi. 13-30, Levit. xviii. 6-zo.
On the ideal of monogamy, from which Isyael fell far short, see note
on ii. 24. Lamech, the Cainite, is its first transgressor.
Adah] The name appears in xxxvi. z as that of one of Esau's
wives. If of Hebrew origin, possibly connected with the word meaning
"adornment," but also possibly derived from a root="brightness,"
found in Arabic and Assyrian, and, if so, may mean "the dawn."
Zillah] Probably from the Heb. fel=" sbade" or "shadows,"
 80 GENESIS IV. 20-23

J was the father of such as dwell in tents and have cattle.

21 And his brother's name was Jubal: he was the father of all
22 such as handle the harp and pipe. And Zillah, she also
bare Tubal-cain, 1 the forger of every cutting instrument of
2 brass and iron: and the sister of Tubal-cain was Naamah.

23 And Lamech said unto his wives :

1 Or, an instructor of every artificer 2 Or, copper and so elsewhere.

implyjng "comfort " and "coolness" in the glare of a day in the

desert.
20. faba[J The meaning of this name is doubtful. Dillmann con-
jectures "a wanderer." Jabal, like Abel (see note on v. 2), is a founder
of the shepherd's and herdsman's life.
father ef] i.e. the founder, or originator, of nomad life. To the
Hebrews, to live in tents was the alternative to life in the village or the
town. It is strange to find that tent life is here placed later than
the building of a town (v. 17).
such as dwell in tents, &c.] Literally, "such as dwell in tents and
cattle"; i.e. those who wander about, occupied in the care of flocks
and herds, and pitching their camps at different places. The eldest
brother represents the Bedouin chieftain, the second brother represents
the arts of primitive pastoral life, the third brother represents the most
necessary industry.
21. Juba/] The originator of musical instruments. Music is thus
regarded as the most ancient art. For the name, compare the word
"Jubilee"; y&Ml is" the ram's horn."
harp and pipe] i.e. the simplest of stringed and wind instruments
used by shepherds. LXX ,f,a'Ar~p,ov Kai K10apav : Lat. cithara et
organo.
22. Tubal-cain] The double name is strange, and presumably
means "Tuba! of the family of Cain." Tuba! is traditionally supposed
to have given his name to the people mentioned in x. 2 (see note).
"Tuba!" in Ezek. xxvii. 13, xxxii. 26, xxxviii. 2, xxxix. 1 is associated
with J avan and Meshech as a community whose traffic included
" vessels of brass." The Assyrian inscriptions record a people called
"Tabal," apparently living to the S.E. of the Black Sea.
the forger] Heb. "the sharpener." The expression is intended to
denote the first smelter of metals. LXX rov 0of3e"/\, Kai ~v ,npvp0Ko1ras
xa'Aw)s xa'AKov Kai ,n5~pov. Lat. Tubalcain qui fuit malleator et faber
in cuncta opera aeris et.ferri. .
The R.V. marg.=A.V. "an instructor of every artificer," is a con-
jectural rendering of an obscure passage, and does not follow the
original.
22. brass] Better than copper. The metal, like the Gr. xa'AK6s, was
probably our "bronze," for which "brass" was the equivalent in all
early English literature. " Brass " is an alloy of copper and zinc ;
 GENESIS IV. 23 81
Adah and Zillah, hear my voice ; J
Ye wives of Lamech, hearken unto my spees;h :
For 1 I have slain a man 2 for wounding me,
1 Or, / will slay
2 Or, to my wounding, and a young man to my hurt
"bronze" of copper and tin. Copper-mining (not "brass") is referred
to in Dent. viii. 9 ; Job xxviii. 1. Our English word " bronze " is
derived from "Brundusium."
It should be noticed here (1) that Hebrew tradition realizes how im-
portant an epoch in the progress of civilization is marked by the
discovery of the use of metals ; (1) that in this verse the mention of
bronze precedes that of iron ; (3) that no knowledge is shewn of a
stone age, which archaeology has demonstrated to have preceded.
Naa111ah] meaning "pleasant." The mention of her name, con•
cerning whom nothing else is recorded, implies the existence of legends
or traditions which have disappeared. Perhaps she symbolized luxury,
as Juba! symbolized art and Tubal-Cain industry. The juxtaposition
of Naamah and Tubal-Cain reminds us of Venus and Vulcan, more
especially as Naamah is said to have been the Phoenician title of the
Semitic goddess !star. It is the name borne by the mother of
Rehoboam, an Ammonitess (1 Kings xiv. 31).
23, 24. The Song of the Sword. These verses are written in a
poetical style, with the parallelism of clauses characteristic of Hebrew
poetry. It is the first instance of Hebrew poetical composition in the
Bible 1. It contains (1) the address of Lamech to his wives; (1) the
announcement of a recent exploit; (3) the boast of confidence and
security against injury or insult. It is generally supposed that Lamech's
Song is intended to represent his exultation after the invention of metal
weapons by his son Tubal-Cain. The new possession inspired primitive
man with confidence and eagerness for savage retaliation.
The substance of line (or stichos) 1 is repeated in line (or stichos) 'J:
"Adah and Zillah" correspond to "Ye wives of Lamech," and "Hear
my voice" to "Hearken unto my speech."
In line (or stichos) 3, the word "I have slain" gives the note to the
whole distich; but "a man for wounding me" is repeated in greater
detail in line (or stichos) 4, "a young man for bruising me." Line (or
stichos) 5 mentions the traditional vengeance promised for Cain ; line
(or stichos) 6 boasts of a vengeance tenfold greater than this for Lamech.
23. a man for wounding me] Lamech boasts that he has slain a
man who had wounded him and a young man who had bruised him.
Whether "a man" and " a young man" are the same person, or
whether they mean a man and his son, cannot be decided. Lamech has
exacted the vengeance of death for the insult of a blow•.
It is, however, possible that the poem only describes an imaginary
I See G. Adam Smith's Eady Poetry ef Israel, p. 21 (Schweich Lectures, 1910).
:.i See for an explanation by Jewish tradition Appendix B.
GENESIS 6
 GENESIS IV. 23-26

J And a young man for bruising me :

24 If Cain shall be avenged sevenfold,
Truly Lamech seventy and sevenfold.
25 And Adam knew his wife again ; and she bare a son, and
called his name 1 Seth: For, said she, God 2 hath appointed
26 me another seed instead of Abel ; for Cain slew him. And
to Seth, to him also there was born a son; and he called
1 Heb. Sheth. 2 Heb. shath.
instance in which Lamech had retaliated in self-defence, and boasts
that with the assistance of metal weapons Lamech's capacity for revenge
is increased elevenfold.
24. seventy and seveefold] Cf. v. 15. Lamech boasts that seventy
and seven deaths should be the penalty of revenge if he were slain.
The first note of warfare is sounded in this fierce exultation in a deed
which has exceeded the limits of self-defence and passed into the region
of the blood-feud. The possession of new weapons and the lust of
revenge are here recorded as the typical elements of the war spirit.
"Although, technically, the law of Vengeance was satisfied by a 'life
for a life,' yet in practice the avenging of blood was often carried to the
utmost length of ruthless ferocity. For one life many wei·e taken, the
murderer and his kinsfolk together." (Gordon, Early Traditions of
Genesis, p. 204.)
115, 26. THE LINE OF SETH.
These two verses begin the line of Seth which is parallel to that of
Cain. The more complete genealogy, found in eh. v., comes from a
different source (P). But it is not unlikely that they are derived from the
same materials as the previous section.
115. called his name] Here, as in v. I (see note), the mother gives
the name.
God] Elohim (not Jehovah, as in v. I), probably because of v. 26.
hath appointed] Heh. shath. As was pointed out in the note on
v. 1, the resemblance to a Hebrew word in the sound of a proper
name does not supply its strict etymology. The name "Seth" (shi'th)
="setting" or "slip," resembles in sound the Hebrew verb for
"appointed" or "set" (sh,Uh), and it is to this assonance that Eve's
words refer.
It is an instance of a play on a word, viz. paronomasia, of which
there· are many cases in the 0. T. But assonance is a delusive element
in etymology.
another seed] We are not to infer that no other children were born
to Eve, hut that Seth was " appointed " to take the place of Abel, and
his seed to form a righteous counterpart to the unholy seed of Cain.
In Ecclus. xlix. 16 Seth is united with Shem as "glorified among
men."
 GENESIS IV. 26-V. I

his name Enosh : then began men to call upon the name of J
the LoRD.
This is the book of the generations of Adam. In the 5 P

26. Enosk] This word, used in Hebrew poetry, means "man," and
is thus to be compared with Adam.
then began men] In the Hebrew it is impersonal, "then was a
beginning made." The origin of Tehovah worship is here connected with
the line of Seth, and is probabfy intended to be contrasted with the
origin of secular callings in the line of Cain.
to call upon] "Properly, as always, to call witk, i.e. to use the name
in invocations, in the manner of ancient cults, especially at times of
sacrifice; cf. xii. 8, xiii. 4, xxi. 33, xxvi. 25." (Driver.)
the name of the LORD] i.e. the name of Jehovah. This statement
by J, who uses this title by preference, is in conflict with the statement
that the name was first revealed to Moses (E), (P), Ex. iii. 14, vi. ,z.
But in view not only of this text, but also of recent cuneiform decipher-
ments, shewing the probability that a form of the name was known in
Babylonia before the time of Moses, it is not unreasonable to suppose
that the name belongs, as the tradition of J evidently taught, to pre-
historic antiquity.

CH. V. THE DESCENDANTS OF SETH. (P.)

On the Cainites and Sethites, see note at the close of the chapter.
In iv. 25, z6 a commencement was made of the Sethite genealogy taken
from J. In eh. v. a fresh start is made, and the line of Seth is traced
from Adam to Noah. The genealogy is taken from a different source,
which is clearly P. {a) The contents of vv. 1-3 refer back to i.
z6-z8; (b) the "generations" (t6l'dJtli) of v. 1 is the expression em·
ployed by P as the superscription of successive sections in his narrative
(see note on ii. 4) ; (c) the naiiie Seth in v. 3 is given by Adam; accord-
ing to J (iv. 25) it was given by Eve; (d) the formal and systematic
description of the patriarchs, consisting of ( 1) their names, (z) their age
at the birth of their firstborn, (3) the length of their life, corresponds
with the characteristics of P's literary style and his fondness for
statistics. With the exception of v. z9, the whole of the chapter may
be regarded as the writing of P and the continuation of i. 1 to ii. 4•.
1. Tkis is the book, &c.] The word rendered "book" {Heb. s!pker)
is used of any written document. Our word '' book " gives rather too
much the meaning of a piece of literature. The word is often used in a
much more general sense, e.g. Isa. l. 1, " where is the bill (Heb. slpker)
of your mother's divorcement?" Jer. xxxii. 10, "and I subscribed the
deed (Heb. sipker), and sealed it" ; z Sam. xi. 14, "David wr~te a
letter (Heb. s;pher) to Joab." Here it is equivalent to "a written
list."
tke generations] See note on ii. 4, "The generations of Ad.am," i.e.
6-2
 GENESIS V. 1--10

P day that God created man, in the likeness of God made

2 he him ; male and female created he them ; and blessed
them, and called their name 1 Adam, in the day when they
3 were created. And Adam lived an hundred and thirty
years, and begat a son in his own likeness, after his image;
4 and called his name Seth : and the days of Adam after he
begat Seth were eight hundred years : and he begat sons
s and daughters. And all the days that Adam lived were
nine hundred and thirty years : and he died.
6 And Seth lived an hundred and five years, and begat
7 Enosh : and Seth lived after he begat Enosh eight hundred
8 and seven years, and begat sons and daughters : and all the
days of Seth were nine hundred and twelve years : and he
died.
,~ And Enosh lived ninety years, and begat Kenan : and
l Or, Man
the genealogy from Adam to Noah. LXX "'fEVlrrews, Vulg. "genera-
lionis," regarded the Hebrew word as singular.
Adam] The proper name, Adam, not ha-adam==" the man" or
"mankind."
God created man] The words "God" (Elohi'.m), "created" (bara),
"in the likeness," reproduce the distinctive language ofi. 26-28.
2. male andfemale, &c.] This clause is repeated from i. 27.
blessed them] From i. 27. The words of the command, "be fruitful
and multiply," &c., which accompanied the blessing, are not repeated;
they are implied in the genealogy that follows.
called their name Adam] Better than marg. ''called their name Man."
That God gave the name "man" (Heb, IJdam) is not recorded in eh. i.
The proper name is probably here intended ; but, if so, we should read
"his name," as the LXX, TO ovoµa avTov.
a. in his own likeness, after his image] Cf. i. 26. Man was made
in God's image, after His likeness; he begets a son, in his own
likeness, after his image. Many Heb. MSS., however, only read "in
his image." On the words "image" and "likeness," see note on i. 26.
The phrase here is evidently intended to shew that the elements of
resemblance to the Divine image, which at the first were implanted
in man's nature, were communicated from father to-son.
That the priestly document contained any tradition respecting the
Fall, or the murder of Abel, seems improbable.
Seth] See note on iv. 25. The father here gives the name; the
mother's name is not mentioned in this genealogy.
6. Enosh] See note on iv. 26.
11. Kenan] The first syllable of this name is the same in Hebrew
 GENESIS V. 10-22 85
Enosh lived after he begat Kenan eight hundred and P
fifteen years, and begat sons and daughters : and all the 11
days of Enosh were nine hundred and five years : and he
died.
And Kenan lived seventy years, and begat Mahalalel: 12
and Kenan lived after he begat Mahalalel eight hundred and 1 3
forty years, and begat sons and daughters : and all the 14
days of Kenan were nine hundred and ten years : and he
died.
And Mahalalel lived sixty and five years, and begat 15
Jared: and Mahalalel lived after he begat Jared eight 16
hundred and thirty years, and begat sons and daughters :
and all the days of Mahalalel were eight hundred ninety 17
and five years : and he died.
And Jared lived an hundred sixty and two years, and 18
begat Enoch: and Jared lived after he begat Enoch eight 19
hundred years, and begat sons and daughters: and all the 20
days of Jared were nine hundred sixty and two years: and
he died.
And Enoch lived sixty and five years, and begat 21
Methuselah: and Enoch walked with God after he begat 22
as the name ''Cain," and it is presumably akin in meaning as well as
in form (see note on iv. 1).
12. Maka/ale!] As a Hebrew name this would mean "the praise
of God "; but see note on the etymology of proper names in prehistoric
times, iv. 17. For Mahalalel the versions give a different form, LXX
Ma),£>.£~>.; Vulg. "Malaleel."
15. Jared] Heh. Yared="a going down." Cf. Jordan (Heb.
Yarden) ="the going down, or descending, river" {?). The Book of
Tubilees, written in the latter part of the second century B.c., made use
of this Hebrew etymology of the name, and connected it with the
descending of angels upon the earth, when "the sons of God saw the
daughters of men," &c., vi. '2, To suppose that it denotes "descent,"·
in the sense of "deterioration," is very far fetched,
18. Enock] Heh. IfanOkk; cf. iv. 17. Enoch and Mahalalel are
here transposed.
21. Metkuselak] Possibly= " the man of Shelah"; and, if so,
Shelah may indicate the name of a deity; cf. Methushael {iv. 18)=
"the man of God."
22. walked witk God] The phrase here, as in v. 24, used of Enoch,
has passed into common use to express intimacy of communion w_ith
· God. It denotes more than either standing in His presence, or walking
 86 GENESIS V. 22-24

P Methuselah three hundred years, and begat ,sons and

23 daughters : and all the days of Enoch were three hundred
24 sixty and five years : and Enoch walked with God : and
he was not ; for God took him.
before Him (vi. 9, xvii. 1), or following after Him. It combines the
ideas of fellowship and progress. It is the picture of one who has
God with him in all the various scenes of life.
The audacity of the metaphor caused the LXX to render it by a
=''
paraphrase ; dl'T/PE,,.,,1/,,., ae 'E•wx -,,;; O«ii and Enoch was well pleasing
unto God," which is quoted in Heb. xi. 5. For other paraphrases, see
Targ. Onkelos, "walked in the fear of God"; Targ. Palestine, "served
in the truth before the Lord."
23. and all the days, &c.] Concerning Enoch the following points
deserve attention: ( 1) He is the seventh in the genealogy, cf. Jude 14;
(2) by comparison with the lives of his fathers and descendants, the
length of his life is immensely curtailed; (3) the number of his years
agrees with the number of days in the solar year ; (4) owing to the
closeness of his walk with God he was believed to have been " trans-
lated " into Heaven. With this summary must be compared the
account of the seventh king in the antediluvian Babylonian Dynasty,
Enmeduranki by name, who received revelations from the Sun-god
Samas, and was the builder of the town of Sippar, which was dedicated
to the Sun-god.
24. .and he was not] For this expression used to denote an un-
accoux:yable disappearance, cf; Gen. xiii. 13, 36; I Kings xx. 40. In
order to make it quite clear that the words did not imply death, LXX
renders otlx ,vpl,,.K,-ro; Vulg. "non apparuit."
The shortness of his life as compared with the other patriarchs might
have been regarded as a proof of Divine displeasure, if the next sentence
had not been added to explain the circumstance.
for God took him] "Took," or "received," him, i.e. into His own
abode, without death: cf. "he shall receive me" (Ps. xlix. 15). Sam.
"the Angel took him"; LXX µ,-re871Ke= "translated" ; Lat. lttlit ;
Targ. Onkelos, "for the Lord had made him to die." Our word
"translated " has passed into general use from this passage and from
the allusion to it in Heb. xi. 5, '' By faith Enoch was translated (Lat.
translatus est) that he should not see death, and he was not found,
because God translated him." For the only other instance in the O. T.
of a Saint's "translation," see the story of Elijah (2 Kings ii.). In the
early Babylonian traditions, Xisuthros, the hero of the Babylonian
Deluge story, is "translated " after the Deluge, that he may dwell
among. the gods.
Late Jewish tradition was very busy with the story of Enoch. Enoch
was supposed to have received Divine revelation concerning "all
mysteries," and to have recorded them in writing in apocalyptic books.
This current belief concerning Enoch, as the repository and the recorder
 GENESIS V. 25-29
And Methuselah lived an hundred eighty and seven 25 P
years, and begat Lamech : and Methuselah lived after he :z6
begat Lamech seven hundred eighty and two years, and
begat sons and daughters : and all the days of Methuselah 27
were nine hundred sixty and nine years : and he died.
And Lamech lived an hundre9- eighty and two years, 28
and begat a son: and he called his name Noah, I saying, This 29 J
same shall 1 comfort us for our work and for the toil of our
hands, 2 because of the ground which the LoRD bath cursed, I
1 Heb. nahem, to comfort. 9
Or, which cometh/rom the ground

of the mysteries of the universe, gave rise to th~ writing of the extant
apocalyptic work, "The Book of Enoch," composed in the second
century B.C.
The devout Israelite was able to believe that they who walked with
God would somehow be taken by God; cf. Ps. lxxiii. 24, "Thou shalt
guide me with thy counsel, and afterward take me to glory." In an age
which had no conception of a general resurrection there was faith in
God's power and a trust in fellowship with Him.
25. Methuselah] According to the Hebrew text and the Samaritan
version, Methuselah lived the longest of all the patriarchs, and,
according to their figures, his death at the age of 969 years occurred
in the year of the Flood.
29. saying, This same shall comfort us, &c.] It is generally supposed
that this verse, containing a poetical couplet which is intended to
explain the name of Noah, has been inserted from the same source of
tradition (J) as iv. 25, 26. Certainly, (a) the saying interrupts the bare
list of names and years; {b) it contains a reference to the curse pro-
nounced upon the soil, iii. 17 ; {c) it recurs to the use of the sacred
name "Jehovah" ("Jahveh"), whereas "God" ("Elohim") has been
used in vv. 1, 22 and 24.
comfort] Heb. naf;,em, "to comfort," "relieve." The name "Noah,"
however, is not derived from nal;,em, but there is a play on the general
similarity of sound. The LXX renders "gives us rest."
for our work] The word "for" is in the Heb. "from," and the
meaning is that Noah will comfort his fellow-creatures and give them
relief and refreshment " from " their toil.
because of the ground] Better, as R.V. marg., "which cometh from
the ground." This clause is in prose, following two metrical clauses.
In what way did the tradition connect the name of Noah with
"comfort" as regards work upon the ground? According to the
Hebrew figures in this chapter, Lamech, Noah's father, must have died
either before or in the Flood. It is conceivable that the saying recorded
in this verse is taken from a group of Israelite traditions which con-
tained no account of the Flood, and only associa~ed the name of Noah
 88 GENESIS V. 30-3:2

P 30 And Lamech lived after he begat Noah five hundred ninety

31 and five years, and begat sons and daughters : and all the
days of Lamech were seven hundred seventy and seven
years : and he died.
32 And Noah was five hundred years old: and Noah begat
Shem, Ham, and Japheth.
with the work of an husbandman and with the first planting of a
vineyard (ix. 20).
31. and all the days ef Lameck] Lamech's life of 770 years was
shorter than Methuselah's by 192 years. His death occurred five years
before the Flood. In the Samaritan text the date of his death coincided
with the year of the Flood.
32. And Noak was, &c.] Noah is thus represented as much older,
when he begets his children, than were the other patriarchs, when
children were born to them. A hundred years is the interval of time
between the birth of Noah's sons and the Deluge (vii. 6).
Compare the mention of three sons born to Lamech, the last name in
the Cainite genealogy (iv. 20-24),
NOTE ON THE ANTEDILUVIAN PATRIARCHS
According to chap. v. (P), the interval of time between the work of.
Creation (i. 1-ii. 4•) and the visitation of the Flood (vi. 9 ff.) is occupied
by a list of ten Patriarchs.
The chronological ~cheme of P, according to the Hebrew text, makes
this period to consist of 1656 years (in the Samaritan text, it is 1307
years; in the LXX, 2242). The description given of the tP.n Patriarchs
is precise and formal. It is limited in each case to the bare formulae
narrating facts respecting (i) the age of the Patriarch at the birth of his
firstborn, (ii) the number of his remaining years, and the fact that he
was the father of other children, (iii) his age at the time of his death.
The account which is thus given furnishes an explanation of the great
population of the earth which is overthrown in the Flood. The chapter,
however, contains no mention of the growing wickedness of the race.
And it does not appear that P takes any account cif the Narrative of the
Fall (chap. iii. J). Budde, indeed (Urguek. 93-103), contends that
the names of the Patriarchs are intended to symbolize the condition of
their age, the names Jared (=descent), Methuselah (=tke man ef tke
weapon, or tke man ef violence) denoting its deterioration.
The ten names represented the history of the human race before the
Flood. The distribution of these ten names over the period of 1656
years implies a minute and elaborate calculation by the chronologists
and chroniclers, whose work has been employed in P.
I. Ten Babylonian Kings.
It is impossible to resist the conclusion that there is some sort of
connexion between the ten Antediluvian Patriarchs of Gen. v. and the
 GENESIS V. 89
ten kings before the Flood in the Babylonian Legends. The names of
the ten kings are as follows:
(B. According to cuneiform
(A. According to Berossus.) inscriptions.)
J, Alorus. t, Arf\ru.
'2, Alaparos. '2, Adapa.
3· Amelon. 3· Amelu (=Man, ?=Enosh).
4· Ammenon. 4· U mmanu (=Master-crafts-
5· Megalaros. man, ?=Kenan).
6. Daonos. 7. Enmeduranki (?=Enoch).
7· Euedorachos. 8. Amel-Sin (=Man of the god
8. ~mempsinos. Sin, ? = Methuselah),
9· Otiartes, 9· Ubara-Jutu.
10, Xisflthros. 10, l;Iasisatra (?=Noah),
In this list there may possibly be discerned some points of corre-
spondence with the Hebrew. (a) In No. 3 Amelu (=Man) may be
translated in Enosh=Man. (b) In (4) Ummanu (=Workman), in
Kenan; and in (8) Amel-Sin (Man of Sin), in Methuselah(= Man of
Shelah). (c) No. 7, Enmeduranki (king of Sippar, the city of the Sun-
god, Shamash), who was the friend of the gods Ramman and Shamash,
looks as if he must stand in some close relation to Enoch, whose life was
365 years and who walked with God. (d) The 10th in the list, Xisuthros
or I;Iasisatra, the Ut-napishtim of the Epic, is the hero of the Babylonian
Flood, and corresponds to Noah in the Hebrew list.
In the Babyloman list, the ten kings are assigned a period of 43z,ooo
years.
II. Sethite and Cainite Genealogies.
It is important to compare the two lists of the Sethite (P) and
Cainite 0) Genealogies,
Sethi le {chap, v. ), Cainite (chap. iv. 17-24).
,. Adam I, Adam
i. Seth
3, Enosh
4, Kenan II, Cafn
5, Mahalalel.......... •..... •••• 3. Enoch
6, Jared ,..:,.. ::... 4• Irad
7. Enoch•••"''"' ··-- .. ,.5, Mehujacl
8, Methuselah 6. Methushael
9, Lamech 7· Lamech
10. Noah I
I Jabal, Juba!, Tubal-Cain,
Shem, Ham, Japheth.
(a) The general resemblance in the names is very striking. (b) One
list contains the perfect number un, the other the perfect number seven,
· (c) Each list concludes ill a family of tlrr,e sont, We have to deal
 go GENESIS V.
either with two variants of the same tradition; or with two distinct
traditions, in which the same stock of primitive legendary names is
found very closely repeated.
III. Deffferent Chronologies.
The Chronology of the Antediluvian Patriarchs varies in the three
principal sources for the text, (1) the Massoretic (Hebrew), (1) the
Samaritan, (3) the Septuagint. They are presented in the following
Table.
Year (Anno 1
Massoretic Text Samaritan LXX Mundt) of Death

t .
§
ll
E:
u
"" "
j "'" "'" ·="' E-< £l
·;
g ·; ..§ g ·5
8
0 ] 8
u is0
-~ u
~ 5 s :,<
:,<:
~" E-< fa. ~ E-< fa. ~ ~- ::.1 ~ ..:I
--- -- -- -- -- -- - - - - - - -- - - - - --
Boo
i Boo
r. Adam 130 93° 130 930 230 700 930 93° 93° 930
2, Seth ............ 105 807 9r2 105 807 912 205 707 9r2 1042 1042 1142
3. Enosh ......... 90 8r5 9o5 90 815 9°5 190 715 905 1140 n40 1340
4• Kenan .........
5. Mahalalel
6. Jere<! .........
70
65
162
840
830
Boo
9ro
895
962
70
65
62
840
830
785
910
895
847
170
165
62
740
730
785
t;
847
1235
1290
1422
1235
12()0
1307
1535
1690
1922
7• Enoch ......... 65 300 365 65 300 365 165 200 365 g87 887 1487
8. Methuselah ... 187 782 96g 67 653 720 167* 802* 969 1656 1307 2256
9· Lamech ...... 182 595 777 53 6oo 653 188 565 753 1651 13or 2207
10, Noah 500 500 500
Till the Flood ..... 100 100 100
-- -- --
Year of the Flood 1656 1307 2242

• LXX Cod. Alexandrinus and. other MSS. have 187 : 782.

These different figures are not due to errors in the text. They seem
to arise from the adoption of differing systems for the calculation of the
chronology.
It has commonly been supposed that the Hebrew figures (1656) are
part of a scheme which calculated 1666 years to have been the interval
between the Creation and the Exodus, and that 1666 years represented
two-thirds of a cycle of 4000 years.
The 1666 years are computed as follows :
1656 Creation to Flood
190 Flood to birth of Abraham
100 To birth of Isaac (xxi. 5)
60 To birth of Jacob (xxv. 16)
130 To Jacob's descent into Egypt (xlvii. 9-18)
430 Sojourn in Egypt (Ex. xii. 40)
 GENESIS V. 91
The Samaritan figure of I 307 is part of a system which calculated
3007 years to intervene between t)ie Creation and the entrance into
Canaan. The calculation was as follows:
Creation to Flood =
1307 years
Flood to birth of Abraham = 940
Birth of Abraham to descent into Egypt= 290 ,,
Sojourn in Egypt = 430 ,,
Wandering in Wilderness =
40 ,,

3007 years
Skinner (in loc.) points out, that, if the calculation be made in round
numbers= 3000, the entire period · may then be divided into three
decreasing periods of 1300, 940, 760 years, of which the second exceeds
the third by I So years, and the first exceeds the second by twice
180 years (2 x 180) = 360 years.
The LXX figure of 2240 is the equivalent of the Samaritan calculation
from the Creation to the Flood (1300 years)+the Samaritan calculation
from the Flood to the birth of Abraham (940 years). But whether this
be the result of accident or design, it is impossible to say.

IV. Longevity of Patriarcks.

The Hebrew tradition evidently assumed that human vitality, in the
era imme~iately f?llowing. upon the Creat!on, was at its highest point,
and that, m consequence, immense longevity was to be expected m the
lives of the Antediluvian Patriarchs.
The immense duration of life assigned to these ten Patriarchs has
always been the occasion of difficulty. Attempts have been made to
explain away the figures. (a) It has been suggested that the names
of the Patriarchs represent dynasties. But the mention of the first-
born and of other children obviously refers to personal history. Nor
does the transference of these enormous fignres to the duration of
dynasties greatly diminish the improbability of their literal historicity.
(b) It has been suggested that the Hebrew word for "year" (shdnak)
is used in this chapter to denote a shorter period of time. But this
arbitrary solution is devoid of any evidence in its favour. Familiar
Hebrew words, like" years" in this chapter, or like" clay" in chapter i.,
must not be supposed, because of our difficulties in interpretation, to
require new meanings.
There is no reason not to interpret the statements respecting the
longevity of the ten Antediluvian Patriarchs quite literally. The
account of them belongs to the domain of primitive tradition. It would
be strange, if the primitive unverifiable tradition were not accompanied
by the exaggerations which popular legend weaves around prehistoric
names.
It is instructive to compare the ages of the Antediluvian and_ Pos~-
diluvian Patriarchs with those of the famous Israelites of more h1stonc
. times.
92 GENESIS V.
Adam, the first of the Antediluvians, lived 930 years
Seth, the second of the Antediluvians, lived 912 ,,
Noah, the tenth of the Antediluvians, lived 950 ,.
Shem, the first of the Post-diluvians, lived 600 ,,
Arpachshad, the second of the Post-diluvians, lived 408 ,,
Terah, the tenth of the Post-diluvians, lived 205 ,,
Abraham lived 175 years
Isaac ,, 1 So ,,
_ Jacob ,, 147 ,,
Joseph ,, 110 ,,
Moses ,, 120 ,,
Joshua ,, uo ,.
David reigned 40 years
Solomon reigned 40 ,,
Rehoboam lived 58 ,, (2 Chr. xii. 13)
Hezekiah ,, 54 ,, (2 Chr. xxix. 1)
Manasseh ,, 67 ,, (2 Chr. xxxiii. I)
It is clear that this descending scale, in the duration of life, corresponds
to the stages of transition from legend to history.
There is no evidence to shew that the earlier phases of civilization
were more favourable to longevity than the later.

CH. VI. 1-IX. 29. THE DELUGE,

1-4. The sons of God and the daughters of men] This short strange
passage serves as a kind of Preface to the Narrative of the Deluge.
There is nothing to be found quite like it elsewhere in the O.T. It
obviously is not a continuation of the previous chapter ; and, except for
a possible, though most disputable, allusion in the mention of the
no years (v. 3), its contents do not presuppose the catastrophe of the
Flood. In all probability, we should be right in regarding these four
verses as a fragment from some quite independent source of early
Hebrew tradition, most certainly distinct from the regular materials
represented in J and P.
The mention of the marriages between " the sons of God" and " the
daughters of men" is clearly a survival of early Hebrew mythology.
It accounted for the existence of an Israelite tradition respecting a
primitive race of giants. There are traces, in the literature of other
countries, of a similar belief in fabulous giants, or semi-divine heroes,
who lived in a far-remote ai;e of antiquity.
The tradition preserved m this brief fragment is condensed, and the
langnage is not free from obscurity. There are, however, allusions in
other parts of the O.T. (see note on v. 4) to the race of giants which
was believed not to have been extinct at the time of the occupation of
Palestine by the Israelite tribes. Such a belief was incompatible with
the tradition that all the primaeval dwellers in the world, except Noah
and his family, perished in the waters of the Flood (vii. 21-2.3). If,
 GENESIS VI. 1, 2 93
And it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the 6 J
face of the ground, and daughters were born unto them,
that the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they 2
therefore, the impious unions of angels with the daughters of men were
considered to account for the existence of a giant human race surviving
in later times, the tradition which recorded them must have been quite
distinct from, and independent of, the tradition of a universal Flood.
As an isolated survival of Hebrew mythology, it furnishes an instruc-
tive reminder, that the popular ideas of Israel concerning primaeval
times may be presumed, at least originally, to have resembled those of
other nations. They were pervaded by fanciful and legendary elements.
We must realize that the spiritual teaching of the religion of Jehovah
was responsible for an extensive purgation of the traditions which
described the beginnings of the world and of the Israelite people.
Polytheistic and unedifying materials were most successfully excluded
in the compilation of the Hebrew sacred books. The result is simple,
dignified, and elevating. We have in these four verses a glimpse of
the material which for the most part was rigorously discarded.
1. men] Heb. ha-adam, i.e. "the man." It is not the proper
name "Adam"; nor is it "the man" as an individual as in iii. 14, iv.
1 : but "the man" collectively, in the sense of "the human race,"
LXX o! 6.P8pw11"01. This use of the word is different from anything in
the Paradise Narrative: see v. 1.
began to multiply] No account is taken of (a) the description of the
growth of the population, and of (b) the genealogies of Cainites and
Sethites, which have occupied chaps. iv. 17-15, and v.
2. that the sons of God, &c.] This is one of the most disputed
passages in the book. But the difficulty, in a great measure, disappears,
if it is frankly recognized, that the verse must be allowed to have its
literal meaning. According to the legend which it preserves, inter-
marriages took place between Heavenly Beings and mortal women.
Commentators have often shrunk from the admission that this piece
of mythology could have a place in the Hebrew Scriptures. Accord-
ingly, very fanciful explanations have sometimes found favour; e:g.
(a)" the sons of God" are the men of the upper classes, "the daughters
of men" are "the women of the lower classes"; (b) "the sons of God"
are "the sons of the god-fearing," "the daughters of men" are "the
daughters of the impious"; (c) "the sons of God" are "the descen-
dants of Seth," "the daughters of men" are "the women of the
Cainite race."
Such interpretations may be dismissed as arbitrary and non-natural:
and they furnish no explanation of the inference in v. 4, that a race of
giants or heroes was the progeny of these marriages. . ,, .
the sons of God] Heb. B'n2 Etohim, "sons of Elohim, i.e.
beings partaking of the Divine nature. It has been pointe~ out above
(see note on i. 16), that the Israelites believed the Almighty ~o J:>e
surrounded by a court of beings who were ·subordinate .to Him In
 94 GENESIS VI. 2, 3

J were fair; and they took them wives of all that they chose.
3 And the LoRD said, My spirit shall not 1 strive with man
1 Or, rule in Or, according to many ancient versions, abide in

authority, office, and rank: their dwelling-place was in Heaven ; their

duty was to perform the tasks appointed them by the Almighty. They
were "angels" or "messengers," Heb. mal'ilkhfm, Gr. 4yyeXo,.
The sons of God are mentioned in Job i. 6, ii. 1, xxxviii. 7, Ps. xxix. 1,
lxxxix. r, Dan. iii; 25, 28.
The expression must be judged in accordance with Hebrew, not
English, idiom. " The sons of the prophets" ( 1 Kings xx. 35 : cf.
Amos vii. 14) are persons who belong to the guild of the prophets,
members, as we should say, of the prophet's calling. No family
relationship is implied. Similarly "the sons of God" are not "sons of
gods," in the sense of being their children, but" sons of Elohim" in
the sense of belonging to the class of super-natural, or heavenly, beings.
There is no reference, on the one hand, to Oriental speculations
respecting emanations from the Deity; nor to actual sonship, or
generation. The description is quite general. Nowhere do we find in
the 0. T. mention of the "sons of Jehovah" instead of the "sons ot
Elohim."
of all that they chose] i.e. whomsoever they chose. The sons of God
are represented as being irresistible. The sons of men could offer no
effective opposition. The marriages, contracted in this way, are evi-
dently implied to be wrong, and the result of mere unbridled passion.
The men were powerless to defend their women folk.
In the later days of Judaism, this passage became the source of the
strange legends respecting "fallen angels," of which we find traces in
the N.T.: 2 Pet. ii. -4, "for if God spared not angels when they
sinned, but cast them down to Hell"; Jude 6, "angels which kept
not their own principality, but left their proper habitation"; and in the·
Book of Enoch.
There is no trace, however, in the Book of Genesis of any tradition
respecting either the fall, or the rebellion, of members of the angel-
host. Unquestionably English ideas are profoundly affected by the
influence of Milton's Paradise Lost, and by the vague impression that
a great and noble religious poem must have been founded upon literal
facts.
3. And the LORD said] It is not evident in this verse, why the
LORD should pass a sentence of condemnation upon man. In the two
preceding verses, it is not man, but "the sons of God;" whose depravity
has been described. Perhaps, however, the object of the words is, in
view of the mixed marriages, to impose a more restricted limit upon the
duration of human life. Man is warned, as in iv. 22, that on earth he
has no immortality. The warning is administered to the progeny of
the sons of God and the daughters of men no less than to the children
of men generally.
 GENESIS VI. 3, 4 95
for ever, 1 for that he also is flesh: 2 yet shall his days be an J
hundred and twenty years. :The 8 Nephilim were in the 4
1 Or, in their going astray they are .flesh 2 Or, therefore 3 Or,
giants See N um. xiii. 33.

Following this line of interpretation, we obtain some clue to the

meaning of a most obscure verse. Its obscurities, indeed, are such that
it may well be the case, that the original text has suffered corruption in
the early stages of its transmission.
I. The R.V. text may be paraphrased: "My spirit shall not for
ever be contending with man; seeing that he also is carnally minded.
His days are numbered: but I will not at once consume him. There
shall yet be an interval of 110 years, before I bring upon mankind the
catastrophe of the Deluge." The objections to this are numerous:
(a) the rendering" strive" is exceedingly doubtful; (b) the idea of the
spirit of Jehovah striving with men is unsuitable; (c) the rendering,
" for that he also, &c." represents a Hebrew idiom found nowhere else
in the Pentateuch, while the word "also" has no logical connexion;
(d) the mention of "his days" being 120 years despite the Flood is, to
say the least, strange-Noah is expressly stated in P to be 500 years
old at the birth of his sons (v. 32 ), and 6oo years old when he entered
the ark (vii. 6); (e) "flesh" is used in its metaphorical, not in its
literal, sense.
2. R.V. marg. rule in. Better, according to many ancient versions,
abide in ... in their going astray they are .flesh. The following para•
phrase may be given: "the Spirit which I have implanted in man is
not to abide in him for ever. (Still he shall not be judged too severely.)
In their continual going astray men shew that they are frail flesh.
Mortal life, therefore, shall be limited to 120 years (no admixture of the
heavenly strain shall avail for the greater prolongation of life)."
It is objected that the lives of the patriarchs in P exceed this limit.
But the passage is evidently an independent fragment from J. And it is
a more serious objection that the words of the verse, taken literally,
make no clear allusion to the illicit marriages, and are applicable to
mankind generally.
4. The Nephi!im] i.e. giants. It is natural to refer to Num. xiii,
33, "And there we saw the Nephilim (Or, giants), the sons of Anak,
which come of the Nephilim; and we were in our own sight as
grasshoppers, and so we were in their sight." The tradition that the
Nephilim existed at the time of the Exodus was therefore quite strongly
held. The precise meaning of the name has been lost. The passage
in Numbers shews clearly that it denoted men of gigantic stature.
The etymology very probably goes back to primitive times; and. its
origin is lost with the dialects that disappeared when the Israeh~es
finally occupied Palestine. It was natural to connect the word with
the Hebrew naphal, "to fall"; hence arose the renderings of Aquila,
,ol .,,,.,rrl'll'rovres, "the assailants," and of Symll'Ulchus, ol {Jici101, "the
 96 GENESIS VJ. 4, 5

J earth in those days, and also after that, when the sons of
God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare
children to them: the same were the mighty men which
5 were of old, the men of renown. And the LORD saw that
violent," while among Patristic commentators the word was connected
with "the fallen angels." But these are merely guesses; and we must
be content to leave the etymology of "the Nephi!im," like that of "the
Rephaim" and "the Anakim," unexplained.
and also after that] These words are introduced very awkwardly;
and were very probably added as a gloss, in order to shew that the
Nephilim existed not only in primitive ages, but also at the time of the
Exodus from Egypt, as would be implied by Num. xiii. 33. The
continuance of the N ephilim in later times seems to contradict the
account of the destruction of all the dwellers on the earth by the
Flood. This contradiction is to be explained on the supposition,
mentioned above, that the present passage is a fragment of a tradition
in which the Flood was not recorded.
the mighty men, &c.] That is to say, "the well-known giants of
old-world time," familiar personages in Israelite folk-lore. To this
class belong such names as "Nimrod," x. 8, and "Og," Dent. iii. I I.
the men ef renown] Literally, "the men of name," as in Num. xvi.
2, "men of renown," Lat. viri famosi, viz. famous for deeds of prowess
and audacity.
VI. 6-IX. 17. THE FLOOD, (J and P.)
Here follows the Hebrew narrative of the Flood. The Flood is the
one great event in the history of the world, which in the Hebrew
narrative emerges out of the obscurity between the creation of man and
the period of the patriarchs. It marks the close of the first era of the
human race. According to the story in Genesis, it was a judgement
for the depravity of mankind.
It marks also the beginning of a new era in the history of mankind.
This has its origin in the mercy of God, who, in recognition of the
righteousness of Noah, preserves him and his family in the general
overthrow. This is a symbol of salvation. The new age opens with
the renewal of promises to_ man, and with a covenant entailing new
obligations on man's part, in retnrn for the assurance of Divine protec-
tion.
On the relation of the Genesis narrative to the Babylonian and other
accounts of the Flood, see Special Note. _
The present narrative is woven together out of the two distinct
Israelite traditions, J and P: see Introduction. This compositeness of
structure in the Flood narrative is quite unmistakable I, It accounts
for the (a) repetitions, {b) discrepancies, (c) intermittent use of special
words and phrases, inexplicable on the assumption of a continuous
l See Appendix C.
 GENESIS VL 97
homogeneous narrative. Under the head of (a) "repetitions," notice
the duplicated account of the growing corruption of mankind in vi.
5-8 (J), and in vi. 9-12 (P); of 'the entrance of Noah and his family
into the ark vii. 7 (J) and vii. 13 (P); of the rising of the waters of the
Flood vii. 17 (J) and vii. 18, 19 (P); of the end of all living creatures
vii. 21 (P) and vii. 22, 23 (J); and of God's promise to Noah in
viii. 15-19 (P) and viii. 20-22 (J).
Under the head of (b) "discrepancies," notice that, in P, Noah takes
one pair of every kind of animal into the ark (vi. 19, zo, and vii.
15, 16), while, in J, Noah is commanded to take seven pairs of every
clean animal and one pair of every unclean animal into the ark (vii. 2,
3) ; again, in P, the Flood is brought about through the outburst of
the waters from the great deep both from beneath the earth and from
above the firmament (vii. II, viii. 2); while, in J, it is produced by
the rain (vii. 12, viii. z). According to P, the Flood was in progress
for 150 days (vii. 24, viii. 3), while according to J the rain lasted for
40 days (vii. 12); in J the waters were subsiding for 14 or '21 days (viii.
10, 12), and in P the earth was dry after a year and 10 days (viii. 14).
Under the head of (c), the following are examples of distinctive
phraseology :
p J
"God" (Elohim), vi. 9, n, 12, "the LORD" (Jehovah), vii. 1, 5,
13, 22, vii. 16•, viii. 1, , 5. 16b, viii. 20, '2I.
"male and female" (zdkdr un'#· "the male and his female ·' (ish
Mh), vi. 19, vii. 16. v'ishto), vii. 2.
"destroy" (sMl,zath), vi. 13, 17. "destroy" (mdl,zdh), vi. 7, vii. 4,
23.
"all flesh," vi. 12, 13, 17, vii. 21. "every living thing," vii. 4, z3.
"breath (rual,z) of life," vii. 15. "breath of (nishmath) the spirit
of {rual,z) life," vii. 2z.
"die" (gt1v't1), vii. 21. "die '(muth), vii. 22.
"waters prevailed" (gt1Mr), vii. "waters increased" (rdMh), vii,
18, 19, '24· 17b.
"waters abated" (l,z&s!r), viii. 3b, "waters abated" (qd!al), viii. 8.
5·
Also characteristic of P is the minute description of the ark and its
dimensions (vi. 14-16), the varieties of animals (vi. 20), the Flood's
depth (vii. 20), and the members of Noah's family (vii. 13, viii. 15, 18);
while, in J, Divine action is described in anthropomorphic terms (e.g. vi.
6, vii. 16, viii. zr), and vivid details of narrative are introduced (viii,
6-12).
Roughly speaking the portions derived from P consist of vi. 9 -zz,
vii. 6, II, 13-16•, 18-21, 24, viii. 1, 2•, 3b-5, 13•, 14-19, ix. 1-17:
the remainder of the narrative is derived from the J tradition, with
here and there a few alterations for the purpose of harmonizing the
two sources of narrative. The process of harmonizing was not difficul~:
for both narratives agreed in their main outlines, and differed only m
the treatment of details.
GENESIS 7
 GENESIS VI. 5, 6

J the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that

every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only
6 evil continually. And it repented the LORD that he had
made man on the earth, and it grieved him at his heart.
5-8. Introduction to the story of the Flood from J: Jehovah sees
the sinfulness of man and resolves to annihilate the race.
5. ef man] Literally, "the man," ha-adam, used generically, as in
'IJ. J.
"The unity of the race is a consistent doctrine of the 0. T. It was
l:l1~M, man, when created as a single individual. It spread over the
earth, and was still l:)1~M, man, It was "'l~:::!S:,, 'all flesh,' that had
corrupted its way before the Flood. Mankind is, as a whole, corrupt;
and, corresponding to this, each individual is unclean.... Probably the
O. T. does not go the length of offering any rationale of the fact that
each individual is sinful, beyond connecting him with a sinful whole."
(Davidson, Theology efthe O.T. pp. 218, 219.)
every imagination ef the thoughts of his heart] An elaborate descrip-
tion. The word rendered "imagination" means "form," "formation,"
or "shape," and, as applied to the region of thought, denotes "an
idea," or "the concept of thought," cogitatio, cf. viii. 2r.
continually] Literally, "all the day." Man's sinfulness is thus
described as universal and unintermittent. The beginnings of "sin"
are seen in the picture of the Fall, chap. iii., its propagation in the
murderous act of Cain, chap. iv.; we have reached in this passage its
complete and unrestrained expansion.
The LXX translating the word for "imagination" as a verb, gives
KO.I w-as ns a,a.voeha., EV rfi Ka.p5l'l, a.urov E'Tr</J,EAWS E?rl ra 'TrOPrJpa micro.s
ras 71µ,ipa.s, Lat. quod... cuncta cogitatio cordis intenta esset ad malum
omni tempore.
&. And it repented the LoRD ... grieved him at his heart] This is
a strong instance of what is called anthropomorphism, an expression
descriptive of human emotion or action ascribed to Jehovah (e.g.
iii. 8, vii. 16, viii. 21). Such expressions have often given rise to
superficial criticisms, depreciatory of Holy Scripture, on the part both
of those who are ignorant of Oriental literature, and of those who assume
that the Books of Holy Scripture must be free from the literary charac-
teristics of the writers' age and nationality. In this verse Jehovah is
represented as intensely grieved at the frustration of His purposes for
the human race. The description is given in the childlike simplicity of
the language of an early age: compare Gen. xi. 5, 6,-xviii. 21.
In other passages, e.g. Num. xxiii. 19, r Sam. xv. 29, it is asserted
that Jehovah is not, like man, capable of repentance. There are two
representations in H?lf Scripture of the Di-:ine Na!ure: one, which,
as here, makes the D1vme Purpose fluctuate, m reflex10n, as it were, ot
man's changing experiences; the other, which depicts the Divine
Purpose as uniform, changeless, and unvarying, cf. James i. 17.
 GENSEIS VI. 7-9 99
And the LORD said, I will 1 destroy man whom I have 7 J
created from the face of the ground ; both man, and beast,
and creeping thing, and fowl of the air; for it repenteth me
that I have made them. But Noah found grace in the eyes 8
of the LoRD.
These are the generations of Noah. Noah was a righteous 9 p
1 Heb. blot out.

It was the dread of any expression being liable to the suspicion of

irreverence towards the Almighty, which led to the strange renderings
of this verse by the later Jews. Thus, LXX renders "repented " by
evdlvµfi071= "considered," and "grieved" by &evofi071= "purposed,"
while the Targum of Onkelos renders the second clause "and spake
by his word to break their strength according to his will," and Pseudo.
Jonathan, "and disputed with his word concerning them." The object
of such paraphrases is to avoid anthropomorphism. The LXX also
avoids the expression.of repentance as applied to God in Ex. xxxii. n.
The Latin rendering is quite free from any such shrinking, and is
noteworthy: poenituit eum et tactus dolore cordis intrinsecus.
7. destroy] R. V. marg. Heb. blot out. LXX d.1ra\Elif,w, Lat. delebo.
A characteristic word in J, cf. vii. 4, z3 ; and different from the word
for "destroy" in v. 13. (LXX mra,p0elpw, Lat. disperdam.)
both man, and beast, &c.] No reference is here made to any preserva'
tion of life.
8. But Noah] The sudden introduction of Noah's name implies
that there had been some previous account, in J, describing the con-
trast of Noah's virtue with the sinfulness of his contemporaries. In the
composite narrative of Genesis many features have necessarily dis-
appeared in the process of combining the different traditions. Possibly,
the passage at the beginning of this chapter (vv. r to 4) was substituted
for one that had introduced the mention of Noah's piety in contrast
with the wickedness of man.
found grace] This familiar expression occurs here for the first time
in the Bible. For the expression "find grace" cf. xix. 19, xxxii. 5,
xxxiii. 8, ro, r 5. The rendering "grace" is sometimes altered to
"favour," cf. xviii. 3, xxx. z7. It is implied that the "favour" which
Noah "finds" in the eyes of Jehovah is based on moral grounds. The
phrase, common in J, is not found in E or P.
9-12. The introduction to the Story of the Flood in P. Observe
that, whereas J begins with the corruption of the human race, and
closes with the mention of Noah, P begins with the mention of Noah
and continues with the corruption of the human race.
9. These are the generations, &c.] The heading, or superscription
of a new section in the narrative of P; cf. ii. 4, v. 1.
a righteous man] The word "righteous" (iaddiq), which occupies
, such an important place iu Biblical Theology, occurs here (or the first
7-2
 100 GENESIS VI. 9-13
P man, and 'perfect in his generations: Noah walked with
10 God; And Noah begat three sons, Shem, Ham, and
II Japheth. And the earth was corrupt before God, and the
12 earth was filled with violence. And God saw the earth,
and, behold, it was corrupt; for all flesh had corrupted his
way upon the earth.
13 And God said unto Noah, The end of all flesh is come
1 Or, blameless
time. The sense of "rectitude," or "uprightness," may be derived from
a root-idea of"straightness." It is used of Noah again in vii. r: in Ezek.
xiv. 14, 20 Noah is mentioned, with Daniel and Job, as pre-eminent
for "righteousness." Cf. also Ecclus. xliv. 17, "Noah was found
perfect and righteous ; in the season of wrath he was taken in exchange
for the world," and 2 Pet. ii. 5, "Noah ... a preacher of righteousness."
petfect] R.V. marg. blameless. Heb. tdmim. The word "per-
fect' (LXX -r{/\ews, Lat. pe,:fectus) means "without flaw." As a
ritual term used of an animal for sacrifice, "perfect" would mean
"free from blemish." Transferred to morals, it denotes "integrity," as
in the account of Joh (Joh i. r). .
in his generations] viz. amongst the people of his own generation,
a different word in the Heh. from the one used in "these are the
generations." It denotes the members of one family, dwelling together,
e.g. grandfather, father, son.
walked with God] See note on v. 22-24. The account of Noah
as "righteous," "perfect," and "walking with God," embraces three
aspects of the good and devout character, justice, purity, holiness.
10, And Noah begat] See v. 32.
11. corrupt] The full strength of the word would rather be given
by "corrupted." LXX itpfJap71, Lat. corrupta est, "was marred,
ruined." "Before God," i.e. according to the standard of His judge-
ment. "God" is here ha-Eloliim, i.e. tlie God, tlie Elohim, absolutely.
vjolence] The particular form of wickedness represented by this
word, here and in v. 13, is doubtless meant to be impious insolence and
active disregard of all law of right and wrong. LXX ai'iL1das and Lat.
iniquitate miss the specific thought of "violence."
12, all jlesli] Used here for "all the human race." The phrase,
which is found 13 times in the Story of the Flood, is a characteristic
of P,
liad corrupted liis way] This expression seems to be used with the
object of shewing that man was a free agent, and that his corruption was
not the result of blind fate, or of any external malign influence.

13-17, NOAH IS COMMANDED TO BUILD THE ARK.

13. is come before me] viz. mentally. The intention to destroy all
flesh has entered the mind of God.
 GENESiS VI. 13-16 tot
before me; for the earth is filled with violence through P
them ; and, behold, I will destroy them with the earth.
Make thee an ark of gopher wood; 1 rooms shalt thou 14
make in the ark, and shalt pitch it within and without
with pitch. And this is how thou shalt make it: the length 15
of the ark three hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty
cubits, and the height of it thirty cubits. A 2 light shalt 16
1 Heb. nests, 2 Or, roof
14. an ark] The word here used, tebdh, is only found in this
passage and in Ex. ii. 3-5. It is of foreign origin; according to some,
an Egyptian word ; according to others, derived from the Assyrian.
LXX KtfJwTos, Lat. area, which our translators adopted and trans-
literated. The "ark" of the Covenant (e.g. Ex. xxv. ro) is another
Heb. word, 'ari3n, but unfortunately rendered also by LXX ,afJwTos,
Lat. area. .
gopher wood] A word only used here. " Gopher " is said to be a
resinous coniferous tree, possibly the "cypress" (cuparissus), to which
word it may be akin.
The versions, not realizing that it was a botanical description, made
wild guesses at the meaning. Thus LXX EK /;vJ\wv T<Tparwvwv =" of
squared beams": so, Vet. Lat. ligna quadrata, Vulg. ligna laevigata.
rooms] The meaning is obvious. The interior of the ark was to
consist of cabins, or cubicles. The sentence would be rendered literally,
"nests shalt thou make the ark." Vulg. mansiunculas.
pitch] Heb. kopher, a word only found here in the Bible, and its
resemblance in pronunciation to "gopher" (see above), is, to say the
least, strange. The Assyrian word for bitumen is kupru, and that
word is used in the Babylonian account, in which the hero of the Flood
is made to say, "Six sars of bitumen (kupru) I spread over it for
caulking." The word suggests (1) that there is some connexion of the
Hebrew story with the llabylonian version, (2) that the region was the
Euphrates Valley in which l,itumen was freely obtainable. The word in
Ex. ii. 3 is not kopher, but khemar, which is also found in Gen. xi. 3,
xiv. 10.
111. The dimensions of the ark, as here given, are somewhat smaller
than in the Assyrian account. Assuming that a cubit measured 1 ~ feet,
the ark was 450 ft. long, 75 ft. broad, and 45 ft. high. It will be
noticed that the breadth is exactly one-sixth, and the height exactly
one-tenth, of the length. In the Assyrian account we miss these pro•
portions. The length is not given, but the height and breadth are the
same, viz. 120 cubits, or 180 ft., broad and high. Berossus, the Greek
writer of Babylonian traditions, records that the ship of the Flood was
5 stadia (about f of a mile) long, and 2 stadia (about ! mile) broad.
, 16. A t,gltt] Perhaps better than a roof. The word so rendered (,r,lha1·)
only occurs here in the singular : in the dual· it is the regular Heb.
 102 GENESIS VI. 16, 17
P thou make to the ark, and to a cubit shalt thou finish it
1 upward ; and the door of the ark shalt thou set in the

side thereof; with lower, second, and third stories shalt

17 thou make it. And I, behold, I do bring the flood of
waters upon the earth, to destroy all flesh, wherein is the
breath of life, from under heaven; every thing that is in
1 Or, from above
word for "noonday." Accepting the rendering which connects it with
"light," we should probably be right in conjecturing that it means here
"a window," or'' opening," beneath the over-hanging eaves of the roof
on both sides of the ark. So Latin, fanestram. In the Babylonian
version, a window is mentioned. Others, connecting the word with an
Arabic form, render it by ,·oof, deeming that the roof, being of such
importance to the inmates, could not have been omitted in the descrip-
tion. LXX br,uw&.ywv is unintelligible, but possibly gives the idea of
the con.verging sides of the covering.
and to a cubit, &c.] This clause is very difficult. (a) The commonest
opinion is that, if the reference be to a window, it was to be a cubit
high, running round the ark. This, however, would have been a mere
slit, and practically inadequate for purposes of light and air. Perhaps it
may mean the distance of a cubit from the top of the window to the
roof. (b) The idea that it represented a little square window in Noah's
own cell is fanciful. (c) If the word rendered "light" denoted the
roof, the cubit "upward," or "from above," might indicate the amount
of slope, which, however, would be extremely small. An allusion to
the " window" is the most probable explanation. The opening would
have run all round the ship, with the necessary intervals of beams and
supports. The description must not be judged by modern standards
either of ship-building or of hygiene. It is more or less imaginative.
11pward] The rendering of the margin, from above, gives a more
intelligible meaning.
Gunkel, who considers that the text is corrupt, makes the strange
conjectural emendation, "and on a hinge shalt thou make it revolve."
the door] CC. vii. 16.
stories] The Babylonian account is more elaborate: "Then I built
6 decks in it so that it was divided into 7 stories. The interior (of each
storey) I divided into 9 compartments.''
17. And I, behold, I] The emphasis on the 1st person seems to
bring out the thought of the terrible necessity of this act of universal
destruction brought upon the world by its Creator.·
the flood] Heb. mabbtU, a word used only of the Deluge in this
passage (vi.-ix.) and in Ps. xxix. 10, where "the flood of waters"
fails to give the meaning, which is "the Deluge (the mabbul) of waters."
all flesh] See v. 12. Here, however, it denotes the animals as well
as mankind.
the breath of life] Lit. "the spirit (ma~, LXX 1rv<u/M1,) of life," a
 GENESIS VI. 17-20 103

the earth shall die. But I will establish my covenant with 18 P

thee; and thou shalt come into the ark, thou, and thy sons,
and thy wife, and thy sons' wives with thee. And of every 19
living thing of all flesh, two of every sort shalt thou bring
into the ark, to keep them alive with thee; they shall be
male and female. Of the fowl after their kind, and of the 20
cattle after their kind, of every creeping thing of the ground

different phrase from that in ii. 7, " the breath (nishmath) of life " (J).
Noah is commanded to enter the ark, taking with him his own family
and two of all the animals. The Priestly Writer could not endorse the
idea that the distinction between "clean " and "unclean" was known
before the days of Moses. In J, however (vii. 2, 3), it is assumed that
this distinction was primaeval (see note).
18. I will establish my covenant] We have here the first mention
of a covenant relation between God and man. In the writing of P
great stress is laid upon the covenant with Noah, here and in ix. 8-17,
and with the patriarchs, e.g. in xvii. 2-14. The word "covenant" (b'rfth,
LXX o,a.tl11K"1, Lat. foedus) plays an important part in O.T. theology.
Its place here in relation to the manifestation of sin on the one
side, and of Divine salvation on the other, is typical of its permanent
significance in the history of the Chosen People. It is this relationship
of covenant (o,a.811K"1) which is renewed by our Lord and ratified at
the institution of the Lord's Supper, Matt. xxvi. 28. A covenant
means an agreement, or compact between two parties, for the observance
of which promises and pledges are given. Cf. on ix. 7.
thou, and thy sons, &c.] This is the redundant style of P, cf.
vii. 13, viii. 16, 18.
19. two of every sort] Observe that here one pair of every kind of
living creature is to be brought into the ark.
"Male and female," as in i. 27 (P). A different phrase is used in
vii. 2 (J), where see note.
20. Of the fowl, &c.] The order in which the animals are here
mentioned is deserving of notice; first the fowls, then the cattle, and
finally the creeping things. What is the reason of this order? Probably
the order of the account of the Creation in chap. i. is followed, where
the creation of the fowls is recorded in vv. 20-23, and of the cattle
and creeping things in v. 24. The same order is maintained in i. 26.
kind] The same word as in i. 12 (P).
cattle] as in i. 24, denoting domestic animals generally. The only
group of animals mentioned in i. 2 1 and 24, which is here omitted,- is
"the beast of the earth," i.e. "the wild beast." ls this intentiona!P
The LXX adds, after "every creeping thing," Ka.! ,bro ,ravrwv rwv 0?]plwv
=" and of every wild beast."
creeping thing] See note on i. 24. The exact phrase "everything
that creepeth upon the ground after its kind" is reproduced from i. 25.
 104 GENESIS VI. 20-VII. 2

P after its kind, two of every sort shall come unto thee, to
21 keep them alive. And take thou unto thee of all food that
is eaten, and gather it to thee ; and it shall be for food for
22 thee, and for them. Thus did Noah ; according to all that
God commanded him, so did he.
J 7 And the LORD said unto Noah, Come thou and all thy
house into the ark; for thee have I seen righteous before
2 me in this generation. Of every clean beast thou shalt
take to thee seven and seven, the male and his female;
21. ef all food that is eaten] Presumably vegetables, cereals, and
fruit. Cf. i. 29.
22. Thus did Noah] Lit. "and Noah did(it)." The words of this
verse are characteristic of the style of P. We find the same formula
in Ex. vii. 6, xii. 28, 50, xxxix. 32, 43, xl, 16, all belonging to P.

CH. VII. 1-5.

The account, from J, of the command to enter the ark. The chief
difference, between the J and P versions, lies in the number of the
animals which Noah is• to take into the ark. According to J, Noah
is to take seven pairs of every clean animal and two pairs of the un-
clean ; according to P he is to take in with him one pair of every kind
of creature Jiving upon earth.
1. And the LORD] The command of Jehovah. See vi. r3, "And
God said unto Noah."
and all thy house] A more brief description of Noah's family than
in vi. r8. We should observe here the first mention of a man's
"house," in the sense of a household, or family. The identification of
a man with his family, whether for punishment or for deliverance, is
a feature in the ethics of O. T. religion.
for thee] viz. thee alone.
righteous ...generation] See notes on vi. 9 and II.
2, Of every clean beast] The distinction is here made between the
clean and the unclean animals. Categories of both kinds, according to
the Levitical Law, are found in Lev. xi. and Deut. xiv. 3-20. In the
account given by P (vi. 19) no allusion is made to this distinction,
According to P, the distinctions of clean and unclean were for the first
time laid down in the Mosaic legislation, and could not, therefore, be
recognized as existing in the primaeval or patriarchal age. According
to J, the distinction existed in pre-Mosaic times, and was to be pre•
supposed as having existed side by side with the institution of sacrifice.
seven and seven, the male and his female] By this is meant seven
pairs. "The male and his female," i.e. "each and his mate," tsh
v'ishM, seems to make this clear. But some consider seven clean ani-
mals, and not seven pairs of clean animals, are intended. The words
 GENESIS VII. 2-6 105

and of the beasts that are not clean two, the male and his J
female ; of the fowl also of th'e air, seven and seven, male 3
and female : to keep seed alive upon the face of all the
earth. For yet seven days, and I will cause it to rain upon 4
the earth forty days and forty nights; and every living
thing that I have made will I 1 destroy from off the face of
the ground. And Noah did according unto all that the s
LORD commanded him. .
And Noah was six hundred years old when the flood 6 p
1 Heb. blot out.
"the male and his fem:He" are different from those rendered "male
and female," zt2kt2run'!febah, i. 27, vi. 19, vii. 3, 9, 16.
The reason why so many more clean animals than unclean are
required is, presumably, because they would be wanted (a) for food,
(b) for sacrifice, and (c) for domestic purposes.
There is no reason to assume that the J tradition of the narrative
shared the opinion of the P tradition, that before the Flood man sub-
sisted on vegetable diet (see i. 29, vi. 20, ix. 2, 3).
3. the fowl] Apparently, according to the Hebrew text, all the birds
were regarded as clean. Possibly, however, the omission of the dis-
tinction between clean and unclean birds is due to the condensed
form of the narrative. LXX reads "of fowl also of the air that are
clean, seven and seven, male and female," and of "fowl that are not
clean, two and two, male and female."
And it is very possible that this last clause has been dropped, through
the common error of homoeoteleuton on the part of a scribe.
to keep seed alive] viz. "to maintain life," and "to propagate the
species," literally, "to make seed to live." The ideas are corn bined
of continuance by breeding and of preservation from destruction : LXX
/5,aOpl,f;a, <T'll'lpµ.a gives the one; the Lat. ut salve/tu- semen, the other.
4. seven days] Note the period of seven days, the same interval as
occurs again, in the J narrative, in viii. 10, 12.
forty days and forty nights] The duration of the Flood is here
announced. Cf. v. 12 and viii. 6. In the Babylonian version the rain
lasts for six days.
every living thing] or rather, "every existing thing." A peculiar
word in the Heb. occurring only here and Deut. xi. 6. (LXX livii-
<1T£µ.a, Lat. substantiam.) It is, therefore, different from the expression
"living thing," which is used by Pin vi. 19, viii. 1, 17, 21.
destroy] Heb. blot out, so also v. 23 (J): see note on vi. 7.
6-9. A description of the entrance into the ark, with evident
editorial adaptations to harmonize vi. 19 and vii. 2 and 15.
6 (P). six hundred yea.-s old] P gives Noah's age at the time of
the Flood. In v. 32 he was said to be 500 years old before "he begat
Shem, Ham, and Japheth": see also v. II,
 1o6 GENESIS VII. 6-11
PJ(R) 7 of waters was upon the earth. I And Noah went in, and
his sons, and his wife, and his sons' wives with him, into
8 the ark, because of the waters of the flood. Of clean
beasts, and of beasts that are not clean, and of fowls,
9 and of every thing that creepeth upon the ground, there
went in two and two unto Noah into the ark, male and
10 female, as God commanded Noah. And it came to pass
after the seven days, that the waters of the flood were
p II upon the earth. I In the six hundredth year of Noah's life,
in the second month, on the seventeenth day of the month,
'I (partly J). Noah went in] This account, which anticipates v. 13
(P), is probably from J, with editorial adaptations to avoid clashing
with P,
8. and of fowls] There is no mention of a distinction between
clean and not clean in the birds and the creeping things, see note on
v. 3. The mention of a distinction between "clean " and "unclean"
beasts (behemah, "cattle" or "domestic animals" of vi. 20) is certainly
a later insertion by the compiler. The account in vi. 19, 20 (P) does
not recognize the distinction of clean and unclean.
9. two and two] Apparently these words are introduced in order to
harmonize the account in this verse with the command in vi. 19, and
with the description in vii. 15. There is no mention of the admission
of seven, or of seven pairs, of "clean" animals.
male and female] The same phrase as in v. 3, vi. 19: cf. i. 27. It
is not the expression of v. 2, "the male and his female" (see note).
The compiler is following P, who gives one pair of each kind.
God] Elohim. So LXX o 0e6s; but the LXX text is not uniform.
Cod. E and other MSS. Kvpios ; Lat. Dominus, and the Samaritan
version, and the Targum, represent a text which read "Jehovah."
The work of the compiler, which is obvious in these verses, has left
the reading in doubt.

VII. 10-VIII. 14. THE ACCOUNT OF THE FLOOD, COMPILED

FROM J
AND P.

10. after the seven days] The seven days mentioned in v. 4, the
period during which Noah and his family were in the ark, before the
commencement of the Flood. The arrangements necessary for the
inmates of the ark required time. Moreover, throughout the Genesis
story, a period of probation and patience precedes the fulfilment of the
Divine word.
11. the second month, on the seventeenth day] P gives, according to
its fondness for statistics, the exact date in years, months, and days.
Cf. Ex. xii. 41 (P). The months and days apparently are reckoned
on the assumption that Noah was born on the first day of the year,
 GENESIS VII. II, 12 107

on the same day were all the fountains of the great deep P
broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened. I And 12 J
the rain was upon the earth forty days and forty nights. I

600 years previously. LXX here, and in viii. 4, reads "twenty-seventh

day," because of viii. 14.
the second month] According to Josephus (Ant. I. 3, 3), this second
month was Marchesvan, equivalent to our November, the beginning
of the season of rain in Palestine. The account is, therefore, well
adapted to Israelite presuppositions. But, on the supposition that
Abib, or April, was reckoned as the first month, the Flood would have
begun in May, the month in which the Tigris and the Euphrates are
liable to be flooded through the melting of the snows in the mountains.
It is doubtful whether Tisri (=October) or A bib is here regarded as the
first month of the year.
the fountains of the great deep] The origin of the Flood, according
to P, was not merely rain. The Israelites believed that beneath the
surface of the earth were accumulated enormous reservoirs of water, to
supply, through channels or fissures, the seas, lakes, and rivers. This
accumulation of water is poetically described as "the deep that coucheth
beneath" (Gen. xlix. 25), and "the great deep " (Ps. xxxvi. 6; Isa.
Ii. 10; Amos vii. 4). Here it is supposed that the channels, or, as the
account calls them, "the fountains of the great deep," were violently
rent asunder, "broken up," whereupon the subterranean waters swept
out in portentous volume and violence over the surface of the earth.
the great deep] On the "deep" (tehom), here called "great," see
note on i. 2.
the windows of heaven] The other source of the Deluge is here
given. Above the solid firmament (see note on i. 6) were stored the
masses of water which supplied the rainfall of the earth. Now "the
sluices of heaven" (cf. 2 Kings vii. 2, 19; Mai. iii. 10) and "the
windows on high" (cf. Isa. xxiv. 18) are thrown open, and the water
descends in unrestrained mass. For this description of the waters
above and below, cf. Prov. viii. 27-29; Job xxxviii. 16. LXX o!
Karapp&.Kra, roii ovpavoii, Lat. cataractae coeli. Aquila and Symmachus
al 0vp£/5es.
12 (J). the rain] In this verse the cause of the Flood and its dura-
tion are given by J. Its cause, torrents of rain, the Heb. word denoting
something much stronger than ordinary rain. Its duration, forty days
and forty nights, as in v. 4.

13-16" (P). THE ENTRANCE INTO THE ARK, ACCORDING TO P.

The repetition of what has already been narrated in vv. 7-9 can
hardly fail to strike the reader; and, without our recognition of the
composite elements which are here interwoven, it would be un-
intelligible.
 108 GENESIS VI!. 13-18
P In the selfsame day entered Noah, and Shem, and Ham;
13
and Japheth, the sons of Noah, and Noah's wife, and the
14 three wives of his sons with them, into the ark; they, and
every beast !lfter its kind, and all the cattle after their kind,
and every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth after
its kind, and every fowl after its kind, every bird of every
15 1 sort. And they went in unto Noah into the ark, two and
16 two of all flesh wherein is the breath of life. And they that
went in, went in male and female of all flesh, as God com-
J(R) 17 manded him : I and the LORD shut him in. I And the flood
J was forty days upon the earth; I and the waters increased,
and bare up the ark, and it was lift up above the earth. I
P 18 And the waters prevailed, and increased greatly upon the
1 Heb. wing.

13. In the selfsame day] Observe that P represents the Flood as

ommencing on the same day (cf. v. II) that Noah entered the ark.
There is no account taken here of the interval .of seven days, mentioned
by J in vv. 4 and 10, preceding the catastrophe. For the expression
"selfsame day," a characteristic of P, cf. xvii. 23, 26; Ex. xii. 17,
-41, 5r. Lat. in ai'ficulo diei illius.
with them] LXX and Peshitto Syriac, "with him," as in viii. 16, 18.
14. kind] See note on i. 12 and vi. 20.
if every sort] Heb. wing. Literally, "every bird, every wing," i.e.
all sorts of birds. The clause is wanting in the LXX. Some scholars
prefer the rendering, "every bird, every winged thing," so that the
phrase should include all winged animals, insects as well as birds.
Notice in this verse the comprehensive description of the animal
world ; "beast"= wild animals, " cattle"= domestic animals, "creep-
ing things," "fowls," "winged things of all sorts," as in i. ZI, 24,
25, 26.
15. all jlesh ... breath if life] See note on vi. 17.
two and two] See note on vi. 19, 20. LXX adds " male and female."
16 (P). as God commanded him] This is evidently P's account:
notice the use of Elohim, and the phrase itself, cf. vi. 22, vii. 5, 9.
(J) and the LORD shut him in] Notice the introduction of Jehovah.
These words are evidently from J, and probably or.iginally concluded
the previous account of Noah's entry into the ark (vv. 7-9) before the
seven days mentioned in v. 10, and before the rain (v. 12).
On the anthropomorphism of this action, see note on vi. 6 ; and
compare iii. 8, xi. 5.
17 (R). forty days] Cf. v. 12, where the rain lasts for 40 days and
40 nights. Here it is the duratic.n of the Flood.
18 (P). the waters prevailed] The description given in v. 17 of the
 GENESIS VII. 18-22 109
earth; and the ark went upon the face of the waters. And 19 P
the waters prevailed exceedingly upon the earth ; and all
the high mountains that were under the whole heaven were
covered. Fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail; 20
and the mountains were covered. And all flesh died that 21
moved upon the earth, both fowl, and cattle, and beast,
and every 1 creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth,
and every man : I all in whose nostrils was the breath of 22 J
the spirit of life, of all that was in the dry land, died.
1 Or, swarming tking that swarmeth
rising waters and of the floating ark is here repeated, in order to intro-
duce the record of the more elaborate details contained in vv. 19, 20.
19. all the high mountains] The account, given by P, describes
the covering of the mountains of the whole earth by the waters of the
Deluge. It is this hyperbolical description which has naturally seized
upon the imagination of readers. It is not necessary to enlarge upon
the physical impossibility of such an event. If the literal interpretation
were adopted, the waters would have submerged not only the mountains
of Western Asia and of Europe, but also the Andes and the Himalayas.
Water at that height would have been ice: organic life would have been
impossible. Geology has shewn that no such universal Deluge has ever
occurred. The accumulation of the vast amount of water represented
in such a scene and encompassing the whole globe is beyond the range
of physical possibility.
Popular imagination working upon the tradition of a vast inundation
in the Euphrates Valley lent itself to exaggeration.
20. Fifteen cubits] P describes a depth of water of 15 cubits
( =22 feet) above the mountains. Why should 15 cubits be mentioned?
Very possibly, because the height of the ark was 30 cubits (vi. 15), and
the ark was considered to be submerged for half its depth. It would
thus just touch the top of" the mountains of Ararat" (viii. 4).
21 (P). And all flesh died] Cf. vi. 17. P here describes the death
by drowning of all living creatures.
creeping thing] Literally, as marg., swarming thing that swarmeth.
See note on i. 20. The word used is characteristic of P.
22 (J). all] The account in this and the following verse gives J's
description of the destruction of all life. The repetition is obvious.
in whose nostrils, &c.] The expression is evidently based upon the
words in ii. 7, "breathed into his nostrils the breath of life." But
" the breath of life" of that passage is combined here with "the spirit
of life" which we find in vi. 17, vii. 15 (P). The one is a phrase
characteristic of J, the other of P. The combination is not found else-
where. Possibly the word "spirit" has been introduced by the com-
piler or by a copyist.
in the dry land] as if to emphasize the thought that _the marine
 110 GENESIS VII. 23-VIII. 3
J 23 'And every living thing was 2 destroyed which was upon
the face of the ground, both man, and cattle, and creeping
thing, and fowl of the heaven; and they were 2 destroyed
from the earth : and Noah only was left, and they that were
P 24 with him in the ark. I And the waters prevailed upon the
earth an hundred and fifty days.
8 And God remembered Noah, and every living thing, and
all the cattle that were with him in the ark : and God made
a wind to pass over the earth, and the waters assuaged ;
2 the fountains also of the deep and the windows of heaven
J were stopped, I and the rain from heaven was restrained;
3 and the waters returned from off the earth continually : I
P and after the end of an hundred and fifty days the waters
I Or, And he destroyed every living thing
2 Heh. blotted out.

animals survived. The word in the Heh. rendered "the dry land" is
different from that so rendered in i. 9 (P).
23 (J). was destroyed... were destroyed] The better reading is that
rendered in the R. V. marg., and he destroyed eve,y living thing. For
the word "destroyed," Heh. blotted out, see vi. 7, vii. 4.
24 (P). an hundred and fifty days] The duration of the Flood,
corresponding to the 40 days of J in v. r 2. According to P, the
rising of the waters, described in vv. r 8-20, continued or "rrevailed"
for r 50 days, after which the waters began to fall: see viii. 3 , 4•,

CH, VIII. 1-14. THE DIMINUTION OF THE WATERS,

1 (P). God remembered] The same expression occurs in xix. 29,

xxx. 22. It is a form of anthropomorphism which is not infrequent in
the O.T. and which is in continual use in the language of devotion.
and all the cattle] LXX adds" And all the fowls and all the creep-
ing things." For the expression of pity for the brute beasts, cf. "and
also much cattle," in Jonah iv. II,
God made a wind to pass] The wind was to drive the waters back
into their channels, and to dry up the ground. Cf. the action of the
wind in Ex. xiv. 2r.
2• (P). the .fountains, &c.] The first clause in this verse describes
the closing of the sources of the Flood mentioned in vii. r r (P).
2b, 3• (J). and the rain ... continually] This is the duplicate account
from J, in whose version the rain for 40 days was the cause of the Flood
(vii. 12). ·
3b (P). after the end, &c.] The 150 days are those mentioned in
vii. 'J-4.
 GENESIS VIII. 3-7 III

decreased. And the ark rested in the seventh month, on 4 P

the seventeenth day of the month, upon the mountains of
Ararat. And the waters decreased continually until the s
tenth month: in the tenth month, on the first day of the
month, were the tops of the mountains seen. I And it came 6 J
to pass at the end of forty days, that Noah opened the
window of the ark which he had made : and he sent forth 7
a raven, and it went forth to and fro, until the waters were
4. the seventh month, &c.] The Flood had beguu on the 17th day of
the znd month (see vii. r r): the highest poiut of the Flood is reached on
the 17th day of the 7th month. Five months have elapsed. Probably
the r 50 days were reckoned as five months of 30 days each.
the mountains ef Ararat] Ararat is not a mountain, but a district
mentioned in Isa. xxxvii. 38; Jer. Ii. 17. It is the country which
appears in the Assyrian inscriptions as "Urartu." It lies between the
river Araxes and Lake Van. It comprises a large portion of Armenia.
There were high mountains in Ararat ; and the loftiest among them,
called in the present day Mount Ararat, is over 16,000 ft. high.
Assuming that the tradition referred to this mountain as the highest
known, and that the water was said to have covered it by 15 cubits
(vii. zo), the very existence of mountains of the altitude of Mount Everest
(31,000 ft. high) was not contemplated. It is more probable that a
well-known name like Ararat was accepted, in the Hebrew version of
the story, for some similarly-sounding, but less familiar, name of hills
in the neighbourhood of the Tigris.
5 (P). the tenth month] Another date is here given. The lops of other
mountains were visible on the rst day of the roth month. Reckoning
30 days for a month, we thus have an interval of 73 days between the
grounding of the ark upon the mountains of Ararat and the visibility of
the other mountains.
tops of the mountains] This detail in the narrative suggests that
Ararat was thought to be a lonely peak towering above all the
neighbouring mountains.

6-12. THE £TORY OF THE RAVEN AND THE DOVE. (J.)

6. at the end of forty days] The forty days mentioned in vii. 4, 12.
the window] LXX /Jvploa, Lat.fenestram. This was not mentioned
by P in the description of the ark in chap. vi. The word used here is
the ordinary equivalent for a window (l;allon), and is different from the
"light" (,ohai·) mentioned in vi. r6.
7. a raven] The Heb. and LXX give the definite article, "the
raven," which some have explained as the only male raven in the ark.
But the article is idiomatically generic; cf. v. 8, Gesenius, Heb. Gr. 116,
§ 4. The Israelite story records the sending, first of a raven, and then,
,on two successive occasions, of a dove. The Bahylonian account records
 112 GENESIS VIII. 7-12

J 8 dried up from off the earth. And he sent forth a dove

from him, to see if the waters were abated from off the
9 face of the ground; but the dove found no rest for the sole
of her foot, and she returned unto him to the ark, for the
waters were on the face of the whole earth: and he put
forth his hand, and took her, and brought her in unto him
10 into the ark. And he stayed yet other seven days; and
11 again he sent forth the dove out of· the ark; and the dove
came in to him at eventide; and, lo, in her mouth 1 an olive
leaf pluckt off: so Noah knew that the waters were abated
12 from off the earth. And he stayed yet other seven days;
and sent forth the dove ; and she returned not again unto
1 Or, afresh olive leaf
the sending first of a dove, which returned; then of a swallow, which
returned; and lastly of a raven, which turned not back.
Noah, stranded with the ark on the highest point, is unable to see
anything around or below him.
went forth to and .fro] Presumably it was preying upon floating
carcases. The " to and fro" suggests the picture of its flitting back-
wards and forwards, near the ark.
8. a iwve] The definite article is used also here, though there would
have been seven pairs of doves. From the opening clause of v. 10, we
may conclude that the narrative here was originally fuller, and that this
verse must have begun "and he stayed seven days."
9. no rest] Compare the Babylonian description, "the dove went
to and fro; as there was no resting-place, it turned back." Clearly the
account in these verses implies that only water was visible : it represents
an earlier stage than that in v. 5 (P).
put .forth his hand] The description is one of great beauty and
simplicity. The dove trusted Noah: the ark was its only home. The
dove was only for a short time absent from the ark.
10. yet other seven days] See note on v. 8. The word "other"
shews that an interval of seven days has already been mentioned. The
importance of the period of seven days seems to receive emphasis from
this passage, as well as from vii. 4, 10.
11. at eventide] i.e. at the time when the dove would return to
roost; implying a long absence from the ark.
an olive leaf pluckt off] Better, as R.V. marg., a fresh olive leaf.
This would shew two things, (1) that the waters had sunk to a level
at which the olive would grow, and (2) that life had revived upon the
earth. The scene has universally been accepted as symbolical of recon-
ciliation and peace. It finds no counterpart in the Babylonian story.
The olive would be the most familiar tree to the dweller in Palestine.
LXX q,(i'A."Aov /'A.alas Kapq,os, Lat. ramum olivae virentibus foliis,
 GENESIS VIII. 12-17 IIJ
him any more. I And it came to pass in the six hundred 13 P
and first year, in the first morith, the first day of the month,
the waters were dried up from off the earth : I and Noah J
removed the covering of the ark, and looked, and, behold,
the face of the ground was dried. I And in the second 14 P
month, on the seven and twentieth day of the month, was
the earth dry.
And God spake unto Noah, saying, Go forth of the ark, ~~
thou, and thy wife, and thy sons, and thy sons' wives with
thee. Bring forth with thee every living thing that is with 17
thee of all flesh, both fowl, and cattle, and every creeping
thing that creepeth upon the earth; that they may breed

13 (P). And it came to pass ... earth] The disappearance of the

waters is dated by P as coinciding with the rst day of the rst month
of Noah's 6orst year. The rst month would be Tisri, corresponding
to our October. See note on vii. r r. Those who assume a reference to
the later Heb. reckoning, which was identical with that of the Babylonian
calendar, suppose the 1st month to be that of Abib, in the spring time,
when the rainy season ended.
(J) and Noah removed] LXX a:1reKa'Av,Pe rhv <TTE"f'YJV r->)s Kt{Jwrofi,
Lat. aperiens tectum arcae.
the covering of the ark] The literal rendering of the Heb. But what
it was, and how it was removed, we are not told. The details of the
structure of the ark, according to J, were probably left out, in order to
make way for the description of P in vi. r4-16.
14 (P). And in the second month] We have here the last date in the
Flood story. The earth is dry on the 27th day of the 2nd month in
the 2nd year. The Flood had begun on the r7th day of the 2nd month in
the previous year (vii. r 1). From first to last we have here a period of one
year and 10 days. It has been pointed out that a lunar year consists of
354 days; and that one lunar year and II days is exactly a solar year of
365 days. This may be merely a coincidence; and in calculating the
months we reckon them as solar months of 30 days each.
The LXX in vii. r r dated the commencement of the Flood from the
27th day of the 2nd month of the rst year; and, therefore, assigns
an exact year to its duration.
dry] Note the successive stages in P : v. 5 waters decreased, tops
of mountains visible; v. 13 waters gone; v. 14 soil dry.

15-19, NOAH IS COMMANDED TO LEAVE THE ARK, AND TO

REPLENISH THE EARTH. (P.)

17. that they may breed abundantly] The same word as in i. 20,
1 'let the waters bring forth abundantly" {see note). Cf. ix. 7;
GENESIS 8
 GENESIS VIII. 17-21

P abundantly in the earth, and be fruitful, and multiply upon

18 the earth. And Noah went forth, and his sons, and his
19 wife, and his sons' wives with him : every beast, every
creeping thing, and every fowl, whatsoever moveth.. upon
the earth, after their families, went forth out of the ar_k. I
J 20 And Noah builded an altar unto the LORD ; and took of
every clean beast, and of every clean fowl, and offered
21 burnt offerings on the altar. And the LORD smelled the
be fruitful, and multiply] as in i. ·n, -z4-28. The repetition of the
Creation command marks the beginning of a new era in the history
of the world. The fuller blessing, according to P, is given in chap. ix.
(vv. 1-7). For the detailed enumeration in vv. 18, 19, cf. vii. 13, 14 P.
19. after their families] A phrase characteristic of P. Cf. x. 5,
20, 31, xxxvi. 40. It is in accordance with P's fondness for method
and order that, in his description, the animals are made to leave the
ark "after their families" ; they had entered it "after their kind "
(vii. 14 P).

20-22. NOAH'S BURNT-OFFERING AND JEHOVAH'S ACCEPTANCE

OF IT, (J.)

20. bui!ded an altar unto the LORD] It will be noticed that, in this
account by J, the first thing that Noah does, on leaving the ark, is to
build an altar, and to offer sacrifice. In J's estimation sacrifice was
primitive, and not merely Mosaic, in origin. See note or. vii. ,z,
In P there is no mention of "altar" or "sacrifice" before the insti-
tution of the Levitical system in the wilderness.
ef every clean beast, and ef every dean fowl] The clean animals were
used for sacrifice. Cf. vii. ,z, Observe the mention of "clean fowl,"
implying the distinction between clean and unclean fowl. This
distinction was not observed in vii. 3, 8. The number of "clean"
animals, seven pairs of each, in the ark, according to J, would allow for
the offering of sacrifice.
In the Babylonian accoun!, also, sacrifices were at once offered to the
gods on quitting the ark.
and offered burnt offerings] The word for "burnt offering" is 'o!dh,
which is derived from a verb meaning "to go up." A burnt-offering, or
'.ildh, was the sacrifice which" went up" to God, being different from other
sacrifices, because the whole of it was consumed in the fire of the altar.
The offerer of an 'oldh ate nothing of the sacrifice ; nor did the priest.
It was in an especial sense a propitiatory offering: compare David's
offering in 2 Sam. xxiv. -z5. The '6/tlh is different from the minf:zah
of iv. 3. LXX renders ,is 0X0Kap1rw,nv, Lat. holocausta.
21. smelled the sweet savour] A very strong anthropomorphism which
only occurs here. "Sweet savour" is a technical expression in th<:
 GENESIS VIII. 21, 22 II5
sweet savour; and the LORD said in his heart, I will not J
again curse the ground any more for man's 'sake, for that
the imagination of man's heart is evil from his youth;
neither will I· again smite any more every thing living, as
I have done. While the earth remaineth, seedtime and 22
harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and
1 Or, sake; for the
language of Levitical sacrifice. Cf. Lev. i. 9, 13, 17. Literally, it
meant "the smell of complacence" or "satisfaction," with the idea of
restfulness and calm produced. " Sweet savour" is, therefore, some-
what of a paraphrase based on the LXX OtT/J,'YJ ,uwolas, Lat. odor sua-
vitatis.
The technical term is employed to express that the offering is accept-
able to God. The heart of the offerer is acceptable (the converse of
iv. 5). See the use made of the phrase "sweet savour" by St Paul
in 2 Cor. ii. 1 5, 16.
The Babylonian version describes how " the gods smelt the goodly
savour of the sacrifice, and swarmed like flies over the sacrificer."
in his heart] Lit. "to his heart"=" to himself," an anthropo-
morphism similar to that in vi. 6. LXX, in order to avoid the term,
renders by a,avCYTJ8els; Targnm of Onkelos, "by his word."
curse] i.e. do injury to by a sentence, or decree, of evil.
for man's sake,for that] Better, as R.V. marg., sake; for the. The
difference of the two renderings is obvious: (a) that of the text gives
the reason for which God's curse had been inflicted upon the ground, i.e.
man's sinfulness: (b) that of the margin gives the reason why God will
not again curse the ground, i. e. man is essentially sinful; he mnst not be
expected to be otherwise. Perhaps the rendering of the margin which
emphasizes the element of mercy is in better harmony with the context.
The sentence already pronounced upon the earth in iii. 17 (cf. iv. I I ,
12) had rendered life arduous and distressing.
the imagination ef man's heart] Cf. vi. 5.
22. While the earth remaineth] Observe the poetical character of this
verse. The four pairs of words are recorded with an impressive and
rhythmical dignity.

NOTE ON THE FLOOD NARRATIVE

I. "The original Babylonian Flood story is often treated as purely
mythical, spun out of light (Usener, Die Sinijltttsagen, PP· 185 ff.),
moon (Bi:iklen, Archiv f. J?eligionswissenschaft, vi. p. 5 f.), astral
(Jensen, Gilgamesh Epos in der Weltgeschichte, i. passim), or other
.motives. There is certainly a large mythical element m the tale
8-2
116 GENESIS VIII.
(e.g. the actions of the different gods). But the personal and local
names (Ut-napishtim, Shurippak, Nizir), and the nautical descriptions
and details, would argue for a certain basis in fact. There seems
no real reason to doubt that the story has grown up around the tradition
of some great inundation, perhaps accompanied by a cyclonic storm,
that overwhelmed the city of Shurippak (cf. Ed. Siiss, Das Ant!itz der
Ertle, i. 25 ff. ap. Andree, Die Flutsagen, pp. n ff.), only a few persons
escaping on an ark resembling the pitch-covered barges still seen in use
on the Euphrates (cf. Lady Anne Blount, Bedouin Tribes of the
Euphrates, i. 166). In an alluvial land like Babylonia, such cata-
strophes were only too liable to occur. Thus Strabo tells of a great
rising of the sea in Egypt, near Pelusium, in his own day, which over-
flowed the land, 'and converted Mt Casius into an island, so that a
journey from Casius into Phoenicia might have been taken by water'
(r. iii. 17). Andree quotes records of many similar destructive cata-
strophes in more recent times (op. dt. pp. 143 ff.)." (Gordon's Early
Traditions of Genesis, p. 193, n. r.)
II. The following brilliant and rapid summary of the Babylonian
Flood story is taken from Skinner (p. 175).
"Of the Babylonian story the most complete version is contained in
the eleventh Tablet of the Gilgamesh Epic [discovered by G. Smith, in
1872, among the ruins of Asshur-banipal's library; published 1873-4;
and often translated since]. Gilgamesh has arrived at the Isles of the
Blessed to inquire of his ancestor Utnapishtim how he had been re-
ceived into the society of the gods. The answer is the long and
exceedingly graphic description of the Flood which occupies the bulk
of the Tablet. The hero relates how, while he dwelt at Shurippak on
the Euphrates, it was resolved by the gods in council to send the Flood
(abz1bu) on the earth. Ea, who had been present at the council,
resolved to save his favourite Utnapishtim; and contrived without overt
breach of confidence to convey to him a warning of the impending
danger, commanding him to build a ship (e!ippu) of definite dimensions
for the saving of his life. The 'superlatively clever one' (Atra-!;asis, a
name of Utnapishtim) understood the message and promised to obey;
and was furnished with a misleading pretext to offer his fellow-citizens
for his extraordinary proceedings. The account of the building of
the ship (II. 48ff.) is even more obscure than Gen. vi. 14-16: it is
enough to say that it was divided into compartments and was freely
smeared with bitumen. The lading of the vessel, and the embarking of
the family and dependants of Utnapishtim (including artizans), with
domestic and wild animals, are then described (II. 81 ff.); and last of
all, in the evening, on the appearance of a sign predicted by Shamash
the sun-god, Utnapishtim himself enters the ship, shuts his door, and
hands over the command to the steersman, Puzur-Bel (II. 90 ff.). On the
following morning the storm (magnificently described in II. 97 ff.) broke;
and it raged for six days and nights, till all mankind were destroyed,
and the very gods fled to the heaven of Anu and 'cowered in terror like
a dog.'"
 Photo Mansel{ &- Co.
Fragment of Cuneiforin Tablet, belonging to the Deluge Series.
(British Museum ,)
 GENESIS VIII. 117
"When the seventh day came, the hurricane, the Flood, the battle•
storm was stilled, ,
Which had fought like a (host?) of men.
The sea became calm, the tempest was still, the Flood ceased.
When I saw the day, no voice was heard,
And the whole of mankind was turned to clay.·
When the daylight CF.me, I prayed,
I opened a window, and the light fell on my face,
I knelt, I sat and wept.
On my nostrils my tears ran down.
I looked on the ,paces iu the realm of the sea;
After twelve don hie-hours an island stood out.
At Nizir the ship had arrived.
The mountain of Nizir stayed the ship ... " (l!. 130-142).
This brings us to the incident of the birds (11. 146-155):
"When the seventh day [i.e. from the landing] came
I brought out a dove and let it go.
The dove went forth and came back :
Because it had not whereon to stand it returned.
I brought forth a swallow and let it go.
The swallow went forth and came back :
Because it had not whereon to stand it returned.
I brought forth a raven and let it go.
The raven went forth and saw the decrease of the waters,
It ate, it ... it croaked, but returned not again."
On this Utnapishtim released all the animals; and leaving the ship,
offered a sacrifice :
"The gods smelt the savour,
The gods smelt the goodly savour,
The gods gathered like flies over the sacrificer" (11. 16o ff.) .
. The deities then began to quarrel, Ishtar and Ea reproaching Bel for
his thoughtlessness in destroying mankind indiscriminately, and Bel
accusing Ea of having connived at the escape of Utnapishtim. Finally
Bel is appeased ; and entering the ship blesses the hero and his wife :
" 'Formerly Utnapishtim was a man ;
But now shall Utnapishtim and his wife be like to us the gods:
Utnapishtim shall dwell far hence at the mouth of the streams.'
Then they took me, and far away at the mouth of the streams
they made me dwell" (11. 202 ff.).
"Two fragments of another recension of the Flood-legend, in which
the hero is regularly named Atra-9asis, have also been deciphere~.
~ne of them, being dated in the reign of Ammizaduga (c. 1.9~0) IS
important as proving that this recension had been reduced to writi_ng at
s.o early a time; but it is too mutilated to add a!].ything subs~antial to
our knowledge of the history of the tradition.... The oilier IS a mere
118 GENESIS VIII.
scrap of twelve lines, containing :Ea's instructions to Atra-I:iasis regard-
ing the building and entering of the ark and the latter's promise to
comply.... The extracts from Berossus preserved by Eus. present the
Babylonian history in a form substantially agreeing with that of the
Gilgamesh Tablets, though with some important variations in detail, see
Euseb. Chron. i."
III. The points of resemblance between the Babylonian and th·e
Hebrew Flood narratives are unmistakable. In both the Flood is
a visitation sent in Divine anger. In both, a favoured person receives a
Divine warning and is commanded beforehand to construct a ship. In
both, precise instructions are given as to the dimensions of the ship,
and as to its being covered with bitumen. In both, the whole human
race is destroyed in the waters. In both, the entry of the man and his
family into the ship, and the shutting of the door, are mentioned. In
both, there is an episode with birds. In both, after the waters have
abated, the ship has grounded on a mountain. In both, after leaving
the ship, the man offers sacrifice. In both, the Divine anger is
appeased, and a blessing is pronounced upon the survivors.
This correspondence is too general to be the result of accident. The
accounts differ as to details of time, the number and order of the birds,
and the sign of the rainbow. These are details; but, as details, are
sufficient to shew that the Biblical narratives are not simply reproduced
from the Tablets recording the Gilgamesh Epos.
The Babylonian story, in one of its versions, was committed to
writing about 2000 B.c. The Flood narrative, therefore, was current
among the people of Babylonia and Mesopotamia before the migration
of Abraham. Through what process it passed into the literature of the
Israelites, can only be a matter of conjecture. Was it the result of
early Babylonian influence and civilization in Canaan absorbed by the
Israelite invaders? Was it the result of the early Hebrew forefathers
having migrated from Mesopotamia into Canaan, carrying thefr folk-lore
with them? Was it the result of Babylonian thought and religion,
subsequently encroaching far and wide, and penetrating into Western
Asia?
Whatever the process was, the narrative of the Flood is preserved
to us, in two Hebrew versions, entirely divergent from the Babylonian
in religious spirit, literary style, and character.
(a) Religious spin"t. The change from the quarrelsome, deceitful,
vindictive pack of Babylonian deities to the One Supreme and
Righteous God of the Hebrews imparts strength, dignity, and purity
to the narrative.
(b) Literary style. The diffuse and poetical d_escriptions of the
Babylonian epic have made way for the direct, simple, and terse account
in Hebrew prose.
(c) Character. The purpose of the Hebrew story is a moral one, to
emphasize (1) the corruption of the human race through sin, (2) the
Divine anger and disappointment because of man's sinfulness, (3) the
Divine favour and goodness towards the one righteous person, (4) the
classical example of salvation, and (5) the Divine promise of future
 GENESIS Vllt.
mercy. The Babylonian story is part of an elaborate series of legend-
ary stories, relating to the gods of Babylonia and their dealings
with one another and with manklnd. It is devoid of any uniform
or exalted purpose: it is lacking in reverence and restraint. " The
Biblical story of the Deluge possesses an intrinsic power, even to the
present day, to awaken the conscience of the world, and the Biblical
chronicler wrote it with this educational and moral end in view. Of
this end there is no trace in the extra-Biblical records of the Deluge."
Geremias, O.T. in tke Ligkt of tke E. i. '274.)
IV. Other Flood stories are very numerous, and are found among
the early legends of races all over the world. Andree reckoned up
eighty-five, of which he considered forty-three to be original, and
twenty-six to be derived from the Babylonian (Die Flutsagen etkno-
grapkisck betracktet, 1891). But with the increasing study of
anthropology the number is likely to be enlarged. The fact that,
according to Andree, they had not been found in Arabia, North and
Central Asia, China and Japan, Europe (except Greece) and Africa,
shews that too much ought not to be made of the so-called universality
of the legend. Interesting Flood myths are reported from N. American,
Mexican, and Polynesian races.
1. A Flood story may refer to a catastrophe overwhelming the
primitive dwelling-place of mankind, from which it radiated into the
different races of the world. But, ex kypotkesi, this would have been
an event long previous to any civilized memorials of human history.
'2. A Flood story may represent the influence upon crude and savage
minds, in comparatively recent times, of the Babylonian tradition or of
Christian teaching.
3. A Flood story may embody the recollection of a great local
cataclysm, preserved in the folk-lore of the country.
The following are examples of other Flood stories:
1. Egyptian. Egypt was long supposed to have no Flood tradition.
Naville (P.S.B.A., 1904, pp. '25 I-'257, '287-294) has recently published
the following from a text of the Book of the Dead : " And further
I (the god Tum) am going to deface all I have done; this earth will
become water (or an ocean) through an inundation, as it was at the
beginning" (quoted by Skinner, p. 175).
'2. Syrian. "The wickedness of men became so great that they
had to be destroyed. Then the fountains of the earth and the flood-
gates of the heaven were opened, the sea rose ever higher, the whole
earth was covered with water and all men went under. Only the
pious Dencalion (Xisuthros) was rescued, by hiding himself with his
wives and children in a great chest 'which he possessed.' Whe~ he
entered, there came in also, in pairs, every kind of four-footed th1~g,
serpents, and whatever else lives upon the earth. He took them all m,
and God caused great friendship to be amongst them. At last the water
ran away through a small cleft in the earth. Deucalion opened the
chest, built altars, and founded over the cleft in the earth the holy
temple of the goddess" (Pseudo-Lucian, De dea Syria,§ 1 '2).
3. Phrygian. Coins of Apameia, of the time of Augustus, " show
120 GENESIS VII!.
two scenes of the Deluge. On the right is the chest upon waves of
water, with a man and woman raising themselves out of it, and upon
the open lid of it a dove sitting, whilst a second (!) dove with a branch
flies towards it from the left. On the left stand the same figures ... with
the right hand raised in prayer .... The name Noah [on the chest] rests
upon Jewish (or Christian) influence."
4. Greek. Apollodorus i. 712 ff. "Zeus wished to destroy the
generation of mankind ... but by the counsel of Prometheus, Deucalion
made a chest, put food therein, and entered it with his wife Pyrrha. A
few saved themselves by flight to the mountains. After nine days
and nights Deucalion landed upon Parnassus. He came forth and
offered a sacrifice to Zeus. Zeus permitting him to express a wish, he
prayed for mankind ; and they arise by his throwing over his head 'the
bones of the mother,' that is, the stones of the mountain which are
changed into men."
5. Indian. The Brahmana "of the hundred paths " relates :
" There came into the hands of Mann, the first man and son of the
God of the sun, whilst he was washing, .. a fish who said to him: 'Take
care of me and I will save you.' ' From what wilt thou save me?'
'A flood will carry away all this creation, I will save thee from that.'
Manu took care of the fish, which grew strong. When it had become
a great fish, he put it into the sea. But first of all it said: 'In such and
such a year the flood will come, so thou mayest prepare thyself a ship
and turn (in spirit) to me : when the flood rises thou shalt enter the
ship, and I will save thee.' Manu built the ship, entered it at the
appointed time, and bound the rope to the horn of the fish, who had
come back and was swimming near. Thereupon it (the fish) hurried
away to the mountain in the north, then when the waters sank, the ship
rested upon it .... The flood had carried away every creature, only Manu
remained. He lived in prayer and fasting, desirous of descendants. He
offered sacrifice, and from this there arose a woman. Manu said to
her: 'Who art thou?' 'Thy daughter.' 'How art thou my daughter,
fair one?' 'From those sacrificial gifts hast thou begotten me ...•Turn
to me when thou offerest sacrifice : then shalt thou become rich in
children and in cattle .... Through her he begot this generation which is
now called the generation of Manu. Whatever blessing he desired from
her that he received."
(For the above, see Jeremias, O.T. in the Light ef the East, i.
254-257.)

CH. IX. 1-17 (P), THE CONCLUSION OF THE FLOOD STORY

. ACCORDING TO P. .
The passage falls into two sections: (a) 1-7, (b) 8-17.
(a) 1-7. The blessing pronounced upon Noah and his family:
man's prerogatives are enlarged; but two pro-
hibitions are imposed : (i) of eating blood, (ii) of
manslaughter.
 GENESIS VIII. 22-IX. 4 121

day and night shall not cease. I And God blessed Noah 9 JP
and his sons, and said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply,
and replenish the earth. And the fear of you and the 2
dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth, and
upon every fowl of the air ; with all wherewith the ground
1 teemeth, and all the fishes of the sea, into your hand are

they delivered. Every moving thing that liveth shall be 3

food for you; as the green herb have I given you all. But 4
1 Or, creepetk

(b) 8-17. God establishes a covenant with Noah and his de-
scendants, according to which He will never again
destroy the inhabitants of the world, and in token
of which He appoints the rainbow to be the per-
petual symbol of Divine mercy.
Section (b) stands in immediate relation to the Flood story, and
corresponds to J's account of the Divine promise never again to curse
the ground (viii. 21).
1. And God blessed, &c.] The substance of this verse is a repetition
of i. 28. Another chapter in history is begun. As in chap. i., after the
Creation, a single pair confronted the whole earth and its animal world,
so here, the single family of Noah is to " replenish the earth," and
receiYes a special blessing, the assurance of Divine favour.
kis sons ... ] The females are not mentioned, but, as often in the O.T.,
the wives are included in the mention of the husbands : cf. the Sethite
Genealogy in chap. v.
2. the fear of you and tke dread of you] This is a new feature in
God's ordering of the world. Hitherto (i. 28) man had received the
command (r) to replenish the earth, (2) to subdue it, (3) to have dominion
over the animals. Now, however, a new stage is reached. Man
hereafter is invested with the right to take the life of animals for food.
The animals, therefore, are in a new measure placed at the mercy of
man ; and "the fear and the dread" of him are associated with man's
fresh prerogatives.
teenuth] R.V. marg. creepetk, as in i. 29, 30 (P).
into your kand ... delivered] i.e. placed at the mercy of you who now
have absolute power. Cf. Deut. xix. 12, "deliver him into the hand of
the avenger of blood, that he may die."
3. Every moving thing] P assumes here that all animals are capable
of furnishing food for man, and that there is no distinction between
"clean" and "unclean" in the pre-Mosaic dispensation.
as the green herb] See note on i. 30. As, at the Creation, God said
of the whole vegetable world, that it should be man's food {" to you
it shall be for meat," i. 29), so, now, He declares that the whole
animal world shall be food for man. As He gave the vegetable, ~o now
He gives the animal, life to man. But this gift is accompanied with two
prohibitions. ·
 122 GENESIS IX. 4, 5
P flesh with the life thereof, which is the blood thereof, shall
5 ye not eat. And surely your blood, the blood of your lives,
will I require; at the hand of every beast will I require it:
4. But.flesh wi'tk tke lift tkereef, which is the blood tkereof] Man's
privilege is attended, first, with a strict ritual prohibition. The words
might be more literally rendered thus, "nevertheless flesh with its vital
principle (or 'soul'), which is its blood, ye shall not eat." The
Israelites regarded the blood as in a mysterious way the vehicle of the
soul, or vital principle (nephesk), of the flesh (Lev. xvii. 11). The
blood was always offered in sacrifice to God as the most sacred part of
the victim, the symbol of its life. The prohibition to eat flesh, with
the blood in it, formed one of the strictest rules of Israelite and Jewish
life. As the institution of the Sabbath was associated with the age of the
Creation, so the prohibition of blood-eating was associated with the age
of Noah. In other words, its primitive character was shewn by its
traditional origin, being regarded as antecedent even to the Call of
Abraham. The infringement of the regulation betokens savage im-
piety (r Sam. xiv. 31-34), or contamination with idolatrous abomina-
tions (Ezek. xxxiii. 25). In Acts xv. 29 to abstain from blood and
from things strangled was absolutely necessary for the purpose of
holding together the Jewish and Gentile members of the new Christian
community 1 • In our own time the Jews observe this regnlation with
strictness, and the Jewish butcher follows special rules in order that the
meat may be entirely freed from blood (" Kosher Meat"),
The passages in the Law bearing upon this important regulation are
Lev. xvii. 10-14, Deut. xii. 16, 23.
5. yuur blood] The second prohibition is that of manslaughter. The
thought of human bloodshed is naturally suggested by the subject of the
slaying of animals. Man's life is sacred. Neither man nor beast is to
take it.
the blood of yuur lives] A difficult expression. Literally, "for," or
" according to, your souls," i. e. the blood of a person for the life of each
person, "blood for blood," "life for life," will God require (as v. 6).
That "the blood of your souls" means "the blood of your own selves,"
as distinguished from "the blood of the animals," is another explana-
tion, but not so probable.
But either of these renderings is to be preferred to that of Tuch, "for
the protection of your lives."
will I require] This thought that God Himself" will require it," in
the case of human bloodshed, appears in Ps. ix. q, "he that maketh
inquisition for blood remembereth them," and Ps. x. 13, "where-
fore doth the wicked contemn God, and say in his heart, Thou wilt
not require it." See also Gen. xiii. 22, "behold, his blood is
required."
1 But l('Cli. 1rvucTWv is possibly here a gloss; and, if so, the gloss is a tribute to the
usage. See Kirsopp Lake, Tiu Earlier Ej,j,. ef St Paul.
 GENESIS IX. 5-7 123

and at the hand of man, even at the hand of every man's P

brother, will I require the life of man. Whoso sheddeth 6
man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed ; for in the
image of God made he man. And you, be ye fruitful, and 7
multiply; bring forth abundantly in the earth, and multiply
therein.
l!f every beast] e.g. in Ex. xxi. z8, z9, the ox that gores a person to
death is to be stoned.
at the hand of every man's brother] "Brother" here denotes the
brotherhood of humanity, not of a particular family. He who slays a
man slays his own" brother," although technically there is no relation-
ship.
the life if man] i.e." the nephesh, or vital principle, of man." In the
first clause God had said He would "require" the blood : here
He says He will " require " the life. In v. 4 " the life" is "the
blood."
6. Whoso sheddeth man's blood, &c.] In the first clause of this verse
the principle is laid down, that murder is to be punished with death.
Blood for blood and life for life is to be the penalty (cf. ver. 5). The
sanctity of human life is thus protected by Divine sanction. The custom
of blood-revenge (cf. iv. 10-15), which has entered so largely into
the social conditions of Semitic life, whether civilized or barbarous,
is here stated in its simplest terms. The murderer's life is " re-
quired."
The sentence reads like a line of poetry, SMpMk dam M-tidtim
Bti-tidtim dtimo yis-shttpMk. LXX. seems to have misread bti-tidtim
(="by man"), rendering dvrl -roii arµaTos avToii =''for his blood"
(?b'dtimo): while in the Latin it is omitted altogether.
for in the image if God, &c.] This clause contains the foundation-
principle for the tremendous sentence just promulgated. Man is
different from the animals. God made him expressly "in His own
image" (see note on i. z7). Violence done to human personality
constitutes an outrage against the Divine. Man is to discern in his
neighbour "the image of God," and to honour it as the symbol of
Divine origin and human brotherhood. As that '' image " is not phy-
sical (for God is spirit), nor moral (for man is sinful), it must denote
man's higher nature, expressed by his self-consciousness, freedom of
will, reason, affection, &c.
The prohibitions of blood eating and of murder form two of the
so-called "commandments of Noah" which were held by the Rabbis of
the Jewish synagogue to have been Divinely imposed upon man~ind
before the days of Abraham ; and were, therefore, in theory reqmred
from Gentiles living among the Israelites and from Gentiles who attached
themselves to the Jewish community.
The "commandments of Noah" are seven-the prohibitions of
(1) disobedience, (z) idolatry, (3) blasphemy. (4) adultery, (5) thc::ft,
(6) murder, and (7) the eating of blood. · · ··
 124 GENESIS IX. 8-12

P 8 And God spake unto Noah, and to his sons with him,
9 saying, And I, behold, I establish my covenant with you,
10 and with your seed after you; and with every living creature
that is with you, the fowl, the cattle, and every beast of the
earth with you; of all that go out of the ark, even every
11 beast of the earth. And I will establish my covenant with you;
neither shall all flesh be cut off any more by the waters of the
flood; neither shall there any more be a flood to destroy the
12 earth. And God said, This is the token of the covenant which

8-17h, THE COVENANT WITH NOAH.

9. I, behold, I] Cf. vi. r 7, "I, behold, I do bring the flood of waters."

The same personal emphasis is expressed in proclaiming the mercy of
the covenant as previously in the sentence of doom.
establish my covenant] See vi. 18. The Pentateuch mentions three
covenants between God and man: (1) with Noah, and its token is the
rainbow; (2) with Abraham, xv. and xvii., and its token is circumcision,
chap. xvii.; (3) with the people of Israel at Mt Sinai, and its tokens
are "the blood of the covenant," the Tabernacle, and the Levitical
system (Ex. xxiv., xxv.).
In a covenant between God and man, God makes the promise and
lays down the conditions. Man accepts the terms unconditionally,
while God "establishes," or ratifies, them.
There is no equality of relationship as in a covenant agreement
between men, Man is pledged to obedience on the strength of God's
promise of blessing. An outward sign is the "sacrament" of the
relation.
10. and with every living creature] The Heh. for "creature" is
nephesh, cf. i. 20. God's covenant with the creatures, as well as with
mankind, suggests the thought of the interdependence between the
animal world and the human race. Goodn(!SS and kindness towards
man involve a corresponding blessing upon the animal world. Love is
all-pervasive.
11. a .flood to destroy the earth] The promise here given, that there
shall never more be a flood, is appealed to by the prophet in Isa. !iv. 9,
ro, "for this is as the waters of Noah unto me : for as I have sworn that
the waters of Noah should no more go over the earth, so have I sworn
that I would not be wroth with thee ... for the mountains shall depart
and the hills be removed; but my kindness shall not depart from thee,
neither shall my covenant of peace be removed, saith the LORD that hath
mercy on thee."
12. THE TOKEN OF THE COVENANT.
The word "token," Heb. '6th, is the same as that rendered "sign"
in iv. 15, "and the LORD appointed a sign for Cain." The "token" is
 GENESIS IX. 12-15 125

I make between me and you and every living creature that P

is with you, for perpetual generations : 1 I do set my bow 13
in the cloud, and it shall be for a token of a covenant
between me and the earth. And it shall come to pass, 14
when I bring a cloud over the earth, that the bow shall
be seen in the cloud, and I will remember my covenant, 15
1 Or, I have set
the outward and visible sign of the covenant relation. Its outwardness
serves to remind man, whose spiritual adherence will become weak
without something visible as the pledge of the inner and spiritual
bond.
13. I do set my bow in the cloud] Better, as marg., I have set.
The Hebrew would literally be rendered "I do give," or "have
given."
The language is capable of two interpretations :
(1) "I do now, and have just for the first time, set the rainbow in
the sky, that mankind may hereafter have a token of the covenant
between us."
(1) "I have appointed my bow, which you and mankind have
often seen in the heavens, that henceforth it may be for a token of
the covenant between us."
The former seems preferable. Hebrew legend explains tlrns the origin
of the rainbow. Of course, it must have been visible from the first,
being dependent upon the refraction of the light from the particles
of water. The words "my bow" imply either that the bow was a
familiar object, or that it was God's gift. The giving of a "token"
is not necessarily equivalent to the creation of a feature in nature
(cf. iv. 15). Nevertheless, the simplicity of the language favours the
most literal interpretation; and the promise in vv. 14, 15 suggests that
the rainbow was a new phenomenon.
14. that the bow shall be seen] This should be rendered "and the
bow is seen." The promise is not that the bow shall be seen when-
ever God sends clouds over the earth, but that, whenever He sends
clouds and His bow is visible, then He will remember the covenant.
It is possible that this beautiful employment of the rainbow symbol
may be the adaptation of a still earlier semi-mythological conception,
according to which the God of Israel is represented in poetry as a
warrior armed with bow and arrow (the lightnings are His arrows, cf.
Ps. vii. 11, 13; Hab. iii. 9-n); when His anger had passed, He
hung His bow in the clouds. The rainbow does not, however, appear
frequently in the imagery of Jewish poetry. In Ezek. i. 18, and in
Rev. iv. 3, x. 1, it is mentioned in connexion with the appearances of
Divine glory. As a feature in nature, it is referred to in Ecclus. xliii.
12, I. 7.
15. and I will] This should be rendered "that I will." It forms
~he apodosis to the words in 1 4, "and it shall come to pass when,"
 126 GENESIS IX. I 5-20

P which is between me and you and every living creature of

all flesh ; and the waters shall no more become a flood to
16 destroy all flesh. And the bow shall be in the cloud ; and
I will look upon it, that I may remember the everlasting
covenant between God and every living creature of all flesh
17 that is upon the earth. And God said unto Noah, This is
the token of the covenant which I have established between
me and all flesh that is upon the earth.
J 18 And the sons of Noah, that went forth of the ark, were
Shem, and Ham, and Japheth: and Ham is the father of
19 Canaan. These three were the sons of Noah: and of these
was the whole earth overspread.
20 And Noah began to be an husbandman, and planted a
16. remember] Used of God, cf. viii. 1. Here it suggests that the
primitive tradition implied that God might forget; if it were not for
"the bow." The word "remember" may be anthropomorphic; but
in the later stage of the tradition, as in this passage, the rainbow is the
"sign" or "reminder" for man, not for God.
the everlasting covenant] See xvii. 7, 13, 19; Ex. xxxi. 16; Lev. xxiv.
8; Num. xviii. 19, xxv. 13, a phrase used by P. Heh. b'rzth 'olllm,
LXX 8,a.01/KrJ a.lwvios, Lat. foedus sempiternum.
17. This is the token, &c.] This verse, according to the style of P,
reiterates the substance of 11-13.

18-27. NOAH, AS THE VINE-DRESSER, AND HIS

THREE SONS. (J.)
In this section the narrative, which begins at v. 20, is introduced
by the two connecting verses 18, 19, which either conclude J's
account of the Flood, or are an editorial insertion by the compiler.
(a) 18, 19 Noah and his family leave the ark: (b) 20-24 Noah
plants a vineyard, drinks wine, becomes intoxicated, is observed and
ridiculed by Ham, but Shem and Japheth shew respect: (c) 25-27 the
curse of Noah on Canaan, the blessing on Shem and Japheth.
18. the sons ef Noah] The names of Noah's sons have already
frequently been given in the P narrative (v. 32, vi. 10, vii. 13).
Ham is the father ef Canaan] This note has in all probability been
inserted by the compiler, with reference to the section vv. 20-27 an<i
the curse pronounced upon Canaan (vv. 25 and 27).· ·
20. And Noah began to be an husbandman] This expression is an
extremely awkward rendering of the strange Hebrew, which is literally
"And Noah began man of the soil and planted," &c. Better, "And
Noah the husbandman began and planted a vineyard," i.e. was the
first to do so.
"The husbandman," lit. "man of the soil," LXX l1v0pwros "(<WP"(OS
 GENESIS IX. 20-25 127

vineyard : and he drank of the wine, and was drunken; 21 J

and he was uncovered within his tent. And Ham, the 22
father of Canaan, saw the nakedness of his father, and
told his two brethren without. And Shem and Japheth 23
took a garment, and laid it upon both their shoulders, and
went backward, and covered the nakedness of their father;
and their faces were backward, and they saw not their
father's nakedness. And Noah awoke from his wine, and 24
knew what his 'youngest son had done unto him. And he 25
said,
1 Or, younger
-yi)~. This description of Noah introduces him in a new capacity. The
present section seems to be taken from a distinct tradition concerning
the primaeval time, in which Noah appears as the founder of agriculture
and of vine cultivation.
21. and he drank] The representation is that of the man who first
made wine out of grapes, and drinking of it in ignorance was overcome
by its potency. No blame is attached to him.
22. Ham, the father ef] Words probably inserted by the corn,
piler (R). If so, in the original narrative there stood in this verse
simply the name of "Canaan," "and Canaan saw the nakedness." Other-
wise the curse pronounced upon Canaan, instead of upon Ham, in
v. 25, is unintelligible (see note).
According to this view, the old tradition, from which these verses are
derived, regarded "Canaan," and not "Ham," as the brother of Shem
and J apheth.
23. a garmmt] Heb. simlak, LXX 1µ6mov, Lat. pallium: the large
upper garment which was also used as a covering by night, as appears
from Ex. xxii. 26; Deut. xxiv. 13. The conduct of Shem and Japheth,
in its regard for their father's honour, is contrasted with the levity and
want of delicacy displayed by their brother.
24. his youngest son] The rendering of the R. V. marg. and of
the A. V., younger (so LXX ovEWTEpo~, Lat. minor), is not permissible.
The Hebrew word, where there is a comparison between more than
two persons, means "the youngest," as in the story of David ( 1 Sam. xvi.
II, xvii. 14). The difficulty, which has led to the rendering of the R. V.
marg. and the A. V., arises from the fact that in the order of Noah's
sons given by Jin v. 18, and by P in v. 32, vi. 10, vii. 13, and x; 1,
Japheth is mentioned third, and was therefore considered to be the
youngest. If, however, as seems probable, we are here dealing with
a distinct tradition, in which the third and youngest son was Canaan,
~he ~ifficulty caused by the words, '' his youngest son," taken in c~m-
Junction with the curse pronounced upon Canaan (Haip not bemg
mentioned), will disappear.
Origen, in order to escape the difficulty, suggested that Canaan, the
 128 GENESIS IX. 25

J Cursed be Canaan ;
A servant of servants shall he be unto his brethren.

youngest son of Ham (x. 6), saw his grandfather, Noah, lying exposed,
and reported it to his father, Ham; and this theory has found favour
with many. But, at the best, it is an ingenious gloss; it is not in
the text, but an addition to it.
had done] Nothing is told of the youngest son's misconduct. So far
as our text goes, he had merely reported to his brothers their father's
shameful condition. These words, however, suggest that the narrative
in v. 2 2 has for good reasons been abbreviated or modified.
25. And he said] Noah's utterance of a curse upon Canaan and of
a blessing upon Shem and Japheth is expressed in poetical terms.
The solemn words of a father, as the head of his house, concerning
his sons, partook of the character of prophecy, and were expressed
in brief oracular sentences. Cf. in the story of Jacob chs. xxvii.,
xlviii. and xlix.
Cursed be Canaan] Three times over, in these verses, is the curse
repeated against Canaan, while a blessing is pronounced upon Shem
and J apheth. It is difficult to resist the conclusion that Canaan here
stands on a level with Shem and Japheth, and that he is regarded as
Noah's third son; as, indeed, is expressly indicated by the mention of
"his brethren" (vv. 22, 25). The explanation that the wrong-doing of
"Ham" is punished by the curse levelled at Canaan, a son of Ham,
seems most improbable; but this is the only explanation which the
words of the text in v. 22, making" Ham, the father of Canaan," the
offender, will admit. The mention of "Ham" in that verse is almost
certainly a late insertion for harmonizing purposes.
A servant of servants] i.e. the meanest of servants, the slave of
slaves. Lat. servus servorum. For this method of expressing the
superlative, cf. "the Holy of holies," i.e. the innermost Sanctuary
(Ex. xxvi. 33); "prince of the princes" (Numb. iii. 32); "God of
gods, Lord of lords" (Dent. x. r 7 ; Ps. cxxxvi. 2, 3); "Song of
Songs," i.e. the fairest of songs (Cant. i. r); "the King of kings,"
i.e. the Omnipotent (Ezek. xxvi. 7).
unto his brethren] Canaan is to be the slave of Shem and Japheth.
The oracle predicts the subjugation of the Canaanites to the Israelites,
and forecasts their inability to resist the power of J apheth. The
precise manner in which the subjection of Canaan to Japheth was
historically realized must be left uncertain. There is no suggestion of
a whole race doomed to a condition of slavery. The application of this
clause to the African races is an error of interpretation. Doubtless the
power of the J aphetic races was from time to time successfully asserted
against the Phoenicians. Japheth represents the races of the West and
North.
If Canaan be not here regarded as the brother of Shern and Japheth,
it must be assumed that the punishment of Ham is to be inflicted upon
his son, Canaan. This is the usual explanation; but it breaks down
 GENESIS IX. 26, 27 129

And he said, 26 J
Blessed be the LoRn, the ,God of Shem;
And let Canaan be 1 his servant.
God enlarge Japheth,
And 2 let him dwell in the tents of Shem;
1 Or, their 1 Or, he shall

in view of the fact that all the names are used symbolically and
representatively, and the oracle has reference, in each case, not to
the individuals, but to their descendants. Hence there would be no
point in singling out a son of the real offender, instead of indicating
the offender himself.
26. B!esstd be the LORD, the God of Shem] The blessing invoked, not
upon Shem himself, but upon Jehovah the God of Shem, is intended
to convey the thought that herein will lie the true welfare of the
descendants of Shem. The point of this oracle is, of course, dependent
on the fact that Shem is to be the ancestor of Israel. The blessing
here invoked has reference only to the Hebrews whose God is Jehovah.
They are the favoured ones : the God of Redemption will manifest
Himself in them. After "Cursed be Canaan," we should expect to
read "Blessed of Jehovah be Shem." But there hardly seems to be
sufficient reason for regarding the text as corrupt, Graetz, who is
followed by Gunkel, with a slight alteration of the text, viz. by the
transposition of two consonants and by a different reading of the vowels
(which of course did not appear in early Hebrew writing), reads, "bless,
oh ! Jehovah, the tents of Shem " (Cl~ 1~nN for Cl~ 1n~N), so that '' the
tents of Shem" should end this line as well as line 2 in the next verse.
his servant] The translation of the margin, their, is to be preferred.
The word in the Hebrew is a poetical form of the plural pronoun; and
here the reference is to Canaan's brethren.
27. God] The blessing on Ja~heth is introduced with the name not
of "Jehovah," but of " Elohim. ' Jehovah is the God who reveals
Himself through the descendants of Shem. The blessing of Japheth
shall come from God ; but J apheth will not know God by His name
Jehovali.
enlarge] The word in the Hebrew, yapht, is employed on account
of its resemblance in sound to the name of :[,apheth. The blessing
means, "May God extend the rule of Japheth,' i.e. may the meaning
of his name be realized in the extension of his power !
let him dwell] Better than he shall. The " he" in this clause is
not God, but Japheth. :fhe clause contains the prayer that J11;pheth
may ever continue on terms of peace with Shem, aed that bis d~-
scendants, dwelling as guests among the Israelites, may partake of their
privileges. That "to dwell in the tents of Shem" should m~an "to
dispossess the Shemites and occupy their h9mes" (followmg the
GENESIS 9
 130 GENESIS IX. 27-29
J And let Canaan be '.his servant
p 28 And Noah lived after the flood three hundred and fifty
29 years. And all the days of Noah were nine hundred and
fifty years : and he died.
1 Or, their
analogy of the phrase in Ps. lxxviii. 55), is an explanation quite unsuited·
to a clause of blessing.
The conjecture that " Shem " in this verse is not a proper name,
but is the Hebrew word meaning "name" or "renown" (as in vi. 4),
so that the meaning is "and let him dwell in the tents of renown,"
would hardly have been suggested, unless the clause had been one of
some obscurity.
his] Better, as R.V. marg., their. See note on v. 26.
28 (P). And Noah lived] This and the following verses are the
conclusion of P's account of the Deluge. In contents and character
they belong to the genealogy of the Sethite patriarchs in eh. v.

SPECIAL NOTE ON IX. 25-27.

There is much uncertainty as to the period of history to which the
Song, or Oracle, of Noah may be considered to refer. In all pro-
bability, the question must be left undecided.
1. It has been understood to refer to the times of David. Shem, i.e.
the Israelites, have subjugated Canaan. Japheth, i.e. the Philistines,
coming from the West, have first inflicted defeat upon the Canaanites,
and then occupied the S. W. portion of the country of Palestine. But
is it possible that an Israelite poet would have spoken so favourably of
the Philistines, and have described their arrival under the simile of
Japheth dwelling in the tents of Shem?
2. It has been understood to refer to the times either of Solomon
or of Ahab. Shem, i.e. the Israelites, have subjugated Canaan, and
have entered into terms of friendship with Japheth, i.e. the Phoenician
king of Tyre. It is obviously an objection that, in Gen. x. 15, the
Phoenicians are ranked among the sons of Canaan. Moreover, it is
hardly probable that the devout Israelite would offer to the worship-
pers of Baal a welcome into the tents of the servants of Jehovah.
3. It has been conjectured (by Gunkel) that the poem has reference
to the great racial movements of the second millennium 11.c., and that
Canaan may represent the earliest Semitic immigmnts into Palestine;
Shem, the invading races of Aramaeans and Hebrews; Japheth, the
northern nations, and, in particular, the Hittites. It may be doubted,
whether the migratory invasion of Aramaean and Hebrew peoples
would ever have been comprehended by an Israelite singer under the
single symbolic name of Shem; and, also, whether he would have
regarded any other peoples besides Israel as belonging to Jehovah.
 GENESIS IX. 131

Again, if so wide a designation be assigned to Shem, the prayer that

Japheth may "dwell ~n the tents of.Shem" becomes unintelligible.
· 4. It has been conJectured, by Bertholet, that the Song has reference
to a late period; that Shem represents the post-exilic Jews; Canaan,
the heathen dwellers in Palestine and Phoenicia; Japheth, the Greeks
under Alexander, who conquered and subjugated Phoenicia, and re-
ceived a welcome from the Jews of Jerusalem. But this, beside other
improbabilities, assumes loo late a date for the composition of the Song.
5. It is better, for the present, to leave our judgement in suspense.
But, in all probability, we should be right in supposing that under
"Jehovah, the God of Shem," is contained a reference to the people of
Isrnel; and that in the denunciation of Canaan, "A servant of servants
shall he be unto his brethren," is implied a time when the subjugation
of the Canaanites was not yet complete; when they were still for-
midable; and when the support of Japheth (unknown peoples(?) in
the north) was likely to prove a welcome assistance, though only of
a tempornry nature, to Israel.
The period, then, might conceivably be not long after the settlement
of the tribes of Israel in the land of Canaan.
It only remains to point out the importance of this poetical Oracle
in the literature of the Old Testament. (1) It treats of the movements
of the nations as ordered and guided by Jehovah. It. may thus be
described as po!l!iibly the first product of Israelite prophecy. (1) In
its attitude of generous trust towards Japheth, it is an early example of
the spirit of tolerance towards the stranger, which in later Judaism was
almost lost in narrow exclusiveness 1•

CH. x.
l (P). THE GENERATIONS OF THE SONS OF NOAH,
2-ll(P). THE SONS OF J APHETH,
6, 7, and 20 (P). THE SONS OF HAM,
8-19, and 21 (J). NIMRQD, BABYLON, AND ASSYRIA: EGYPT AND
CANAAN.
22-Sl (P). THE SONS OF SHEM.

The names of Noah's sons only occur in Genesis and in the parallel
genealogical list in 1 Chron. i. The distribution of the races of the
earth between their descendants necessarily results from the record,
in vii. 11, of the destruction of all flesh iu the Flood.
As will be seen from the names contained in this list, they represent
not a formal genealogy, but a table of the principal races and peoples
known to the Israelites. They are arranged, as if they were mem-
bers of families intimately related to one another. This, however,
represents the common attitude of the ancient world in explaining the
1 I am indebted to the discussion of this Song in G. Adam Smith's Sclrweicl&
, Lectures, 19101 pp. 46-49. · · ·
9-2
 132 GENESIS X. 1-3
p 10 Now these are the generations of the sons of Noah, Shem
Ham and Japheth : and unto them were sons born after
the flood.
2 The sons of J apheth; Gomer, and Magog, and Madai, _
3 and Javan, and Tubal, and Meshech, and Tiras. And the
complexity of tribes and peoples, out of which nations had arisen. We
may compare early Greek and Roman accounts of the origin of the
inhabitants of Greece and Italy in prehistoric times. The names are
some of them racial, and some of them geographical. The attempts at
identification are precarious, and cannot often be relied upon.
· Observe that the order of the sons of Noah is here reversed. Thus
the family of Shem is the last to be enumerated, leading up to the
Narratives of the Patriarchs (chaps. xii.-!.).
1. Now these are the generations] The title of a new section in P;
see note on ii. +
a. The sons of Japheth] These are names of peoples who for the
most part seem to have dwelt in remote northern and western regions
in Asia Minor.
Gomer] Mentioned also in Ezek. xxxviii. 6. Probably the people
dwelling in the region of Pontus in Asia Minor, aad called by the
Greeks Cimmerians (K1µµlp101). Cf. r Chron. i. 5, 6.
Magog] appears as the name of a country in Ezek. xxxviii. 2, and
of a northern people in Ezek. xxxix. 6, generally identified with the
Scythians. Sayce conjectures that Magog is for "Mat-Gog"="land
of Gog." The allusions to Gog and Magog in Rev, xx. 8 are based
upon the prophetic passages in Ezek. xxxviii. and xxxix.
Madai] Almost certainly "the land of the Medes." The people
of Media are referred to in the Assyrian inscriptions as "Madai " in the
9th century B. c. In the history of Israel they are first mentioned in
'J Kings xvii. 6. Cf. Isa. xiii. 17 and xxi. 2 ; 1 Chron. i. 5.
Javan] This is the Hebrew name for " the Greeks." The Ionians
were the Greeks of Asia Minor and of the islands of the .t'Egean Sea,
who were first known to the peoples of Western Asia. They were
called in Assyrian Javanu. For other passages in which the Greeks
are mentioned in the O.T., cf. Isa. !xvi. 19; Ezek. xxvii. 13, 19;
Dan, viii, 21, x. 20; Joel iii. 6; Zech. ix. 13.
Tubal... Meshech] These two names are mentioned, along with
Javan, in Ezek. xxvii. 13, xxxix. ·1. They have been identified with
peoples in N.E. Asia Minor, Tibarenians and Moschians.
In Isa. !xvi. 19 Tuba! is classed with Ja van and" the isles afar off."
In Ps. cxx. 5, "Meshech" is used as the name of a barbarous and
remote people, "Woe is me that I sojourn in Meshech."
Tiras] Identified by Josephus (Ant. 1. 6) with the Thracians, bul;
now more frequently with a race of sea pirates of the .t'Egean Sea
called Tup<T'fJPOl. Another conjecture is Tarsus ; another, Tarshish;
cf. 1 Chron. i. 6.
 GENESIS X. 3-5 133
1
sons of Gomer; Ashkenaz, and Riphath, and Togarmah. P
And the sons of Javan; Elishah, and Tarshish, Kittim, and 4
2 Dodanim. Of these were the "isles of the nations divided 5
1 In I Chr. i. 6, Diphatk. 2 In I Chr. i. 7, Rodanim.
3 Or, coast!ands
s. Askkenaz] Mentioned in Jer. Ii. z7 along with Ararat; and now
generally identified with the region of Armenia. It is worth noticing
that the mediaeval Jews explained this name as denoting Germany.
Thus the Ashkenazim are the German Jews.
Ripkatk] In I Chron. i. 6 the name appears as "Diphath." The
letters, R (1) and D (1), are very similar in Hebrew. Cf. "Dodanim"
for "Rodanim," v. 4. Josephus identified "Riphath" with the Paph-
lagonians. The name is now unknown.
Togarmak] Mentioned also in Ezek. xxvii. 14, with Javan, Tuba!
and Meshech; and in Ezek. xxxviii. 6, with Gomer, and generally
identified with the western part of Armenia. Cf. 1 Chron. i. 6.
4. tke sons of Javan] The names here mentioned are evidently
geographical. Javan's sons are well-known Greek colonies and settle-
ments or communities. This example will serve to illustrate the
composition of the genealogical list.
Eliskak] Mentioned in Ezek, xxvii. 7 as a place from which there
was a trade in purple. Josephus identified it with the JEolians. Other
conjectures have been Hella.~, Elis, Sicily, and Carthage. Possibly, it
is Alasa, the modern Cyprus.
Tarskisk] Probably the ancient commercial town of Tartessus, at
the mouth of the river Guadalquivir. It is classed with the isles in
Ps. lxxii. 10, Isa. Ix. 9. Its trade is mentioned in Ezek. xxvii. 1 z.
On '' the ships of Tarshish" in King Solomon's time, see r Kings
x. zz, xxii. 48. There were Greek settlements at Tartessus. Cf. Hero-
dotus, 1. 163.
Kittim] Usually identified with Cyprus and its inhabitants. The
chief town was K,Tlov, the modern La,·naca, and was probably
occupied at an early time by Greek-speaking people. The name
"Kittim" became transferred from Cyprus to other islands. Cf. Jer.
ii. 1 o ; Ezek. xx vii. 6.
Dodanim] In I Chron. i. 7, Rodanim. The LXX and Sam. agree
with I Chron. i. 7 ; and this reading is generally preferred, Rodanim
being identified with the island of Rhodes. In Ezek. xxvii. 15, "the
men of Dedan" similarly appear in LXX as poow,, i.e. the Rhodians
trafficking with the city of Tyre.
6, Of these, &c.] It is probable that the text in this verse has
suffered. As in v. zo we find "these are the sons of Ham" and in
v. 31 "these are the sons of Shem," so we should expect in this verse
" these are the sons of Japheth." We should, therefore, probably put
a full stop after the word ''divided," and insert: "These are the sons
· of Japheth." This will improve the sense; for (r) the words '.'of these"
 134 GENESIS X. S-7
P in their lands, every one after his tongue; after their
families, in their nations.
6 And the sons of Ham; Cush, and Mizraim, and Put,
'I and Canaan. And the sons of Cush; Seba, and Havilah,
cannot refer generally to the contents of vv. z and 3, but only to the
contents of v. 4; (z) while the expression" the isles were divided in
their lands" is intolerably harsh. " Of these" should be taken to refer
to "the sons of Javan" only. From them the Greek settlements
branched off in all directions among the islands and the coastlands,
i.e. "the isles of the nations." After this piece of information the
genealogist summarizes the foregoing list, " These are the sons of
J apheth in their lands, every one after his tongue," &c.
isles] Better, as R.V. marg., coastlands. Cf. Isa, xi. 11; Jer. ii. 10;
Ezek. xxvii. 6.

8-20. THE SONS OF HAM.

8, The races described as " the sons of Ham " are first traced in
the most southerly regions. If the name has any connexion with
Kamt, the native name of Egypt, it is noticeable that it is here applied
to the parent stock of peoples, not only in Egypt, but also in South
Arabia, Phoenicia, and Syria. "Ham" is used as a synonym for Egypt
in Ps. lxxviii. 51, cv. 23, 27, cvi. 22.
Cusk] A name of frequent occurrence in the O. T. for Ethiopia and
the Ethiopians, i.e. the country and the people between Egypt and
Abyssinia; the "Kas," or "Kes," of the Egyptian inscriptions. Cf. on
ii. 13.
Mizraim] The regular Hebrew name for Egypt. Cf. the Assyrian
Mu,ur. The termination "-aim" denotes the dual number; and
hence it has been supposed that " Mizraim" means the two '' Mizrs,"
i.e. Upper and Lower Egypt. But we cannot rely on this for certain.
" Mizraim" is the Hebrew name for Egypt without necessarily con•
taining an allusion to this geographical division. It is best not to press
the grammatical meaning that may be claimed to underlie the popular
pronunciation of a geographical name; cf. Ephraim, Naharaim, Jeru•
salaim (=Jerusalem).
Put] Mentioned also in Ezek. xxvii. 10, xxxviii. 5; Jer. xlvi. 9;
Nahum iii. 9. In these passages " Put" is mentioned together with
the composite materials of an Egyptian mercenary army. It is
generally identified with the Libyans. Pliny mentions a river "Fut"
in Libya. In Nahum iii. 9 Put is associated with the "Lubim," and
with Ethiopia and Egypt. Punt occurs in Egyptian inscriptions for
the African " littoral " of the Red Sea.
Canaan] This is the land of Phoenicia, probably in its widest
sense, like Kinal;i in the Tel-el-Amarna tablets (r400 ·B.c.). The
Canaanites were Semites, and spoke a language which closely re•
sembled Hebrew, and was more akin to Aramaean and Assyrian than
 GENESIS X. 7, 8 135
and Sabtah, and Raamah, and Sabteca: and the sons of p
Raamah; Sheba, and Dedan.- I And Cush begat Nimrod: 8 J
Egyptian. Canaan was possibly associated by Israelite tradition with
Egypt on account of the general similarity of its culture. Perhaps the
Israelites, who regarded the Egyptians and the Canaanites as their two
racial foes, and as the two corrupters of their faith, classed them together
for that reason among " the sons of Ham."
'I, And the sons of Cush] The names given in this verse are usually
identified with the names of tribes, or places, on the African coast, or on
the opposite shores of Arabia.
Seba] Cf. Ps. lxxii. JO; Isa. xliii. 3, xlv. 14, where it is named with
Egypt and Cush; identified by Josephus (Ant. Jud. n. 10, § z) with
"Meroe "; but now generally supposed to denote tribes on the coast of
the Red Sea in the neighbourhood of Massowah.
Havilah] The name occurs again in v. z9 among "the sons of
J oktan"; possibly a branch of the same Arabian tribe which had settled
on the African coast. See also ii. u, xxv. 18.
Raamah] Mentioned also in Ezek, xxvii. '2'2 for its trade with Tyre,
and with Sheba.
Sabtah ... Sabteca] Unknown.
Sheba] Also in v. z8, among "the sons of Joktan," and in xxv. 3,
among "the sons of Keturah." The trade of this people and their
dependencies consisted especially of spices, precious stones, and gold
(Ezek. xxvii. zz). The occurrence of the name of "Sheba" here
among the sons of Ham, and in v. '28 among the sons of Shem, illus•
trates the difficulty of identification.
Dedan] Mentioned also in xxv. 3; apparently an Arabian tribe,
bordering on Edom (Ezek. xxv. 13), and occasionally brought into
contact with Israel through trade. Cf. Isa. xxi, 13; Jer. xxv. 23;
Ezek, xxvii, zo.

8-19 (J). NIMROD, ASSYRIA AND BABYLON : CANAAN AND

EGYPT.

8-iz (J). Nimrod.

8. Cush begat Nimrod] In connexion with the "sons of Cush"
we have here ·an Israelite tradition that the foundation of the Assyrian
and Babylonian empires was due to "a son of Cush," named Nimrod.
What, if any, was deemed to be the connexion between Cush, and the
origin of Babylon and Nineveh, is not related. At least, the explana-
tion which has been hazarded, that some prehistoric Ethiopian mona;~h,
having invaded and conquered Western Asia, founded the great cities
of the Euphrates Valley, has not hitherto received confirmation.
Modern scholars call attention to the prominence of. a people 1e•
signated as the Cossaeans, Koa-uai'o,, Assyr. Kasku, m Babyloman
history. They were predominant in Babylonia bet"'.e~n ~Soo .~nd
izoo B .c. It is suggested that the early Israelite tradition identihed
 GENESIS X. 8-10

J 9 he began to be a mighty one in the earth. He was a

mighty hunter before the LORD : wherefore it is said, Like
10 Nimrod a mighty hunter before the LORD. And the be-
ginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and Accad,

the name of this people with the similarly sounding name of the
African Cush, and that, in the halo of romance and legend encircling
the name of Nimrod, the Ethiopian origin of the founder of Babylon
presented no serious difficulty.
Nimrod] Mentioned elsewhere in I Chron. i. 10, Micah v. 6. Here
he is described under two aspects: (1) as a mighty hunter, (2) as ~ing
of Babylonia, and founder of the chief cities in Assyria.
Assyriologists have been inclined to identify Nimrod with the mythical
Babylonian hero, Gilgames, the hunter and lion-slayer, represented in
Babylonian art as throttling, or gripping, a wild animal. No similarity
in the name has yet been ascertained. Jeremias suggests that Nimrod
is the Hebrew pronunciation of Ndmir- Uddu =" shining light." Another
conjecture would identify him with the Cassite, or Cossaean, king Nazi-
maruttash (circ. 1350 n.c.): but, if so, Israelite tradition seems to have
transferred the name of a comparatively recent king (more recent than
the patriarchs) into the ages of legendary obscurity.
began to be a mighty one] A strange expression. The word "began"
should be connected with "the beginning of his kingdom" in v. 10.
'' He was the first great monarch." Compare "began to be an husband-
man" (ix. 20).
9. a mighty hunter before the LORD] The phrase "before the Lo RD"
is merely descriptive of magnitude, c£ xxiii. 6, "a great prince"
(Heb. a prince of God), Jonah iii. 3, "Nineveh was an exceeding
great city" (Heh. a city great unto God). But it is possible that the
expression is traceable to some primitive traditions respecting the
hunting exploits of Nimrod, and the favour shewn to him by his God.
The popularity of hunting scenes in Assyrian art may have led to
a general impression that the founders of the Assyrian and Babylonian
kingdoms were famous huntsmen.
It is noteworthy that in later times Nimrod was identified with Orion,
both as a hunter and as a constellation. Hence some have fancifully
explained these words to mean "a hunter in heaven."
wherefore it is said] The quotation of a proverb: Nimrod's name
became proverbial for a great hunter.
10. the beginning of his kingdom] Nimrod is represented, not as
the founder of the Babylonian cities, but as their king. His four cities
are enumerated :
1. Babel, i.e. Babylon, as the Hebrew is rendered in the Greek:
Assyrian Babilu, possibly=" the gate of God." This was the capital
of the Babylonian empire from the time of Hammurabi who founded
that empire, circ. 2130 n.c.
~. Erech, t!Ie Uruk of the inscriptions. LXX 'Opex, the modern
 GENESIS X. 10-12 137

and Calneh, in the land of Shinar. Out of that land 1 he II J

went forth into Assyria, and builded Nineveh, and Reho-
both-Ir, and Calah, and Resen between Nineveh and Calah 12

1 Or, went forth Asskur

Warka, was the principal seat of the Babylonian deities Anu and Istar,
and the scene of the exploits of the mythical hero Gilgames.
3. Accad, the Agade of the inscriptions, the chief town in ancient
northern Babylonia, and the capital of Sargon the First, one of the
earliest Babylonian kings.
4. Calnek, of doubtful identification; not to be identified with the
Syrian town Calneh (Amos vi. z). Jensen conjectures that there is an
error of one Hebrew letter, and that we should read for Calneh Cullaba,
an important town in Babylonia. Another conjecture is Nippur.
in tke land of Skinar] i.e. in Babylonia, which comprised both
northern Babylonia or Accad, and southern Babylonia or Sumer.
11. Out of tkat land, &c.] This verse preserves an historical
tradition: ( 1) that the cities of Assyria were of later origin than those
of Babylonia; ( z) that they owed their existence to the development of
the Babylonian power in a northerly direction ; whether by conquest or
by colonization we cannot tell.
into Assyn"a] or "Asshur." There is no difference in the Hebrew
between the name of the country and that of its first capital (see ii. 14).
The city Asshur was distant about 300 miles from Babylon.
The rendering of the R. V. marg. =A.V. went forth Asskur has no
probability, though it has the support of LXX, Vulg., and Targ. Onk.
Nineveh] Assyr. Nina, the modern Kouyunjik, situated on the left
bank of the Tigris, opposite to the modern Mosul. Nineveh was the
capital of Assyria in its most famous period, but it was not until about
rooo B.c. that it became the royal residence of Assyrian monarchs.
Nothing historical is known of its earliest days.
Rekoboth-lr] Possibly to be identified, as some Assyriologists suggest,
with Rebit Nina, on the site of the modern Mosul, over against
Nineveh.
Calak] The modern Ke/lack, at the confluence of the upper Zab
and the Tigris, some zo miles S. of Nineveh. It stands on the
ruined mounds of Nimrud. The capital of Assyria was transferred
by Shalmaneser I, circ. 1300 B.C., from Asshur to Calah.
12. Resen] Not yet identified; but conjectured to lie among the
mounds which conceal ruins between Nineveh and Nimrud.
(the same is the great dry)] This is a note added by the compiler; or,
possibly, as Skinner suggests, a gloss, referring to Nineveh, which is
misplaced.
13-19 (J). The descendants of Mizraim (Egypt), vv. 13, 14; and
of Canaan (Phoenicia), vv. 15-19. The names of tribes (the plural
termination -im) in=· 13 and 14, and of peoples (vv. 16-19), seem to
imply a different source of tradition from that in vv. ?.-7·
 13b GENESIS X. 12-14

J 13 (the same is the great city). And Mizraim begat Ludim,

14 and Anamim, and Lehabim, and N aphtuhirn, and Pathrusim,
and Casluhim (whence went forth 1 the Philistines), and
Caphtorim.
1 Heb. Pelishtim.
13. Mizraim] In v. 6, "the sons of Ham" are Cush, Mizraim,
Put, and Canaan. The "sons of Cush" were given in v. 7. In vv. 13,
14 the genealogy is continued with the "sons of Mizraim." The inter-
vening passage (vv. 8-12) has been a parenthesis. The names here
mentioned are probably tribes on the borders of Egypt,
Ludim] Mentioned also in J er. xlvi. 9; presumably the same as Lud
in Isa. !xvi. 19; Ezek. xxvii. 10, xxx. 5.
the Anamim] W. Max MUiler suggests that these are the Kinamim
who dwelt in the largest and southernmost oasis, designated in the
Egyptian inscriptions K'n'mt. Very strange is the reading of the LXX
AlPEp,ETtelµ,. Cf, 1 Chron. i. 1r.
Lehabim] Possibly the same as the "Libyans," who appear as Lubim
in z Chron. xii. 3, xvi. 8; Dan. xi. 43; Nahum iii. 9. The Libyans
were the African tribes west of Cyrene.
Naphtuhim] The Egyptologfst Erman suggests that this name is
the corruption of the word P-t-ml;i, the Egyptian designation for the
dwellers in the north, i.e. the Delta of Egypt (Z. A. T. W. 1890, pp.
II8, 119),
Another suggestion is that it represents the name of the third great
oasis, between Ammon and K'n'mt, bearing the name of Ferafia. Cf.
1 Chron. i. II.
14. Pathrusim] Clearly to be identified with Upper Egypt, "the
southlanders." "The land of the midday," Egyptian Ptrsi, is the
Pathros of Isa. xi. I I ; J er. xliv. 1, r 5 ; Ezek. xxix. 14, xxx. 14.
Casluhim] Not known; LXX Xa.uµ,wv«lµ,, which has caused
Max Muller to conjecture Nasamonim, a tribe in the vicinity of the
great oasis of Ammon. Cf. 1 Chron, i. 12.
(whence went forth the Philistines), and Caphtorim] The parenthetical
clause within the brackets seems to be out of place. According to
Deut. ii. 23, Jer. xlvii. 4, Amos ix. 7 the Philistines came out of
Caphtor. Accordingly, we may conjecture the clause originally stood
after the word "Caphtorim," and has been accidentally transposed,
On the other hand, this explanation seems so obvious, that some
scholars consider that the clause "whence ... the Philistines" is in its
right place, but that the words "and Caphtorim" are only a gloss
on the mention of "the Philistines." ·
the Philistines] Heb. Pe!ishtim, identified by many Assyriologists
with the Purasati, a predatory horde which established itself in
the 13th century B.C. in the south of Phoenicia. On the origin of
the Philistines, see Macalister's Excavations at Gezer (Pal. Ex. Fund,
1912).
Caphtorim] The people of Caphtor which has commonly been identified
 GENESIS X. 15-18 139
And Canaan begat Zidon his first born, and Heth; and :i J
the Jebusite, and the Amorite, and the Girgashite; and the 17
Hivite, and the Arkite, and the Sinite; and the Arvadite, 1 s
and the Zemarite, and the Hamathite: and afterward were

with Crete. The only traces of real artistic work found at Gezer by
Macalister were Minoan in character.
15. Canaan] Observe that we pass from Cush and Mizraim to
Canaan, the fourth son of Ham ; omitting Put, the third son in v. 6.
Zidon his firstborn] "Firstborn"; i.e. the capital, and most ancient
city, of the Phoenicians. The Phoenicians called themselves Zidonians,
and were so called by the Israelites. Cf. 1 Kings xvi. 31. Zidon
probably means "fish-town."
Heth] i.e. the Hittites called by the Egyptians "Kheta," and by the
Assyrians "Khatti." It is more than doubtful whether the Hittites
had any connexion with the Phoenicians. Their language has not
yet (1913) been deciphered. The Hittite empire appears to have
lasted from 1800 B.C. to 700 B.c. Carchemish on the Euphrates_ was
for a time their capital. They made their influence felt throughout
Syria and Asia Minor. Their famous collision with Egypt occurred in
the reign of Rameses III, about 1180 B.c. The mention of Heth as
the "son of Canaan" is probably to be understood as indicating the
presence of a large number of Hittite dwellers in Phoenicia and
Palestine. There are traces of these elsewhere in Q.T., e.g. eh. xxiii.;
Num. xiii. 29; Judg. i. 26; 1 Kings x. 29; 2 Kings vii. 6. The
supremacy of the Hittites throughout Syria and Canaan belongs to the
period shortly after the age represented by the Tel-el-Amarna tablets
(1400 B.c.).
16. the Jebusite] The Canaanite tribe dwelling in Jerusalem and its
neighbourhood: cf. Josh. xv. 63; Judg. i. 21; 2 Sam. v. 6.
the Amori/e] In the Tel-el-Amarna tablets the name Amurru is given
to the dwellers in the north of Canaan in distinction from the Kina~i,
the dwellers in southern Canaan. Later on, the name Amorite seems to
have been used by the Assyrians to designate Palestine. In the O.T.
the original inhabitants of Canaan are sometimes called by this name ;
e.g. Judg. i. 34-36; Amos ii. 9. See Driver, Schweich Lectures, P· 36.
the Girgashite] Mentioned e.g. xv. 21, Deut. vii. 1, with the other
dwellers in Canaan, but their locality is not indicated.
17. the Hivite] The Hivites, dwellers in the country aboutGibeon
(Josh. ix. 7) and Sichem (Gen. xxxiv. 2); while Josh. xi. 3 and Judg.
iii. 3 speak of the Hivites as dwelling near Mount Hermon and M?unt
Lebanon, though in neither passage is the reading (?Hittites) certam.
the A,·kite] A Phoenician tribe represented by the modern Teti Ar~a,
some 80 miles north of Zidon, and not far from Tripolis.
the Sinite] Jerome mentions a town Sini near Arka.
18. the Arvadite] Arvad, a famous maritime town, th~ modern
Ruw{}d on an islaud 100 miles north of Zidon; cf. Ezek. xxvu. 8, 1 1.
 GENESIS X. 18-20

J 19 the families of the Canaanite spread abroad. And the

border of the Canaanite was from Zidon, as thou goest
toward Gerar, unto Gaza; as thou goest toward Sodom
and Gomorrah and Admah and Zeboiim, unto Lasha. j
p 20 These are the sons of Ham, after their families, after their
tongues, in their lands, in their nations.
the Zemarite] The dwellers in Simyra, modern Sumra, a few miles
south of Ruwdd. It appears in the Tel-el-Amarna Letters as Zumur.
the Hamathite] The dwellers in Hamath, modem I;fama, the famous
ancient town to the extreme north of Canaan, on the Orontes, and the
capital of a small kingdom overthrown by Sargon. Cf. Num. xxxiv.
8; 2 Kings xviii. 34; Amos vi, 14.
and afterward] It has been conjectured that this clause followed
originally upon the mention of "Zidon his firstborn and Heth," ver. 15,
and that the intervening passage (vv. 16, 17, 18•) is a later addition.
The clause leads up to the description, in ver. 19, of the subsequent
boundaries of Canaan. The writer implies that the "families of the
Canaanite," who were driven out by the Israelites, were themselves not
the original inhabitants.
In favour of 16-18• being a gloss, note (1) the change from the proper
names, "Zidon" and "Heth," to the appellatives, "the Jebusite,"
"the Amorite," &c.: (2) the delimitation of "the Canaanite 'in v. 19
exclnding the Arkite, Sinite, Arvadite, Zemarite, and Hamathite, who
in vv. 16 and 17 are included in the" sons of Canaan,"
19. And the border of the Canaanite] This verse describes the geo-
graphical limits of the extension of the Canaanite peoples in a southerly
direction, with Zidon as the starting-point in the north. As the limit
on the south-west, we have "toward Gerar unto Gaza," and on the
south-east "toward Sodom and Gomorrah, &c. unto Lasha." This
would represent a triangle, having Zi<lon on the north, with Gaza and
Lasha on the south-west and south-east. The description is not free
from obscurity. "Toward Gerar unto Gaza" is hardly a natural
definition; since Gaza lies to the north of Gerar.
"Lasha," or, as we should read it," Lesha," was identified by Jerome
with "Calli1Thoe" on the east side of the Dead Sea; but, as the name
does not occur elsewhere, this is only a traditional conjecture. Kittel
(Biblia Hcbraica) identifies it with "Bela," or "Zoar" (xiv. 2) which
is mentioned together with the four "cities of the plain."
For "Lasha," Wellhausen conjectures "unto Laish" in the north-
east of Palestine, which would give a fourth geographical limit of the
Canaanite border, and alter the scheme of delimitation from a triangular
to a four-sided area of country.
20. These are the sons of Ham (P), &c.] Cf. ver. 31; and the note
on ver. 5.
The synonyms here given are characteristic of P's fondness for re-
dundancy and repetition.
 GENESIS X. 21-23 141

And unto Shem, the father of all the children of Eber, 21 J

1the elder brother of Japhethr to him also were children
born. I The sons of Shem ; Elam, and Asshur, and Arpach- 22 p
shad, and Lud, and Aram. And the sons of Aram; Uz, 23
1 Or, the brother of fapheth the elder
21-31. THE SoNS OF. SHEM (J and P).
21. And unto Shem, &c.] The brief account in this verse is from J.
the father ef all the child,·en of Eber] This is the point in the de-
scription of Shem which would seem most honourable to Israelite
readers. The names "Eber" and "Hebrew" are almost identical in
the Hebrew language. "Eber " was accepted as the ancestor of
the Hebrew-speaking peoples. In the widest. sense of the word,
'' Hebrews" are a group of Semitic peoples who issued from the
Arabian Peninsula. They are included among the descendants of
Joktan and Peleg, as well as ofTerah. For the ordinary derivation of
the word" Hebrew," ~=" the man from the further side" of the river,
see v. 24 and xiv. 13. The term "Hebrew" is racial, "Israelite"
national; though ultimately used as synonyms.
the elder brother ef Japheth] These words seem to be inserted, in
order to remind the reader that Shem, though here mentioned last,
was the eldest of Noah's sons. The rendering of R.V. marg., the
brother of Japheth the elder, is very improbable.
22. The sonsef Shem] This is the account by P, corresponding to the
previous mention of "the sons of Japheth," v. 2, and "the sons of
Ham,"v. 6.
Elam] The name of a people and a country east of the Tigris and
north of the Persian Gulf. The Elamites were at one time supreme in
Western Asia (see note on xiv. 1). They do not appear to have been a
Semitic race; but the place of Elam in this verse probably indicates the
easternmost people with which the descendants of Shem were brought
into contact.
Asshur] See note on v. 11. The Assyrians were the most powerful
of the Semitic peoples.
ArpachshaaJ This name used to be identified with 'Appa1rax'lns,
a mountainous region north of Assyria, but this does not explain the
two final syllables in which we naturally recognize Chesed, or the
Chasdim, viz.=the "Chaldeans," a people dwelling in the south of
Babylonia. Sayce explains the word to mean "the wall of Chesed,"
i.e. "the fortress-protected country of the Chaldeans." Cheyne
thinks that the name in this passage and elsewhere is an erroneous
fusion of two names, "Arpach" and "Chesed." (Z.A. T. W. 1897,
p. 190.)
Lud] Presumably the Lydians of Asia Minor, though it is difficult
to explain why they should be here associated with the "sons of
Shem."
Aram] The people inhabiting the whole .country north-east of
 GENESIS X. 23-25
P J 24 and Hui, and Gether, and Mash. I And Arpachshad 1 begat
25 Shelah; and Shelah begat Eber. And unto Eber were born
two sons: the name of the one was 2 Peleg; for in his days
was the earth divided; and his brother's name was Joktan.
1 The Sept. reads, befat Cainan, and Cainan begat She/ah,
That is, Division.
Palestine, the· northern region of the Euphrates Valley (Aram-
Naharaim) and the country of Syria proper (Aram-Dammesek).
The people denoted by Aram were destined to exercise a great
influence throughout Western Asia, The Aramaean language gradually
prevailed over the other Semitic dialects, and before the Christian era
it had displaced even the Hebrew language among the Jews. The
Aramaic tongue spoken by our Lord and the Apostles was like the
language in which portions of the books of Ezra and Daniel were
written.
23. the sons of Aram] These names convey nothing to us, though
presumably they possessed importance in the geography of the Hebrews.
Uz] The country of Job: see Job i. 1. Generally considered to have
been in the south of Palestine. The name occurs again in another
genealogy, xxii, 21, xxxvi. 28; cf. Jer. xxv. 20. In Lam. iv. 21, Uz is
associated with Edom. These references however do not suit "a son
of Aram."
Mash] In the parallel passage (1 Chron. i. 17)=Meshech.
24-30 (J). GENEALOGY OF SHEM,
A section from J, who speaks not of peoples, bnt of individuals of the
heroic age. See xi. 10-19 (P) for a duplicate mention of "Arpachshad,
... Peleg."
24. begat She/ah] R. V. marg. "The Sept. reads begat Cainan, and
Cainan begat She/ah." This addition is followed in Luke iii. 36.
Eberj See note on v. 21. Eber is evidently the most important
name in this genealogy. As the grandson of Arpachshad, his name
stands geographically in some kind of connexion with Elam, Asshur,
Arpachshad and Aram. Eber in the Hebrew means "on the other
side of." The ancestors of Israel are described as those who "dwelt
of old time beyond the River" (fber ha-n!Jhdr=" on the other side of
the Euphrates river"), See Josh. xxiv. 2.
211. Peleg] R.V. marg. Thatis,Division. Hisdescendants are not re-
corded. Inxi. 18-23 (P) Peleg is the father ofReu, the father ofSerug, the
father of Nahor. Eber's two sons, Peleg and Joktan, apparently repre-
sent the two divisions of Shemites, Peleg the northern or Mesopotamian,
Joktan the southern or Arabian.
was the earth divided] The reference is generally assumed to be to the
division, or dispersion, of the peoples at the tower of Babel, the words
being an anticipation of the story in xi. r-9. "The earth" will then
mean "the inhabitants of the earth," as in xi. r and xix. 3 1.
 GENESIS X. 26-29 143
And Joktan begat Almodad, and Sheleph, and Hazarma- 26 J
veth, and Jerah ; and Hador~m, and U zal, and Diklah ; 27
and 1 Obal, and Abimael, and Sheba; and Ophir, and 29 28

Havilah, and Jobab: all these were the sons of Joktan.

1 In I Chr. i. 22, Ebal.

Sayce, on the strength of pa!gu being Assyrian for "canal," would

conjecture "the division of the earth " to signify the introduction of
a system of canals into Babylonia during the reign of Hammurabi.
Perhaps, however, the name Peleg may indicate the historic "sever-
ance" of the northern Shemites from their southern brethren.
Joktan] The genealogy of Eber's elder son, Peleg, is here omitted,
evidently because the compiler is giving the descendants of Peleg in
xi. 18 from P; in which passage Joktan's name is not mentioned.
The thirteen sons of Joktan probably represent tribes in Arabia. The
division of the population into tribes, continually warring with each
other, has always been a feature of the Arabian Peninsula.
Dillmann suggests that one name has been interpolated; and that,
as in the case of Israel, the number of tribes was originally twelve.
Obal's name is omitted in some MSS. of LXX.
Most of their names have been, with more or less reason, identified
with places in Arabia, for details of which the student should consult
the dictionaries.
She!eph] The name of a tribe, or region, in the Yemen, or southern
Arabia.
26. Hazarmaveth] This name is very probably reproduced in the
district of S.E. Arabia called the Hadramaut.
27. Uzal] Mentioned in Ezek. ·xxvii. 19, cf. R. V. marg., as a place
from which iron was brought. Traditionally the old name of Sana the
chief town of Yemen.
28. Oba!] In I Chr. i. 22 Ebal, where LXX Cod. B omits. Here
several MSS. of the LXX omit the name.
Sheba] See also ver. 7: presumably the Sabeans of south-west Arabia
whose extant inscriptions shew that at one time they must have been
a prosperous and civilized community. For the Queen of Sheba, see
1 Kings x.
For its exports of frankincense cf. Isa. Ix. 6, Jer. vi. 20. Its mer-
chandise is mentioned in Job vi. 19, Ezek. xxvii. 22, Ps. lxxii. 10.
29. Ophir] Famous for its trade in the days of Solomon, 1 Kings ix.
28, x. 11, xxii. 48, and for its gold of especial purity. Cf. Job xxii. 24,
xxviii. 16 ; Ps. xiv. 9 ; Isa. xiii. 12. Its locality has been much dis-
puted ; it has been identified, at different times, with regions in India,
East Africa, and the south coast of Arabia. In the present context
it is evidently connected with Arabia.
Havilah] See ii. u and xxv. 18. Possibly a district in north-east
Arabia.
 144 GENESIS X. 30-32
J 30 And their dwelling was from Mesha, as thou goest toward
P 31 Sephar, the 1 mountain of the east. I These are the sons of
Shem, after their families, after their tongues, in their lands,
after their nations.
32 These are the families of the sons of Noah, after their
generations, in their nations : and of these were the nations
divided in the earth after the flood.
1 Or, hill country
30. Mesha] Dillmann conjectures "Massa" (xxv. 14), a north
Arabian tribe. This is not improbable, if this verse delimits the geogra-
phical borders of "the sous of Joktan."
Sephar] Probably the same as Daphar, a town on the south coast of
Arabia.
the mountain of the east] Better, as marg., the hill country. Probably
the famous frankincense mountain in south Arabia, with Daphar as
its furthest point,. was reputed the southern limit of "the sons of
Joktan."
31. These are, &c.] Cf. vv. 5, zo.
32. of these were the nations divided] Cf. v. 1, ix. 19. The word
rendered "divided" is different from that in ver. 25, but is the same
as that which is found in ver. 5. Looking back we can discern the
object of the compiler in demonstrating ( 1) the unity of the race through
Noah; (2) the origin of the peoples through his sons; (3) the origin of
Israel through Shem and Eber.

CH. XI. 1-9. THE STORY OF THE TOWER OF BABEL. (J.)

The story of the Tower of Babel, contained in this short passage,
preserves the recollection of a strange Israelite piece of folk-lore. No
trace of this narrative has with any certainty, up to the present time,
been discovered in the cuneiform inscriptions. Nor is this altogether
surprising. The story connects the famous capital of Babylonia (Babel
=Babylon) with an enterprise which is described as so colossal in its in•
solent impiety as to necessitate the personal interposition of the Almighty,
Jehovah Himself. The success of the enterprise is frustrated by the
simple exercise of the Divine Will; and the result is that the human
race, which before had possessed one language, became in an instant
subdivided into different communities by diversity of speech. The
strangeness and the simplicity of the story inevitably seize upon the
imagination. That it is devoid of any foundation in history or science
hardly requires to be stated. So far as concerns the diversity of
languages, science shews no tendrncy to favour the hypothesis, either of
Babylonia having been the point of dispersion for the languages of the
world, or, indeed, of the languages of the world having had any single
common origin. Even the hopeful attempt in the 19th century to
 GENESIS XI. 145
And the whole earth was of one 1 language and of one 11 J
1 Heh. lip.

reduce the languages of the world to three great families, or groups of

dialects, each characterized by distinctive features of word formation
and grammar, has in recent years been abandoned. The recognition of
the existence of a far larger number of independent languages than before
was supposed possible has shewn that the problem is one of immense
complexity. We are led to suspect that the mystery of the origin of
distinct languages belongs to the dim obscurity of the infancy of the
human race, an infinitely remote and prehistoric age.
With this conclusion the account in the Book of Genesis stands in
some measure of agreement. The story of the Tower of Babel is
suddenly interposed between the genealogies which lead up to the birth
of Abram. Though it supplies a theory which would account for
the dispersion of the peoples of the world, it is evident that the
Hebrews themselves did not regard the story as satisfying the problem.
The tenth chapter of Genesis had already recorded the standard Hebrew
tradition. It attributed the peopling of the world and the diversity of
languages (vv. 5, 20, 31) to the dispersion of the descendants of the
three sons of Noah. This was the· working hypothesis, if we may so
call it, of Israelite tradition in explaining the origin of the races. The
present story by the suddenness of its introduction, the vagueness of its
details, and the abruptness with which it breaks off, as well as by its
startling anthropomorphic featmes, reminds us of the parenthesis in
vi. 1-4. It reads like a fragment of an independent primitive tra-
dition. It possessed an interest which justified its preservation, even
though its details were hardly reconcilable with the narratives in ix.
and x. It preserved a legend which ( 1) accounted for the diversity
of race by the diversity of language; (1) attributed the diversity of
language, with its attendant train of evils (misunderstanding, discord,
hostility, and war), to the punishment or curse inflicted upon an impious
race by a Divine decree; (3) associated with Babylon, the most ancient
centre of civilization and town-life, the insolent impiety of a generation
that sought to scale Heaven; (4) recorded the impression produced on
the minds of the early Hebrews by the sight of the towers, Ziggurats,
or temples which rose in many towns of Assyria and Babylonia to an
immense height, and of which the meaning was unknown to nomad
tribesmen or to wayfaring foreigners.
1. the whole earth] i.e. the inhabitants of the whole earth, as in
x. 25.
one language ... one speech] An expressive phrase, denoting that the
generations of primitive man, being of one stock, continued to speak
one commtm language. The Jewish tradition, which was followed by
Christian tradition, as represented by Patristic, med/ae_v:11, and many
modern writers, assumed that Hebrew was the pnm1ttve l~nguage.
This, however, was an assumption resting on .no more satisfactory
GENESIS 10
 GENESIS XI. 2-4

J 2 'speech. And it came to pass, as they journeyed 'east, that

they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt
3 there. And they said one to another, Go to, let us make
brick, and burn them throughly. And they had brick for
4 stone, and 3 slime had they for mortar. And they said, Go
to, let us build us a city, and a tower, whose top may reach
l Heb. words. 2 Or, in tlte east 3 That is, bitumen.
foundation than ( 1) the proper names of the early Genesis narratives,
and (2) the supposition that the language of the Chosen People was
sacred and therefore aboriginal. The whole theory has been disproved
by the scientific comparative study of languages, and of Hebrew and
the cognate Semitic languages in particular.
2. as they journeyeaJ We are not told who are here spoken of, nor
whence they come. This is an indication that this passage (1-9) is
derived from an independent tradition distinct from the thread of the
foregoing narrative. Like iv. 17-24, and vi. 1-4, it is probably a
fragment of tradition which had no knowledge of the story of the Flood,
or of the dispersion of the peoples through the sons of Noah.
journeyed] A word denoting the progress of nomads from one place of
encampment to another.
east] Better, as marg., in the east. The Hebrew word means literally
"from the east," as also LXX diro dvaro:>.wv, and Lat. de oriente, and
here probably signifies "in the east," i.e. on the east side from the
writer's point of view. Some translate "eastward," as in xiii. 11,
where Lot, on leaving Abram, is described as journeying "east-
ward." But, as we do not know who are referred to, or where they
started from, the uncertainty as to the rendering remains.
a plain in the land ef Shinar] For Shinar, probably denoting the
ancient Babylonia, "Sumer and Akkad," see x. 10. The word "plain"
(bi,r'ah) means the wide open expanse of a river valley. Here it
is used of the Euphrates Valley. The expression, "found a plain in
the land of Shinar," does not suggest close knowledge of Babylonia;
but rather the general terms of popular and defective information
respecting a distant country. Babylonia is one vast plain. _
3. brick .for stone, &c.] For a description of building with bricks
held together with bitumen in Babylonia, see Herodotus, I. 179. The
writer here is evidently more familiar with building in stone and mortar
than in brick and bitumen: another indication that the story is Israelite
in origin.
slime] That is, bitumen, LXX 11.tr<f>ahos, Lat. bitumen. The
Hebrew word ~!mar is found here and in xiv. 10, Ex. ii. 3. The
word for bitumen or pitch used in vi. 14 (kopher) resembles the
Assyrian ; and the fact that it is not used here tells for the Israelite
character of the story.
4, a ci'!, and a towerl The story seems to suggest that in the
 GENESIS XI. 4, 5 147
unto heaven, and let us make us a name; lest we be scattered J
abroad upon the face of the whole earth. And the LORD s
came down to see the city and the tower, which the children

abandonment of tent for city life these primitive people were disobeying
the Divine command.
whose top may reach unto heaven] Lit. "its top in heaven."
Probably the words are intended quite literally to suggest the en-
deavour to "reach unto" Heaven, which was regarded as a solid vault,
As the highest stage in an Assyrian or Babylonian pyramid, Ziggurat,
was surmounted by a shrine of the deity, there is perhaps more mean-
ing and less fancifulness in these words than has often been suspected,
It is natural to compare the later Greek legend of the giants who
sought to scale Olympus and to dethrone Zeus. But there is no indication
of warlike defiance.
The famous tower at Borsippa, on the left bank of the Euphrates,
whose ruins now go by the name of Birs Nimrud, was a temple dedi-
cated to Bel-Nebo, and rose in seven tiers or stages, representing ·the
seven planets. This building, having fallen into ruins, was restored by
Nebuchadnezzar. A similar building, E-sagil, dedicated to Bel
Merodach, the patron god of the city, must have been one of the
most enormous structures of ancient Babylon. The fame of temple
towers or pyramids, Ziggurats, of this description was doubtless widely
current throughout Western Asia, and may have given rise to strange
legends concerning their erection in primitive times.
let us make us a name] i. e. make ourselves renowned. Cf. Isa. !xiii. 12,
"to make himself an everlasting name " ; 2 Sam. vii. 23, " to make
him a name." For the Heb. shim== "name " in the sense of" renown,"
cf. vi. 4, "the men of renown"; lsai. Iv. 13, "it shall be to the LORD
for a name." Some scholars prefer to render shim by "monu-
ment," or "memorial," as possibly in 2 Sam. viii. 13. Old Jewish
commentators thought it might refer to Shem, or even to the sacred
Name of the Almighty!
lest we be scattered abroad] The tower was to be visible to the
whole world, and make its builders famous for ever. The tower and
the city would be a conspicuous place for purposes of concentration
and defence. It was apparently (see v. 6) the LORD'S Will that the
people should scatter over the world. The people resolved upon a
project which would frustrate the Divine purpose, gratify their own
ambition, and protect them as far as possible against punishment.
Distance and isolation meant danger.
Ii. And the LORD came down to see] Not a figurative, poetical,
expression, as in lsai. !xiv. r, but a strong and na1ve anthropomorphism.
The early religious traditions of Israel represent the Almighty in terms
which to our minds appear almost profane, but which in the infancy of
religious thought presented ideas of the Deity in the simplest and. most
vivid manner. Here, as in xviii. 2 r, God is described as descend mg to
10-2
 GENESIS XI. 5-9

J 6 of men builded. And the LORD said, Behold, they are one
people, and they have all one language; and this is what
they begin to do: and now nothing will be withholden from
7 them, which they purpose to do. Go to, let us go down,
and there confound their language, that they may not under-
8 stand one another's speech. So the LORD scattered them
abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth : and
9 they left off to build the city. Therefore was the name of
it called Babel; because the LORD did there 1 confound the
1 Heb. bala!, to confound.

the earth, in order to see what was not wholly visible to Him in the
heavens.
6. And the LORD said] The account, in this and the following verse,
is evidently condensed. In v. 5 Jehovah is represented as coming
down on earth, in order to see more closely, and on the spot to form a
hetter judgement. This He has done; He has returned to heaven, and
now, in v. 6, announces what He has seen. In v. 7. He proposes to
descend a second time and inflict punishment.
one peop!e ... one language] This is evidently contrary to the intention
of the Deity who desires the whole earth to be populated.
nothing will be withho!den j,·om them] i. e. they will be baulked in no
enterprise. If they mount up to heaven, their arrogance will make
them endeavour to rival God Himself. It is the same kind of appre-
hension as in iii. 22.
7. Go to, let us go down] For I st pers. plur. see notes on i. 26, iii. 5,
22. Jehovah is represented probably as enthroned above the heaven,
and either as addressing the powers of heaven, "the sons of Elohim,"
who attend Him and minister to Him (cf. Job i. 6), or as announcing
His purpose in the deliberative rst pers. plur.
8. scattered them abroad] The general result is stated; the means
by which the sentence was carried out are not related. Josephus records
a tradition that the Tower was overthrown by a mighty wind.
9. Therefore was the name ef it called Babel] Babel is the regular
Hebrew form of the name Babylon, see x. 10. The etymology here
given is popular; cf. xvi. 14, xix. 22 (J). Like most popular etymo-
logies, it rests on a resemblance of sound, and has no claim to scientific
accuracy. "Babel" is not a Hebrew name from ba!a/ = " to confound " ;
but very probably an Assyrian name meaning thi: "Gate of God,"
Bab-ilu.
confound] Heb. balal=" to confound," the same word as in v. 7.
To the Hebrew the sound of the name Babel suggested "confusion."
"Babel" is regarded as a contraction from a form Ba/Ml (which
does not exist in Hebrew, but occurs in Aramaic)=" Confusion": so
LXX ~6-yxvo-,s. This derivation, so derogatory to the great Babylonian
 GENESIS XI. 9-13 149
language of all the earth : and from thence did the LORD J
scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth.
These are the generations of Shem. Shem was an 10 P
hundred years old, and begat Arpachshad two years after
the flood: and Shem lived after he begat Arpachshad five II
hundred years, and begat sons and daughters.
And Arpachshad lived five and thirty years, and begat I z
Shelah: and Arpachshad lived after he begat Shelah four 13
hundred and three years, and begat sons and daughters.
capital, could hardly have been drawn from any Babylonian source.
The story (if, as in vv. 2, 3, 4, it shews acquaintance with Babylonia)
has clearly come down to us through a channel which regarded Babylon
as a foreigner and a foe.

10-26. THE GENEALOGY OF THE PATRIARCHS FROM SHEM

. TO ABRAM. (P.)

This genealogical table is taken:from P. It resembles the table in

chap. v. ( 1) in the manner of the enumeration of years, (a) at the birth
of the firstborn, (b) at the patriarch's death: (2) in the general length
of the list, nine (or, including Cainan, ten) generations: (3) in the
last name, Terah, being represented, like Noah, as the father of three
sons.
The gradual diminution in the duration of life from Shem (600
years) and Arpachshad (438 years) to Nahor (148 years) should be
noticed. See Special Note on the Longevity of the Patriarchs, p. 91 f.
The period from the Flood to the birth of Abram covers 290 years.
In LXX the period is given as 1070, in the Samaritan text as 940.
See Note on the Genealogy of Shem, p. 154.
. The names Arpachshad, Shelah, Eber, and Peleg coincide with those
IU X, 22, 24, 25 (J),
10. Tkese are tke generations] The heading of a new section in P :
see ii. 4•.
Arpackshad] See note on x. 22, where Arpachshad is the third son
of Shem. Possibly Babylonia, or a locality in it, was regarded as the
primitive home of Abram's ancestors,
after Ike .flood] Shem (see v. 32 and vii. 6) was a hundred years old
when the Flood began.
11. five kundredyears] According to this chronology Shem would
have outlived Abram. ·
12. Skelak] LXX inserts "Cainan" before "Shelah"; and states
that "Cainan lived 130 years, and begat Shelah, and lived after he
begat Shelah 330 years."
The additional name of Cainan equalizes the list of names with that
 GENESIS XI. 14-26
P 1
15
•And Shelah lived thirty years, and begat Eber: and
Shelah lived after he begat Eber four hundred and three
years, and begat sons and daughters.
16 And Eber lived four and thirty years, and begat Peleg:
17 and Eber lived after he begat Peleg four hundred and thirty
years, and begat sons and daughters.
': And Peleg lived thirty years, and begat Reu : and Peleg
' lived after he begat Reu two hundred and nine years, and
begat sons and daughters.
20 And Reu lived two and thirty years, and begat Serug:
21 and Reu lived after he begat Serug two hundred and seven
years, and begat sons and daughters.
:; And Serug lived thirty years, and begat Nabor: and
Serug lived after he begat Nabor two hundred years, and
begat sons and daughters.
24 And Nabor lived nine and twenty years, and begat
25 Terah: and Nabor lived after he begat Terah an hundred
and nineteen years, and begat sons and daughters.
26 And Terah lived seventy years, and begat Abram, Nabor,
and Haran.
in chap. v. But it is also omitted in the parallel list of I Chron. i. 24,
And it is suspicious that the figures are the same as those of Shelah
(in the LXX).
14. Eber] See note on x. 24. Here, as in that r,assage, the context
suggests that a name meaning " the other side ' or " across," is
most naturally applicable to a country on the east side of the river
Euphrates.
16. Peleg] See note on x. 25.
The geographer Kiepert compares a place cftaX1;,&. at the junction of
the tributary I;Iabor with the river Euphrates.
19. Reu] Whether this is the name of a place or a tribe seems
quite uncertain. Observe the sudden decline in the length of Peleg's
life, and in that of his descendants, as compared with his pre-
decessors. In the approach to historic times the figures become more
normal.
20. Serug] The name of a town and region near Haran in Mesopo-
tamia in the land of the upper Euphrates.
22. Nahor] The name here of Abram's grandfather, as also, in
v. 26, of Abram's brother (cf. xxii. 20, Jos. xxiv. 2). Very similar
personal names are found in early Assyrian business documents.
24. Terah] The father of Abram. The nanie has not yet been
clearly identified with any locality, or tribe.
26, seventy years] The birth of Terah's firstborn is postponed for
 GENESIS XI. 27-29
Now these are the generations of Terah. Terah begat 27 P
Abram, Nahor1 and Haran; and Haran begat Lot. I And 28 J
Haran died in the presence of his father Terah in the land
of his nativity, in Ur of the Chaldees. And Abram and 29
a period twice as long as in the case of the other patriarchs since
Shem. Shem was 100 years old when he begat Arpachshad (v. 10).
This greater duration of time is connected with the features of faith and
discipline attaching to the careers of the greater personages in the
Israelite ancestry.
Abram] According to the Hebrew tradition, the name means
"the father (ab) is exalted (ram)." It might also mean "Ram
( = Ramman) is father.'' Compare, in the one case, J ehoram ( = J ah
is exalted); in the other, Abijah (=Jah is father), See note on xvii. 5,
Nakor] See on v, 22.
Haran] This name has by some scholars been derived from the
Heb. !tar=" a mountain," and explained as meaning "Highlanders."
" Beth-haran" is the name of a town built by the " children of Gad "
(Num. xxxii. 36) and mentioned along with" Beth-Nimrah.'' Possibly,
therefore, Haran was also the name of a local deity,

27-32, THE SONS OF TERAH, (J and P.)

27. Now these are, &c.] The st<1ry of Abram commences here
with the heading of a section from P, Cf. xxv. 19, "And these are
the generations of Isaac."
Haran begat Lot] Lot the nephew of Abram, and the traditional
ancestor of the peoples east of the Dead Sea. It is natural to suppose
that the name has some affinity with that of "Lotan," a Horite family
or tribe (xxxvi. 20, 29).
28. This and the following verse are taken from J, and commence
the personal history of the patriarch.
Haran died] This may indicate a tradition that the hill people, or
families whoJ' oined the main body of the Terahites, lost their separate
existence an became completely merged in the house of Terah.
The grave of Haran was shewn in the days of Josephus (Ant.
I, 151),
in tke presence of his father] i.e. while his father Terah was still
alive.
in the land ef his nativity] To these words is appended the ex-
planation, "in Ur of the Chaldees," very possibly added as a gloss
by a later hand, as in xv. 7. Abram in xxiv. 4, 7, 10 refers to Haran,
or A ram naharaim, as the land of his nativity; and that region is
generally treated as the home of the ancestors of the Israelites •. ~t
is clear, however, that, beside the tradition which ascribed the ongm
of Israel to Mesopotamia, there was also another which derived them
,ultimately from S. Babylonia. See v. 3J.
 GENESIS XI. 29-31
J Nabor took them wives : the name of Abram's wife was
Sarai; and the name of Nahor's wife, Milcah, the daughter
of Haran, the father of Milcah, and the father of Iscah.
P 3°
31
And Sarai was barren; she had no child. I And Terah took
Abram his son, and Lot the son of Haran, his son's son,
and Sarai his daughter in law, his son Abram's wife; and
they went forth with them from Ur of the Chaldees, to go

29. Sarai] Abram's wife was, according to xx. 12, his half-sister,
i.e. a daughter of Terah by another wife. Milcah, Nahor's wife, is
Nah01's niece. Whether in these marriages we have to deal with the
~tual details of relationship permitted in nomadic life, or whether we
4ave presented to us,. under the imagery of matrimony, the fusion of
families or tribes in the main community, is a question which we are
not able through lack of evidence to answer. The blending of personal
and tribal history produces a result, in which it is impossible to be sure
of disentangling the separate elements.
. " Sarai " is believed to be an archaic form of" Sarah"-=" princess" :
cf. xvii. 15. .
The fact that Sarratu (-= '' princess ") was a title of the moon -goddess,
consort of Sin, and Malkatu (="queen"), a title of Islar, among the
deities worshipped in·Harran, raises questions with regard to the origin
of the Hebrew proper names, Sarah and Milcah.
For Milcah cf. xxii. 20, 23; xxiv. 15, 24, 47. "lscah," otherwise
unknown: by some identified wiih Sarai; by others as Lot's wife.

81, 32. THE MIGRATION OF TERAH TO HARAN, AND HIS

DEATH. (P.)

31. tkey went fartk witk tkem] The words, as they stand, are
meaningless. The Syriac reads "and he went forth with them."
Better as LXX, Sam. and Lat. "and he brought them forth," which
only requires the omission of one letter. Another conjectural emenda-
tion is "and they went forth with him,"
No reason for the migration is here assigned. Later tradition
attributed it to religious causes. Cf. Judith v. 6-9, "This people
are descended of the Chaldeans. And they departed from the way of
their parents, and worshipped the God of heaven, the God whom they
knew : and they cast them out from the face of their gods, and they fled
into Mesopotamia, and sojourned there many days. And their God
commanded them to depart from the place where they sojourned."
Uref tke Ckaldees] Heh. Ur Kasdim. "Ur" is the Uru of the
inscriptions denoting a town and region. The town is generally
believed to have been discovered in the mounds of the modern
 GENESIS XI. 31, 32 153
into the land of Canaan; and they came unto Haran, and P
dwelt there. And the days of Terah were two hundred and 32
five years : and Terah died in Haran.

El-Mu!,ayyar in S. Babylonia, on the right bank of the Euphrates, more

than roo miles S. E. of Babylon. It was the principal seat of the worship
of the moon-god, Sin, in S. Babylonia:. Its position enhanced its import-
ance in early times. It stood on the main route between Arabia and
Syria; and the river Euphrates in those days must have flowed close to its
walls. '' Kasdim "= '' of the Chaldees," has been added (evidently
for purposes of distinction from other similar names), here and in v. 28,
xv. 7; Neh. ix. 7; Judith v. 6. The Chaldeans, who dwelt in the
south of Babylonia, became predominant in the 7th century B.c.; ·but
their name does not appear in the inscriptions until long after the time
of Abram.
'Or being the Hebrew word for "light," the rendering " in the fire
of the Chaldees" (Jerome, Quaest., ad toe., in igne Ckaldaeorum) gave
rise to fantastic legends, which related how Haran perished in, and
how Abram was ordered by Nimrod to be cast into, the furnace.
Haran] LXX Xo.f,f,d.v, Gr. Kd.t,;,o.,, Lat. Carrkae, where Crassus
fell in battle with the Parthians, The name of a town distant 550 miles
N., or N.W. from Ur; and one of the principal towns in Mesopotamia,
situate on the left· bank of the river Belikk, 70 miles N. from its
confluence with the Euphrates on its eastern bank. The name is spelt
differently from the Haran of vv. 26 and 27. It would be better to
pronounce it '' l;larran," like the Assyrian Qarranu, meaning '' a
road." The-name implies its strategical importance as the converging
point of the commercial routes from Babylon in the south, Nineveh in
the east, and Damascus in the west.
l;larran, like Ur, was a centre of the worship of the moon-god, Sin.
The two traditions, which derive Abram from Ur and from Haran,
unite in connecting his home with a shrine of the moon-god, the one in
Babylonia, the other in Mesopotamia.
The journey to Canaan from Ur would describe, by the ordinary
caravan route, a great curve passing through Babylon N. W. to
l;larran; thence 60 miles westward to Carchemish on the Euphrates;
from Carchemish S. W. to Damascus, and from Damascus south info
the land of Canaan, This curve is necessitated by the great desert
which separates the river system of the Tigris and Euphrates from the
hill country to the east of the Dead Sea and the Jordan.
32. two kundred and five years] For this figure the Samaritan
version gives 145, obviously in order to make the year of Ab~~m•s
departure from Haran (when Abram was 75 years old; see xu. 4)
coincide with the year of Terah's death, since Abram was born (v. ·26)
in Terah's 70th year, It is this tradition which is followed by Stephen,
Acts vii. 4,
 154 GENESIS XI.

NOTE ON THE GENEALOGY OF SHEM

Book of
Massoretic Text Samaritan Text Septuagint Text Jubilees
------ ---
Name C
0
en .
"
<la
'E0
C
0

"' t 'E
<la
0
d
0
en ."
<la
ai
'o 1st Son
'el < E-<
~
M < E-< 'el < E-<
--· - - -- -- -- --- - - -- ---
1. Shem ............ IOO 500 6oo 100 500 6oo IOO 500 600 102!
2. Arpachshad ... 35 4°3 438 135 3o3 438 135 430 565 66!
(Cainan] ......... ... ... ... ... ... ... I30 33° 46o 57
3· Shelah ......... 30 4°3 433 I30 303 433 I30 33° 46o 71
4• Eber 34 430 464 134 270 404 '34 37° 5°4 64
5. Peleg ............ 30 209 239 130 109 239 130 209 339 6x
(L. 134)
6. Reu ............... 32 207 239 132 107 239 132 207 339 59
7• Serug ............ 30 200 230 130 100 230 130 200 33° 57
8. Nabor ............ 29 u9 148 79 69 148 19 129 208 62
(L. 125)
9. Terah ........... 70 135 205 70 75 145 70 ,35 205 70
-- -- --- ---
390 1040 n70 66g
(L. u74)
-- -- --- ·---
From Flood to }
Birth of Abram 290 940 1070 567

In this Table it is possible to follow the different chronologies of the

Massoretic, Samaritan, and Septuagint Text (L= Lucian).
(a) The Samaritan Text (except in the case of Shem, Nahor, and
Terah) adds 100 years to the ages at the birth of the firstborn: in the
case of Nahor, it adds 50.
The Septuagint Text does the same.
(b) The Samaritan Text (except in the case of Shem, Eber, Nabor,
and Terah) deducts 100 years from the ages subsequent to the birth of
the firstborn; in the case of Eber it deducts 160 years; in the case of
N ahor it deducts 50 years; in the case of Terah it deducts 60 years.
The Septuagint Text adds in the case of Arpachshad 27 years ; and
of Nahor 10 years; and deducts in the case of Shelah 73 years, and of
Eber 60 years.
(c) In chap. xi. only nine generations are recorded, as against ten
in chap. v. The Septuagint, by inserting Cainan, secures the number
ten.
(d) It will be noticed that the ages of the Shemite Patriarchs become
greatly diminished in duration after Eber.
(e) The difficulty, occasioned by xi. 32 (Terah's death in Haran
 GENESIS XII. 1-3 1 55

Now the LORD said unto Abram, Get thee out of thy 12 J
country, and from thy kindred,, and from thy father's house,
unto the land that I will shew thee : and I will make of 2
thee a great nation, and I will bless thee, and make thy
name great; and be thou a blessing: and I will bless them 3
at the age of 205), and by xii. 4 (Abram's departure from Haran at the
age of 75, when Terah was 145 years old (cf. xi. 26)), is obviated in the
Samaritan Text, according to which Terah died at the age of r45,
the year of Abram's departure.

CH. XII. 1-9. 1-4• (J); 4b, 5 (P). THE FIRST PROMISE: AND
THE MIGRATION OF ABRAM INTO CANAAN.
This passage is from J, with the exception of 4 b and 5 (P).
1. Now tke LORD said] Lit. "and Jehovah said." The narrative
opens with characteristic simplicity, and with the abruptness possibly
indicating its selection from a group of similar traditions.
tke LORD said] Here, as elsewhere, we must not suppose that "the
word of Jehovah" was accompanied either by any external manifesta-
tion, or by an audible sound. God in old times '' hath spoken unto the
fathers" even as He speaks now to those who hear His voice, "in divers
manners" (Heb. i. r).
out oftky country ... kindred .. fat!ter's !touse] See xxiv. 7. The three•
fold tie of land, people, and home, is to be severed. Abram is to lay
the foundations of the Chosen People independently of any obligation
or favour due to local environment or personal association. He is
to rely only on his God. Thus the first trial of the patriarch's faith
requires him, (a) to renounce the certainties of the past: (b) to face
the uncertainties of the future: (c) to look for and to follow the direc-
tion of Jehovah's will. Cf. Heb. xi. 8, "hy faith Abraham, when he
was called, obeyed to go out ... and he went out, not knowing whither
he went."
tke land tkat I will skew tkee] The country is not designated by
name : an additional test of faith.
2. The promise, (r) of national greatness, (2) of persdhal privilege,
embraces a double relation, to the world and to the individual.
a great nation] This thought stands in the forefront. The personal
aspect of the promise made to Abram is from the first merged in the
thought of its historic influence throughout the ages.
I will bless t!tee] The experience of happiness in the personal re-
lation to Jehovah is to be the pledge of the ultimate fulfilment of
blessing to the world. .
. make t!ty name great] Contrast xi. 4. The blessing of. Abram, m
its spiritual influence upon the world, will be of more endurmg renown
than any of the material forces of the world. . .
be tkou a blessing] i.e. one who impersonates .true fehc1ty; cf. Zech,
 GENESIS XII. 3, 4

J that bless thee, and him that curseth thee will I curse: and
4 in thee shall all the families of the earth be blessed. So
Abram went, as the LORD had spoken unto him; and Lot
p went with him : I and Abram was seventy and five years old
viii. 13. Not a source, but a type, of blessing, to be pronounced upon
others. The imperative expresses a consequence which is intended
(Gesenius, Heb. Gr.§ uo. 1)="so that thou shalt be a blessing."
By a slight alteration of the pointing, Giesebrecht reads "and it (the
name) shall be a blessing." For the "curse" of the primaeval age
(iii. 13, iv. II, v. 29, ix. 25 (J)) is substituted the "blessing" of the
Chosen Family.
3. and I will bless, &c.] The blessing which Abram receives from
God is to be a source of good to his friends and of evil to his foes.
Observe the delicacy with which the recipients of the blessing are
expressed in the plural; but of the curse in the singular (" him that
curseth will I curse"). It is assumed that his friends are numerous and
his foes few.
curse] Cf. xxvii. 29, "Cursed be every one that curseth thee." ;
in thee shall all the .families o.f the earth, &c.] These words can be
understood in two ways, according as the verb is rend~red (a) passively,
(b) reflexively. (a) "On account of thee the whole world shall be
blessed." In Abram is impersonated a blessing that shall become uni-
veISal. The directly Messianic application of this rendering is obvious.
(b) " In thy name all the families of the earth will find the true formula
· of benediction." The blessing of Abram shall pass into a universal
proverb. All will regard it as the best object of human wishes to
participate in the happiness of Abram. The rendering would then be,
"shall bless themselves." Cf. xlviii. 20. This rendering is probably
supported by xxii. 18, xxvi. 4; Ps. lxxii. 17. Like the alternative
rendering, it admits of a Messianic application in the universal recog-
nition of the place of Abram in the Divine scheme of Redemption.
In this passage, the thought which was faintly foreshadowed in the
prediction of (1) the conflict between man and the power of evil in iii. 15,
and of (2) the privilege of the family of Shem in ix. 26, becomes more
definite in (3) the selection of the patria1chal family as the channel of
universal bld!ing.
4b (P). and Abram was seventy and jive years old] Comparing
this statement with xi. 26, we gather Abram left Haran when Terah
was 145 years old. In xi. 32, Terah lived to an age of 205. If so
he lived for 6o years after Abram's departure. We should, however:
naturally infer both from this verse, and from xi. 32, that Terah died
before Abram left Haran. We must conclude, either, that the text of
the figures in xi. 32 is erroneous, and should be 145; or, that Abram
was born 60 years after Nahor and Haran (xi. 26); or, that divergent
strata of tradition have been incorporated in the narrative.
The connexion of the ancestry of Israel with the Aramaeans is else-
where indicated in chap. xxiv., xxviii. 1-xxxii. 2, and Deut. xxvi. 6•
 GENESIS XII. 4---0 157
when he departed out of Haran. And Abram took Sarai s P
his wife, and Lot his brother's son, and all their substance
that they had gathered, and the souls that they had gotten
in Haran; and they went forth to go into the land of
Canaan; and into the land of Canaan they came. I And 6 J
Abram passed through the land unto the place of Shechem,
unto the 1 oak of Moreb. And the Canaanite was then in the
1 Or, terebintk
Ii. substance] or goods. A characteristic word ,n P (cf. xiii. 6,
xxxi. 18, xxxvi. 7, xlvi. 6). _
souls] i.e. the slaves and retainers. The movement of Abram out of
Haran was evidently on the scale of a large migration, such as was not
infrequent among the nomad peoples of Western Asia.
into tke land of Canaan] The journey from Haran to Canaan would
entail ( 1) the crossing of the river Euphrates, (i) the traversing of Hamath
and Syria, (3) the entrance into N. Palestine. On an ancient tradition
that, on the way, Abram conquered Damascus, see Josephus who quotes
Nicolaus of Damascus: "Abraham reigned in Damascus, having come
with an army from the country beyond Babylon, called the land of the
Chaldaeans. ''
6. tke place of Shechem] The word "place" is here probably nsed
in the special sense of "sacred place" or "shrine," as also possibly in
xxii. 4, xxviii. 11 and 16; Josh. v. 15; Jer. vii. 11. It does not mean
the "site" of what was afterwards known as Shechem.
Shechem (modern Nab/us), one of the most ancient and important
towns in the central hill country of Palestine, at the foot of Mt Gerizim,
in a fair and fertile valley on the road leading northward from Bethel.
For other passages in which Shechem plays an important part, cf. xxxiv.;
Jud. ix.; 1 Kings xii. 15. On the meaning of Shechem=a "shoulder"
or "ridge," see note on xlviii. 11.
unto the oak of Morek] Better, as marg., terebintk. The terebinth,
or turpentine tree, is said at a distance to resemble the oak, but
botanically it is of a different species; it does not grow in clumps. It
is found in the S. and E. of Palestine in warm and sheltered spots;
it often attains very considerable dimensions.
Moreh] Cf. Deut.xi. 30; Jud. vii. 1. InallprobabilityMorehisnot
a proper name, but the participle of the verb meaning to " teach" or
"instruct," whence comes also the substantive Torak, "law" or
"instruction." Probably we have here an example of one of the
sacred trees under which, in primitive times, a priest, or seer, gave
oracles and returned answers to devout questioners. If so, this
terebinth may have been the famous tree mentioned elsewhere in c~n-
nexion with Shechem: cf. xxxv. 4, Josh. xxiv, 16, and perhaps )ud. ix.
37. "The terebinth of Moreh" will then mean "The terebmth of
the oracle, or of the soothsayer."
. And the Canaanite was tken in tke land] i.e. long before the conquest
 GENESIS XII. 6-9

J 7 land. And the LORD appeared unto Abram, and said,

Unto thy seed will I give this land: and there builded he
8 an altar unto the LORD, who appeared unto him. And he
removed from thence unto the mountain on the east of
Beth-el, and pitched his tent, having Beth-el on the west,
and Ai on the east: and there he builded an altar unto the
9 LORD, and called upon the name of the LORD. And Abram
journeyed, going on still toward the 1 South.
1 Heb. Negeb, the southern tract of Judah.
of Palestine. This clause reminds the reader, that the land promised to
the seed of Abram was "then" in the possession of the Canaanites.
It was not to be taken by merely encamping in it. Perhaps, also, the
clause refers to the sacred tree, Abram recognized the sanctity
of the spot in the old religious customs of the Canaanites ; and here
Jehovah manifested Himself. As the Canaanite was to yield to Israel,
so the Canaanite religion was to make way for a higher Revelation.
The reverence and awe of the unseen Deity were not to be banished,
but to be purified and elevated for a higher worship.
T. And the LORD appeared] The first mention of a Theophany in the
patriarchal narrative. What form it took, and in what way it was
connected with the "sacred tree" or the altar, is not related.
Unto thy seed will I give this land] The continuance of the Divine
promise. In vv. 2 and 3 we had the blessing of the people and the
patriarch, in general terms. In this verse, immediately after the mention
of the Canaanite occupation, possession of "this land" is promised to
the descendants of Abram. This verse lays the foundation of the im-
perishable devotion of "the seed of Abram" to the Land of Promise.
bui!ded he an altar] Cf. viii. 20. The building of an altar which
implies the rite of sacrifice is mentioned in connexion with the promises
and appearances of God, cf. 8, xiii. 18, xxxiii. 20, xxxv. 1, 7.
Sacrifice was the expression of the patriarch's dependence on, com-
munion with, and devotion to, Jehovah.
8. Beth-et on the west, and Ai on the east] For Bethel, see note on
xxviii. 12. For Ai, see Josh. vii. 2-5. The situation of Abram's tent
between Bethel and Ai must have commanded a view of the valley of
the Jordan and of the Dead Sea, with the mountains of Moab.
"Beth-el," or " House of God," was probably also an ancient
shrine, the modern Bettn, 9½ miles N. of Jerusalem.
on the west] The Heb. word for "the west" means literally
"the sea," i.e. the Mediterranean Sea. Such an expression for a point
of the compass could only have been used by a people who had long
been resident in the country.
called upon the name] See note on iv. 26, i.e. he worshipped, using
in his invocation the name "Jehovah," The Name is the symbol of the
Divine attributes.
9. tU".vard the South] Heb. Negeb, the southern tract of Judah,
 GENESIS XII. 10 159
And there was a famine in the land: and Abram went 10 J
Negeb means "the dry land," "the'land of thin soil." It was applied
especially to the country in the southernmost region of Canaan, de-
scribed in Josh. xv. '2I-3'2, and spoken of in Num. xiii. 17, '2'2, '26.
The Israelite, dwelling in Palestine, was accustomed to speak of the
south as the " negeb" quarter, just as he spoke of the west as the
"sea" quarter, of the compass. The R.V. prints the word "South"
with a capital, when it denotes the region between Hebron and the
wilderness. It is found in the form Ngb in an Egyptian writing of the
reign of Thothmes III (1479-1447 B.c.) as a name for S. Palestine
(MUiler's Asien u. Europa, p. 148).
XII. 10--XIII. 2. ABRAM IN EGYPT. (J.)
The narrative in this section should be compared with the similar
ones in xx., xxvi. It is repellent to our sense of honour, chivalry, and
purity. It is true that Abram's cowardice is reproved, and that the
action of the Egyptian Pharaoh is represented in a more favourable
light. On the other hand, Abram, though dismissed from the court,
leaves Egypt enriched with great spoil. By a subterfuge he had
hoped to save his own life at the cost of his wife's honour. His
cowardly deceit is detected : and his life is not imperilled. Sarai's
honour is spared; and the patriarch withdraws immensely enriched
in possessions. This story, doubtless, would not have appeared so
sordid to the ancient Israelite as it does to us. Perhaps the cunning,
the detection, and the increase of wealth, may have commended the
story to the Israelite of old times. Its popularity must account for its
re-appearance in xx., xxvi.
It would be gratifying, if, in this story and in· its variants, we were
warranted in recogl)izing under an allegorical form the peril, to which
nod:lad tribes of the Hebrew stock were exposed, of being absorbed
among the inhabitants of a civilized community. Such a tribal mis-
adventure might well be commemorated under the imagery of such a
story. It is more probable, however, that the story illustrates the Divine
protection over the patriarch amid the dangers of a foreign country.
God's goodness, not Abram's merit, averts the peril.
In the present sequence of patriarchal narratives, this sectior. shews
how the fulfilment of the Divine promise is first imperilled through the
patriarch's own failure in courage and faith. The very qualities for
which he is renowned, are lacking in the hour of temptation. God's
goodness and grace alone rescue him and his wife. A heathen king of
Egypt upholds the universal law of virtue more successfully than the
servant of Jehovah. The story reveals that Jehovah causes His will
to be felt in Egypt no less than in Palestine. But the moral of the story
does not satisfy any Christian standard in its representation either of
Jehovah or of the patriarch. The knowledge of God is progressive.
10. a famine in the land] Cf. xxvi. 1, xiii. r. The failure of crops
in Palestine and the adjacent i;ountries, owing. to defective rainfall,
 16o GENESIS XII. 10-16

J down into Egypt to sojourn there; for the famine was sore
u in the land. And it came to pass, when he was come near
to enter into Egypt, that he said unto Sarai his wife, Behold
12 now, I know that thou art a fair woman to look upon : and
it shall come to pas~, when the Egyptians shall see thee,
that they shall say, This is his wife : and they will kill me,
13 but they will save thee alive. Say, I pray thee, thou art
my sister: that it may be well with me for thy sake, and
14 that my soul may live because of thee. And it came to
pass, that, when Abram was come into Egypt, the Egyptians
15 beheld the woman that she was very fair. And the princes
of Pharaoh saw her, and praised her to Pharaoh : and the
16 woman was taken into Pharaoh's house. And he entreated

often compelled the inhabitants to "go down" into Egypt, where the
crops were not dependent on rainfall. They were wont to "sojourn"
(i.e. to reside temporarily) there, until the scarcity was passed.
11. thou art a fair woman] According to xvii. 17 (P), Sarai was
10 years younger than Abram; and from xii. 4 (P) Abram was at least
75 when he entered Egypt, and Sarai, therefore, 65. This kind of
difficulty has led to explanations of a somewhat undignified character.
The true explanation is that the ages of the patriarchs which belong
to the brief and statistical narrative of P have no place in the narrative
of J, in which Sarai is beautiful and childless (xi. 30).
13. my sister] i.e._ half-sister. Cf. xi. 29, xx. 12.
my soul] A vivid way of expressing the personal pronoun, cf. xxvii.
4, 19, 25.
15. the princes if Pharaoh] i.e. the chief officers at the court of°the
king of Egypt. Pharaoh is not a proper name, but the title of the
Egyptian king. It is the Hebrew way of transliterating the Egyptian
royal title P~o, " the Great House," which was transferred from the
dwelling to the dynasty of the sovereign. It is often compared with
"the Sublime Porte." As the king's title, it is no more distinctive
than "King," or "Tsar," or "Sultan." There is nothing in this
passage to shew which Egyptian king is intended, or at what place
he held his court. If Abram was a contemporary of Hammurabi (see
note on xiv.), the Pharaoh of this chapjer may have belonged to the
12th or 13th dynasty of Egypt.
All kings of Egypt mentioned in the O.T. (except Shishak, 1 Kings
xiv. 25, and So, 2 Kings xvii. 4) are designated Pharaoh.
into Pharaoh's house] i.e. into the harem, or women's quarter of the
king's palace. The verse illustrates the manner in which the courtiers
of an Eastern monarch sought to win royal favour by recommending to
his notice beautiful women who might be added to his harem. Cf. the
story of the Book of Esther.
 GENESIS XII. 16-18 161

Abram well for her sake : and he had sheep, and oxen, and J
he-asses, and menservants, and maidservants, and she-asses,
and camels. Ann the LORD plagued Pharaoh and his house 17
with great plagues because of Sarai Abram's wife. And 18.
Pharaoh called Abram, and said, What is this that thou
The story is much abbreviated: but it is implied that Sarai consented
to sacrifice her honour for her husband's life. We must remember that
in the ethics of the O. T. woman is regarded in a less honourable light
than man. The i,lea of a man sacrificing himself to save a woman's
honour belongs almost entirely to the Christian age.
16. entreated] Old Eng. word for "treated," or "used." The
manner in which Abram received and retained these extensive gifts
implies his consent to Snrai's position at the court. Abram's acceptance
of the purchase•money was his ratificatien of the transaction. If it
struck the Hebrew mind as clever, it seems to us only base and
despicable.
sheep, and oxm, &c.] This list represents the principal possessions of
a nomad chieftain. The following points should be noticed: (a) men-
servants and maidservants (i.e. male and female slaves) are placed
between the animals, either by mistake of a copyist, or being regarded
as the chattels of the household, cf. xxiv. 35; (b) the mention of camels
has been criticized as an anachronism, because the camel is not repre-
sented in the Egyptian inscriptions before the Persian period. But,
whether used or not by the ancient Egyptians, the camel was certainly
employed both by traders and nomads in Western Asia, and in the
tradition, whether correctly or not, would be considered to be obtain-
able; (c) the horse is omitted; and the omission has been considered a
sign of ignorance of Egyptian life. But the horse never appears among
the possessions of the patriarchs, e.g. xxiv. 35, xxx. 43, and its use is
condemned in Deut. xvii. 16; (d) the order of the items in the list may
possibly denote their relative values, the camel being the most precious.
17. plagued... with great plagues] The words in the original run:
"and Jehovah struck Pharaoh with great strokes, and his house." The
words "and his house" have all the appearance of being a later ex-
planatory addition. The "great strokes" or "plagues" must have
been some kind of epidemic (cf. xx. 17; 1 Chron. xvi. zr; Ps. cv.
14), the cause of which could not be understood. Pharaoh and his
house are guiltless; Abram and Sarai are deceitful and cowardly;
Jehovah smites the Egyptian, in order to protect the patriarch and
his wife. This representation of the Deity illustrates the immat~re
stage of religious development presented by some of the early Israelite
traditions.
18. Pharaoh called Abram] How Pharaoh discovered the truth is
not recorded in our condensed version. All other explanations of t~e
epidemic failing, possibly the wise men and magicians connected it
with the presence of a foreigner in the palace serving Jehovah, and
with the indignation of the offended local deities.·
GENESIS II
 GENESIS XII. 18-XIII. 2

J hast done unto me? why didst thou not tell me that she
19 was thy wife? Why saidst thou, She is my sister? so that
I took her to be my wife : now therefore behold thy wife,
20 take her, and go thy way. And Pharaoh gave men charge
concerning him : and they brought him on the way, and his
wife, and all that he had.
'13 And Abram went up out of Egypt, he, a1'_d his wife, and
2 all that he had, and Lot with him, into the South. And
Abram was very rich in cattle, in silver, and in gold.
19. take her, and go thy way] Pharaoh, justly incensed with Abram,
dismisses him with sternness and abruptness.
20. they brought him on the way] i.e. they escorted him to the
frontier, treating with respeot and honour a man of wealth and sub-
stance, and a foreigner whose God had been a protection to himself
and a peril to the Egyptian royal family. Abram apparently retained
the wealth that he had procured on false pretences. For the word
rendered "bring on the way," in the sense of "esco1t," cf. xviii. 16,
xxxi. 27 (" sent away").
On this narrative, see the remarks of J. G. Frazer in Psyche's Task,
p. 40, "among many savage races breaches of the marriage laws are
believed to draw down on the community public calamities of the most
serious character .. .in particular they are thought to blast the fruits
of the earth through excessive rain or excessive drought. Traces of
similar beliefs may perhaps be detected among the civilised races of
antiquity." Frazer quotes, in illustration, Job xxxi. II sq., and the two
narratives of Gen. xii. 10-20 and xx. 1-18. "These narratives," he
says, "seem to imply that adultery, even when it is committed in
ignorance; is a cause of plague and especially of sterility among
women."

CH, XIII. THE SEPARATION OF ABRAM AND LOT,

(J; P, vv. 6, ub, 12•.)

1, went up <tUt of Egypt] Cf. xii. 10, "went down into Egypt."
Egypt is always regarded as the low-lying country; and Palestine as
the high ground.
Lot with him] Lot was not mentioned in the previous chapter, but
it is here implied that Lot had been with Abram in Egypt.
into the South] i.e. into the Negeb: see note on xii. 9. This is a
good illustration of the meaning of N egeb. Abram's journey from
Egypt into the Negeb was by a route leading N.E. The English
reader, not understanding the technical meaning of" the South," might
suppose that Abram's journey from Egypt into "the South" would
have led in the direction of the Soudan.
2. cattle ... silver ...gold] Abram's wealth described in an ascending
s<:ale of value. Cf. xii. 16, xxiv. 35.
 GENESIS XIII. 3-------9
And he went on his journeys from the South even to 3 J
Beth-el, unto the place where his tent had been at the
beginning, between Beth-el and Ai; unto the place of the 4
altar, which he had made there at the first : and there
Abram called on the name of the LORD. And Lot also, s
which went with Abram, had flocks, and herds, and tents. !
And the land was not able to bear them, that they might 6 I'
dwell together: for their substance was great, so that they
could not dwell together. I And there was a strife between 7 J
the herdmen of Abram's cattle and the herdmen of Lot's
cattle: and the Canaanite and the Perizzite dwelled then
in the land. And Abram said unto Lot, Let there be no 8
strife, I pray thee, between me and thee, and between my
herdmen and thy herdmen : for we are brethren. Is not 9
on kisjourneys] i.e. by successive encampments.
the plare ... his tent] See xii. 8; to which passage also the phrases
"at the beginning," and "at the first" (vv. 3, 4) refer.
5. And Lot also] This .verse, describing the wealth of Lot, is in-
tended, with v. 2, to prepare for the account of the separation of Abram
from Lot. Lot's wealth consists only of flocks and herds and tents.
6. And the land, &c.] The account, according to P, of the reason
for Lot's separation. The flocks and herds of the two chieftains when
combined were .so numerous, that there was not pasturage enough to
feed them. Cf. a similar reason, in P's narrative, for the separation of
Jacob and Esau, xxxvi. 7.. The word "substance" is characteristic
of P. Cf. xii. 5.
7. And there was a strife] The account according to J of the
reason for the separation. Disputes were constantly arising between
the herdsmen of the two caravans. For other examples of such causes of
friction among shepherds and herdsmen, see xxi. 24-a2, xxvi. 15-33.
and the Canaanite and the Perizzite] Cf. xii. 6. The introduction
of this clause is probably intended to emphasize the danger of dissen-
sions between the Hebrew camps at a time when the native inhabitants,
jealous of the wealth of the strangers, might be glad of a pretext for
attacking them singly. "The Canaanite" is the indigenous inhabitant
(x. 15, 19, xii. 6) in J.
The Perizzite is mentioned with the Canaanite in xxxiv. 30, Jud. i. 4,
5, and in the lists of the nations, e.g. xv. 20, 11. In Josh. xvii. 15 the
Perizzites are named with the Rephaim; and in Josh. xxiv. 11 with the
Amorites. There is no means of determining where they dwelt. So~e
have supposed that the Perizzites meant the peasantry, or dwellers m
villages and unwalled towns, as distinct from the Canaanites who dwe~t
in walled cities: and that the name is connected with the word perazt,
.used in Deut. iii. 5 and 1 Sam. vi. 18.
8. for we are brethren] i.e. kinsmen; Abram being Lot's uncle.
11-2
 GENESIS XIII. 9, 10

J the whole land before thee? separate thyself, I pray thee,

from me : if thou wilt take the left hand, then I will go to
·. the right ; or if thou take the right hand, then I will go
10 to the left. And Lot lifted up his eyes, and beheld all the
'Plain of Jordan, that it was well watered every where,
before the LORD destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah, like the
garden of the LORD, like the land of Egypt, as thou goest
1 Or, Circle

Cf. xiv. 14, "and when Abram heard that his brother (i.e. Lot) was
taken captive."
Abram, as the elder, takes the lead in the conference : his proposal
is made with generosity and dignity. Lot, though the younger, is to
have his choice.
9. the whole land, &c.] Abram's offer is made with the elaborate
profuseness and courtesy characteristic of an Oriental bargain: cf. xxiii.
11-16; 2 Sam. xxiv. 21-24.
10. And Lot lifted uf his eyes] The spot near Bethel, from which
the view described in this verse can be obtained, is easily identified.
Travellers speak in glowing terms of the scene commanded by this
piece of high ground.
all the Plain (R. V. marg. Circle) of Jordan] The word kikkar,
a "round," or "circle" (Skinner renders "Oval"), was applied by the
Israelites to the broader portion of the level country on either side
of the river Jordan, extending northwards as far as the river J abbok,
and southwards, originally, according to the tradition, to the supposed
site of the submerged cities of the Plain at the lower end of the Dead
Sea. Cf. xix. 24-29; 2 Sam. xviii. 23; 1·Kings vii. 46. The kikkar
is specially mentioned in connexion with Jericho in Deut. xxxiv. 3;
N eh. iii. 22 1 xii. 28. The present passage suggests, that the narrative
emanated from a source, according to which the formation of the Dead
Sea was subsequent to the destruction of the cities of the Plain (xix.),
and that its bed had previously been a fertile agricultural region.
well watered] The basin of the Jordan is famous for its fertility.
The climate is tropical, and the soil is watered by the Jordan and its
tributaries.
before the LORD destroyed, &c.] The writer pictures this scene of
fertility extending itself to the southern extremity of the Dead Sea,
before the catastrophe_ described in xix. 24-29;
like the garden.~/ the LOR~] . "The gar~en of Jehovah" is the garden
of Eden (chap. u.; cf. lsa1. h. 3) 1 the ideal of beauty and fertility.
"Like the land of Egypt"; the writer adds a second simile. "The
land of Egypt" was well known for the richness of its soil and for the
abundanc.e of its irrigation. The two similes, following in succession
have been thought to overload the sentence, but are not, on that account'
to be regarded as glosses. '
as thou gvest unto Zoar] Zoar, a town situated probably in the S. E.
 GENESIS XIIt. 10-16 i:65
unto Zoar. So Lot chose him all the Plain of Jordan ; and I rJ
Lot journeyed east: I and they separated themselves the one P
from the other. Abram dwelled in the land of Canaan, iz
and Lot dwelled in the cities of the Plain1 Iand moved his ·J
tent as far as Sodom. Now the men of Sodom were 13
wicked and sinners against the LORD exceedingly. And 14
the LORD said unto Abram, after that Lot was separated
from him, Lift up now thine eyes, and look from the place
where thou art, northward and southward and eastward and
westward: for all the land which thou seest, to thee will I 15
give it, and to thy seed for ever. And I will make thy seed 16

of the Dead Sea (cf. xix. n): and .hence this clause, as it stands, must
be connected with "the Plain ofjordan, that it was well watered
every where," the intervening clauses being parenthetical.
Another reading, "Zoan," found in the Syriac Peshitto, would
connect the clause with the mention of Egypt, by specifying the fertile
district of the famous city of Tanis on the east of the Nile Delta.
11. So Lot chose] This verse points onward both to the catastrophe
in xix. and to the dwelling-place of the Moabites and Ammonites.
Lot's selection (a) disregarded the rights of Abram his senior; (b) was
based on the material attractions of the country; (c) ignored the charac-
teristics of the people of the land (v. 13). Its importance lay in its
symbolical resignation of any claim upon the land of Palestine by the
Moabites and Ammonites.
and Lot journeyed east] This is the account according to J. The
next two clauses are from P : they repeat the same thought and inter-
rupt the sentence. The words in v. 12 "and moved his tent as far as
Sodom" continue the sentence "journeyed east," and follow very
awkwardly after the words "dwelled in the cities of the Plain." This
is a rare instance of unskilful combination of the two strata of tradition.
13 (J). the men of Sodom] The mention of the wickedness of the
people is here emphasized in reference to (a) the selfish choice of
Lot (v. 11); (b) the coming story of the overthrow of the cities of the
Plain (xix.); (c) the immediate assurance to Abram of Jehovah's blessing
outweighing all earthly privileges.
sinners against the LORD] i.e. by immorality, not idolatry. Jehovah's
supremacy over the heathen world is here implied, as in xii. 10-20
in connexion with Egypt, and in x. 10 in the mention of Nimrod,
14-17 (J). The promise of the land to Abram and his seed (xii. 7)
is renewed with more minute description, (a) as to the extent of the
country (vv. 14, 15); (b) as to the infinite number of his descendants
(v. 16). .
14. northward and southward, &c.] The promise here inclu~es, m
the future possession of Israel, the land which LotJ1ad chosen for hu~self.
15. to thee will I give it, and to thy seeti for ever] The gift to
 t66 GENESiS Xiii. 16-1~

J as the dust of the earth: so that if a man can number the

dust of the earth, then shall thy seed also be numbered.
17 Arise, walk through the land in the length of it and in the
18 breadth of it; for unto thee will I give it. And Abram
moved his tent, and came and dwelt by the 1 oaks of Mamre,
which are in Hebron, and built there an altar unto the LORD.
1 Or, terebinths

Abram is one of promise and prediction. The gift to his ''seed" was
to be fulfilled in history. If the words "for ever" are to have their
fullest meaning, the land is a pledge symbolic of God's mercy and good-
ness towards the people. Their expansion and discipline will be in
Palestine. The land and the people will be identified.
16. as the dust of the earth] For this simile cf. xxviii. 14, which is
also from J. Abram's descendants are elsewhere compared in number
to the·stars, xv. 5, xxii. 17, xxvi. 4; and to the sand which is upon the
seashore, xxii. 17, xxxii. 12.
17. Arise, walk] Abram is told to go up and down in the land of
promise, and thus to view by faith the possession which his descendants
will connect with the promise made to him.
18. the oaks of Mamre] Better, as R.V. marg., terebinths. Cf. xiv. 13,
xviii. 1. Probably the sacred trees of the Canaanite sanctuary at Hebron.
JoseJ?hus (Ant. 1. x. § 4 and B.J. IV. ix. § 7) mentions the oak tree
(8p6s) of Hebron. The so-called oak of Abraham, 3 miles N.W. of
Hebron, was shattered by a stom1 in the winter of 1888-9. The tree
was said to be six or seven hundred years old. In xiv. 24 Mamre is the
name of a local chieftain allied with Abram. Here, and in xxiii. 17, 19,
xxv. 9, xlix. 30, I. 1 3, it is the name of a place near Hebron.
in Hebron] The famous city of Judah; cf. xxiii. 2. From its con•
nexion with Abram it derives its modern name El .f!alil, "the friend,"
an abbreviation of .f!a/il er-ra!,man, "the friend of the Merciful One,
i.e. God," the designation of Abram. Cf. Isa. xii. 8; Jas. ii. 23. It
stands 3000 ft. above the sea, at the junction of the main roads, from
Gaza in the W., from Egypt in the S.W., from the Red Sea on the
S.E., and from Jerusalem, 19 miles away, on the N.
CH. XIV. (origin uncertain).
1-12. I. THE CAMPAIGN OF CHEDORLAOMER KING OF ELAM
AND THREE VASSAL KINGS AGAINST THE FIVE
REBELLIOUS KINGS OF THE PLAIN, WHO ARE DE·
FEATED AND THEIR CITIES LOOTED; LOT MADE
PRISONER.
13-16, II. ABRAM'S VICTORIOUS PURSUIT OF CHEDORLAOMER
AND RESCUE OF LOT,
17-24, III. ABRAM, THE KING OF SODOM, AND MELCHIZEDEK,
This chapter presents us with the picture of Abram in the character
of a warrior-vigorous, resourceful, successful, and magnanimous. On
 Pl,oto Mansell & Co .

Khammurabi (? Amraphel), King of Babylon, receiving laws

from Shamash, the Sun-god.
A relief on the upper part of the basalt stele on which is inscribed in
cuneiform characters the famous Code of Laws.
 GENESIS XIV. r, :2

And it came to pass in the days of Amraphel king of 14 (?)

Shinar, Arioch king of Ellasar) Chedorlaomer king of Elam, ·
and Tidal king of 1 Goiim, that they made war with Bera 2
1 Or, nations
the historical background of the narrative, see the Special.Note. The
story is somewhat abruptly introduced. The mention of Lot who is
dwelling in Sodom forms the chief point of contact with the previous
narrative. There are numerous features in the account which seem to
indicate its derivation from an entirely distinct source of tradition.
1-12. THE CAMPAIGN.
1. And it came to pass in the days o,f] The opening formula of
a new Hebrew section. Cf. Ruth i. 1 ; 1 Sam. xxi. 1 ; Esther i. 1 ;
Isa. vii. r.
Amraphel] King of Shinar, very generally accepted as the Hebrew
reproduction of the name Hammurabi, king of Babylonia about
2150 B. c. (?). On the assumption of this identification it has been
conjectured that the last syllable of the name should be "-i" instead
of "-el," i.e. Amraphi. For Shinar, see note on x. 10 and xi. 1.
Hammurabi is famous as the king who finally freed his kingdom
from the yoke of the Elamites, who united northern and southern
Babylonia under one rule, and extended his conquests as far west a!
Palestine. Many cuneiform documents, belonging to his reign and
referring to his government, have been discovered and deciphered, most
remarkable and important of all being his Code of Laws 1,
Arioch king of Ellasar] Possibly the same as Rim-sin who is said
to be referred to in an ancient Sumerian record as Eri-Aku, son of
Kudur-Mabug, king of Larsa, and a contemporary of Hammurabi,
Ellasar is clearly the Babylonian town Larsa, which is identified with
the ruins of the modem Senkereh on the E. bank of the Euphrates in
S. Babylonia.
We meet with the name of Arioch in a Babylonian court-official
(Dan, ii. 15); and as a "king of the Elymaeans," a vassal of Nebuchad-
nezzar (Judith i. 6).
Chedorlaomer] King of Elam. The name has not hitherto been
identified in the history of Western Asia. In its formation, however,
it is genuinely Elamite, i.e. Kudur=" servant," and L,igamar=an
Elamite deity. The supremacy of Elam over all that region of Western
Asia about the time of Hammurabi is attested by the ancient docu-
ments. For Elam, see note on x. zz. It is the country called in the
Assyrian Elamtu, and in the Greek Elymais, north of_ the Persian Gulf
and east of the Lower Tigris. Its capital was Susa, which appears
in the classical form of Susiana. On the overthrow of Elam by the
Persians, see Jer. xlix. 34-39.
Tidal king of Goiim] The attempts which have been made to
1 Discovered in Dec. 1901 and Jan. 1902 by M. Le Morgan at Susa. See Driver's
Exodus, Appendix III. .
 168 GENESIS XIV. 2, 3
(?) king of Sodom, and with Birsha king of Gomorrah, Shinab
king of Admah, and Shemeber king of Zeboiim, and the
'3 king of Bela (the same is Zoar). All these 1 joined together
1 Or, joined themselves together against
identify Tidal have not yet been successful. But there is no reason
to suppose that it is a fictitious name; and future research may bring his
name to light. Goz'im is the regular Hebrew word for "nations," and
therefore seems to be very improbable as the name of a country or city.
It may have been substituted by a Hebrew copyist for some unfamiliar
proper name resembling it in pronunciation, or ii), shape of letters.
Thus Sir Henry Rawlinson's conjecture of Gutim has very generally
found favour. The Cuti were a people often mentioned in the in-
scriptions, living in the region of Kurdistan. Sayce suggests that Goiim
may be correct as the Hebrew translation of the Assyrian Ummanmanda,
the peoples, or nomad hordes, that constantly swept through those
regions.
2. that they made war] This anticipates and summarizes the con-
tents of vv. 5-10. As Hammurabi, the conqueror of Elam and
founder of the Babylonian kingdom, terms himself king of Amurru =
Amorites, or northern Palestine, there is nothing unhistorical in the
representation of an invasion of this region by the Elamite suzerain.
Bera ... Birsha] The kings of the cities of the Plain mentioned in
this verse are not otherwise known. Identifications with the Arabic
Bari and Birshi, and with the Babylonian Sinabu, have been con- ·
jectured. The five cities here named, sometimes (e.g. Wisd. x. 6)
called the Pentapolis, were, according to the tradition, situated at the
southern end of the Dead Sea, and, with the exception of Zoar, were
overwhelmed in the catastrophe of chap. xix. Each city has its king,
as was the case with the cities of Canaan, according to the Book of
Joshua and the Tel-el-Amarna tablets.
It is noteworthy that Bera and Birsha can, in the Hebrew letters,
denote "with evil" and "with wicke_dness" respectively.
The LXX (Cod. A) reads" Balla" for "Bera," and" Sennaar" for
"Shinab."
Admah, and... Zeboiim] These towns are mentioned in Deut. xxix. 23
and Hosea xi. 8 as having been overthrown in the great catastrophe
described in chap. xix.
the king of Beta] The only king whose name is not given. The
omission favours the accuracy of the list. The name "Bela," mean-
ing "destruction," conceivably contains a local allusion. It has
been su~geste?- ·t!iat we should read '.' Bela, king of Zoar." The
reader, m rev1ewmg these two verses, will be struck with the fact that
Chedorlaomer, king of Elam, whose name is mentioned first in the
list of v. 9, and who is evidently the supreme sovereign in vv. 4 and 5,
stands third in the list in v. I. It is not easy to find an explanation.
Some scholars suggest that the names are arranged in the order of their
 GENESIS XIV. 3-S 169
in the vale of Siddim (the same is the Salt Sea). Twelve 4 (?)
years they served Chedorlaomer, and in the thirteenth year
they rebelled. And in the fourteenth year came Chedor- s
laomer, and tne kings that were with him, and smote the

nearness to Palestine ! Others, by a slight emendation of the text,

reading the final" l" in" Amraphel" as a preposition, render as follows:
"in the days of Amraph, when Arioch king of Ellasar was king over
Shinar, then Chedorlaomer king of Elam and Tidal king of Goiim
made war with, &c." But the mention of the four kings in v. 9,
where their order is different, does not favour the conjecture.
3. All these] Probably the kings mentioned in v. i, i.e. the five local
subject princes. That there should be any doubt whether "all these"
refers to the four kings of the east, or to the five kings of the west, is
an example of the unskilful style in which this section is written.
joined together] The five local kings combined: "the vale of Sid-
dim" was their rallying place. But as "the vale of Siddim" was
their own country, the wording is awkward. Hence some prefer R.V.
marg. "joined themselves together against," with a change of subject;
i. e. the kings of the E. combined and marched against the kings of the
W. But the change of subject, interrupting 1J1J. i and 4, is surely too
harsh.
the vale ef Siddim] Not mentioned elsewhere; but traditionally
identified with the Dead Sea, beneath whose waters the "cities of the
Plain" were believed by the Israelites to lie engulfed. The suggestion
of Renan to read Shedim ("demons"), a word occurring in Deut. xxxii,
17, Ps. cvi. 37, is ingenious, but lacks support from any other passage
mentioning the Dead Sea. LXX T1W <f,apo:yyo. TTJV <ill.vK+,v ='' the salt
valley," Lat. vallem silvestrem.
the Salt Sea] An explanatory note, like the reference to Zoar, in the
previous verse. "The Salt Sea" is the commonest name in the 0. T.
for "the Dead Sea": e.g. Num. xxxiv. 3, 12; Josh. xv. 2, 5. Another
name by which it is called is "t'1e sea of the Arabah," Deut. iii. 17,
Josh. iii. 16, xii. 3, where "the Salt Sea" is added as an explanation.
In Ezek. xlvii. 18, Joel ii. 20, it is called "the eastern sea." Josephus
calls it "the sea of Asphalt"; and in the Jewish Talmud it appears as
"the sea of Sodom," or "the salt sea." The intense saltness of its
waters and its deposits of salt have given rise to its name. Nothing
lives in its waters. The name " Dead Sea" goes back to the time of
Jerome, 6th cent. A.D.
4. they served] The five kings "served," i.e. were vassals, and paid ·
tribute to, the king of Elam who was their over-lord. .
rebelled] Probably by omitting to pay tribute or to send gifts,. as
they had done for 12 years. The distance from southern_ Palestme
to Elam was great. The five kings were doubtless petty princes, who
took part in a wide-spread rebellion. Perhaps they took advantage of
 GlfN:lfSiS XtV. ·~
(?) Rephaim m Ashteroth-karnaim, and the Zuzim in Ham,
the decline of the power of Elam, and of the growth of the power of
Babylonia. This is a justifiable conjecture if" Amraphel" be the same
as Hammurabi. For Hammurabi threw off the yoke of Elam, united
Babylonia, and founded the Dynasty of Babylon.
Compare the description in 2 Kings xxiv. 1, "J ehoiakim became his
[Nebuchadnezzar's] servant three years; then he turned, and rebelled
against him."
li. came Chedorlaomer] The king of Elam was strong enough to
deal vigorously with the rebellion in his western dependencies. This
and the two following verses describe the punitive expedition, with
which Chedorlaomer and his vassal kings crushed the rebellion.
Whether the kings led their forces in person, we are not able to say
for certain. The description leaves it to be inferred. The Oriental
style of chronicle identified successful generals with the name of the
king who sent them on their campaign.
The march of the punitive expedition must have been across the
Euphrates at Carchemish, and then southward past Damascus. It
overthrew the Rephaim, Zuzim, Emim, and Horites who, apparently,
were peoples on the east side of Jordan, involved in the rebellion.
The southernmost point of the march was reached at the head of the
Gulf of Akabah. As it commanded an important trade route, it may
have formed the chief objective of the march. Returning from that
point, the expedition struck at the Amalekites in the wilderness to the
south of Palestine, and then attacked the joint forces of the five cities
of the Plain and overthrew them in the valley of Sidclim.
the Rephaim] or "sons of the Rapha." The name given to the
aborigines of Canaan, giant survivors of whom are mentioned in 2 Sam.
xxi. 16-22. The name is specially applied, in Deut. iii. 11, to Og,
the king of Bashan, whose territory corresponded with the country
spoken of in this verse.
Ashteroth-karnaim] Generally identified with Tell-'Ashtara, in the
plateau of Bashan, about 20 miles east of the sea of Galilee. Karnaim
means "the two horns"; and the full name will therefore probably
mean "the two-horned Astarte," who, as the Goddess of the Moon,
was represented with two horns. "Astarte of horns was that im-
memorial fortress and sanctuary which lay out upon the great plateau
of Bashan towards Damascus ; so obvious and cardinal a site that it
appears in the sacred history both in the earliest recorded campaign
in Abraham's time and in one of the latest under the Maccabees.
Gen. xiv. 5 ; I Mace. v. 26, 43" (G. Adam Smith, The Twelve
Prophets, vol. I. p. 176.)
the Zuzim] Possibly the same as "the Zamzummim," mentioned
in Deut. ii. 20 as the aborigines who were dispossessed by the Am-
monites.
in Ham] Ham has been conjecturally identified with the old name
of the Ammonite capital, mentioned in 2 Sam. xii. 26, Rabbath Ammon.
 GitNEStS XtV. 5-8
and the Emim in 1 Shaveh-kiriathaim, and the Horites in 6 (?)
their mount Seir, unto El-paran, which is by the wilderness.
And they returned, and came to En-mishpat (the same is 7
Kadesh), and smote all the 2 country of the Amalekites, and
also the Amorites, that dwelt in Hazazon-tamar. And there 8
1 Or, the plain ef Kiriathai1n 2 Heb._Peld.
the Emim] Mentioned in Dent. ii. 10 as the name of the aborigines,
"a people great and many and tall, as the Anakim," dispossessed by
the Moabites. The name means probably "the terrible ones."
in Shaveh-kiriathaim] or the plain of Kiriathaim. In Num. xxxii.
37 and Josh. xiii. 19 Kin'athaim is a town in Reuben: in Jer. xlviii.
23 in Moab. It is generally identified with Kiweyat, about 10 miles
east of the Dead Sea and north of the river Amon.
6. the Horites] Mentioned also in xxxvi. zo, zr, 30, and in
Dent. ii. 12, zz, where they are described as having been dispossessed
of the country of Seir, the hill country between the Dead Sea and the
Gulf of Elath, by the Edomites. They have been thought to represent
primitive "cave-dwellers," of whom traces have been discovered by
Macalister at Gezer.
unto El-paran] Generally identified with the town of E!ath, the
well-known port at the head of the Gulf of Akabah; which 's some-
times called the "Aelanitic Gulf" from the name Ailana given to
Elath in classical writings. The town may have derived its name from
great palm trees in the neighbourhood (El=" a great tree").
the wilderness] The Wilderness. of Paran (cf. xxi. 21) between the
Gulf of Akabah and the borders of Egypt.
'1. En-mishpat] i.e. "the Spring of Judgement." A spring of water
at which there would be a sanctuary, whose priest gave oracles and
decided disputes; known in the Israelite history as "Kadesh·barnea,"
or, as here, "Kadesh." It has been identified in: modern times with a
spring and oasis, called A in-Kadish, in the desert to the south of Beer-
sheba. This was the spot at which the Israelite tribes concentrated
after quitting the neighbourhood of Sinai: cf. Num. xxi. 16; Deut.
i. 46.
the country] Heb . .field: LXX and Syr. "princes of" (reading sd,rl
for s'deh).
the Am,1/ekites] The nomad peoples of the desert who opposed the
Israelite march (Ex. xvii.); and were overthrown by San! (1 Sam. xv.)
in the wilderness south of Canaan.
the Amori'tes, that dwelt in Hazazon-tamar] The Canaanite people
dwelling at Engedi (see 2 Chron. xx. z) among the rocks on the w~st
shore of the Deacl Sea. It has also been conjecturally identified with
the Tamar of Ezek. xlvii. 19, xlviii. 28, a town on the S. W. of the
Dead Sea. The name Hazazon-tamar has been explained to mean
"the cutting of palms." The name has been thought to be preserved
in the Wady Hasasa, not far from Ain-gidi.
 GENESIS XIV, 8-i2

(1) went out the king of Sodom, and the king of Gomorrah1
and the king of Admah, and the king of Zeboiim, and the
king of Bela (the same is Zoar); and they set the battle in
9 array against them in the vale of Siddim ; against Chedor-
laomer king of Elam, and Tidal king of Goiim, and Arora•
phel king of Shinar, and Arioch king of Ellasar ; four kings
10 against the five. Now the vale of Siddim was full of 1 slime
pits ; and the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah fled, and they
fell there, and they that remained fled to the mountain.
11 And they took all the goods of Sodom and Gomorrah, and
12 all their victuals, and went their way. And they took Lot,
Abram's brother's son, who dwelt in Sodom, and his goods,
1 That is, bitumen pits.
9. four kings against the five] After v. 8 we should expect the
"five kings against the four." Notice the impressive repetition of the
names of the kings, and the variation in the order of the names or
the eastern kings, Chedorlaomer coming first, as the over-lord against
whom the rebellion had been made.
The description of the battle itself has most unfortunately not been
preserved.
10. full ef slime pits] i.e. bitumen pits. Bitumen, or asphalt, is
found in the neighbourhood of the Dead Sea. Josephus speaks of the
bitumen floating upon the surface of its waters. Here we are to suppose
that the bitumen ·came out of large holes or pits in the earth, into
which the confederates fell in their flight.
"Full of slime pits." The Hebrew idiom gives be'er6th be'er6th
!;!mar, "pits,pits ofbitumen"="all bitumen r,its." Cf. z Kings iii. 16,
"trenches, trenches"=" nothing but trenches. '
The narrative is so fragmentary, or condensed, that only the rout is
recorded.
they fell] Referring to the fugitive troops generally. The king of
Sodom appears again in v. 1 7. It is implied that those who fell into
the pits were lost. ·
to the mountain] i.e. to the mountains of Moab, the chain of hills on
the east side of the Dead Sea.
11. they took] The subject is abruptly transferred to the victorious
army. The account of the fall of the towns is omitted.
Sodom and Gomorrah] Mentioned perhaps as the chief towns; the
three others are passed over in silence. The victorious troops did not
wait ; but after inflicting punishment hurried off, like a predatory horde,
with their booty.
12. Lot, Abram's brother's son] Notice this minute description
of Lot and the mention of his residence in Sodom, as if chap. xiii.
had not immediately preceded. In vv. 14 and 16, Lot is spoken of
as Abram's brother,
 GENESIS XIV. 12-14 173
and departed. And there came one that had escaped, and 13 (?)
told Abram the Hebrew: now he dwelt by the 1 oaks of
Mamre the Amorite, brother of Eshcol, and brother of Aner;
and these were confederate with Abram. And when Abram 14
heard that his brother was taken captive, he led forth his
1 Or, terebinths
13-16. ABRAM'S VICTORY.
13. Abram the Hebrew] Abram is described, as Lot in the previous
verse, as if mentioned for the first time: an indication of the indepen•
dent origin of the narrative.
The name " Hebrew" here occurs for the first time in Scripture. It
is a title used of Israelites, either by foreigners, or in speaking of them
to foreigners, or in contrast with foreigners. The word was popularly
explained as a patronymic meaning '' descendant of Eber," see notes
on x. 24, xi. 14. Its formation, from the root 'br, suggests that it
means "one who has come from the other side," probably, of the river
Euphrates, cf. Josh. xxiv. ~, The LXX renders here ci repdr,is, Lat.
transeuphratmsi"s.
It is sometimes claimed that the name is identical with that of the
.lfabiri, a nomad, restless people, mentioned in the Tel-el-Amama
tablets as making war upon the Canaanite towns and communities
(circ. 1400). The name .lfabiri is akin to Hebron, and may denote
"the confederates." The identification of '/bri="Hebrew" with
.lfabiri would require a change of the first consonant, and an altera•
tion of root meaning 1•
the oaks of Mamre] Better, terebinths. See note on xiii. 18. Mamre,
though probably the name of a place, is here personified in its occupant.
But there is no indication in xiii. 18 that '' the oaks of Mamre" were
called by the name of a local chieftain.
Eshcol] The well-known name, meaning "a bunch of grapes," given
to a valley near Hebron (cf. Num. xiii. 23), is here transferred to a
person.
Aner] has not been identified as a place near Hebron, but appears
as the name of a town in I Chron. vi. 70.
confederate with Abram] Lit. "lords of the covenant of Abram,"
i.e. allies with him by mutual compact, like Abimelech the Philistine,
xxi. 22, 23, 32, xxvi. 28-31. ·
14. And when Abram heard] It is implied that, if Lot had not
been taken prisoner, Abram would not have stirred either to attack the
invader or to assist the native kings. But, as a dweller at Hebron, he
was within sight of "the land of the Plain," cf. xix. 28; and must ~ave
been well aware of Chedorlaomer's punitive expedition against the kmgs
of the Plain.
his brother] i.e. kinsman : see note on xiii. 8.
led forth] Lit. "emptied out," or" unsheathed," used of arrows from
I See Appendix D. ,
 174 GENESIS XIV. 14, 15
(?) trained men, born in his house, three hundred and eighteen,
15 and pursued as far as Dan. And he divided himself against
them by night, he and his servants, and smote them, and
pursued them unto Hobah, which is on the 1 left hand of
1 Or, north

a quiver, or of a sword from a sheath. Driver gives the meaning

"drew out rapidly and in full numbers." The LXX 71pl0µ'f/<T<11,
''counted" or ''mustered," Lat. numeravit, following probably a
reading which is also found in the Samaritan version.
his trained men, born in his house] i.e. his most faithful retainers, the
slaves (a) born in his household, as distinguished from those obtained by
purchase; (b) specially exercised in the use of arms.
three hundred and eigliteen] This exact figure seems strange. The
old Jewish commentators explained it by pointing out that the numerical
value of the Heb. letters of the name "Eliezer," Abram's steward
(xv. 2), was 318. In modern times Winckler has found some sup-
porters for the astronomical explanation, that the moon is visible for
3 I 8 days in the year; and that the number of Abram's retainers must,
therefore, indicate that the story of Abram is blended with a lunar myth.
The two explanations possess a certain kind of resemblance in their
ingenuity and their improbability.
Dan] The pursuit of Abram enabled him to overtake the booty-
laden army at Laish (Josh. xix. 47), on the north frontier of Canaan.
Laish received the name of Dan after its conquest by a band of Danites,
as recorded in Jud. xviii. The mention of Dan, therefore, is, strictly
speaking, an anachronism, though quite intelligible. That Abram
should overtake and smite his enemy at the furthest northern limit
of the future Israelite country, is a feature in the story not without
symbolical significance.
But, if Abram with a small force had to pursue the enemy the whole
length of Palestine, the retiring army, though burdened with spoil,
must have marched at a high rate of speed. Again, Dan would not be
on the high road to Damascus ; it lay too far to the left.
111. dividf'd himself against them by night] Abram divides his forces
into three bands, and from three different quarters delivers a simul-
taneous night attack. The same manoeuvre was adopted by Gideon
(Jud. vii. 20-zz), when a small force similarly routed a large army.
Cf. I Sam. xi. II. The surprise was complete. Chedorlaomer's panic-
stricken troops are chased for over 1 oo miles, and all the prisoners and
booty recovered.
There is no mention of Abram's confederates (see vv. 13 and 2 4).
The credit of the victories lies with Abram and his household force.
unto Hobah] Probably a place about 50 miles north of Damascus.
Skinner rightly points out that "it is idle to pretend that Abram's
victory was merely a surprise attack on the rearguard, and the recover>"
 GENESIS XIV. 15-17 175
Damascus. And he brought back all the goods, and also 16 (?)
brought again his brother Lot, and his goods, and the
women also, and the people. And the king of Sodom 17
went out to meet him, after his return from the slaughter of
Chedorlaomer and the kings that were with him, at the vale
of Shaveh (the same is the King's Vale). And Melchizedek 18
king of Salem brought forth bread and wine : and he was
of part of the booty. A pursuit carried so far implies the rout of the
main body of the enemy" (p. 267).
which is on the left hand ef Damascus] For "left hand," R.V. marg.
has north. An Israelite always spoke as if he were facing eastward;
and the north is, therefore, on his left hand ; cf. ii. 24.
Damascus, the capital of Syria (Heb. Dammt!self=Assyr. Dimashlfi,
=Dimashk esh-Shtim, i.e. "Damascus of Syria"), a famous city, men-
tioned in Egyptian inscriptions as early as the 16th century. On the
fable of Abram's capture of it, see note on xii. 5.
17. the king ef Sodom] See note on v. 10. The writer evidently
assumes that this is the same king who had fallen in "the slime pits" ;
for only the king who had lost property and wealth, but saved his life,
could suggest to Abram that the latter should keep the booty.
from the slaughter of Chedorlaomer] Lit. "from the smiting of." We
need not suppose that Chedorlaomer and his vassal kings were per-
sonally involved in the overthrow.
the vale ef Shaveh (the same is the King's Vale)] "The King's Vale"
is mentioned in z Sam. xviii. 18 as the site of the monument raised by
Absalom, and was supposed in the days of Josephus to be two "stadia"
from Jerusalem (Ant. vu. 10, 3). The word Shaveh means "a plain,"
cf. v. 5.
The meeting of the king of Sodom with Abram is here strangely
interrupted by the story of the appearance of Melchizedek, and is
resumed at v. u.
18-20. ABRAM AND MELCHIZEDEK.

18. Melchizedek king ef Salem] The name Melchizedek was con•

sidered by the Jews to mean "the king of righteousness" (Heb. vii. z ),
or "my king" (malchi) "is righteousness" (zedek). The name should
be compared with that of Adoni-zedek (Josh. x. 1). It appears most
probable that Zedek was the name of a Canaanite deity, and that the
names Adoni-zedek, Melchizedek, meant "my Lord is Zedek," "my
king is Zedek," just as Adonijah, Malchijah, meant "my Lord is Jah"
and "my king is J ah."
Salem] In all probability to be identified with Jerusalem, as evidently
by the writer of the Epistle to the Hebrews (Heb. vii. I? z}. T~e
objection, that Jerusalem was too far south for the presen~ mc1dent, 1s
of no value. The objection that in Judg. xix. 10 the ancient name of
Jerusalem was "J ebus" is not conclusive. "J ebUs," as a name, seems
 176 GENESIS XIV. 18, 19
(?) 19 priest of 'God Most High. And he blessed him, and said,
t Heh. El Elyon.
only to have been inferred from the Jebusites. See Dri\'er, H.D.B.,
s.v. "Jebus"; G. A. Smith, Jemsa!em, l. 266. The following points
deserve consideration: (a) In the Tel-el-Amarna tablets Jerusalem
appears with the name Uru-salim. (b) Salem is the poetical, or
archaic, name for Jerusalem, in Ps. lxxvi. 2. (c) Melchizedek is com-
pared to the king of Zion in Ps. ex. 4. (d) Abram's paying of tithe to
Melchizedek gains greatly in symbolical significance, if Salem is the
same as Jerusalem. (e) The tradition of this identification is. favoured
by Josephus (Ant. 1. 10, 2) and the Targums.
The alternative suggestion, made by Jerome, that Salem is the place
mentioned in John iii. 23, in the Jordan Valley, seems very improbable.
On the other hand, if S'.\lem be Jerusalem, it is the only mention of
Jerusalem in the Pentateuch.
brought forth bread and wine] As a friendly king, Melchizedek
provides food and drink for the returning victor, and, as a priest, gives
to him his blessing. In the mention of bread and wine there is no
idea of religious offerings. It is the gift of food to weary and famished
soldiers. Jewish commentators have regarded these gifts as symbolizing
the shew-bread and the drink-offering: Christian exegesis has often
associated them with the Bread and Wine of the Eucharist. But the
bread and wine are not offered to God; they are given to Abram as a
token of good-will and as a means of refreshment. There is nothing
sacrificial in the gift.
ie was priest of God Most High] Melchizedek was not only king
(melek) of Salem, but also a priest (*ohen). The combi'lation of the
priestly with the kingly functions. was common in the East; though
amongst the Israelites it is not found until the Maccabean period.
This is the first mention of a priest in Holy Scripture. It is clearly
\ntended that Melchizedek shouJd impersonate pure Monotheism.
Melchizedek is a, not the priest of "God Most High" (Heh. El
Elyon). Some have thought that El Elyon denotes here the name
of an ancient Canaanite deity, and quote, in favour of this view, the
statement of Philo of Byblus (Euseb. Prep. Ev. i. 10) that there was
a Phoenician divinity 'E7uovv Ka.Aouµevos "Tif111r-ros=" Elyon called
Most High." But El in the O.T. is one of the most common names
of God, especially frequent in poetical and archaic usage. It is often
combined with some qualifying epithet denoting an attribute, e.g. xvii. 1,
"God Almighty"= El Shaddai: xxi. 33, "the Everlasting God"= El
'oldm: Ex. xx. 5, "a jealous God" =El *anna. Again Elyon, "Most
High," is an epithet often applied to Jehovah, e.g. Num. xxiv. 16; and
combined with El, Ps. lxxviii. 35. Melchizedek seems, therefore, to he
regarded by the writer as a priest of God Almighty, the God of the
Universe. The fuller knowledge of God as Jehovah, the God of
Revelation, was the privilege of Abram and his descendants. The
conception of Melchizedek as the representative of a primitive phase of
 GENESIS XIV. 19, 20 I'J'J
1 2
Blessed be Abram of God Most High, possessor of heaven (?)
and earth: and blessed be 1 God Most High, which hath 20
delivered thine enemies into thy hand. And he gave him
l Heb. El E!yon. 1 Or, maker
Natural Religion,in the Canaan of 2000 B.c., idealizes his figure. Very
probably, in the scene before us, his interposition will best be interpreted
symbolically. Josephus (Ant. xv. 6, i) mentions that the Maccabee
princes assumed the title of High Priest "of God Most High." Cf.
Assumption of llfoses, vi. r, "There shall be raised up unto them kings
bearing rule, and they shall call themselves priests of the Most High
God."
19. he blessed him] Melchizedek, as a priest, blessed Abram for his
courageous and chivalrous action. A stranger in the land, he had come
to the rescue of its people.
of God Most High] i.e. by God Most High. The blessing of
El Elyon is invoked by Melchizedek upon Abram, the servant of
Jehovah.
possessor of heaven and earth] R. V. marg. maker. The word is
poetical. It expresses the ideas of making, producing, creating, as in
Deut. xxxii. 6, Ps. cxxxix. 13, Prov. viii. 22. It is more often used
for "acquiring" (cf. iv. 1 ), a sense which would not here be applicable.
In Isai. i. 3, it is found, as here, with the meaning of" owner."
20. blessed be God Most High]= " praised be El E!yon." The verb
has a different sense when applied to the Deity from what it has when
applied to man. To "bless God" means devoutly to acknowledge,
that He has been the source of goodness which demands man's thank-
fulness and praise. Melchizedek blesses the God, whose priest he is,
for the great victory which his God has granted Abiam.
And he gave him a tenth of all] Note once more a change of subject.
It is Abram who gives Melchizedek a tenth part "of all," i. e. the spoil;
not of his own property, as he was at a distance from home, and was
only in light marching order. The custom of paying a tithe, or tenth
part, to the priesthood, or to the sanctuary, was very general in ancient
times. Traces of it are found in Assyria and Babylonia. It prevailed
among the Greeks. For the custom in Israel, see note on xxviii. 2'J.
Abram, the father of the Israelite people, performs symbolically an
action which recognizes for future time their obligation to the sanctuary
of Jerusalem.
The two statements that Melchizedek, king of Salem and priest of
God Most High, (r) blessed Abram, (i) received tithes from Abram,
led to the figurative employment of Melchizedek in Ps. ex. 4 as the
ideal of a priest-king appointed by God to rule over the kingdom. of
Judah; and in Heb. v. 9, vii. 4, as the type of the gre~.t kingly H~h
Priest, raised above the Aaronic priesthood, at once king and ~r~est
receiving tithe from Abram, who impersonated the people and rehgron
of Israel. See Special Note. ·
GENES!&
 GENESIS XIV. 20-24

(?) 21 a tenth of all. And the king of Sodom said unto Abram,
22 Give me the persons, and take the goods to thyself. And
Abram said to the king of Sodom, I have lift up mine hand
unto the LORD, 1 God Most High, 2 possessor of heaven and
2 earth, that I will not take a thread nor a shoelatchet nor
3
aught that is thine, lest thou shouldest say, I have made
8
24 Abram rich : save only that which the young men have
eaten, and the portion of the men which went with me;
Aner, Eshcol, and Mamre, let them take their portion.
1 Heh. El Elyon, · 1 Or, maker
8 Or, let there be nothing for me; only that &c.

21. the king oj Sodom] This verse resumes the narrative of v. 17.
The incident of .M elchizedek is parenthetical.
22. I have lift up mine hand] i.e. I have sworn, taken an oath
with a gesture, symbolizing the appeal to God. Cf. Deut. xxxii. 40;
Dan. xii. 7. '
the LORD, God Most High] i.e. Jehovah El Elyon. The LXX and
Syriac Peshitto omit "Jehovah." The Sam. reads ha-Elohim for
••Jehovah." Abran1 takes his oath in the name of the God of Mel-
chizedek whom a later scribe probably identified with Jehovah.
23. a thread... a shoe/atchet] Not the most trifling thing, not even
the lace for a sandal, will Abram take. The fact that Abram has
already (v. 20) given to Melchizedek a tithe of all the spoil, strictly
speaking, conflicts with his refusal, in this verse, to take any share of
the spoil. Probably this discrepancy is an indication that the episode
of Melchizedek (vv. 18-20) has been introduced from a distinct source
of tradition. ·
lest thou shouldest say &c,] Abram emphasizes the fact, (1) that he
did not make war in order to make himself richer or stronger : ( 2) that
he and his household are not going to. be beholden tq the king of
Sodom and the people of the Plain. What he had done, was not for
gain, but for the safety of his relative Lot. Contrast, however, Abra-
ham's acceptance o.f gifts, in xii. 16, xx, 14-16, under different
cumstances.
· 24. save only that] Better, as R. V. marg., "let there be nothing for
me; only that, &c." The expression here used occurs again in xii. 16.
lt might be expressed in colloquial language : "nothing at all, please,
so far as I am concerned." Abram goes on to specify the two neces-
sary exceptions, (1) a claim for the rations of his 318 followers: (2) a
claim that an equitable share in the spoil should be assigned to his
three confederates, mentioned in v. I 3, who, we here learn for the first
time, had joined in the dangers of the enterprise. According to the
rights of war, all the booty belonged to Abram: and he magnanimously
renounces ~is claim. ·· ·
 GENESIS XIV. 179

SPECIAL NOTE ON CHAPTER XIV.

The precise amount of historical value to be assigned to the contents
of this chapter has in recent years been much disputed. Archaeology,
as Skinner says (p. 276), has proved "that the general setting of the
story is consistent with the political situation in the East as disclosed
by the monuments; and that it contains data which cannot possibly be
the fabrications of an unhistorical age."
I. Possible Historical Situation. The following is a brief summary
of the historical facts which are possibly involved in the account of the
Eastern kings mentioned in this chapter: "Under the early kings
of the first dynasty of Babylon, the Elamites had invaded Southern
Babylonia, and possibly the invasion was the immediate cause of
Terah's migration northwards. At the time of Khammurabi, Kudur.
Mabug was the governor of Emutbal, while his son, Rim-Sin, ruled
over Larsa and Ur. Chedorlaomer, whether identical (?)"with Kudur-
Mabug, or his over-lord, might thus not unnaturally have obliged
Amraphel (Khammurabi) to accompany him to battle (Gen. xiv. 1-2).
During the latter part of his reign, however, Khammurabi threw off
the Elarnite yoke, and also defeated Rtm-Sin (who succeeded his
brother Arad-Sin as ruler over Larsa) and established his sui;>iemacy
over Babylonia as well as over the land of Amurru (i.e. Canaan) 1."
II. Possible Date. The date assigned by Ungnad (Gressmann's
Texte u. Bilder (1909), i. 103) to the reign of Khammurabi is 2130-
2088. Driver (in his Addenda, p. xxxix. n. 3) mentions that Kham•
rnurabi "lived, according to Nabuna'id (559-539 B.c.), 700 years
before Burnaburiash (1399-1365 B.c.), i.e. c. •2100 B.c."
No trace has yet been found in the inscriptions of this particular
expedition in which the Elamite king Chedorlaorner, attended by his
vassal kings of Babylonia, Larsa, and Goiim, invaded the country E.
of the Jordan, in order to punish a rebellion. It may be prudent,
until further evidence is forthcoming, to suspend our judgement upon
the identification of the names of the four kings of the East. The
distinguished Assyriologist, Johns, after an investigation of the whole
subject, raised a warning voice ten years ago. "The cuneiform originals
suggested for the names in Gen. xiv. are therefore only ingenious
conjectures. They may all be right, but as yet not one is proved"
(Expositor, Oct. 1903, p. 286).
III. Literary Character. The chapter differs m style from the
three main literary sources of Genesis, J, E, and P. The special use
of the words rendered "goods" ('1JV. JI, 12, 16,21), "persons" (v. 21),
"born in his house" (v. 1 4 , cf. xvii. 12 P), which are characteristic of P,
is insufficient for any general inference.
The mention of Lot in v. 12 as "Abram's brother's son" may
possibly be a gloss. But the unique description of Abram in v. 13
1 ,!:iandcock, Latest Li'ht on Bible Lands, p. 59. S.P.C.K., 1 91 3-
U-:J
180 GENESIS XIV.
as "the Hebrew," as if his name were here freshly introduced, is
certainly surprising. It cannot, however, be claimed that the chapter
is a mere isolated fragment. It presupposes the residence of Lot in
the region of Sodom and Gomorrah (xiii. 10-u J). It assumes the
residence of Abram by "the oaks (or, terebinths) of Mamre"
(xiii. 18 J ; cf. xiv. 13), although it identifies Mamre and Eshcol, with
the names of persons and not of places. ·
The unskilfulness of the literary style is in marked contrast to that
which is prevalent throughout the rest of the book. The following
examples are noteworthy in this short passage. (1) The grammatical
structure of vv. 1 and 2 is strangely cumbrous: "And it came to
pass in the days of [four kings], that they made war." (2) Chedor-
laomer, king of Elam, who, as appears from vv. 9 and 17, was the
over-lord and leader of the expedition, is mentioned third in the list
of the four kings in v. 1. (3) In v. 3 it is uncertain which kings are
spoken of, and the contents of the verse anticipate v. 8. (4) It is
implied in v~ 10 that the king of Sodom perished ; in v. 17 the king
of Sodom meets Abram on his return from his victory. (5) The
incident of Melchizedek (vv. 18-20) interrnpts the account of the
meeting of the king of Sodom with Abram fm,. 17, '21). (6) In
v. 20 "he gave him a tenth of all," if, as has generally been supposed,
Abram is the giver and Melchizedek the 1ecipient, there is an abrupt
change of subject. But the grammatical uncertainty has led some to
suppose that Melchizedek paid tithes to Abram !
IV. Geographical Notes. In the geographical allusions, archaic
names are for the most part employed.
(a) v. '2, "Bela (the same is Zoar)." It is implied that the city
whose name was altered to Zoar (xix.) had previously been called Bela.
(b) v. 3, "the vale of Siddim (the same is the Salt Sea)." This
name for the Dead Sea is only found in this passage. It assumes
that four cities out of the five (i.e. Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and
Zeboiim) were overwhelmed at the time of the catastrophe described
in chap. xix.
(c) vv. 4, 5, "the Rephaim ... the Zuzim ... the Emim •.. the
Horites" are mentioned in Deut. ii. 10-12, 20, 21 as the names of
the aborigines subsequently dispossessed by Moab, Ammon, and
Edom. The Rephaim, or sons of Rapha, were a legendary race of
"giants."
(d) v. 7, "En-mishpat (the same is Kadesh)." Kadesh was the
scene of the Israelite encampment in the wilderness; where Moses
obtained water for ~he people by striking the rock (Num. xx. 1-r3).
If the name En-m1shpat (a Well of Judgement). was an older title,
it implied the existence of water there before the name of" The Waters
of Meribah" had been given to the spring.
(e) v. 7, "the Amalckites and the Amorites." The mention of
the Amorites along with the Amalekites who were a wandering race in
the south of Canaan, is inexact. •• Amorite" is sometimes used in E
for " Canaanite.'· The "Amurru" of the Tel-el-Amarna tablets were
in N. Palestine.
 GENESIS XIV. 181

(/) v. 14, "as far as Dan." The writer, instead of using the
archaic name Laish or Leshem, employs the name which could only
have come into use after the capture of the town by the Danites,
recorded in J udg. xviii. 19. · .
(g) v. 17, "the vale of Shaveh (the same is the King's Vale)."
"Shaveh" is here used as a proper name ; but, as in v. 5, it is usually
a word meaning "a plain." The King's Vale, if we may judge from
'2 Sam. xviii. 1 8, was in the vicinity of Jerusalem.
(k) v. 18, "king of Salem." See note. In view of the archaic
names employed in the context, it is most natural to assume that
"Jerusalem" is intended; and that the writer deliberately avoided the
familiar name of the city. On the other hand, "The Samaritans
identified the city of Salem with their sanctuary on Mount Gerizim
(see LXX, Gen. xxxiii. 18 ; comp. Eusebius, Praeparatio Evangelica
ix. 17)1."
V. Origin {!J Traditt"on obscure. Whatever its source may have
been, the story stands by itself. It represents one of many legends.
which were current respecting the patriarch. Whether the framework
in which it now stands be derived from a very early document or from
some later collection of traditions (Midrask), it is impossible to decide.
That Abram should suddenly figure in events of the greater
world's history, that he should appear as a warrior and inflict defeat
upon the armies of four Eastern kings, produces an impression widely
different from that which is forthcoming from the rest of the patriarchal
narrative. But, making allowance for the tendency of traditions to
magnify the deeds of the national hero, we need not pass any hasty
verdict against the general trustworthiness of the story.
It is true that, according to the Hebrew tradition, the five kings of
Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, Zeboiim, and Bela, must have been petty
princes of towns lying quite close together in a small inconsiderable
district of S.E. Canaan ; and that an expedition against them by their
over-lord, the king of Elam, and his vassals would, on the face of it,
have been most improbable. But we must remember that, if we might
assnme a wide-spread rebellion, or refusal to pay tribute, on the part.
of the Western Provinces belonging to the Elamite Empire, the
punitive expedition, according to the Hebrew local legends, would
have been reputed to be more especially directed against the Canaanite
rebellious kings. As to the improbability of the route, or of the
strategy, it is unreasonable to expect minute accuracy from a narrative
reproducing archaic conditions, in reference to an almost prehistoric
event. Proper names, when unfamiliar, are liable to undergo assimi•
lation to more familiar ones. The heroic deeds of the hero become ex·
aggerated : the greatness of his victories is enhanced by lapse of time.
If we may judge from geological evidence, there is no probability
in the supposition that in the time of Abram the Dead Sea sub~erged
a fertile district and overwhelmed populous cities. Hence it 1s not
unlikely that the tradition of the Five Cities "in the vale of Siddim"
may have received an erroneous identification as. to their site and names.
1 Kohler, arl. "Mclchizedek," / ewish E11CJ1&lofauuJitl.
i8:i GENESIS XIV,

SPECtAt NOTE ON MELCfiIZEDEK.

t. Its significa#ce. 'the episode of Meichizedek (xiv. 18-20) is

one of the most interesting in the Book of Genesis. Its e:1ttreme
brevity heightens the sense of mystery in which it is involved. It may
be taken for granted- that the incident ls introduced oh account of its
profound religious significance. It describes the meeting between the
Priest-King of "the Most High God" of the Human Race and the
Father of the Chosen People, the Servant of Jehovah, the God of the
new Revelation. The moment chosen for this meeting is instructive.
Abram, the Hebrew stranger, is returning from. victory over the foes
of the land: Melchizedek, the Canaanite Priest-King, has had no part
in the campaign. Abram represents the new spiritual force that has
entered the world's history: Melchizedek represents the ideal of the
permanent communion of mankind with God. The new family and
the new nation, through whom that communion is ultimately to be
perfected, render their homage to the representative of the Universal
and the Omnipotent.
To the Israelite reader Jerusalem was the centre of pure religion and
spiritual aspirations. Abram, impersonating the people of which he
was to be the founder, receives from Melchizedek, the Priest-King of
Jerusalem (Salem), not riches, nor offers of reward and possessions,
but firstly bread and wine, sustenance and refreshment, and secondly
his blessing, in the name of the Most High God, upon the servant of
Jehovah. Abram, in his turn, renders tithe to Melchizedek, typify-
ing thereby the obligation of every true son of Abram to recognize
the full claims of the spiritual life upon his loyal service.
II. Details .for study. 1. The Name. Though originally the
name may have meant "Zedek is king," it suggested to Israelite
readers or hearers "the king of righteousness," cf. Heh. vii. 2,
or "righteous king," cf. Joseph. B. J. vr. ro, MeXx. o rfj 1ra.Tpl~
-yXwuuv KA'l)Oels fJa.u,Xeus ol1ea.ios. For the Messianic significance of
which, cf. Ps. xiv. 4 ff.; Jer. xxiii. 6, xxxiii. 15, 16; Dan. ix. 24;
Mai. iv. 2.
2. His Royal Office. He is King of Salem ; and, while this title
denoted to the Israelite the personal character of "a king of peace"
(cf. Heh. vii. 2), it can scarcely be doubted that in the identification of
Salem with Jerusalem (cf. Ps. lxxvi. 2; Joseph. Ant. r. 180) lies the
peculiar typical significance of the event. The name of the city in the
Tel-el-Amarna tablets (circ. 1400) is Un,salim: the king of Jerusalem
in Jos. x. 1 is Adoni-zedek.
3. His Priestly Office. He is Priest as well as king. He is Priest
of the Most High God, the Creator of Heaven and Earth, who is
identified, according to the text of v. 22, by Abram with Jehovah.
There is no suggestion of anything evil, impure, or polluting, in the
worship of which Melchizedek, a native Canaanite, is a priest. Abram
treats him as the official representative of the true God. It was not
until the age of the Maccabees that the High Priest_ was also king.
 GENESIS XIV. t83
4• His Blessing. As the representative of the true God, Mel-
chizedek invokes upon Abram a message of Divine blessing. He
blesses God ; the victory of Abram over his foes is a ground for
grateful praise. He presents the patriarch with bread and wine as the
pledge of good-will and as an expression of honour and gratitude.
5. He receives tithe from Abram; cf. Heb. vii. 7-to. The receiver
is greater than the giver of tithe. The impersonator of the ideal
worship at Jerusalem receives tithe from the father and founder of the
Israelite people. .
6. Melchizedek disappears from the page of history as suddenly as
he appears. Nothing is recorded of his family or lineage, of his life or
actions. He "stands unique and isolated both in his person and in his
history ... ms life has no recorded beginning or close" (Westcott, Ep,
Hebrews, p. 171). It is not the man Melchizedek, but the Scripture
portrait of Melchizedek in Gen. xiv., which causes the writer of the
Epistle to the Hebrews to designate him as "without father, without
mother, without genealogy, having neither beginning of days, nor end
of life."
7. The Messianic passage in Ps. ex. 4 (quoted in Heb. v. 6, vii. 17,
zr), "Thou art a priest after the order (or, manner) of Melchizedek,"
seems to mean that the Messiah is not a priest of the tribe of Levi, or
of the family of Aaron, but, like the Priest-King of Jerusalem in the
story of Abram, is, according to a more primitive conception of priest-
hood, the king of a kingdom of priests (cf. Ex. xix. 6).
8. Melchizedek is not mentioned in the Apocryphal Books. There
is a lacuna in the Book of Jubilees at this passage (xiii. 25). Abram:
has evidently made his offering of tithe; and the next words are
" ... for Abram, and for his seed, a tenth of the first-fruits to the Lord,
and the Lord ordained it as an ordinance for ever that they should give
it to the priests who served before Him, that they should possess it for
ever. And to this law there is no limit of days; for He hath ordained
it for the generations for ever that they should give to the Lord the
tenth of everything, of the seed and of the wine and of the oil and of
the cattle and of the sheep. And He gave it unto His priests to eat and
to drink with joy before Him" (Charles' Apocrypka and Pseudepi-
grapka, vol. II. p. 33).
9. The writer of the Epistle to the Hebrews regards Melchizedek as
the type of Christ; as (a) King of Righteousness; (b) King of Peace;
(c) Priest, not of the line of Levi or Aaron; (d) greater than Abraham,
receiving tithes from him; (e) eternal. See chap. vii. with Westcott's
notes.
10. Philo allegorizes the person of Melchizedek, who, he considers,
represents the priesthood of "right reason," offering to the soul the
sustenance of gladness and joy in the thoughts of absolute truth (Leg.
Allegor. iii. § 15).
II. Clement of Alexandria (Strom. iv. 15) regards the offeri?gs of
bread and wine as typical of the Eucharist, adding, "And Melch1zedek
is interpreted 'righteous King' ; and the name is a synonym f~r
righteousness and peace": cf. Strom. ii. 5; "He (the Saviour) JS
 GENESIS XIV.
Melchizedek, 'the king of peace,' the most fit of all to head the race
of men."
12. Jerome (Ep. lxxiii. ad Evangelufn), summarizing opinions about
Melchizedek, mentions that Origen and Didymus held him to have
been an Angel ; many others thought he was a Canaanite prince,
exercising priestly offices, like "Abel, Enoch, Noah,Job"; the Jews
very commonly identified him with Shem, Again, it appears to have
been held by some writers, that Melchizedek was a manifestation of the
Son; by others, that he was an appearance of the Holy Spirit (cf. Quaest.
ex V. et N. Test. Augustini Opera, tom. iii. App. § cix.: ed. Migne,
P. L. 35, p. 2329).
13. Westcott (Ep. to the Hebrews, p. 203) gives an account of the
interesting legend respecting Melchizedek preserved in "t!.e Book of
Adam." "To him (Melchizedek) and Shem ... the charge was given
to bear the body of Adam to Calvary, and to place it there where
in after time the Incarnate Word should suffer, so that the blood of the
Saviour might fall on the skull of the Protoplast. In the fulfilment of
this mission Melchizedek built an altar of twelve stones, typical of the
twelve apostles, by the spot where Adam was laid, and offered upon it,
by the direction of an angel, bread and wine 'as a symbol of the
sacrifice which Christ should make' in due time. When the mission
was accomplished, Shem returned to his old home, but Melchizedek,
divinely appointed to this priesthood, continued to serve God with
prayer and fasting at the holy place, arrayed in a robe of fire. So
afterwards when Abraham came to the neighbourhood he communicated
to him also 'the holy Mysteries,' the symbolical Eucharist."
I.f. That the episode of Melchizedek has been introduced from a
distinct source of tradition is very probable. (a) It interrupts the
narrative in v. 17, which is continued in v. 21. (b) Its con!ents are not
in harmony with the context. In v. 22, Abram refuses to take any-
thing from the spoil : in v. 20, Abram is said to give Melchizedek '' a
tenth of all." If "a tenth of all" refers to the spoil, it contradicts
v. 22 : if it refers to " all" his own property, then it assumes for
Abram quite different surroundings from those of the story in chap. xiv.
No late tradition of Abram is likely to have represented him as
offering a tithe " of all" to a Canaanite king. But the short passage
may illustrate a large class of traditions, religious and symbolical in
character, which in early days had collected round the name of the
patriarch. Ps. ex. 4 is evidently based upon the present passage.

CH. XV. THE COVENANT WITH ABRAM. (J, E.)

This chapter contains at least two slightly different narratives, which
dealing with the same subject have been blended together. Thus
vv. 1 and 5 speak of Abram in sleep, at night time, when the stars a1e
visible: in vv. 12 and 17 we read of the sun going down, and after-
wards, when the sun had set, of its becoming dark. In v. 6, Abram's
faith is singled out for especial commendation. In v. 8, Abram, in
 GENESIS XV. r, 2 18-s
After these things the word of the LORD came unto 15 E
Abram in a vision, saying, Fear not, Abram : I am thy
shield, 1 and thy exceeding great reward. And Abram said, 2
O Lord 2 Goo, what wilt thou give me, seeing I 3 go
1 Or, tky 1·ewa1·d shall be exceeding /[Ye<,t 9 Heb. fehovah, as in
other places where Goo is put in capitals. 3Or, go kence

distress and dot!bt, asks for a sign. In vv. 13-16, is recorded an

explicit promise of the occupation of the land of the Amorite. In
vv. 17, 18, the covenant is made, with a brief sentence containing
a promise of the land. The probability is that we have here a combina-
tion of the two threads of prophetic narrative, which have been dis-
tinguished by scholars as (E) Elohist, or Ephraimite, and (J) Jehovist,
or J udean. See Introduction.

1-6. THE PROMISE OF AN HEIR.

1. After these things] A vague note of time. Cf. xxii. 1, 20; xl. 1;
xlviii. 1.
the word of tke LORD] i.e. the word of Jehovah, as in v. 4. This is a
technical expression in the O.T. for a Divine revelation to a prophet.
It occurs nowhere else in the Pentateuch. It suggests the prophetic
character of Abram, and should be compared with xx. 7 (E), where
Abram is spoken of as a prophet.
in a vision] Evidently, as is shewn by v. 5, the vision occurs in
a dream, or in the condition described in Num. xxiv. 3, 4; cf. Job
iv. 13, "in thoughts from the visions of the night, when deep sleep
falleth on men."
Fear not] The situation requiring this particular encouragement is
not described. Abram, alone, childless, surrounded with foreigners, is
not a coward, but is tempted, at times of depression, to fear that there
is to be no fulfilment of the promise.
thy skield] A poetical simile of frequent occurrence, e.g. Deut.
xxxiii. 29 ; Ps. iii. 3 ; Prov. ii. 7, " He is a shield to them that walk in
integrity"; xxx. 5, " He is a shield unto them that trust in him."
and thy exceeding great reward] So the Lat. et merces tua magna
nimis. But R.V. marg. tky reward shall be exceeding great is prefer-
able. So the LXX. That for which Abram shall be rewarded is his
trust.
2. Lord GOD] Goo=Heb. Jehovah, as in other places where
it is put in capitals. " Adonai Jehovah": this combination of
sacred names occurs only here, v. 8, and Deut. iii. 24, ix. 26, in the
Pentateuch. It is, however, not uncommon in the prophetical writin~;
an~ is especially frequent in Ezekiel. The Hebrew student ~di
notice that the sacred name JHVH receives here the vowel pomts
 186. GENESIS XV. 2-S
E childless, and he that shall be possessor of my house is
J 3 1 Dammesek Eliezer? I And Abram said, Behold, to me
thou hast given no seed : and, lo, one born in my house
4 is mine heir. And, behold, the word of the LORD came
unto him, saying, This man shall not be thine heir; but he
that shall come forth out of thine own bowels shall be thine
E s heir. I And he brought him forth abroad, and said, Look
1 The Chaldee and Syriac have, Eliezer the Damascene.
"e" "o" "i" of E!ohim, because the word "Adonai," whose pro-
nunciation it generally receives, immediately precedes it. Where the
full word "Adonai" precedes JHVH, the Jewish scribes, in order to
prevent profane repetition of the word "Adonai," punctuate and pro-
nounce JHVH as if it were" Elohim"; hence they would read here
Adonai Elohim, not Adonai Adonai.
seeing I go childless] R. V. marg. go hence. LXX a,ro:\voµ,u, Lat.
ego vadam. "I go" is generally understood to mean here, " I depart
this life." Cf. "Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart," Luke ii. 29
(vuv a,ro:\veis rov ooOMv crou, oecr,rora.). But it might mean, "I take
my ordinary path in life, childless."
The misfortune of having no children was acutely felt by the Israelite:
see Num. xxvii. 4, "Why should the name of our father be taken away
from among his family, because he had no son?"
possessor of my house] i.e. my heir.
The conclusion of this verse, in the original, gives no sense. The
R.V. probably furnishes the general meaning. The confusion is
apparent in LXX, o oe u!os MaCTEK rijs olKOj'fVOUS µou, OUTOS !:,.a.µa.CTKOS
'E1\di'ep=" And the son of Masek, my slave born in the house, this
is Damascus Eliezer."
Dammesek Eliezer] R. V. marg., Targum of Onkelos, and Syriac,
have Eliezer the Damascene. The text is corrupt. Literally the sentence
runs: "and the son of the possession of my house is Damascus Eliezer."
Dammesek is the usual Hebrew word for "Damascus." Attempts to
restore the text have not been successful.
Ball conjectures, "And he who will possess my house is a Damascene,
Eliezer." Eliezer is probably the same as the faithful servant of Abram
mentioned in xxiv. 2, where the name is not given. The possible
reference to Damascus in this verse gave rise to the traditions con-
necting Abram with the conquest of Damascus; see Josephus (Ant. r.
7, 2), quoting Nicolaus of Damascus, who wrote in, the days of Herod
the Great; cf. note on xii. 5.
3. one born £n my house] The childless master of the house is here
represented as likely to be succeeded by a member of his household.
Lot is ignored. For the favourable position of a trusted slave in an
Israelite household, cf. xxiv.; r Sam. ix. 3-8, 22; r Chron. ii. 34 ff.;
Prov. xvii. 2.
 GENESIS XV. 5-7
110w toward heaven, and tell the stars, if thou be able to E
tell them : and he said unto, hiro, So shall thy seed be. I
And he believed in the Lo RD.; and he counted it to him 6 J
for righteousness. And he said unto him, I am the LORD 7
I!. tell tke stars] i.e. count. A proverbial expression for the infinite
and innumerable, as in xxii. l 7, xxvi. 4.
The word "tell" is Old English for "count," as in Ps. ·xxii. 17,
"I may tell all my bones"; Ps. xlviii. l 2, "tell the towers thereof";
J er. xxxiii. 13, "and in the cities of Judah shall the flocks again pass
under the hands of him that telleth them." Cf. "And every shepherd
tells his tale Under the hawthorn in the dale" (Milton, L'Allegro,
67, 68).
6. ke believed in tke LORD] Abram believed (1) in God's protec-
tion (v. 1), (2) in the fulfilment of the promise of a son (v. 4), and (3) of
innumerable descendants (v. 5). It is this trust to which St Paul refers
(Rom. iv. 18), "who in hope believed against hope, to the end that he
might become a father of many nations, according to that which had
been spoken, So shall thy seed be."
"Believed in," i.e. "believed," "trusted," as with the same
Hebrew construction, Ex. xiv. 31, Jonah iii. 5.
In the Ep. to the Hebrews (xi. 8, 17) Abram's faith is not illustrated
from this passage, but from his leaving his country (chap. xii.) and .from
his sacrifice of his son (xxii. ).
and ke counted it to kim for righteousness] A short pregnant sentence
of abstract religious thought. The word "righteousness" (fdllqllk)
occurs here for the first time in Scripture. It denotes the qualities of
the man who is "righteous," or " right with God" (see note on
,addtq, vii. 1). To the Israelite, "righteousness" implied the perfect
obedience of the law. The writer records that, at a time whet1 there
was no law, Jehovah reckoned the faith of Abram, shewn in simple
trust and obedience, as equivalent to the subsequent technical fulfil-
ment of legal righteousness. The trustful surrender to the loving
will of God is represented, in this typical instance of the father of
the Israelite people, as, in Divine estimation, the foundation of true
religion.
For the phrase, cf. the reference to Phinehas, Ps. cvi. 3 l, " and
that was counted unto him for righteousness."
For the argument based by St Paul on this verse in connexion with
the doctrine of the justification by faith, see Rom. iv. 1-25; Gal.
iii. 6 : cf. J as. ii. 2 3.
7-19. THE RATIFICATION OF THE PROMISE BY A SOLEMN
COVENANT.
The occasion of the covenant is distinct from that described in
vv. 1-6; but the connexion of thought is obvious. It is the !°an
of faith who has the privilege of vision and is admitted into direct
· covenant relation with his God.
 188 GENESIS XV. 7-n
J that brought thee out of Ur of the Chaldees, to give thee
8 this land to inherit it. And he said, 0 Lord Goo, whereby
9 shall I know that I shall inherit it? And he said unto him,
Take me an heifer of three years old, and a she-goat of
three years old, and a ram of three years old, and a turtle-
10 dove, and a young pigeon. And he took him all these, and
divided them in the midst, and laid each half over against
11 the other: but the birds divided he not. And the birds of
prey came down upon the carcases, and Abram drove them
'I. out of Ur ef the Chaldees] Possibly a later gloss: see note on
xi. 31, xii. 1. Cf. Neh. ix. 7, 8.
8. whereby shall I know] Abram requests a sign to assure him of
the fulfilment of the promise : cf. the action of Gideon, J udg. vi. 1 7, and
of Hezekiah, 2 Kings xx. 8. On "Lord Gon," see note on v. 2.
9. Take me an heifer, &c.] The sign to Abram is the sign of the
covenant, of which the ceremonial is here described. This ceremonial
is evidently of great antiquity. The writer, perhaps, intends to refer
the origin of the institution to the time of Abram and to this occasion.
The ceremony is as follows: (1) Animals permitted for sacrifice are
selected. (i) They are killed, and their carcases divided. (3) The
divided portions are placed in two rows over against each other.
(4) The contracting parties pass between the rows, invoking, as they
do so, an imprecation upon any violator of the covenant, that he should
in like manner be cut asunder.
It is this ceremonial which causes the making of a covenant to be
expressed by words meaning "to cut," e.g. Heb. karath b'rtth, Lat.
faedus icere, Gr. llpK<u. rlµvELv.
The details of the ceremony probably differed slightly from age to
age. The origin of some old customs is lost in obscurity. Why, for
instance, are the animals mentioned to be three years old? is it because
they are to be full grown? (Cf. r Sam. i. 24, R.V. marg.) Why are
the birds not to be divided like the beasts? These are questions of a
technical ritual charactet to which at present we can give no answer.
The most interesting Scriptural illustration of covenant ceremonial is
afforded by Jer. xxxiv. 18, "the covenant which they made before
me, when they cut the calf in twain and passed between the parts
thereof."
11. And the birds ef fmy, &c.] The birds of prey, regarded as
unclean, swooping down threatened to carry off the pieces of flesh.
This would have interrupted the ceremony with an evil omen, polluted
the sacrifice, and impaired the covenant. Abram drives away the birds
of ill ·omen. In the context, these birds evidently symbolized the
Egyptians, who threatened, by enslaving Israel in Egypt, to frustrate
the fulfilment of the Divine promise to the seed of Abram. The
chasing away of the birds typified the surmounting of all obstacles.
 GENESIS XV. 11-16 189
away. And when the sun was going down, a deep sleep 12 J
fell upon Abram; and, lo, an· horror of great darkness fell
upon him. And he said unto Abram, Know of a surety 1 3
that thy seed shall be a stranger in a land that is not theirs,
and shall serve them; and they shall afflict them four hun-
dred years; and also that nation, whom they shall serve, 14
will I judge : and afterward slitall they come out with great
substance. But thou shalt go to thy fathers in peace; thou 15
shalt be buried in a good old age. And in the fourth 16
The LXX 11vvtKdlhcrtP o.~ro'i's =" he sat with them" for "he drove
them away" (reading vay-ytsheb ittllm for vay-yassheb othllm) is a
strange example of the mistakes arising from Hebrew writing without
vowel points.
12. a deep sleep] See note on the same word in ii. u. LXX
lKtTTo.CTLS,
an horror of great darkness fall] Lit. "an horror, even great dark-
ness was falling." A vivid description of the sensation of terror, pre-
liminary to the revelation he. was to receive.
13. a stranger] The word used (ger) (LXX ,rdpo1Kos) means more
than a" sojourner" (cf. xxiii. 4, Ex. ii. 22).
A stranger (ger) is properly a guest residing in another country, whose
rights are in a sense protected. He may be merely a temporary sojourner
(toshab). But as a "stranger" (g!r) he has a recognized status in the
community. As a "sojourner" (tosht1b), he has none; he is a mere
social "bird of passage." The difference is that between a " resident
foreigner " and " a foreign visitor."
and shall serve them; and they shall ajJlt'ct them] The personal
pronouns in English are ambiguous. There is a change of subject.
Israel shall be slaves to the people of a land that is not theirs, i.e. to
the Egyptians ; and the Egyptians shall affiict them. The LXX 8ov>.w-
11ov11w, "they, i.e. the Egyptians, shall make bond men of them, i.e. the
Israelites," gives a different turn to the first clause, and avoids the
interchange of subject and object: cf. the quotation in Acts vii. 6.
four hundred years] See note on v. 16. The figure agrees in round
numbers with the number of 430 years assigned, in Ex. xii. 40, to
the sojourning of Israel in Egypt. Cf. Acts- vii. 6; Gal. iii. 17.
14. will I judge] Referring to the plagues of Egypt.
with great substance] See Ex. xii. 35, 36; Ps. cv. 3 7.
15. go to thy fathers] i.e.-depart in death to join thy forefathers in
the place of departed spirits, i.e. Sheol. Cf. xlvii. 30, "when I sleep
with my fathers"; xlix. 33, "was gathered unto his people."
a good old age] See for the fulfilment of this promise, xxv. 7, 8. 1'.o
live to a good old age and to depart this life in peace, was, as 1s
shewn m tne typical lives of the patriarchs, regarded as the reward
of true pi_ety. Cf. Job v. z6, "Thou shalt fOII\<:: to thy ~rave_ in
 GENESIS XV. 16-18
J generation they shall come hither again : for the iniquity of
17 the Amorite is not yet full. And it came to pass, that,
when the sun went down, and it was dark, behold a
smoking furnace, and a flaming torch that passed between
18 these pieces. In that day the LORD made a covenant with
Abram, saying, Unto thy seed have I given this land, from
the river of Egypt unto the great river, the river Euphrates:

a full age, like as a shock of corn cometh in in its season "; Prov.
ix. II, X, 27.
16. in the fourth generation] This agrees with the genealogy in
Ex. vi. 16-20, where the generations are: (1) Levi, (2) Kohath,
(3) Amram, (4) Moses. If the fourth generation is to be harmonized
with the 400 years in v. 13, a generation must have been computed as
100 years. Isaac was born in Abram's 100th year. But it may be
doubted, whether the mention of "the fourth generation" comes from
the same hand as "the 400 years" in v. 13 .
.for the iniquity of the A 11torite] The idea is that the wickedness of
the people of Canaan must reach a certain degree, before the Divine
penalty can be inflicted. The postponement of the penalty, which
indicates Divine forbearance, means also a terrible, but gradual, accu-
mulation of guilt. For the iniquity of the Amorites, cf. xiii. 13, Lev.
xviii. 24-30, Dent. ix. 5. On the Amorite, see x. 16.
17. a smoking furnace] The sign of the covenant is given in the
appearance of a kiln, from which issued smoke and a blazing torch;
and this passed through the two rows of the divided carcases. The figure
described as a "smoking furnace" (tannur) was that of a clay-
constructed kiln, or furnace, such as is used for baking purposes
by the Fellaheen. It is the KXifJa.vos="oven," of Matt. vi. 30. For
the fire and smoke as a symbol of the Theophany, see Ex. xiii. 21,
xix. 18, xxiv. 17.
18. the LORD made a covenant] A covenant, or compact, as between
man and man, is necessarily impossible between God and man. God
in His mercy gives the promise; man in his weakness acknowledges
his willingness to obey. For the other covenants in the Pentateuch cf.
i>:•, xvii.; Ex. xxiv. '.fhe origin of b'rtth= ''covenant,'' is uncertain.
Some suggest barah= Heat," in the sense of a "solemn meal." See
note on v. 9. .
The fate of the victims was supposed to be invoked upon the head
pf the party who broke the covenant. Cf. Livy, 1. 24, tum illo die,
Juppiter, populum Romanum sic .ferito, ut ego hunc porcum hie hodie
.feriam, tantoque magis jerito quanto magis poles pollesque. The idea
of Robertson Smith that the two parties to the covenant, standing
between the pieces, partook of the mystical life of the victim (Relig.
ef Semites, p. 480) remains doubtful..
from the river o.f Egypt] The n'har Mi2raim is clearly the Nile.
 GENESIS XV. 19-21

the Kenite, and the Kenizzite, and the Kadmonite, and ~~ J

the Hittite, and the Perizzite, and the Rephaim, and the 2r
Amorite, and the Canaanite, and the Girgashite, and the .
Jebusite.
The ideal boundaries of the future territory of Israel are here stated in
hyperbolical fashion, as extending from the Nile to the Euphrates: so
Jos. xiii. 3, 1 Chron. xiii. 5. The Eastern, i.e. the Pelusiac, arm of
the Nile is meant.
"The River of Egypt" is to be distinguished from "the Brook of
Egypt," na~al lllizi-aim, Num, xxxiv. 5, Josh. xv. 4, 47, the Rhino-
colura, the modern Wady-el-Arish, a watercourse on the extreme
S.W. of Palestine, on the confines of Egyptian territory.
unto the great river, the river Euphrates] Cf. Deut. i. 7, xi. 24.
It was probably only in the days of Solomon that this picture of
Israelite greatness was ever approximately realized; see I Kings iv. ZT,
Ps. lxxx. 11.
19--21. The names of the ten peoples to be driven out by the
Israelites. For other lists of these, cf. Ex. iii. 8, 17, xiii. 5, xxiii. 23,
xxxiv. II; Deut. vii. 1, xx. 17. Here only, are ten names given;
usually only five or six are mentioned. The Kenite, the Kenizzite, the
Kadmonite, the Perizzite, and the Rephaim, seem here to be added
to make up the full list.
These verses and v. 18 are attributed by many scholars to a Deutero-
nomic editor.
19. the Kenitel Dwellers in the S. ot Canaan, connected with
the Amalekites and noted for their subsequent fnendly relations with
Israel. Cf; Num. xxiv. 20, 21; Judg. iv. 17; l Sam. xv. 6.
the Kenizzzi'e] Also a people on the Edomite border of Canaan;
cf. Kenaz, xxxvi. JI, Caleb, the head of the tribe of Judah, was a
Kenizzite, Num. xxxii. 12, Josh. xiv. 6. Hence the Kenizzites were
probably a south Palestinian clan absorbed into the tribe of Judah.
· the Kadmonite] Probably dwellers on the eastern desert frontier
of Canaan. Compare "the children qf the east" (b'nR lfedem) in
xxix. 1.
20. · the Hittite] See note on x. 15. l'rot,ably indicating the
presence of Hittite settlements in Canaan-bands who had roamed
southward from the great Hittite kingdom. of the north.
the Perizzite, and the Rephaiml See notes oµ xiii. 7, xiv. S·
21. the Amorite, &c.] See x. 15, 16.

OH. XVI. THE BIRTH OF ISHMAEL,

The narrative in this chapter contains Israelite traditions respecting
the birth, name, and dwelling-place of Ishmael. .
(a\ It explains how the Israelites acknowledged the lshmaehtes to
' be an older branch of their own stock, dwelling on their
wuthern bordefli• ·
 GENESIS XVI. r, 2

P J 16 Now Sarai Abram's wife bare him no children: I and she

had an handmaid, an Egyptian, whose name was Hagar.
2 And Sarai said unto Abram, Behold now, the LORD bath
restrained me from bearing; go in, I pray thee, unto my
handmaid; it may be that I .shall 1 obtain children by her.
1 Heh. be builded by her.
(b) It illustrates how they regarded them as inferior in dignity of
descent, and as degraded by an Egyptian connexion.
Verses 1•, 3, 15, 16 are from P, while vv. 9, 10, 11 have been attributed
to an editorial insertion. The remainder is from J.

1-6. HAGAR AND HER FLIGHT INTO THE DESERT. (J, P.)
1. handmaid] or "maidservant," as in xii. 16. The wife generally
had a female slave, who was her own property, and not under the hus-
band's control: see xxix. 24, 29; xxx. 3-7, 9, 12.
an Egyptian] It is natural to connect Hagar's Egyptian origin with
the sojourn in Egypt mentioned in chap. xii., or with the journeys in the
Negeb (xii. 9, xiii. 1).
The theory that the "Egypt" (Mifraim) of which Hagar was a native
was the land of a N. Arabian tribe (Mltfrt) has been suggested by
Winckler on account of the mention of Mu,ri in N. Arabia in the
cuneiform inscriptions. His theory supposes th'at the Mu,ri of
N. Arabia was at an early time confounded by the Israelites with
the more famous, .but similarly sounding, Mi,ri, "an inhabitant of
Egypt." But, in view of the continual intercourse betw~en Palestine
and Egypt, as shewn by the Tel-el-Amarna tablets, the theory is
improbable, and uncalled for. Egypt, at an early period, embraced
the Sinaitic peninsula.
Hagar] The name "Hagar" is associated with that of wandering
Arab tribes, called the Hagrites, 1 Chron. v. 10, r9, 20, xxvii. 31, with
which should be compared the Hagarenes of Ps. lxxxiii. 6, " the tents
of Edom, and the Ishmaelites; Moab, and the Hagarenes."
Whether the story of Hagar, in this chapter, in any way bears upon
the meaning of her name, is more than we can say for certain. But,
in Arabic, hagara= "to flee," and the well-known word hegira, the
epoch of Mohammed, is his "flight" from Mecca.
2. it may be that I shall obtain children by her] Heb. lit. be
builded by her; the same expression occurs in xxx. 3 ; the idea is
that of the building up of a house (cf. Ruth iv. 11, Deut. xxv. 9). The
suggestion which Sarai here makes, may be illustrated from xxx. 3, 4 9.
Childlessness was, and still is, in the East, a great reproach (cf. 1 S;m.
i. 2-20). It was the custom also in Babylonia, as is shewn by the
Code of Hammurabi, that "if a man's wife was childless, he was
allowed to take a concubine and bring her into his house, but he was
not to place her upon an equal footing with the wife, Or, the wife
 GENESIS XVI. 2-6 1 93

And Abram hearkened to the voice of Sarai. I And Sarai 3 JP

Abram's wife took Hagar the Egyptian, her handmaid, after
Abram had dwelt ten years in the land of Canaan, and gave
her to Abram her husband to be his wife. I And he went in 4 J
unto Hagar, and she conceived : and when she saw that she
had conceived, her mistress was despised in her eyes. And 5
Sarai said unto Abram, My wrong be upon thee: I gave
my handmaid into thy bosom ; and when she saw that she
had conceived, I was despised in her eyes: the LORD judge
between me and thee. But Abram said unto Sarai, Behold, 6
thy maid is in thy hand; do to her that which is good in
thine eyes. And Sarai dealt hardly with her, and she fled
might give her husband a maidservant (amtu), and, if she brought up
children, he was forbidden to take in addition a concubine " (S. A. Cook,
The Laws iif Moses and Ike Code iif Hammurabi, p. 1 II).
by her] By the adoption of Hagar's children as her own.
3. And Sarai Abram's wije] This verse is P's duplicate version
of vv. 1, 2, adding the number of years that Abram had dwelt in
Canaan.
4. was despised in her eyes] Compare the story in I Sam. i., where
the two wives are both "free," and one is childless. Here the " free"
wife, the mistress (gebereth), gives her own maidservant (4m4k) to her
husband ; and is then jealous for her own dignity.
G. My wrong] i.e. may the wrong done to me be visited on thee I
Sarai's passionate and unjust complaint is the utterance of jealousy.
Abram is not to blame for the step which she herself had recommended
in accordance with the custom of the age. The possibility, that in these
cases the position of the mistress might be compromised by the in-
solence of the handmaid, formed the subject of special provision in the
Code of Hammurabi. "Branding was the punishment inflicted upon the
owner's handmaid who arrogantly set herself on an equality with her
mistress" (§ 146: see S. A. Cook, p. 16o).
LXX d.81Kovµ.a.1 iK 0-011, Lat. inique agis contra me.
judge between me and thee] Cf. xxxi. 53; I Sam. xxiv. n. The
latter passage adds "and the LORD avenge me of thee." The "judge-
ment" of the LORD may be the source of punishment : see note on xv. 14.
6. in tky hand] Abram replies, with forbearance, that Hagar is
under Sarai's authority. Whether this is a formal transference of Hagar
back into the power of Sarai, after she had become, as a concubine, the
property of Abram, is not explained.
dealt kard(y] The same word as that rendered "afllict" (xv, 13),
Here it evidently means "persecute," "ill-treat."
fled] The character of Hagar is depicted as high-spirited and
courageous, as well as independent. There is no evidence that her
conduct was insolent.
GENESIS 13
 194 GENESIS XVI. 6-11

J 7 from her face. And the angel of the LORD found her by a.
fountain of water in the wilderness, by the fountain in the
8 way to Shur. And he said, Hagar, Sarai's handmaid, whence
earnest thou? and whither goest thou? And she said, I
9 flee from the face of my mistress Sarai. And the angel of
the LORD said unto her, Return to thy mistress, and submit
10 thyself under her hands. And the angel of the LORD said
unto her, I will greatly multiply thy seed, that it shall not
11 be numbered for multitude. And the angel of the LORD
said unto her, Behold, thou art with child, and shalt bear a
son; and thou shalt call his name 1 Ishmael, because the
1 That is, God heareth.
T-14. HAGAR AND THE ANGEL AT THE WELL,
T. tlu angel of the LORD] The Angel, i.e. messenger, of Jehovah is
the personification of Jehovah. Observe that in verse 10 He identifies
Himself with Jehovah, expressing in the first person sing. what He will
do (cf. xxi. 18, xxii. 15-18).
In all probability, in the development of religious thought, the Angel
of Jehovah marks an intermediate stage between the simple anthropo-
morphisms of Gen. iii., xi. and xviii., and the later, more spiritual and
abstract, conception of the Divine Being.
a fountain of water] i.e. a spring of water, which in the desert would
mean an oasis towards which trac)<s would converge. See xxiv. 13.
in the way to Shur] Probably, on the main trade route leading to her
own country of Egypt. '' Shur," mentioned also in xx. 1 and xxv. 18,
has not been identified. It seems to mean "a wall" ; and very
probably was the name given to some spot on the line of the Egyptian
frontier fortifications on the north-east, not far from the present Suez
Canal, Possibly=the modern Tell abt2-S!pheh, 20 miles S. of Port
Said.
9. And the angel of the LORD said] Notice the triple repetition of
these sayings of the Angel in vv. 9, 10, 11, containing in v. 9 the
injunction to return and submit, in v. 10 the promise of a multitude of
descendants, and in vv. 11 and 12 the name and character of her future
son. Verses 9 and 10 both begin with the same words as v. 11, and
probably are editorial additions from different versions of the story.
10. I will greatly multiply] The Angel of Jehovah expresses in the
ISt person the promise of that which Jehovah will perform; as in xxi.
18, xxii. 15-18, xxxi. 13.
11. thou shalt call his name Ishmael] That is, God heareth. The
name is to be given by the mother. Cf. note on iv. 1, 25. The name
"Ishmael" may mean either" God hears," or "may God hear." See
also xxi. 17. The reason for the name is explained by the words,
"because the LORD bath heard (shama') thy aftliction."
 GENESJS XVI. 11-13 1 95

LORD hath heard thy affliction. And he shall be as a wild- 12 J

ass among men ; his hand shall be against every man, and
every man's hand against him; and he shall dwell 1in the
presence of all his brethren. And she called the name of 13
the LORD that spake unto her, 2 Thou art 3 a God that seeth:
for she said, Have I even here looked after him that seeth
1 Or, over against Or, to the east of 2 Or, Thou God sees/ me
3 Heb. El roi, that is, God of seeing.

heard thy affliction] See note on v. 6. The expression means that

Jehovah has either heard of the persecution Hagar has received, or,
more probably, has heard the prayer uttered by her in her affliction
(v. 6), Cf. Ex. ii. 24, iv, 31,
12. as a wild-ass among men] Lit. "a wild-ass of a man," This
description of Ishmael vividly portrays the characteristics of his
descendants. 'fhe wild· ass, for which see Job xxxix. 5-8, Hos.
viii. 9, is the typically untameable, strong, free, roaming, suspicious,
and untrustworthy animal, living wild in the desert, far from the haunts
of men,
in the pnsence of all his bnthren] R. V. marg. over against. Cf.
xxv. 18. ".Brethren":" see notes on xiii. 8, xiv. 14. While "in the
presence," or "in the face of" all his brethren, might legitimately be
rendered "to the east of" the Israelites, the east was scarcely the
quarter in which the Ishmaelites were chiefly found. A better explana-
tion gives to the words the meaning of a foe, d·.velling close at hand and
'' over against" his brethren, ever ready to attack and raid their territory.
13. the LORD that spake unto her} These words definitely identify
the Angel with a manifestation of the Almighty; see v. 7.
Thoie art a God that seeth] LXX ~,> o 0,os o irp,lJcJ,p µ.e, Lat, Tu
Deus qui vidisti me. Hagar designates the Divine Person who had
spoken to her, by the name El, with the epithet, or attribute, of
"Vision": see note on xiv. 18. She says, "Thou art El roi," i.e.
"a God of Seeing," or "of Vision." The familiar rendering, "Thou
God seest me," is, with our present text, incorrect.
Have I even here looked after him that seeth me] According to this
rendering, the emphasis is on the words "even here." The meaning
is, "have I, even here, in the wilderness, met God? and, though
I knew Him not, yet, after He had gone, I perceived that it was He."
The awkwardness of the phrase, "after him," is obvious. The diffi-
culty of the passage was realized at a very early time: LXX KCU -yap
•vw,r,op ,looP orpOina µ.o,, Lat. proftcto hie vidi posteriora videntis me
(explaining the clause from Ex. xxxiii. 23).
On the assumption that the text is corrupt, W ellhausen conjectll!es
"have I seen [God, and remained alive] after [my] vision," readmg
,Elohim for halom, and inserting .va-e!Ji. This_ gives a good sense;
13-2
 1g6 GENESIS XVI. 13-XVII. 1

J 14 me? Wherefore the well was called 1 Beer-lahai-roi; behold,

P 15 it is between Kadesh and Bered. I And Hagar bare Abram
a son : and Abram called the name of his son, which Hagar
16 bare, Ishmael. And Abram was fourscore and six years
old, when Hagar bare Ishmael to Abram.
17 And when Abram was ninety years old and nine, the
1 That is, The well ef the living one who seeth me.

but is rendered doubtful by the alteration of the unusual word haldm

(="even hither").
Similarly, Ball conjectures "Have I even seen God, and survived?"
(S.B. 0. T.) It may be assumed that Hagar's utterance denoted joy
and thankfulness for having seen Jehovah, and for having lived after-
wards. Cf. xxxii. 30; Ex. iii. 6, xix. 'JI; J udg. xiii. in; 1 Sam. vi. 19.
14. Beer-lahai-roi] The R. V. marg. the well ef the living one
who seeth me is an impossible translation of the text. Another ren-
dering is, "Well of the Seeing alive," i.e. "Where one sees God
and remains alive." The popular belief was, that he who saw God
would die. See previous note.
Probably the name Beer-lahai-roi was explained by a popular
etymology which connected its pronunciation with the sound of the
Hebrew words l;ai = '' living " and roi = '' vision." A well, or spring,
in a desert was generally deemed by the early nomad peoples to be
frequented by a Divine presence.
between Kadesh and Bered] For Kadesh, see note on xiv. 7. Bered
has not been identified. Hagar's well is commonly supposed to he the
same as Ain Muweileh, a spot where there are springs, S. of Beersheba,
and on the caravan road to Egypt.
llS, 16. THE BIRTH OF ISHMAEL. (P.)
These verses are from P, and are inserted in place of J's account
of the birth of Ishmael.
111. Abram cal!ed.. .IshmaefJ See note on v. II. The father here
gives the name as usually in P: see notes on iv. r, 17, 25, v. 3.
16. fauncore and six years old] An instance of P's careful com-
putation of chronology. Compare the statements in v. 3 and xii. 4
with the years given here.

CH. XVII. THE INSTITUTION OF THE RITE OF CIRCUMCISION. (P.)

1- 8. The Covenant with Abram.
9-14. Circumcision the Token of the ·covenant.
111-IIZ. The Promise to Sarai.
113-2'1. Abraham circumcises his household.
The whole of this chapter is from P.
1. ninety years old and nine] There has been an int ... val of 13 years
since the birth of Ishmael in xvi. r6.
 GENESIS XVII. 1, :2 197
LoRo appeared to Abram, and said unto him, I am 1 God P
Almighty; walk before me, and be thou perfect. And I a
1 Heh. El Shaddai.
Ike LORD] "Jehovah," used here in P, probably, for the speciai
purpose of connecting the covenant of Abram with Him whose full
name was revealed to Moses, Ex. vi. 3. Or, as not infrequently must
have happened, one sacred name has been substituted for another
by editor or copyist.
Elsewhere in this chapter (vv. 3, 7, 8, 9, 18, 19, 22, 23) Elokim
occurs, as usual in P's narrative. • ·
I am God Almighty] Heb. El Shaddai. Notice the opening
formula, "I am," used in this manifestation. Cf. xxxv. 11.
The name El Shaddai is that by which, according to Ex. vi. 3 (P), God
"appeared" in the patriarchal age, and before the revelation to Moses of
the name Jehovah (JHVH=Jahveh). Thi.~ title El Shaddai occurs in
xxviii. 3, xxxv. n; xliii. 14, xlviii. 3 (cf. xlix. 25; Num. xxiv. 4, 16).
Shaddai alone occurs frequently (31 times) in the Book of Job; in
prose it is usually found with El="God Almighty."
The derivation of the word Shaddai has hitherto baffled enquiry.
(1) The old Rabbinic explanation, that it consisted of two combined
words (sh-, and dai) meaning "one who is All-sufficient," is quite
impossible; but it accounts for the rendering of Aquila and Symmachus
o irnvos. ( 2) It has been derived from a root (shdd) meaning "to
destroy," which may be illustrated from Isai. xiii. 6, I,oel i. 15_.
( 3) Another suggestion connects it with shedim = '' demons ' ; see note
on xiv. 3. (4) Others conjecture a derivation giving it the meaning of
"the storm God." (5) LXX renders, in Pent., by o Oe6s µ,ou, Vulg.
'' omnipotens." The word is an ancient epithet of unknown origin,
whose general meaning is tha.): of irresistible power.
For El with Shaddai, see note on xiv. 18.
English readers will recollect the use of the name "Shaddai" in
John Bunyan's Holy War.
The word appears in the compound proper names " Zurishaddai "
(Num. i. 6, ii. 12), "Ammishaddai" (Num. ii. 25).
walk be.fore me] For this word "walk," see v. 22, 24; vi. 9. Here it
is the "walk," not "with," but "in the presence of." The idea is that of
the progress in personal life and conduct in the continual realization
of God's presence. In P there is no supposition of any code of law
before the time of Moses. The rite of circumcision, whose observance
is commanded in this chapter, the prohibition against eating blood
given in chap. ix. 4, and the implied recognition of the Sabbath (ii. I),
are the only external observances of the patriarchal age recognized in P,
Here the command, "walk before me," is simply that of liv_ing _a
good life in the sight of God. This is " to be well pleasing m his
sight" : hence LXX renders d,apfoTet,
u
· The substance of the command is expressed in xviii. 19, keep the
 GENESIS XVIi. 2-7
,p will make my covenant between me and thee, and will
3 multiply thee exceedingly. And Abram fell on his face:
4 and God talked with him, saying, As for me, behold, my
covenant is with thee, and thou shall be the father of a
5 multitude of nations. Neither shall thy name any more be
called Abram, but thy name shall be Abraham; for the
6 father of a multitude of nations have I made thee. And I
will make thee exceeding fruitful, and I will make nations
7 of thee, and kings shall come out of thee. And I will
way of the Lord, to do justice and judgement"; Deut. x. I z, "to fear
the Lord thy God, to walk in all his ways, and to love him, and to
serve the Lord thy God"; Micah vi. 8, " to do justly and to love
mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God."
be thou peifect] See note on vi. 9. Cf. Job i. r, 8; Luke i. 6.
2. And I will make my covenant] See note on xv. 9 1 18. The
words of this verse imply no knowledge of the covenant described in
chap. xv. The covenant has yet to be made. P's account of the cove-
nant is different from that of J; and, the two traditions being distinct,
there is no allusion here to the previous narrative .
.fell on his .face] The prostration of humility and reverence, as in
v. 17. Cf. Num. xiv. 5.
=
~ .father ofa multitude ofnations] "Multitude," ham6n "tumult."
LXX ,ro>..>..wv l0vwv.
6. Abram] The shorter form is here used for the last time. Except
in Genesis, it only occurs in r Chron. i. 1,7, Neh. ix. 7.
thy name shall be Abraham] The change from «Abram" to
" Abraham " is associated with the covenant promise that the patriarch
shall be "the father of a multitude of nations" ('ab ham6n g,Jyytm).
As in many other instances, we have here a resemblance through
assonance, and not a real derivation of a proper name. There is no
such word as raliam meaning "a multitude." "Abraham" and
"Abram" have, until recently, been regarded as forms of the same
name, "Abiram," which meant "exalted father," or "the father
is Ram," i. e. " the exalted one." But the longer name has been
found in several Babylonian monuments belonging to the reign of
Ammi-zaduga, who was tenth in the dynasty founded by Hammu-
rabi. According to the distinguished Assyriologist, Ungnad, the
Babylonian pronunciation was Abaram, and the meaning "He loves
the father." ,
a multitude of nations] The promise of the covenant in P con-
templates not only the nation of Israel (as J, xii. z, xviii. 18, and E,
xlvi. 3), but also the kindred nations of Edom and Ishmael.
6. kings shall come out of thee] Cf. v. 16 and xxxv. I I (P). The
promise contains a reference to the Israelite monarchy. This is
recognized as overruled by God (cf. I Sam. xi., xii.) to be the
 GENESIS XVII. 7-11 199
establish my covenant between me and thee and thy seed P
after thee throughout their generations for an everlasting
covenant, to be a God unto thee and to thy seed after thee.
And I will give unto thee, and to thy seed after thee, the 8
land of thy sojoumings, all the land of Canaan, for an ever-
lasting possession ; and I will be their God. And God said 9
unto Abraham, And as for thee, thou shalt keep my cove-
nant, thou, and thy seed after thee throughout their genera-
tions. This is my covenant, which ye shall keep, between 10
me and you and thy seed after thee ; every male among
you shall be circumcised. And ye shall be circumcised 11

means of the people's blessing and expansion. Cf. Num. xxiv. 14,
17-19.
With the "kings" of Israel, compare the "princes" of " Ishmael"
(v. 20) and "the dukes of Edom" (xxxvi. 40).
7. for an everlasting covenant] Cf. 13, 19. LXX els li10.IJ~K1/V
o.lwvwv. The relationship is to be one transcending the limits of time.
The covenant is to be "established," cf. vi. 18, ix. 9. The idea is
slightly different from that of the covenant being "made," xv. 18. There
the phrase refers back to the solemnity of ancient binding institutions ;
here it points forward to the permanence of a new and enduring
relationship. God undertakes to be the God of Abraham and of
his descendants. He will take care of them as His own, and they
on their side will obey and serve Him as His people. Cf. Ex. vi. 7;
Deut. xxvi. 17.
8. tke land °[ tky sojournings] This is explained to be "all the
land of Canaan. ' The word " sojournings" denotes " residences of a
stranger" (cf. xv. 13). The stranger (gi'r) has no fixed possession in a land.
The land where he has been a stranger is now promised to become his
settled possession. The promise, therefore, reverses Abraham's present
position. The land will be no longer one of'' sojournings" (megtirtm),
but a "possession" (a[tuzzak). Cf. xxviii. 4, xxxvi. 7, xxxvii. 1,
xlvii. 9; Ex. vi. 4 (all in the P narrative), For "everlasting pos•
session," see xlviii. 4 (P).

9-14. CIRCUMCISION THE TOKEN OF THE COVENANT.

9. tkou skalt keep] "Keep" in the sense of" observe": the reverse
is to "break" (v. 14) the covenant. Notice the sing. "thou," and
the plur. "ye shall keep" in v. 10; cf. the interchange of plur. and
sing. in vv. II, 12, 13.
10. shall be circumcised] The rite of circumcision, which is here
given as the symbol of the covenant with Abraham and his seed, was
no new institution. In Abraham's time it was already a well-known
 200 GENESIS XVII. u, 12

P in the flesh of your foreskin ; and it shall be a token of

12 a covenant betwixt me and you. And he that is eight

practice. It is adopted as the sign of the covenant, and consecrated to

be the abiding pledge and witness of the relationship between the God
who revealed Himself to Abraham and the people of which Abraham
was the founder.
Circumcision is found to have been practised among the peoples of
Africa at a very early time. In Egypt records of the practice are said
tl! go back to an age many centuries previous to the time of Abraham.
From Egypt it is said to have been transmitted into Phoenicia and
Syria (see Herodotus, n. 114). From the present account it is clear
that the Israelites believed the institution to have had its origin in the
patriarchal era. We learn from Jer. ix. 25, 26 that it was practised
by Edomites, Ammonites, and Moabites, as well as by Egyptians and
Israelites.
The custom is prevalent in very different parts of the world. For
instance, it is found in S. Africa and in Madagascar.
It very possibly has some connexion with the cuttings and tattooings
by which the savage avowed his relationship to the Deity of his tribe,
and hoped to secure his favour by wearing his sign. Hence it took
rank with the distinctive badges of a tribe or people.
Recent investigation has not t!!nded to support the theory that cir-
cumcision has any connexion with primitive child sacrifice ; nor, again,
that it took its origin from hygienic motives. Apparently, it represents
the dedication of the manhood of the people to God. In the history of
Israel, it has survived as the symbol of the people belonging to Jehovah
through His special election. Its significance in Israel is something
quite distinct from that in other circumcised peoples. This corporeal
sacrament remained to tlie Israelite, when every other tie ot religion or
race had been severed.
For its renewal (a) in the time of Moses, (b) in the time of Joshua,
see Ex. iv. 25; Josh. v. 2. In both of these passages the use of a stone,
or flint, instrument possibly represents the survival o~ the rite from an
age of remotest antiquity, before the introduction of metal.
For circumcision as an honourable badge, the absence of which would
be regarded as a reproach in Egypt, see Josh. v. 7-9. The alleged
omission of the Philistines to practise this rite ( J ud. xiv. 3 ; 1 Sam. xxxi.
4; 2 Sam. i. 20) may possibly be due to their foreign origin.
11. a token] i.e. an outward sign. Cf. the rainbow which was the
token of the covenant of Noah, ix. 12, 13.
12. he that i's eight days old] The performance of the rite at this
early age is distinctive of the Israelite usage. Cf. xxi. 4; Lev. xii. 3;
Luke i. 59, ii. 21 ; Phil. iii. 5. The operation at this exceedingly early
age (see note on v. 25) is probably for the purpose (1) of including all
males, (2) of coinciding with the first period of the mother's unclean-
ne,s, Lev. xii. 2, 3, (3) of inflicting the smallest degree of suffering.
 GENESIS XVII. 12-17 201

days old shall be circumcised among you, every male P

throughout your generations, he that is born in the house,
or bought with money of any stranger, which is not of thy
seed. He that is born in thy house, and he that is bought 13
with thy money, must needs be circumcised: and my
covenant shall be in your flesh for an everlasting covenant.
And the uncircumcised male who is not circumcised in the 14
flesh of his foreskin, that soul shall be cut off from his
people ; he bath broken my covenant.
And God said unto Abraham, As for Sarai thy wife, thou 15
shalt not call her name Sarai, but 1 Sarah shall her name be.
And I will bless her, and moreover I will give thee a son of 16
her : yea, I will bless her, and she shall be a mother of
nations ; kings of peoples shall be of her. Then Abraham 17
1 That is, Princess.
every male] The important principle is here laid down that the rite
is to be required of every male member of the household. All slaves
are to be circumcised, both those "born iu the house" (cf. xiv. 14), and
those "bought with-money" (cf. Ex. xii. 44). It was thus that the
first principles of charity were interwoven with the foundation of the
Chosen People. The privileges of the covenant relation are at once
extended beyond the literal seed of Abraham.
14. shall be cut off] The penalty of being "cut off" is frequently
mentioned in P. It does not appear certain, (1) whether the penalty is
to be inflicted by God or by man; ( 2) whether, if it be the inHiction of a
judicial punishment by man, it denotes capital punishment, or expulsion
from the ranks of the community. The formula has probably been
transmitted from a very early period; and the lapse of time led to
change in practice. Thus, in Ex. xxxi. 13, 14, the penalty of death is
inHicted by the people: see Num. xv. 32-36. But, in Lev. xvii. 10,
xx. 3, the sentence is pronounced by God, "I will cut him off."
from his people] Lit. "from his peoples," a phrase used by P, which
seems to denote "father's kin," and evidently possessed a special
technical meaning of clanship. See note on xxv. 8.

111-22. THE PROMISE TO SARAI,

111. Sarah shall her name be] That is, Princess. The name "Sarai"
(LXX :ictpa) is altered to "Sarah" (LXX :ictt,;,a). The name "Sarah"
is the feminine form of the Heb. Sar, '' a prince." Other explanations
which give the meaning "the contentious one," or "the merry one,"
are improbable. "Sarai" may possibly have been an ol<;Ier fo~:11 of
"Sarah." It cannot mean, as used to be asserted, "my pnncess.
16. nations ... kings of_peoples] See note on v. 6.
 GENESIS XVII. 17-20

P fell upon his face, and laughed, and said in his heart, Shall
a child be born unto him that is an hundred years old? and
18 shall Sarah, that is ninety years old, bear? A1ld Abraham
said unto God, Oh that Ishmael might live before thee !
19 And God said, Nay, but Sarah thy wife shall bear thee a
son ; and thou shalt call his name 1 Isaac : and I will estab-
lish my covenant with him for an everlasting covenant for
20 his seed after him. And as for Ishmael, I have heard thee:
behold, I have blessed him, and will make him fruitful, and
1 From the Heb. word meaning to laugh.

17. fill upon his face] See v. 3.

laughed] The incredulous laughter of Abraham here, according to
P, should be compared with that of Sarah, in xviii. 12, according to J,
as a play upon the name "Isaac" and its meaning of" laughter."
Along with the incredulity must be reckoned the joy of the assurance
that the promise of a son should be fulfilled. The joy of that hope, and
of its significance to the whole world, is the subject of the allusion in
John viii. 56, "Your father Abraham rejoiced to see my day, and he
saw it and was glad."
ninety years old] The age of Sarah, nine years younger (cf. v. 24)
than Abraham.
18. said unto God] The previous verse contained what Abraham
"said in his heart." Aloud he expresses his incredulity in a more
reverent manner, shewing that his hope of descendants r~sted upon
Ishmael.
might live before thee] i.e. that his life might be blessed by God's
special protection.
19. Sarah thy wije] God's answer in this verse is made to the
utterance of Abraham's heart (v. 17), and not of his lips (v. 18).
thou shall call his name Isaac] R. V. marg. "From the Heh. word
meaning to laugh." See xxi. 3. The name Isaac is here, and in xviii.
and xxi., associated with "laughter." The word "he' laughed," used
in v. 1 7, has the same root letters (f!zq) as the name " Isaac."
The name '' laughter " will thus commemorate the involuntary doubt
of Abraham (v. 17) to which St Paul refers (Ro. iv. 19), "without being
weakened in faith he considered his own body now as good as dead
(he being about a hundred years old) and the deadness of Sarah's
womb."
Note that the father is commanded to give the name; see note on
v. 3 (P).
20. as for Ishmael, I have heard thee] This verse contains the
reply to Abraham's spoken words in v. 18. "I have he.ard thee"
contains a reference to the meaning of the name " Ishmael"=" God
hears.'' See note on xvi. II.
 GtNEStS XVll. 20-27 203

will multiply him exceedingly ; twelve princes shall he P

beget, and I will make him a great nation. But my 21
covenant will I establish with Isaac, which Sarah shall bear
unto thee at this set time in the next year. And he left off 22
talking with him, and God went up from Abraham. And 23
Abraham took Ishmael his son, and all that were born in
his house, and all that were bought with his money, every
male among the men of Abraham's house, and circumcised
the flesh of their foreskin in the selfsame day, as God had
said unto him. And Abraham was ninety years old and 24
nine, when he was circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin.
And Ishmael his son was thirteen years old, when he was 25
circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin. In the selfsame 26
day was Abraham circumcised, and Ishmael his son. And 27
all the men of his house, those born in the house, and those
bought with money of the stranger, were circumcised with
him.
twelve princes] Recorded in xxv. 13-16. As in the family of Israel,
so also in that of Ishmael, the number "twelve" symbolizes the distri-
bution and orianization of a people under responsible leaders, and
represents ancient usage.
22. God went up] This expression, which occurs also in xxxv. 13 (P),
means that God returned to His dwelling-place, which the Israelite
believed to be above the Heavens.

23-27. ABRAHAM CIRCUMCISES HIS HOUSEHOLD.

23. And Abraham took, &c.] This verse repeats the directions
contained in vv. rr-13.
in the selfia111e a'<ty] As in v. 26: see note on vii. 13. The expression
is characteristic of P. The performance of this rite upon all the males
of Abraham's household, consisting of several hundred (cf. xiv. 14), in
one day is hardly to be understood literally. The narrative is more
concerned with the thought of the symbolism of a ritual precept, than
with its literal practicability. The operation for full-grown males is
a serious one, and not unattended with risk, cf. xxxiv.
25. Ishmael... thirteen years old] The mention of Ishmael and of
his age, is of interest; for it implies (1) the fact that the Ishmaelite
people practised circumcision; (z) the possible reminiscence of a variant
custom by which it was performed at the age of thirteen years, instead
of eight days, as in Israel, cf. v. 12. The modern Arabian use is
said to be much later in life than that of the Jews, and in some cases
, corresponds with the age of Ishmael. A boy _at 13 was regarded as
 GENESIS XVIII. t, :i

J 18 ·And the LoRD appeared unto him by the I oaks of Mamre,

2 as he sat in the tent door 'in the heat of the day; and he
lift up his eyes and looked, and, lo, three men stood over
against him : and when he saw them, he ran to meet them
from the tent door, and bowed himself to the earth, and
1 Or, terebinths
on the threshold of manhood. Origen (Euseb. Praep. Evang. vr. 11)
and Ambrose (de Abrah. 11. 348) mention fourteen as the age for the
practice of the rite among the Egyptians.

CHS. XVIII., XIX. THE DESTRUCTION OF SODOM AND

GOMORRAH G).
xviii. 1-111. Visit of three Angels to Abraham, and the promise
of a son to Sarah.
16-33. Colloquy of Jehovah with Abraham; Jehovah's
purpose to overthrow Sodom and Gomorrah and
the intercession of Abraham.
xix. 1-23. Visit of two Angels to Lot in Sodom, and the escape
of Lot to Zoar.
24--28. The destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah and the
cities of the Plain.
S0-38. The origin of the Moabites and Ammonites.
With the exception of xix. 29, which is from P, the whole of this
remarkable section is from J. Few passages in the O.T. narrative
can rival it in simplicity, vividness, and grace of style.
The interposition of this section tends to heighten the expectancy
with which the reader awaits the fulfilment of the promise; and to
augment the impression of the Divine favour and esteem in which the
patriarch is held.
1-111. VISIT OF THREE ANGELS TO ABRAHAM, AND THE
PRO!IIISE OF A SON TO SARAH (J).
1. the LORD appeared] The personal Theophany of Jehovah (cf.
xvi. 13) was evidently at first not recognized by Abraham.
the oaks of Mamre] Better, as R.V. marg., terebinths. See note on
xiii. 18. Mamre is here the name of a place, not of a chieftain (xiv. 24).
in the heat of the day] i.e. at noontide, as in 2 Sam. iv. 5. Cf. 1 Sam.
xi. 9, "by the time the sun is hot"; Neh. vii. 3. For "the cool of the
day," see iii. 8. ·
2. lo, three men] The sudden appearance of the three men before
the tent is especially recorded. Their approach had not been observed.
As in the case of xxxii. 24, Josh. v. 13, Jud. xiii. 10, II, the angelic
visitants are not distinguishable from ordinary men.
bowed himself to the earth] Cf. xix. 1, xxiii. 7, xxxiii. 3, xiii. 6; the
regular gesture of salutation towards thost: of higher rank.
 GENESIS xvii1. 2-5 205
1
said, My lord, if now I have found favom; in thy sight, 3 J
pass not away, I pray thee, .from thy servant: let now a 4
little water be fetched, and wash your feet, and rest your-
selves under the tree: and I will fetch a morsel of bread, s
and comfort ye your heart ; after that ye shall pass on :

1 Or, 0 Lord

3. My lord] R.V. marg. 0 Lord. The Heb. word so rendered

has received three different translations.
(r) "0 Lord," as in vv. 27, 30-32, AdontH, addressed to God.
So the Massoretic Heb. text, adding the word "holy," as a note, to
safeguard the meaning and the pronunciation.
(2) "my lords," adon.ii, as if Abraham addressed his three visitors
together : compare the plural in vv. 4, 5.
(3) "my lord" (with change of vocalization), ad6nt (cf. xxiii. 6,
rr). The sing. is used in v. 3 ("tky servant")." This third rendering
seems the most probable: (a) there is no sign of Abraham's recognizing
the real character of the strangers; (b) it would seem probable that he
instinctively recognized one of them as the superior in position, though
he does not perceive in him the manifestation of Jehovah until after
v. 15.
4. wask your feet] Abraham's offer of hospitable welcome is said to
be a faithful representation of the reception of a traveller by an Eastern
sheikh. Here we have its various aspects of (r) the courteous greeting;
(2) the feet washing; (3) the repast and personal attendance by the
host; (4) the escort on the road at departure.
The washing of the feet is necessary for comfort as well as cleanliness
in the East where sandals are worn. Cf. xix. z, xxiv. 32, xliii. 24;
Luke vii. 44; John xiii. 14.
rest yozirselves under tke tree] Abraham invites them to recline in -
the shade, while the meal is made ready. It does not necessarily
indicate the posture at the meal. Judging from I Sam. ix. '2'2, xx. 5,
1 Kings xiii. 20, a sitting posture was usual among the Israelites.
Probably we should understand that, in this scene, as in xxvii. 19,
Jud. xix. 6, those who ate were seated on the ground, the food being
placed in front of them.
15. a morsel of bread] Cf, Judg. xix. 5. With true Oriental sub-
servience of speech Abraham gives this description of the generous
entertainment which he intends to provide. For this modesty of speech
as a formula of courtesy, cf. xiii. 9, xxiii. 11; '2 Sam. xxiv. 22, 23.
comfort ye your keart] As in J ud. xix. 5, 8; lit. "support your
heart," Lat. confartate cor vestrum. The English word "comfort,"
derived from the Lat., originally had the meaning of "strengthen."
The Heb. word here used is found in Ps. civ. 15, "bread that
strengtheneth man's heart,"
 2o6 GENESIS XVIII. 5-9
J 1
forasmuch as ye are come to your servant. And they said,
6 So do, as thou hast said And Abraham hastened into
the tent unto Sarah, and said, Make ready quickly three
7 measures of fine meal, knead it, and make cakes. And
Abraham ran unto the herd, and fetched a calf tender and
good, and gave it unto the servant; and he hasted to dress
8 it. And he took butter, and milk, and the calf which he
had dressed, and set it before them ; and he stood by them
9 under the tree, and they did eat. And they said unto him,
Where is Sarah thy wife? And he said, Behold, in the
1 Or, far therefore

forasmuch as] Marg. for therefore: cf. xix. 8, xxxm. 10 (J).

Abraham graciously assumes that the strangers have only honoured
him with a visit, in order to allow him to provide for their refresh-
ment and entertainmei:it on their journey.
6. into the. tent unto Sarah] Sarah does not appear before the
strangers. She is occupied with the baking. Abraham and his servant
are responsible for the selection and killing of a calf, the cooking of
the meat, and the procuring of butter and milk from the herd. A meal
in which meat is provided is a rarity in a Bedouin's life, and is the sign
.of the offering of hospitality.
three measures of.fine meal] A "measure" is a seah, or one-third of
an ephah. The amount, therefore, represented by three seahs was one
ephah. It is the same quantity mentioned by our Lord in Matt. xiii. 33,
"the kingdom of heaven is like unto leaven, which a woman took, and
hid in three measures of meal." The seah contained nearly a peck and
a half.
fine meal] Two words are here used, ftemaf;. and s/Jleth, meaning
"meal," "fine flour."
cakes] These would be baked on flat hot stones placed in the clay
oven, or in the hot ashes which were sometimes heaped up over them;
hence LXX i"(Kpvcj,la,, Lat. panes subcinericii. Cf. 1 Kings xix. 6.
1. fetched a caif] We must remember· that meat is rarely eaten
by the tent-dweiling nomads. The killing of an animal for a repast
indicated a desire to do special honour to a guest.
8. butter, and milk] Butter (J;.em'ah, LXX {Jourvpov) is not what we
should call butter, but rather "curds," mentioned here and Judg. v. 25,
as a cool and refreshing delicacy to be offered to a guest. It is called in
the East /eben. It is probably this which we find -so often mentioned
with honey, e.g. 2 Sam. xvii. 29; Isa. vii. 22. The milk (hl2ldb)
would be the fresh milk of sheep or goats. ·
they did eat] The manifestation of the Deity is here, as in xix. 3,
associated with a meal. Cf. Exod. xxiv. 11; Judg. vi. 19, 20. God's
Presence may bless the simplest duties of home life. "
9. Sarah thy wife] The knowledge of his wife's name must have
 GENESIS XVIII. 9-14 207

tent. And he said, I will certainly return unto thee when xo J

the season 1 cometh round;· and, lo, Sarah thy wife shall
have a son. And Sarah heard in the tent door, which was
behind him. Now Abraham and Sarah were old, and well x1
stricken in age ; it had ceased to be with Sarah after the
manner of women. And Sarah laughed within herself, 12
saying, After I am waxed old shall I have pleasure, my
lord being old also? And the LORD said unto Abraham, 13
Wherefore did Sarah laugh, saying, Shall I of a surety bear
a child, which am old? Is any thing too 2 hard for the 14
LoRD? At the set time I will return unto thee, when the
1 Heh. liveth, or, reviveth. 2 Or, wondeiful
caused Abraham surprise, and gives perhaps the first indication of his
guests' real character.
10. I will certain~] A first hint of Divine knowledge of the
parents' grief over their childlessness.
when the season cometh round] R. V. marg. Heh. liveth, or, reviveth.
A strange phrase, probably meaning "at this time a year hence," as in
xvii. 21. Cf. 2 Kings iv. 16, 17, LXX Kara. rov Katpov rovrov ds wpas,
Lat. tempore isto, vita comite. Skinner conjectures, with a slight
alteration of the vowel points, "according to the time of a pregnant
woman," on the ground that the Heh. word for "liveth" means in
modern Heh. "a woman in child-birth."
Sarah ... in the tent door] Sarah was not visible, but the conversation
of the men under the tree was easily audible to her at the tent opening.
heard] Better, "was listening," which reproduces the Heb. parti-
ciple.
which was behind him] Probably the LXX preserves the right
reading, "and she was behind it," i.e. the door.
11. well stricken in age] An Old English expression for well-
advanced in years: cf. " ... his noble queen Well struck in years"
(Shakespeare, Rich. III, 1. 1). Heh. "entered into days," LXX
1rpofJ,{J11K6us, Lat. provectae aetatis. Cf. Luke i. 7; Heh. xi. II, 12.
12. Sarah laughed within herself] This is the laughter, according
tD J, which furnished a reason for the name " Isaac" ; and on that
account it is here emphasized. See, for the reason in P, xvii. 17.
waxed old] The word in the original is forcible, and is used else-
where for worn-out raiment, e.g. "shall wax old like a garment,"
Ps. cii. 26.
13. Wher,fore did Sarah laugh?] The Divine nature of Abraham's
guest is shewn in His knowledge of Sarah's thought, cf. xvii. 19. Here,
for the first time, Abraham's Visitant is identified with Jehovah.
14. too hard for the LORD] Lit., as marg , wonderfa_l• The LX~
rendering P.1/ a.ovvar,, 1rapa. r<i, /J.,;) pf/µ,a find~ an echo m St Luke 1.
 208 GENESIS XVIII. 14-19
J 15 season 1 cometh round, and Sarah shall have a son. Then
Sarah denied, saying, I laughed not; for she was afraid.
And he said, Nay; but thou didst laugh.
16 And the men rose up from thence, and looked toward
Sodom : and Abraham went with them to bring them on
17 the way. And the LoRn said, Shall I hide from Abraham
18 that which I do; seeing that Abraham shall surely become
a great and mighty nation, and all the nations of the earth
19 shall be blessed in him? For I have known him, to the
end that he may command his children and his household
after him, that they may keep the way of the LoRD, to do
justice and judgement; to the end that the LoRD may
bring upon Abraham that which he bath spoken of him.
1 Heh. livetk, or, revivetk.
37. CompareJer. xxxii. 17, "Ah! LordGon!bebold,tbouhastmade
the heaven and the earth by thy great power ... : there is nothing too
bard tor thee."
He who thus speaks of Jehovah, is Himself Jehovah. Cf.xvi. II, xix.13.
lll. I laughed not] Sarah apparently emerges, in confusion and fear,
to deny the guest's statement. This occasions the fourth repetition of
the word "laugh" in these four verses, by the short reply, "Nay, but
thou didst laugh."

16-33, COLLOQUY OF JEHOVAH WITH ABRAHAM, &c. (J.)

16. looked toward Sodom] The idea is that of directing the gaze
from an eminence. A view of the Dead Sea is to be obtained from the
hills in the neighbourhood of Hebron: cf. xix. 28. The LXX and
Lat. add '' and Gomorrah" after '' Sodom."
to bring them on the way] See note on xii. zo.
1'1. And tke LORD said] i.e. within Himself: cf. xx. 11, "I
thought," lit. "I said."
Shall I kide from Abrakam] Witli the thought of this verse, cf.
Amos iii. 6, 7, "shall evil befall a city, and the LORD bath not done
it? Surely the Lord God will do nothing, but he revealeth his secret
unto his servants the prophets." Here Jehovah purposes to reveal His
intention to Abraham on account of his position as one who was in
covenant relation, and the recipient of the promise (v. 18).
18. blessed in him] See note on xii. 3.
19. 1 kave known him] See Amos iii. 2. Personal knowledge is
the basis of confidence and love ; the choice of Abraham is no arbitrary
election, but the result of knowledge.
to tke end that, &c.] The purpose for which God has known and
liOught out Abraham is here epitomized; ( 1) that, through the obedience
 --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
GENESIS XVIII. 20-23

And the LORD said, 1 Because the cry of Sodom and Go- 20 J
morrah is great, and 1 because their sin is very grievous; I 21
will go down now, and see whether they have done alto-
gether according to the cry of it, which is come unto me;
and if not, I will know. And the men turned from thence, 22
and went toward Sodom : but Abraham stood yet before
the LORD. And Abraham drew near, and said, Wilt thou 23
1 Or, Verily
of him and his folk, a true righteousness, according to " the way of the
LORD," may be propagated; (2) that the Divine fulfilment of the pro-
mise may be carried out unhindered. Family life is the sphere of
chosen service.
For the picture here given of a righteous and godly life, cf. xvii. 1,
20. Because ... because] Better, as marg., Verily ... verily.
the cry ef Sodom and G,imorrah] See xix. 13, (1) Either, this is the
complaint concerning Sodom and Gomorrah going up to Heaven. The
genitive "of" is then objective, like" the 1eport of Tyre" (Is. xxiii. 5),
"the spoil of thine enemies" (Deut. xx. 14). (2) Or, it is the cry by
the cities, which are personified, and which make their loud complaint
against the inhabitants. The genitive then is subjective. See iv. 10.
their sin is very grievous] Cf. xiii. 13; Ezek. xvi. 49, 50.
21. / will go down] Cf. xi. 5, 7. The Dead Sea lies in a deep
depression to which there would be a continuous descent from Hebron;
so that the words may be also understood quite literally. The strong
anthropomorphism is in the character of J.
22. And the men turned] There is nothing definitely to shew that
all three Angels are not here intended. But, as the passage stands,
Jehovah here separates Himself from the two Angels mentioned in xix. 1.
Abraham stood yet] Standing is the posture of prayer and inter-
cession. The dialogue (r) emphasizes Abraham's intimacy with Jeho-
vah, (2) heightens expectation of the catastrophe. _
The Massoretic note on this verse suggests that the original reading
ran "and Jehovah stood yet before Abraham," and that this was altered
for reverential reasons. The alteration was included in the list of the
so-called Tikkun Sopherim, or "Corrections of the Scribes." The
versions, however, shew no uncertainty as to the reading. Targum of
Onkelos has '' And Abraham still ministered in prayer before the LORD."
23. Abraham drew near] Abraham's intercession comes as a reply
to Jehovah's statement in vv. 20, 21, from which the doom of the cities
might be inferred. It forms one of the most striking and pathetic
passages in the book. It expresses the generous instincts of the
patriarch's nature. Nothing can exceed the dignified simplicity and
deference in the utterance of his submissive expostulation. What
adds to the effect, is that the servant of Jehovah, the nomad sheikh,
,pleads on behalf of the people of the Plain, dwellers in cities, sunk
GENESIS
 210 GENESIS XVIII. 23-26

J 24 consume the righteous with the wicked? Peradventure

there be fifty righteous within the city : wilt thou consume
and not spare the place for the fifty righteous that are
25 therein? That be far from thee to do after this manner, to
slay the righteous with the wicked, that so the righteous
should be as the wicked; that be far from thee: shall not
26 the Judge of all the earth do right ? And the LORD said,

in iniquity. His concern for _Lot, doubtless, forms the motive of the
intercession, though Lot's name and relationship are not put forward in
extenuation of the plea. The great principle on which it rests is that
the action of God cannot be arbitrary; and that Jehovah will not act
as the heathen gods, but only in accordance with the perfect standard
of justice. The virtues of mercy and forgiveness, which operate in
the. human· hea1t, are assumed to be proportionately more potent in
the counsels of Jehovah. If this abstract reasoning holds good, the
safety of Lot and his family may be left securely in the hands of perfect
justice. -
consume] A word for utter destruction, as in xix. 15, 17.
the righteous with the wicked] Cf. especially the similar passage in
Jer. v. 1, "run ye too and fro through the streets of Jerusalem ... if ye
can find a man, if there be any that doeth justly, that seeketh truth;
and I will pardon her."
24. spare the place] The word in the Heb. means literally "and
take away for the place," i.e. its guilt, and so "forgive," as in Num.
xiv. 19.
25. That he far from thee] An exclamation of deprecation, like
"God forbid," or the Lat. nefas tibi sit. LXX µ.,,oaµwr, Lat. absit a
te. Cf. chap. xx. 4, " Lord, wilt thou slay even a righteous nation?"
that so the righteous should be as the wicked] Tl}is was one of the
great problems of religious thought in ancient Israel. The Book of Job
is devoted to the consideration of this mystery of human life. Under
a Divine Government of the Universe, should the innocent be con-
sumed in th·e same overthrow as the evil-doer? If the Israelite's sense
of justice rebelled against the notion that suffering always implied sin,
conversely it cherished the hope that the suffering of the innocent might
vicariously be for the good of the community.
the Judge of all the earth] A very remarkable declaration that
Jehovah is supreme throughout the world. Whether or not the writer
admitted the existence of other gods in other lands, he here asserts the
complete sovereignty of Jehovah: cf. vi. 1 ff., viii. 21, 22, xi. 1-9.
This is not monotheism, but it is the stage next before it. The "Judge"
of a Semitic people was ruler, judge, and advocate. God does
not judge after the sight of the eyes, or the hearing of the ears, but
righteous judgement. Cf. Deut. xxxii. 4; Isa. xi. 3.
do right] Lit, "do judgement." The Judge (shopMt) will do judge-
ment (mishfdt). This is the foundation of a moral belief. -
 GENESIS XVIII. 26-33 2II

If I find in Sodom fifty righteous within the city, then I will J

spare all the place for their sake.· And Abraham answered 27
and said, Behold now, I have taken upon me to speak unto
the Lord, which am but dust and ashes: peradventure there 28
shall lack five of the fifty righteous : wilt thou destroy all
the city for lack . of five? And he said, I will not
destroy it, if I find there forty and five. And he spake 29
unto him yet again, and said, Peradventure there shall be
forty found there. And he said, I will not do it for the
forty's sake. And he said, Oh let not the Lord be angry, 30
and I will speak: peradventure there shall thirty be found
there. And he said, I will not do it, if I find thirty there.
And he said, Behold now, I have taken upon me to speak 31
unto the Lord: peradventure there shall be twenty found
there. And he said, I will not destroy it for the twenty's sake.
And he said,_ Oh let not the Lord be angry, and I will 32
speak yet but tbis once: peradventure ten shall be found
there. And he said, I will not destroy it for the ten's sake.
And the LORD went his way, as soon as he had left 33
communing with Abraham: and Abraham returned unto
his place.
" Righteousness is one, whether in God or in man. It would be
wrong in a human judge or ruler to condemn the righteous with the
wicked, or destroy them indiscriminately ... The fact that God is God
does not withdraw Him and His actions from the sphere of moral
judgement. Nothing would be right in God because He is God, which
would not he right in Him were He man" (Davidson, Theology of O.T.
p. 130 ), This is one great contrast between the Christian and the
Mahommedan view of God.
27. dust and ashes] Two alliterative words in the Heb. (dphar
va-epher) which defy reproduction in English: cf. i. 1, iv. 14. For the
dust of man's frame, cf. ii. 7, iii. 19. See a similar use of the phrase in
Job xxx. 19, xiii. 6.
33, communing with] i. e. " speaking to," as in vv. 2 7, 19, 31.
unto his place] i.e. "the terebinths of Mamre" (v. 1), from which
Abraham had gone forth to escort the Angels (v. 16). In the expres-
sion "the LORD went his way" (Heb. "went") the writer leaves us
uninformed as to the manner of J ehovah's separation from Abraham.
There is no mention of "Sodom," as the place to which he •• went,"
as in v. 12.
For other instances in which human intercession is raised to avert
Divine anger, and is the means of forgiveness, cf. Ex. xxxii_. 9-14;
14-2
 212 GENESIS XIX. 1-3
J 19 And the two angels came to Sodom at even; and Lot
sat in the gate of Sodom : and Lot saw them, and rose up
to meet them; and he bowed himself with his face to the
2 earth ; and he said, Behold now, my lords, tum aside, I
pray you, into your servant's house, and tarry all night, and
wash your feet, and ye shall rise up early, and go on your
way. And they said, Nay; but we will abide in the street
3 all night. And he urged them greatly; and they turned in
unto him, and entered into his house; and he made them

Num. xiv. 15-20; Amos vii. 4-6. In all these cases, he that inter•
cedes seeks, on the one hand, to enter into the mind of God in His
holiness and in His mercy; and then, on the other, to be the spokesman
and representative of the community whose sin he confesses, and in
whose behalf he entreats forgiveness and deliverance.

CH. XIX. 1-23. VISIT OF THE TWO ANGELS TO LOT IN SODOM i

LoT'S DELIVERANCE AND ESCAPE TO ZOAR 0).
L tke two a11gels] See xviii. 22. It has been conjectured that the
original text. had here, as in vv; 5, 8, 10, 1'2, "the men" (i.e. the
"'three men" of xviii. 2) ; and that the substitution of the words
" the two angels" has been made from motives of reverence, -in
order (1) to harmonize the action of this chapter with the scene of
Abraham's pleading with Jehovah in chap. xviii., and (2) to separate
Jehovah from contact with the evil of Sodom.
at even] They had visited Abraham at noon: see xviii. 1.
in the gat,; of Sodom] The wide arches of ancient Oriental city gates,
contained recesses which were the resort of leading citizens; and in
which business was transacted, bargains made, and justice administered,
cf. xxiii. 10, 18, xxxiv. 20; Deut. xxi. 19; Ruth iv. 1.
bowed himself] See x.viii. 2.
2. my lordr] adonai. The Massoretic note upon this word is
"profane," i.e. not the Divine name: see note on xviii. 3.
turn aside]. Lot's words are a good example of Eastern hospitality.
Possibly to this passage and xviii. 3 reference ii; made in Heb. xiii. 2.
in the street] We must be careful not to connect the modern idea of
a "street" with.this word, which means rather a wide open space. Cf.
Judg. xix. 15; Ezra x. 9; Neh. viii. 1, "the broad-place."
The refusal of "the men" is partly to be explained as a piece of
Oriental courtesy, but partly, also, to elicit the avowal that what would
be safe in other towns could not be risked in Sodom,
3. ke urged them greatly] The gentle compulsion of Oriental
courtesy. To let a stranger sleep out at night would be contrary to
all canons of civility, cf. Jud. xix. 16-22.
 GENESIS XIX. 3-9 213

a feast, .and did bake unleavened bread, and they did eat. J
But before they lay down, the men of the city, even the 4
men of Sodom, compassed the house round, both young
and old, all the people from every quarter; and they called 5
unto Lot, and said unto him, Where are the men which
came in to thee this night? bring them out unto us, that
we may know them. And Lot went out unto them to the 6
door, and shut the door after him. And he said, I pray 7
you, my brethren, do not so wickedly. Behold now, I have 8
two daughters which have not known man; let me, I pray
you, bring them out unto you, and do ye to them as is good
in your eyes: only unto these men do nothing; 1 forasmuch
as they are come under the shadow of my roof. And they 9
1 Or,/or therefore

a/east] Lit. "a drinking feast," and thence "a banquet." Perhaps we
may assume that the Angels appeared as poor men needing food and
shelter. The neglect of the poor and needy is part of the prophet's
reproach against Sodom in Ezek. xvi. 49.
unleavened bread] Cakes baked ha'Stily without leaven or yeast i
the "unleavened cakes" of Jud. vi. 19. .
4. the men of the ciry] The repulsive incident recorded in this
passage (vv. 4-u) contrasts the hospitable conduct of Lot with the
gross behaviour of the people of Sodom towards strangers, and has
for all time associated the name of the city with shameless vice (cf.
Isa. iii. 9).
from every quarter] Lit. "from the end." As in I Kings xii. 31, the
phrase means "from all classes of the people." The writer insists upon
the fact that "all" of every age and class were involved in the same
guilt. Compare the scene in Jud. xix. 23.
8. forasmuclt'as] R.V. marg./or therefore: cf. xviii. 5. Lot's pro•
posal, so atrocious in our ears, may have been deemed meritorious in an
Eastern country, where no sacrifice was considered too great to maintain
inviolate the safety of a stranger who had been received in hospitality.
That Lot should have thought of imperilling the honour of his family,
and not have rather hazarded his own life, is due not so much to the
weakness of the man as to the terribly low estimate of womanhood
which prevailed at· that time. A parallel is afforded by the story in
Jud. xix. The three regulations of modern Arab law as to the pro•
tection of the stranger are recorded by Robertson Smith in his Kinship,
p. z59, "(1) the man whose tent rope has touched thine is thy strang~;
(2) so also is he who journeys with thee by day and sleeps_ b); thy s1<1:e
at night ; (3) the guest who eats with thee is under .thy protectton, until
he has eaten with another,"
 z14 GENESIS XIX. 9-14

J said, Stand back. And they said, This one fellow came in
to sojourn, and he will needs be a judge : now will we deal
worse with thee, than with them. And they pressed sore
upon the man, even Lot, and drew near to break the door.
10 But the men put forth their hand, and brought Lot into the
11 house to them, and shut to the door. And they smote the men
that were at the door of the house with blindness, both small
and great : so that they wearied themselves to find the door.
12 And the men said unto Lot, Hast thou here any besides?
son in law, and thy sons, and thy daughters, and whomso•
13 ever thou hast in the city; bring them out of the place: for
we will destroy this place, because the cry of them is Waxen
great before the LORD ; and the LORD hath sent us to
14 destroy it. And Lot went out, and spake unto his sons in
law, which 1 married his daughters, and said, Up, get you
1 Or, were to marry

9. ,flan~ b~ck] LXX d7roo-T« eKfl, Lat. recede illuc; cf. "give·
place, Isa1. xhx. 20.
This one fellow J Lot is reminded of his solitariness and of his foreign
extraction. · ,
came in to sq,iourn] The people contrast Lot's position as a sojourner
(ge'r) in the city with his claim to decide and play the judge. ,.
11. blindness] An unusual word for " blindness," inflicted as a
sudden temporary visitation, used here and 2 Kings vi. 18. LXX
aopa.<Tla.
12. And the men said] The incident just described had revealed the
corrupt condition of the city. It had been tried by a simple test, and
found wanting. Sodom is doomed ; but Lot is to be saved.
any besides] The deliverance of the man carries with •it the deliver-
ance of the household.
son in law, and thy sons, &c.] A strange collocation. We should
expect the sons and daughters first. Then again, why "son in law" in
the singular? LXX has -ya.µ{Jpol, which is probably a correction; Lat.
generum. The proposal of Holzinger to put " son in law" in the
previous clause is no improvement. Its prominence would be an ad-
ditional difficulty.
13. we will destroy] See v. 24.
the cry ef them] i.e. the cry against the people of Sodom ; see note on
xviii. 20.
the LORD hath sent us] Defining the position of the men in this and
the pevious chapter, as distinct from, and messengers of, Jehovah.
P. married his daughters] Better, as R.V. marg., were to marry,
as Lat. qui accejturi erant. This seems more probable than the render-
ing of the R.V., and LXX roils ElXri<f,6ras. The verb used here means
 GENESIS XIX. 14-17
out of this place; for the LORD will destroy the city. But J
he seemed unto his sons in law as one that mocked. And 15
when the morning arose, then the angels hastened Lot,
saying, Arise, take thy wife, and thy two daughters which
are here; lest thou be consumed in the 1 iniquity of the
city. But he lingered; and the men laid hold upon his 16
hand, and upon the hand of his wife, and upon the harid of
his two daughters; the LORD being merciful unto him: and
they brought him forth, and set him without the city. And 17
it came to pass, when they had brought them forth abroad,
that he said, Escape for thy life ; look not behind thee,
neither stay thou in all the Plain; escape to the mountain,
1 Or, puniskment

literally "the takers of." For·Lot's daughters were in the house with
him : Lot went out to find his "sons in law": the word "sons in law"
may mean" the betrothed." If the daughters had been married, they
would not have been living with Lot. .
as one tkat mocked] The same word in the Hebrew as that rendered
"laughed" in xviii. 12, and "sporting" in xxvi. 8. The Lat. has
quasi ludens=" as one who was playing."
15. wken t!te momin,1;arose] At day-break. The doom was to be
inflicted before sun-rise (cf. v. 23). If Lot was still in the city, he too
would perish : hence the men's haste. ·
consumed] See xviii. 23.
iniquity] Better, as R. V. marg., puniskment. See note, on the
ambiguous meaning of the Hebrew word, in iv. 13; cf. 1 Sam. xxv. 24;
2 Sam. xiv. 9.
16. But ke lingered] It was difficult for Lot to realize the immediate
and overwhelming nature of the doom announced by his visitants.
His feelings for home and its associations made him hesitate. The
Ve!esions misunderstood the Heb.; LXX Ka.I fra.prlx0711J"a.v, Lat. dis•
simulante illo.
tke LORD being merciful unto kim] An interesting clause, shewing
that the men were agents of Jehovah's tenderness, as well as of His
severity, cf. Ps. xxxiv. 22: does it not also imply that, in the original
version of the narrative, Jehovah is here one of" the men"?
17. ke said] One of th11 men is spokesman, as in v. 21; but the
plural "they said" is found in the LXX and Lat.
look not bekind tkee] The meaning of this direction, which recatis
the story of Orpheus and Eurydice, is not quite obvious. It may be
a prohibition either of irresolute lingering, or of regretful curiosity.
It is, probably, also, a test of obedience, combined with the thought
that man could not look upon Jehovah and live. Cf. xvi. 13; Ex.
xix. '2 r.
· the Plain] ·i.e. the kikkar: see xiii. ro.
 216 GENESIS XIX. 17-22

J 18 lest thou be consumed. And Lot said unto them, Oh, not
19 so, 1 my lord : behold now, thy servant bath found grace in
thy sight, and thou hast magnified thy mercy, which thou
hast shewed unto me in saving my life; and I cannot
escape to the mountain, lest 2 evil overtake me, and I die:
20 behold now, this city is near to flee unto, and it is a little
one: Oh, let me escape thither, (is it not a little one?) and
21 my soul shall live. And he said unto him, See, I have
accepted thee concerning this thing also, that I will not
22 overthrow the city of which thou hast spoken. Haste thee,
1 Or, 0 Lord 2 Or, tke evil
tke mountain] i.e. the mountainous region on the east of the Dead
Sea, "the mountains of Moab."
18. my lord] R.V. marg. 0 Lord. The Massoretic note here,
as in xviii. 3, is "holy," regarding the word as the Divine name.
Certainly in this chapter Jehovah is not so directly identified with one
of" the men" as in chap. xviii. The rendering "my lord" is, perhaps,
to be preferred, as in xviii. 3. On the other hand, the mention of
"Jehovah" in v. 16, and the words in vv. zz and 24, "I cannot do
anythinlf till thou be come thither," and "Then the LORD rained upon
Sodom,' would sufficiently justify the other rendering. Jehovah and
His Angel are one, cf. xvi. 7 ff. His Presence is in " the two" as in
"the three men.''
19. Joundgraa] Cf. vi. 8 (J).
tky mercy] Lat. misericordiam tuam. The LXX rendering, T1JP
81Ka100-uP'1JP, is a good illustration of the latitude given to "righteous•
ness" as embodying compassion. Cf. Matt. vi. 1.
I cannot escape to tke mountain] Lot speaks as if he were too old
(cf. v. 31) and weak for flight over rough ground. He tears he could
not find refuge in the mountains in time.
evil] Better, as R.V. marg., tke evil. The evil means the doom
of impending catastrophe.
20. is it not a little one] i.e. "is it not a trifle (miz'ar)?" It is a
"small" concession to grant; or a "small" distance to go. Evidently
a play on the pronunciation of the word Zoar. Lot's entreaty that he
may take refuge in Zoar causes the exemption of that city from the
catastrophe. For Bela, as an old name of Zoar, see xiv. z.
and my soul skall live]=" that my soul•(= I) may live." For "my
soul" as a vivid way of expressing the personal pronoun, see xii. ·13.
21. I kave accepted tkee] Heb. "I have received," or "lifted up thy
countenance," see note on iv. 7. Compare the expression "respecter of
persons," e.g. Acts x. 34· Here Jehovah is a "receiver," or "favourer,"
of the person of Lot : cf. xxxii. 20 ; Ma!. i. 8.
22. I cannot do any tkin.d Mercy limits the exercise of Di vine Justice.
"The righteous" is not to be consumed "with the wicked" (xviii. 23).
 GENESIS XIX. 22-24 217

escape thither ; for I cannot do any thing till thou be come J

thither. Therefore the name of the city was called 1 Zoar.
The sun was risen upon the earth when Lot came unto 23
Zoar. Then the LoRD rained upon Sodom and upon 24
Gomorrah brimstone and fire from the LORD out of heaven; ·
1 That is, Little, ver. '20.

Zoar] See note on xiv. '2. Zoar is identified by tradition with a

spot on the S. E. oi the Dead Sea, where a peninsula projects from the
coast. Cf. xiii. 10; Deut. xxxiv. 3; Isa. xv. 5; Jer. xlviii. 34. The
name in the LXX '1:'l}-ywp, Lat. Segor, gave the Dead Sea the name of
the Sea of Zugar in the Middle Ages.

24-29. THE DESTRUCTION OF SODOM AND GOMORRAH, &c,

24. Then the LORD, &c.] The destruction of the cities of the Plain
is an event to which frequent allusion is made in Holy Scripture. The
impressive features of the Dead Sea must have continually lent force to
the terrible tradition of an overthrow in times of remote antiquity. The
barrenness of the soil, the absence of life in the water, the deposits of
salt, of bitumen, and of sulphur, helped to connect a region, which was
within sight of Jerusalem, with the thought of a judicial visitation by
Jehovah, more terrible in character, if less in magnitude, than the
Deluge itself. For the prophetic use of this catastrophe, see especially
Deut. xxix. '23. Cf. Jer. xx. 16, xxiii. 14, xlix. 18, 1. 40; Lam. iv. 6;
Amos iv. 11; Zeph. ii. 9. In the N .T. see Luke xvii. '29; '2 Pet. ii. 6;
Jude 7.
brimstone and fire] It is unreasonable to subject the description of
this overthrow to the close scrutiny of modern science. Geologists now
tell us that, within recent geological periods, there is no sign of volcanic
activity in the Dead Sea region. If, therefor~, as is assumed, the cities
of the Plain lay in the Dead Sea valley, their overthrow was not
occasioned by lava or burning ashes, like Pompeii, or Herculaneum,
or St Pierre. It has been contended, and is not beyond the bounds of
probability, that an earthquake, causing a sudden subsidence of the
crust and accompanied by great fissures in the earth, caused the over-
throw of buildings, and released great masses of bitumen, sulphur, &c.,
whkh are to be found in large quantities in that locality. The spon-
taneous .combustion of escaping gas, the ignition of great m.asses of
bituminous material, combined with the outflow of steam and hot
water, would then have enveloped the whole country in dense smoke,
and would have seemed to drop brimstone and fire from the sky. This
line of explanation would also assume that the depression of !he ea~tl;'s
surface led to the subsequent submergence of the four rumed cities
beneath the waters of the Dead Sea; the lower end of which is. ex-
ceedingly shallow. A careful scientific investigation. of the whole
 218 GENESIS XIX. 25-27
J 25 and he overthrew those cities,and all the Plain, and all the
inhabitants of the cities, and that which grew upon the
26 ground. But his wife looked back from behind him, and
27 she became a pillar of salt. And Abraham gat up early in

question was undertaken by Blanckenhom, the results of which are

contained in the Z.D.P.V. 1896, p. 58, 1898, p. 78.
There is, however, in the Biblical story, no mention of an earth-
quake. The events recorded evidently refer to a catastrophe, the
tradition of which was handed down by the early Hebrews, and popu-
larly localized in the bare and terrible features of the Dead Sea scenery.
from the LORD out ef heaven] The words " from the LORD" come
in very strangely after "the LORD rained." Cf. Micah v. 7, "as dew
from the LORD." For" out of heaven," cf. 2 Kings i. 12; Job i. 16.
211. and he overthrew] The word used is the one regularly em-
ployed elsewhere in the O.T. where the overthrow of the cities is
mentioned. Like the word mabbul for the Flood, so this word, "over-
throw" (mahptkah, "overlurning "), used here and in v. 29, became
the technical term for this catastrophe. It suggests an earthquake.
"The Koran frequently refers to Sodom and Gomorrah by the
title of al mutajikat 'the overturned' (Sur. ix. 71, liii. 54, lxix. 9)"
(Cheyne).
26. a pillar ef salt] Lot's wife for disobeying the command, re-
coFded in v. 17, was, according to the tradition, changed into a pillar of
salt. Our Lord's words, "Remember Lot's wife" (Luke xvii. 32),
refer to the narrative in this passage. Her looking back indicated the
place of her real treasure. She failed to trust whole-heertedly, or to
obey. Compare the story of Orpheus and Eurydice (Ovid, Jl,fet. x. 51).
Our Lord's warning is directed against the absorption of mind in tem-
poral pleasures and interests. His allusion to this passage was one that
all Jewish hearers understood. He does not raise the question of its
historicity. He appeals to the teaching of the parable contained in the
Seri pture story.
Travellers speak of the remarkable ridge called .febel Uzdum (" moun-
tain of Sodom") at the S. W. extremity of the Dead Sea. Its fantastic
pillars and ragged fragments attract attention. It consists of rock salt.
One of these needles or pinnacles has been called by the people " Lot's
wife." Such pinnacles would in process of time change their appearance
owing to the effects of wind and rain. One known as '' Lot's wife"
existed in the days of our Lord. See Wisd. x. 7; Josephus, Ant. 1.
I 1 1 4•
"Suddenly we saw before us among the pinnacles of salt a gigantic
~Lot,' with a daughter on each arm hurrying off in a south-westerly
direction, with their bodies bent forward as though they were in great
haste, and their flowing garments trailing behind" (Pal. Q.S. 1870,
p. 150).
27. gat up earץ] No emphasis is here laid in the Hebrew upon the
 GENESIS XIX. 27-30 219

the morning to the place where he had stood before the J

LoRD : and he looked toward ,Sodom and Gomorrah, and 28
toward all the land of the Plain, ·and beheld, and, lo, the
smoke of the land· went up as the smoke of a furnace.
And it came to pass, when God destroyed the cities o( 29 P
the Plain, that God remembered Abraham, and sent Lot
out of the midst of the overthrow, when he overthrew the
cities in the wllich Lot dwelt.
And Lot went up out of Zoar, and dwelt in the mountain, 30 J
and his two daughters with him; for he feared to dwell in
Zoar: and he dwelt in a cave; he and his two daughters.
earliness of. the rise. . The idiom amounts to saying "in the morning
Abraham arose and went to the place."
stood before the LORD] See xviii. n. · .
23; the smoke oj the land] The word is one used especially in
connexion with incense and sacrifice. It is not the usual word for
smoke, but rather corresponds to our "reek." or, as Driver, "steam."
Travellers relate that, owing to rapid evaporation, there always appears
a steamy mist rising up from the Dead Sea. Wisdom x. 6, 7, "While
the ungodly were perishing, wisdom_ delivered a righteous man, when
he fled from the fire that descended out of heaven on Pentapolis. To
whose wickedness a smoking waste still witnesseth ... Yea and a dis-
believing soul hath a memoi,ial there, a pillar of salt still standing."
a furnace] The word used in Ex. ix. 8, 10, xix. 18, "a furnace," o~
"kiln," for burning lime, or making bricks.
29 (P). when God destroyed, &c.] This verse contains P's brief
summary of the whole· event. This will explain the repetition of the
narrative, and the sudden substitution of "God" (Elohim) for "the
Lo RD" (Jehovah). The expression "God remembered Abraham" would
otherwise seem strange after the narrative in xviii. ; but, as a matter
of fact, the sentence probably followed after xiii. 12, with P's actount
of the separati_on of Abram and Lot. For "destroyed" (sM!zath), cf.
vi. 13, 17, ix. 11, 15 (P), •
30-38 (J). THE ORIGIN OF THE MOABITES AND AMMONITES.
30. And Lot went up] He left the Plain, and withdrew "to the
mountain," viz. "the mountains of Moab"; see v. 17.
he feared] Why did he fear to dwell in Zoar? Not, as has been
suggested, lest the people of Zoar should put him to death, as one who
either had escaped just punishment, or, like Jonah, had been the cause
of catastrophe ; but lest Zoar, one of the cities of the Plain, should still
be overtaken by catastrophe.
in a cave] The definite article in the Hebrew has been thought to
mean either a well-known cavern, or a locality in which caves were
numerous, But compare the idiomatic use of the.def. art. in viii. 7•
 220 GENESIS XIX. 31-38
J 31 And the firstborn said unto the younger, Our father is old,·
and there is not a man in the earth to come in unto us
32 after the manner of all the earth: come, let us make our·
father drink wine, and we will lie with him, that we may.
33 preserve seed of our father. And they made their father
drink wine that night: and the firstborn went in, and lay;
with her father; and he knew not when she lay down, nor
34 when she arose. And it came to pass on the. morrow, that
the firstborn said unto the younger, Behold, I lay yesternight
with my father: let us make him drink wine this night also;
and go thou in, and lie with him, that we may preserve seed
35 of our father. And they made their father drink wine that
night also : and the younger arose, and lay with him; and
he knew not when she lay down, nor when she arose.
36 Thus were both the daughters of Lot with child by their
37 father. And the firstborn bare a son, and called his name
Moab : the same is the father of the Moabites unto thi~
38 day. And the younger, she also bare a son, and called his
name Ben-ammi : the same is the father of the children of
Ammon unto this day.
37. Moab] A play on the word "Moab," on account of its
general assonance with the Heb. m2-db= "from a father"; an instance
of.derivation by folk-etymology.
38. Ben-ammi] "The son of my people"; or "the son of my
father's kin"; see xvii. 14. "Unto this day," cf. xxvi. 33, xxxii. 32,
xxxv. 20, xlvii. 26 (J).
There is no need for us to regard this repulsive story as literal
history. It should be included among the popular narratives which
grew up round the traditional origin of proper names. It has been
held that the tradition may have had a local Moabite origin connected
with some famous cavern, and that the people of Moab and Ammon
may have had an old belief that their races arose in prehistoric times
from the same ancestor, in accordance with this tale. Undoubtedly,
there.were ancient Eastern peoples to whom the incest here described
would have seeme<;l in no way atrocious.
It is, of course, also possible, that the story, as we have it in Gen.,
reflects the feelings of bitterness and hatred which were felt among the
Israelites towards their neighbours on the east side of the Jordan. The
antipathy expressed in Dent. xxiii. 3 and Neh. xiii. 1, '2 may well
account for the circulation of traditions concerning the parentage of
these two peoples, combining a popular explanation of their names with
contumely and reproach as to their origin.
Again, it is conceivable that this story may contain a.fragment of a
 GENESIS XX. I 221

And Abraham journeyed from thence toward the land of 20 E

tradition, Moabite and Ammonite in its derivation, which recorded some
stupendous catastrophe, from which, through the favour of the Deity,
only Lot and his daughters, out of all the inhabitants of the world,
were saved. The story may then have been regarded as reflecting not
ignominy, but honour, upon those who were the means of preserving
the whole human race from the peril of extinction. There is plausi-
bility in this theory of Gunkel's. The words of the elder daughter,
" there is ~ot a man," seem to imply that all the inhabitants of the
earth had been annihilated. Our ignorance of Moabite early traditions
forbids us to go further than to admit the possibility of some such
explanation.

CH. XX. ABRAHAM AND SARAH AT THE COURT OF ABIMELECH

AT GERAR (E).

The incident recorded in this chap. resembles in its general features

that. recorded of Abraham in Egypt, xii. 10-20, and that recorded of
Isaac at Gerar, xxvi. 6-11. In each case the patriarch, fearing for his
own life, represents his wife to be his sister. The foreign prince desires
to make the patriarch's wife one of his own harem. He is prevented
from so doing. The truth is divulged. The patriarch's wife is restored,
and the. patriarch himself is enriched by gifts or by compensation. In
each case the heathen prince acts honourably. As compared with .T's
story in xii. 10-20, it has.been claimed by Stanley Cook that "E's
story of Abraham at Gerar in Gen. xx. 1-17 displays a great advance
in morality; the sin of adultery is condemned in the most emphatic
terms, and it is regarded as a capital offence. The stress here laid
upon the iniquity marks a stage in ethics comparable only with the
Decalogue, where adultery is prohibited, and with the Deuteronomic
code (xxii. 22), where also the penalty is death (stoning; cf. Ezek. xvi.
40, xxiii. 47; John viii. 5) 1." But it is very doubtful whether E and
J can be so widely separated. Admission_ to the ~arem was not
marriage.
This chapter is the first continuous narrative taken from E, the
Elohist or Ephraimitic source of the prophetic narrative. In. its vivid
narrative E resembles J. But it possesses its own distinctive features
of language and style. See Introduction.
The fulfilment of the promise is again postponed, while the narrative
records a last peril to faith and honour.
1, fi-o,n thence] This passage is evidently derived from some
distinct source. As it ignores the previous section dealing with Lot,
and the last reference to Abraham is in xviii. 33, when he is at Mamre,
the precise meaning of " from thence " must remain obscure.
l Laws ef Moses and Code of Ham11;ural,i, p. roll.
 222 GENESIS XX. 1-5

E the South, and dwelt between Kadesh and Shur; and he

2 sojourned in Gerar. And Abraham said of Sarah his wife,
She is my sister: and Abimelech king of Gerar sent, and
3 took Sarah. But God came to Abimelech in a dream of
the night, and said to him, Behold, thou art but a dead
man, because of the woman which thou hast taken ; for she
4 is a man's wife. Now Abimelech had not come near her:
and he said, Lord, wilt thou slay even a righteous nation?
5 Said he not himself unto me, She is my sister? and she,
even she herself said, He is my brother: in the integrity of
my heart and the inhocency of my hands have I done this.
the South] See note on xii: 9.
between Kadesh and Shur] For these places, see xiv. 7, xvi. 7.
he sojourned in Cerar] This causes a difficulty. Gerar is the
court of the king Abimele'ch. In xxvi. 1, Abimelech is king of the
Philistines. Gerar has, therefore, been identified with a spot a few
miles south of Gaza (Umm Cerar). This, however, is hardly a place
of sojourn "between Kadesh and Shur." Either, therefore, there is
a lacuna between the two clauses of this verse, representing a journey
from the N egeb into the Philistine region; or Gerar may be a place
S. W. of Kadesh ( Wady Gerur), whose king happened to have the
same name as the Philistine king of Gerar in chap. xxvi. Of these
alternatives the former is the \llOre probable.
2. She is my sister] See notes on xii. 13. It seems almost incredible
that, after the event recorded in xii. 13-20, Abraham sh0t!ld once again
have displayed the same faults of cowardice and dissimulation. Sarah
also is advanced in y~ars; and, in xviii. 10-14, had received the
promise of a son. The narrative most probably is a duplicate of the
tradition of xii. 13-20. Its present position, between the promise
of a son in xviii. 10-14, and its fulfilment in chap. xxi., becomes
intelligible on the supposition of its derivation from an independent
source, not connected with chap. xviii.
Abimelech] i.e. "my father is Melech." This is probably a name
compounded with that of a Canaanite deity, Milk ( =Molech in the
English Bible).
3. God came ... in a dream] Scholars have noticed that E frequently
describes Divine interposition by means of a dream. Cf. v. 6, xxxi. 11,
24, xxxvii. 5, 9, xl. 5 ff., xii. I ff., xl vi. 2.
art but a dead man] i.e. "shalt die." This sentence is not literally
fulfilled. Cf. ii. 17.
4. a righteous nation] Abimelech appeals to the instinct of justice,
that God will not punish the innocent, as if they were guilty. Cf.
xviii. 23. ,
5. integn·ty] Heb. "perfectness." Cf. vi. 9.
innocency ef my hands] Cf. Ps. xxvi. 6.
 GENESIS XX. 6-10 223

And God said unto him in the dream, Yea, I know that in 6 E
the integrity of thy heart thou hast done this, and I also
withheld thee from sinning against me : therefore suffered I
thee not to touch her. Now therefore restore the man's 7
wife; for he is a prophet, and he shall pray for thee, and
thou shalt live : and if thou restore her not, know thou that
thou shalt surely die, thou, and all that are thine. And 8
Abimelech rose early in the morning, and called all his
servants, and told all these things in their ears : and the
men were sore afraid. Then Abimelech called Abraham, 9
and said unto him, What hast thou done unto us? and
wherein have I sinned against thee, that thou hast brought
on me and on my kingdom a great sin ? thou hast
done deeds unto me that ought not to be done. And 10
6. from sinning against me] The violation of moral law is sin
against God.
suffered I thee not] The explanation of this sentence is supplied in
v. 17.
7. for he is a prophet] Abraham is here given the title of
"prophet," or "ntibt" (the first occurrence of it in Seripture). The
prophet-the one who utters or pours forth-is one who is in intimate
relations with God, moved by His Spirit, protected by His Power.
From 1 Sam. ix. 9 we learn the nabi was in old times callecl roeh, or
Seer. To call Abraham a "prophet" (ntibt) is, therefore, an ana-
chronism, indicating the atmosphere of the monarchical period. The
prophet was one who was privileged to have intercourse with God, and
was bound to communicate "the word" to his own kith and kin
(xviii. 19). He was their representative, their intercessor, their spokes-
man. He who has the vision, r6'eh, must declare the message, nt/bt.
A comment on this passage is supplied by Ps. cv. 14, 15, "he
suffered no man to do them wrong ... and do my prophets no harm."
Perhaps the prophets of Israel traced their "guild" back to Abraham
as their founder, as well as to Moses, their greatest leader (Deut. xxxiv.
10).
pray] i.e. intercede. For the efficacy of a "prophet's" intercession,
cf. Deut. ix. 20; 1 Sam. vii. 5, xii. 19, 23; Jer. vii. 16.
9. What hast thou done unto us] Syriac Peshitto "what have I
done unto thee," which suits the second clause rather better.
deeds ... that ought not to be done] Cf. xxxiv. 7; 2 Sam. xiii. 12. The
moral standard of the heathen king here stands higher than that of
Abraham the prophet. There were at Gerar, presumably, no writt~n
laws; but the custom of the people, with which was bound up its
religion, was more powerful than law. The Code of Hamm~rabi
ri,,flects the mor;1l st;1ndard of the most civilized community of the time.
 224 GENESIS XX. 10-13

E Abimelech said unto Abraham, What sawest thou, that

11 thou hast done this thing? And Abraham said, Because
I thought, Surely the fear of God is not in this place; and
12 they will slay me for my wife's sake. And moreover she is
indeed my sister, the daughter of my· father, but not the
13 daughter of my mother; and she became my wife : and it
came to pass, when God caused me to wander from iny

10. Wkat sawest thou] i.e. "what hadst thou in view?" An un-
usual use of the verb "to see." Cf. Ps. lxvi. 18, "if I regard (lit. •see')
iniquity in my heart." Some scholars prefer, by a slight alteration of
the text, the reading, "what didst thou fear?" yaretha for ra'itha
(Bacher).
11. Because I thought] Lit. " I said " : see note on xviii. 17.
Surely the fear of God] Abraham's defence is that he assumed a
heathen people did not fear God; and, therefore, would not be afraid
of any Divine retribution, if they took the life of a stranger (g.?r). The
stranger had no rights; his God would not be known. He would have
no "avenger of blood." See note on iv. 15.
See the same idea underlying J oseph's words, "for I fear God"
(xiii. 18).
they will slay me] He does not explain, why he feared that he
would be slain for his wife's sake. Obviously it is for the reason
mentioned in xii. 1'2. Sarah's youth and beauty are assumed: the
murder of the stranger would enable the inhabitants of Gerar to seize
her. For this murder there would be no redress; and, therefore, there
would be little compunction. .
12. she is indeed my sister] See xi. 29, xii. 19. The marriage
with a half-sister was evidently permitted in David's time (cf. 2 Sam.
xiii. 13); and it was practised in the days of Ezekiel (Ezek. xxii. u),
though forbidden by the laws of Lev. xviii. 9, u, xx. 17; Deut.
xxvii. 22. It is said to have been permitted in Phoenicia and Egypt.
Abraham's excuse is based upon a half truth. Sarah may have been
truly his sister ; but this statement was no moral justification for his
suppression of the fact that she was his wife. The further excuse in
v. 13, that as he travelled about he always practised this mental reserva-
tion concerning Sarah, scarcely adds dignity to his line of defence.
13. God caused me to wander] Referring to xii. r. The Hebrew
student will notice that the verb "caused me to wander " is in the
plural, although, as a rule in the O.T., the word u God" (Elohim) is
treated as sing. But it is sometimes the case that the plural is used,
as here and in xxxi. 53, Jos. xxiv. 19, when an Israelite speaks to
heathen, or else heathen are speaking of God, e.g. 1 Sam. iv. 8;
1 Kings xix. 2, xx. 10. For an exception, see xxxv. 7. Here the
Massoretic note adds "holy," in order to call attention to the unusual
construction.
 GENESIS XX. 13-16 225

father's house, that I said unto her, This is thy kindness E

which thou shalt shew unto me; at every place whither we
shall come, say of me, He is my brother. And Abimelech 14
took sheep and oxen, and menservants and womenservants,
and gave them unto Abraham, and restored him Sarah his
wife. And Abimelech said, Behold, my land is before 15
thee : dwell where it pleaseth thee. And unto Sarah he 16
said, Behold, I have given thy brother a thousand pieces of
silver: behold, 1 it is for thee a covering of the eyes to all
that are with thee; and 2 in respect of all thou art righted.
1 Or, he 2 Or, before all men
14. And Abimelech took] Abimelech's gift is intended to com-
pensate Abraham for injury to his honour. The head of the household
is regarded as embodying the rights of all who belong to him. The
LXX and Heb. Sam. insert "a thousand pieces of silver and" before
"sheep and oxen." This is due to a misunderstanding of v. 16.
15. my land is before thee] Cf. xiii. 9, xxxiv. 10.
16. I have given thy brother] Abimelech emphasizes the word which
Sarah had used (v. 5), and which freed his conscience from any blame.
By the sarcastic use of the word "brother," Abimelech implies that
compensation for wrong done to her is due to Abraham as one of her
family, not as h.er husband.
a thousand pieces of silver] Lit. "1000 silver." The word shekel,
meaning "a weight," is omitted. Money in the patriarchal times was
reckoned by weight: there were no stamped coins. The standard
weight was supplied, as a rule, by metal, generally silver. Hence the
word "silver" is in Hebrew often used for "money"; and the word
, shekel, or weight, is equivalent to "a piece of money." See note on
xxiii. 16. 1000 shekels of silver wo_uld be worth about £137. 10s.,
reckoning a shekel= 2s. 9d. But the purchasing value of silver varies.
A slave in Ex. xxi. 32 is worth 30 shekels.
it is for thee a covering {!J the eyes] R.V. marg. he (=A.V.) is
unsuitable and improbable. '' A covering of the eyes" is a metaphor
for a gift, which will have the effect of appeasing indignation and of
causing the offended person to forget, or be blind to, the offence.
Cf. xxxii. 20, "I will appease him," lit. "cover his face" ; 1 Sam.
xii. 3, "of whose band have I taken a ransom to blincl mine eyes
therewith"; Job ix. 24, "he covereth the faces of the judges." There
is no need to suppose that there is any reference to a woman's veil
(xxiv. 65), as if the money paid was to be in lieu of lost modesty,
symbolized by the veil.
to all that are with thee] i.e. those of her fi.1.mily will recognize that
full amends have been made. LXX Kai ,rao-a,s -ra<s µe-ra. o-ov introducing
a special reference to Sarah's personal attendants.
in respect of all] R.V, marg. before all men. The text in the
GENESIS
 226 GENESIS XX. 17-XXI. 3
E 17 And Abraham prayed unto God: and God healed Abi-
melech, and his wife, and his maidservants ; and they bare
18 children. For the LORD had fast closed up all the wombs
of the house of Abimelech, because of Sarah Abraham's
wife.
f P 21 And the LORD visited Sarah as he had said, I and the
J 2 LORD did unto Sarah as he had spoken. I And Sarah
P conceived, and bare Abraham a son in his old age, I at the
3 set time of which God had spoken to him. And Abraham
original is very doubtful. The meaning is fairly clear. Sarah is
righted, and her honour saved ; but whether the translation should be
"and in respect of all that has happened," or "and in regard to all
men, thou art put right," remains uncertain.
LXX Ka.I ,ravra. a::l.170wuov ="and in all things observe truth," fur-
nishes a good moral, but a fantastic rendering. Lat. quocunque per-
rexeris: mementoque te deprehensam is no translation of our text.
17. Abraham prayed] See note on v. 7. This verse explains v. 4.
Barrenness was regarded as the sign of Divine displeasure, which
might be averted by prayer and intercession: cf. xxv. 21, xxx. 2, 22;
1 Sam. i. 10. See note on xii. 17.
18. For the LORD] An editorial addition, explanatory of v. 17.
"Jehovah" is here used for the only time in this narrative.

CH. XXI,
1-7. THE BIRTH OF ISAAC. (J and P.)
8-21. THE EXPULSION OF HAGAR AND ISHMAEL. (E.)
22-34, THE COVENANT BETWEEN ABRAHAM AND ABIMELECH
AT BEER-SHEBA. (E and J.)
The greater part of this chapter is from E. But vv. 1•, 2•, and 7 are
probably from J; and vv. 1b, 2b-5 from P; v. 6 is E.
1. visited] Cf. 1 Sam. ii. 21 ; Luke i. 68. The word is used for the
dealings of God, sometimes, as here, in blessing, and sometimes in
punishment.
The two clauses of this verse are identical in meaning : the first
probably refers to xviii. 10-14 (J): the second to xvii. 16, 21 (P). I(
the second clause is from P, the substitution of "Jehovah" for "God"
is probably either editorial, or a transcriptional error.
2. in his old age] Cf. v. 7, xviii. II, xxiv, 36, xxxvii. 3, xliv. 20
(all from J); meaning literally "to his old age.''
at the set time] Cf. xvii. 21 (P).
It is to this verse that allusion is made in Heh. xi. u, "by faith
even Sarah herself received power to conceive seed, when she was past
age, since she counted him faithful who had promised."
 GENESIS XXI. 3-8 227

called the name of his son that was born unto him, whom P
Sarah bare to him, Isaac. And Abraham circumcised his 4
son Isaac when he was eight days old, as God had com-
manded him. And Abraham was an hundred years old, 5
when his son Isaac was born unto him. I And Sarah said, 6 E
God bath 1 made me to laugh; every one that heareth will
laugh with me. And she said, Who would have said unto 7
Abraham, that Sarah should give children suck? for I have
borne him a son in his old age.
And the child grew, and was weaned : and Abraham 8
made a great feast on the day that Isaac was weaned.
1 Or, prepared laugkter for me
3. And Abraham called, &c.] For the name Isaac, see note on
xvii. 19. The father, in the P narrative, givt;s the name: see xvi. 15.
4. circumdseclJ' Abraham fulfilled the command of xvii. 10 (P).
That Isaac, the son of the promise, was circumcised on the 8th day
is particularly mentioned by St Stephen, Acts vii. 8.
The mention of circumcision in this verse, the naming in v. 3, and
Abraham's age in v. 5, are characteristic of P's style.
6. God kath made me to laugh] R.V. marg. prepared laughter for
me. Once more in connexion with the birth of Isaac the thought of
laughter recurs: see xvii. 17 (P), xviii. 12-15 (J). This time we have
the tradition preserved by E. It is not clear that the two clauses of
this verse mean the same thing. According to R. V. text, the first
clause refers the laughter to Sarah's own happiness and exultation :
the second clause refers it to the merry reception of the unexpected
news by those who would laugh incredulously. According to R.V.
marg., the latter meaning attaches also to the first clause; and both
clauses, meaning the same thing, are explained by v. 7. The R.V.
text is perhaps to be preferred. It preserves two traditional explanations
of the laughter associated with Isaac's birth. Certainly the laughter of
Sarah's personal happiness seems to be the point of St Paul's quotation
from Isa. liv. 1, "rejoice thou barren that bearest not," in a passage
where the Apostle is allegorizing this chapter (Gal. iv. 22-31).
with me] Better, at me. The preposition "with" is hardly correct,
though it is supported by the LXX u-iryxape'iTa,, Lat. corridebit mihi.
The original represents Sarah as the object of the laughter; and amuse-
ment, not derision, as its cause.
8-21 (E). THE EXPULSION OF HAGAR AND ISHMAEL.
A narrative from E which forms a parallel to that in chap. xvi. (J).
8. was weaned] Weaning was often, in the East, deferred until as
late as the child's third or fourth year; see I Sam. i. 24. It is still
, regarded as the occasion for a family rejoicing.
15-2
 228 GENESIS XXI. 9-12

E 9 And Sarah saw the son of Hagar the Egyptian, which she
1
10 had borne unto Abraham, mocking. Wherefore she said
unto Abraham, Cast out this bondwoman and her son: for
the son of this bondwoman shall not be heir with my son,
u even with Isaac. And the thing was very grievous in
12 Abraham's sight on account of his son. And God said
unto Abraham, Let it not be grievous in thy sight because
of the lad, and because of thy bondwoman; in all that
Sarah saith unto thee, hearken unto her voice; for in Is:iac
1 Or, playing

9. mocking] Better, as R.V. marg., playing. The original is the

same verb, in the intensive mood, which is rendered "laugh," e.g. in
v. 6. There is no need to introduce the meaning of "mockery,"
which would require an object. The verb used absolutely, and ren-
dered, as in the marg., gives a suitable sense. The LXX and Latin so
render it, adding words of explanation : 'lt"altovTa µETa 'l11aaK Tov
vloii auTi)s, ludentem cum Isaac jilio suo, as if Sarah, watching Ishmael
playing with her own child, had been seized with a sudden fit of
passionate jealousy. Ishmael was the elder, but he was the son of her
handmaid; and in Sarah's eyes it was unfitting that Ishmael should even
play with or near her own child.
The Rabbinic interpretations of this word were productive of strange
speculations. St Paul refers to one of them, which understood the word
to denote "teasing" and " persecution"; hence Gal. iv. 29. Other
more fantastic attempts at ,;xegesis connected this verse with Ishmael's
sins of idolatry, of impurity, and even of attempts to take his brother's
life.
10. " Hebrew custom provided for the recognition of the children of
the maid-servant (Gen. xxx. 3), and Ishmael according to the Elohist
(Gen. xxi. 10) was coheir with Isaac" (Stanley Cook, p. 140).
11. And the thing was z•ery grievous] Lit. "was very evil," or
"ill." Abraham was displeased, because he loved his son. Sarah's
suggestion, however, was in accord with the prevalent harsh treatment
of slaves. Abraham raises no objection on the grounds of common
humanity, honour, or reason, to the proposal to expel Ishmael and
Hagar.
12. And God said] It is revealed to Abraham by night (v. 14),
that compliance with Sarah's demand will be overruled to fulfil the
destiny of Hagar's child. The Israelite tradition, according to the
comparatively low moral standard of its time, especially in connexion
with the conditions of slave concubinage and its domestic results,
attributed to the voice of God a command that in our ears sounds
unfeeling and cruel.
in Isaac shall thy seed be called] Lit, "in Isaac shall seed be called
 GENESIS XXI. 12-16 229

shall thy seed be called. And also of the son of the bond- 13 E
woman will I make a nation, because he is thy seed. And 14
Abraham rose up early in the morning, and took bread and
a 1 bottle of water, and gave it unto Hagar, putting it on
her shoulder, and the child, and sent her away: and she
departed, and wandered in the wilderness of Beer-sheba.
And the water in the bottle was spent, and she cast the 15
child under one of the shrubs. And she went, and sat her 16
down over against him a good way off, as it were a bowshot:
1 Or, skin
to thee." LXX ev 'Io-aaK 1,>..-,,1J71ueral uo, U'll'epµa, which is quoted in
Rom. ix. 7 and Heh. xi. 18. The meaning is that in Isaac and in his
descendants Abraham will have those who will be called by his name.
Isaac is to be the father of the "children of promise." He stands,
therefore, in the allegory (Gal. iv. 27, 28), in contrast witJ.l him "that
was born after the flesh" (i.e. Ishmael), Isaac stands for those "born
after the spirit."
13. a nation] Cf, xvi. 10, xvii. 20. The LXX and the Sam. read
"a great nation." .
14. a bottle of water] or, better, "a skin of water." LXX ciuK6s.
The vessel for carrying water in the East is generally the skin of a goat.
The recollection of this will explain passages like Matt. ix. 1 7. Its
shape made it easy to carry or to hang up. Cf. Ps. cxix. 83.
and the child] These words imply that Hagar carried the child, as
well as the skin of water, upon her shoulder. So the LXX Ka.I t'll'elJ'f/KEII
,,,,.1 Tov wµov a.vT?js Kai TO ,,,.a,5lov. Lat., avoiding the difficulty, "tradi-
ditque puerum."
According to P (cf. xvi. r6, xxi. 5), Ishmael would be a boy of over
fourteen years of age. According to E, Ishmael is still a child (cf.
vv. 15-17).
the wilderness of Beer-sheba] i.e. the high plateau at the extreme
south of Palestine. The country is hilly and bare.
Beer-sheba the sanctuary of the south-the modern Bt'r-es-Seba. See,
for the meaning of its. name, vv. 29-34, xxvi. 33.
15. cast the child] This expression taken with the mention of the
child in vv. 14, r8 (" hold him in thine hand"), 20 (" and he grew")
implies that Ishmael is regarded in this story as a little boy, who could
be carried by his mother.
under one of the shrubs] We should probably understand by this
word the low scrub such as grows in the desert, like the broom, under
which Elijah rested, 1 Kings xix. 4. The word used occurs also in ii. 5
in a general sense ; see note.
16. as it were a bowshot] LXX wu<I T6{0v {JoXf,v, Lat. quantum
potest arcus jacere.
The child's strength had given out before-the mother's, She could
 230 GENESIS XXI. 16-21

E for she said, Let me not look upon the death of the child.
And she sat over against him, and lift up her voice and
17 wept. And God heard the voice of the lad; and the angel
of God called to Hagar out of heaven, and said unto her,
What aileth thee, Hagar? fear not ; for God hath heard the
18 voice of the lad where he is. Arise, lift up the lad, and
hold him in thine hand; for I will make him a great nation.
19 And God opened her eyes, and she saw a well of water;
and she went, and filled the bottle with water, and gave the
20 lad drink. And God was with the lad, and he grew; and
21 he dwelt in the wilderness, and 1 became an archer. And
he dwelt in the wilderness of Paran : and his mother took
him a wife out of the land of Egypt.
1 Or, became, as he grew up, an archer

not bring herself to watch her child die of thirst, and she could not leave
him. She remained within hearing.
and lift up her voice and wept] The LXX probably preserves the
right rendering "And the child lifted up its voice and wept," 6.va{JofJuav
8i TO 1rai8lo11 lK::l.a111T£P.
1'1. God heard the voice of the lad] The voice God heard was that
of the lad. He had pity on the anguish, and gave ear to the cry, of the
child. Once more we have a play upon the name of Ishmael with its
meaning of "God heareth." Cf. xvi. II.
the angel of God] A different manifestation to Hagar from that in
chap. xvi. 7. "The angel" (cf. xxviii. 12, xxxi. 11, xxxii. 2) speaks
"from heaven" (xxii. 11 E). God protects the handmaid and her child
no less than the Chosen Family.
18. a great nation] Cf. v. 13 and xvi. 10.
19. opened her eyes] What she had not seen before, Hagar suddenly
received power to see. Cf. Num. xxii. 31; 2 Kings vi. 17; Luke xxiv.
16, 31. LXX <f,piap i!8aTos N,nos, "a spring of living water," in the
desert.
20. God was with the lad] Cf. 22, xxvi. 3, xxxix. 2.
became an archer] R.V. marg. rightly, became, as he grew up, an
archer. Lat. factusque est ;uvenis sagittarius. His descendants were
famous in later times for their skill in the use of the bow (cf. Isa. xxi.
17). Cf. Jetur the son of Ishmael (xxv. 15), the reputed ancestor of
the Ituraeans.
21. the wilderness of Paran] Mentioned in Num. x. 12, xii. 16,
xiii. 3. It seems to have been the wild mountainous country _south and
east of Kadesh, and west of Edom, the modem et-Tih.
out of the land of Egypt] Hagar herself was an Egyptian, cf. xvi. 1.
For the parent taking a wife fo1 the son, cf. xxiv. 3, xxxiv. 4,xxxviii. 6;
 GENESIS XXI. 22-25 231

And it came to pass at that time, that Abimelech and 22 E

Phicol the captain of his host, spake unto Abraham, saying,
God is with thee in all that thou doest : now therefore 23
swear unto me here by God that thou wilt not deal falsely
with me, nor witil 'my son, nor with my son's son: but
according to the kindness that I have done unto thee, thou
shalt do unto me, and to the land wherein thou hast
sojourned. And Abraham said, I will swear. And Abra- :!
ham reproved Abimelech because of the well of water,
1 Or, my offspring, nor witk my posterity
Judg. xiv. 2. The preliminary steps for a marriage are taken by the
parents of the parties; here, in the absence of the father, the mother
selects the bride.

22-34 (E, J). THE COVENANT BETWEEN ABRAHAM AND

ABIMELECH AT BEER-SHEBA.

22. Abimeleck] This passage seems to be a continuation of

chap. xx.
Pkicol tke captain of kis kost] For this title, cf. I Sam. xiv. 50;
2 Sam. ii. 8 (where it is applied to Abner); xxiv. 2 (to Joab). It shews
that Abimelech was a petty king of some importance.
Here and in v. 32, the LXX inserts another name and title between
Abimelech and Phicol, 'Oxol"a./J o vvµrpo."(oryos o.VToiJ, "Ahuzzath his
friend." This name occurs with that of Phicol again in xxvi. 26.
God is witk tkee] CC. 20, xxvi. 28. Abimelech has had reason to
discern the meaning of the description of Abraham, in xx. 7, as
"a prophet."
23. liere] The reference is to the name of Beer-sheba and its
popular etymology from the Hebrew word "to swear." Abraham's
departure from Gerar is not recorded, but was doubtless included in the
E narrative which is only fragmentarily preserved.
my son, &c.] R.V. marg. my o.ffsprt'ng, nor witli my posterity. The
words which are not usual are found together in Job xviii. 19; Isa. xiv.
22; LXX µr,a, TO tT1t'lpµ.o. µ.ov µr,a, TO ovoµ.d µ.ov, Lat. posteris stirpique
meae. The original phrase is alliterative, like our "neither kith nor
kin."
tlie kindness] Referring to the gifts to Abraham in xx. 14, and the
free welcome extended to Abraham in xx. 15. Abimelech is desirous
to seal these friendly relations by a definite compact. There is an
abrupt transition, in vv. 25, 26, to occasions of friction.
25. Abrakam reproved] Disputes about wells are some of the most
common causes of strife among the Bedouin tribes. Abraham's corn-
, plaint is that his servants had dug wells; that Abimelech's servants had
 232 GENESIS XXI. 25-31
E 26 which Abimelech's servants had violently taken away. And
Abinielech said, I know not who hath done this thing :
neither didst thou tell me, neither yet heard I of it, but
27 to-day. And Abraham took sheep and oxen, and gave
them unto Abimelech; and they two h1ade a covenant.
28 And Abraham set seven ewe lambs of the flock by them-
29 selves. And Abimelech said unto Abraham, What mean
these seven ewe lambs which thou hast set by themselves?
30 And he said, These seven ewe lambs shalt thou take of my
hand, that it may be a witness unto me, that I have digged
31 this well. Wherefore he called that place Beer-sheba;

taken violent possession of them ; that there had been no redress. The
occasion of the treaty favoured a settlement of the dispute.
The verbs in vv. 25 and 26 are best rendered as frequentatives=" as
often as Abraham complained to Abimelech, Abimelech used to reply
he was entirely ignorant." Gesen. Hebr. Gr. § II2 rr.
27. And Abraham took sheep, &c.] Abraham makes a gift, according
to the custom, at the conclusion of a treaty (cf. 1 Kings xv. 19) and as a
pledge of his good faith. He also acknowledges his need of protection
from the king.
made a covenant] Cf. xv. 18, xxvi. 31.
28. seven ewe lambs] The seven lambs which Abraham here sets
apart are t9 be handed over to Abimelech, if he acknowledges Abraham
as the possessor of the well, and ratifies the compact with an oath.
The number "seven" (sheba') is one of the explanations of the name
"Beer-sheba."
30. that it may be a witness] Abimelech's question and Abraham's
answer are probably the technical terms of the usual transaction. The
transfer of the seven lambs having taken place, it was a "witness" to
the fact that Abraham was acknowledged by Abimelech to have digged
the well. There is no mention of document or writing in the compact.
31. Beer-sheba] LXX cf,peap opKiu-µoD: the derivation here given is
"because there they sware both of them." The word in Heb. "they
sware" (nishb'u) is the reflexive form of the verb shaba'. This
derivation of Beer-sheba, as "the well of swearing," is clearly not a
complete explanation of the word. The correct derivation-" the well
of seven "-is probably hinted at in Abraham's pledge of the seven
lambs. At Beer-sheba, there were also "seven" wells, which can even
now be identified. But there is a close connexion between the Heb.
word "seven," and the Heb. word " to swear"; and if, as seems
probable, the Heb. nishba' "to swear" meant originally "to bind
oneself by staking, or pledging, seven things," we can see that the well
of "seven" and the well of "swearing" were practically identical in
significance.
 GENESIS XXI. 3I-XXII. 1 233
because there they sware both of them. So they made a 32 E
covenant at Beer-sheba: ancl Abimelech rose up, and
Phicol the captain of his host, and they returned into the
land of the Philistines. I And Abraham planted a tamarisk 33 J
tree in Beer-sheba, and called there on the name of the
LORD, the Everlasting God. And Abraham sojourned in 34
the land of the Philistines many days.
And it came to pass after these things, that God did 22 E
prove Abraham, and said unto him, Abraham ; and he
Beer-sheba stood on the southernmost boundary of Palestine, at the
edge of the desert, about 50 miles S.W. of Jerusalem. In later days it
was famous as a sacred place of pilgrimage, Amos v. 5, viii. 14.
32. returned into the land of the Philistines] The reference to the
Philistines is an anachronism. It is doubtful whether the Philistines
occupied S.E. Palestine before the reign of Raamses III (1202-
u72 B.c.). See xxvi. 1.
33. a tamarisk tree] The tamarix syriaca. The Heb. word !she/
puzzled the versions ; LXX d,povpav, Lat. nemus. Tradition probably
connected a famous tamarisk, close to the seven sacred springs, with the
site of the sanctuary of Beer-sheba; cf. xxvi. 23-25. See, also, for
"tamarisk tree," 1 Sam. xxii. 6, xxxi. 13.
the Everlasting God] Heb. El-<Jl,1,m. See notes on xiv. 18, xvii. 1.
"The God of Ages," the name which Abraham here identifies in
thought and worship with Jehovah. God does not change, though
the defective knowledge of Him in early ages makes way in later time
for the fuller Revelation to the Chosen Family.

CH. XXII. (E, J.)

1-19. THE SACRIFICE OF ISAAC. (E.)
20-24. THE GENEALOGY OF NAHOR. (J.)
1-19. From E; but vv. 15-18 are, probably, from another source,
possibly R. As a piece of simple and vivid narrati,·e, this passage from
E's narrative is unsurpassed.
1. after these things] An indefinite note of time referring to Isaac's
birth and the expulsion of Ishmael: cf. v. 20. See note on xv. 1.
God did prove Abraham] " Prove" in the sense of "make trial of,"
cf. Ex. xv. 25, xvi. 4; Dent. viii. 2, 16; Ps. lxvi. 10, The A.V. had
"tempt," in the old English sense of "put to the test"= Lat. tentare.
On the test of faith and obedience, to which human nature is continually
subjected, see the N.T. passages, I Cor. x. 13; Heb. xi. 17; James i.
12, 13; 1 Peter i. 6, 7. "Dens tentat, ut doceat: diabo~us. tentat,. ut
decipiat" (Augustine in foan. Tract. 30, Serm. 2). It 1s msti:uctive
,to compare the" proving" of Abraham, which is-here referreq directly
 234 GENESIS XXII. 1, 2

E 2 said, Here am I. And he said, Take now thy son, thine

only son, whom thou lovest, even Isaac, and get thee into
the land of Moriah ; and offer him there for a burnt offering
to God Himself, with the "proving" of Job, which, in chaps. i. ii., is
brought about by "the Satan." ·
and said unto him] Presumably in a dream during the night; cf.
v. 3, "Abraham rose early"; compare xix. 27, xx. 8, xxi. 14.
Here am I] The first instance of this response. Cf. 11, xxvii. 1.
2. thy son] Observe the cumulative force of the successive words,
"thy son," "only son," "whom thou lovest,1' "Isaac," indicating the
severity of the test about to be applied to Abraham's faith.
only son] Ishmael is here disregarded, as in vv. 12 and 16. He is
no longer considered one of the true family. The LXX .-011 d.,yct7M1T611
(Lat. unigenitum) is, however, perhaps due to the thought of Ishmael.
into the land of Moriah] Moriah is here the name of a country,
containing mountains on one of which Abraham is to offer Isaac.
The proper name "Moriah" is found elsewhere only in 2 Chron. iii. 1,
"in Mount Moriah," i.e. the hill in Jerusalem, on which was the
threshing-floor of Oman, the Jebusite, where the Angel appeared to
David. This was the site of the Temple of Solomon. Obviously the
expression, " the land of Moriah," and the reference to the mountains
in it, cannot here denote Jerusalem. Jerusalem was a town in the
days of the patriarchs (see xiv. 18/. More probably the Chronicler, in
z Chron. iii. J, has recorded the popular tradition of his own time,
according to which the scene of the appearance to David and the site
of the temple at Jerusalem were identified with the place of Isaac's
sacrifice ; and the name "Moriah," occurring in this passage of Genesis
was therefore popularly, although inaccurately, assigned to the Temple
hill.
What "the land of Moriah" was, we can no longer determine.
Possibly the word "Moriah" is the Heb. adaptation of some earlier
name, which was lost in the transmission of the story. The name
Moriah probably contains a play upon the words meaning "to see "
and "Jehovah," cf. v. 14. It provided a puzzle to the versions. Lat.
terra visionis, Sym. 1'71 61r.-cicrlcis, Aq. T1/II ')'1/11 .-1711 KctTct<f,ci111), LXX
.-1711 "Y71" 'M7" u,f,71-,..-fw.
The Syriac Peshitto renders, "the land of the Amorites," with which
agrees the conjecture of Dillmann and Ball. Tuch and Bleek con-
jectured "the land of Moreh," cf. Gen. xii. 6; but the Hebron district
of "the land of Moreb " would be much too close to Beer-sheba to suit
the description in v. 4. Hence Wellhausen's conjecture "the land of
the Hamorites" (i.e. Shechem: cf. Gen. xxxiv. and Judges ix. 28).
Probably the name is irrecoverable by conjecture. Rabbinic inter-
pretations called it "the place of fear," or "of worship." Joseph. Ant.
I. § I 3, .-1, Mbp,011 /Jpos.
for a burnt offeri11g] A whole burnt-offering; viz. an offering of
complete dedication to God. It was wholly consumed in the fire, as
 GENESIS XXII. 2-7 235
upon one of the mountains which I will tell thee of. And 3 E
Abraham rose early in the morning, and saddled his ass,
and took two of his young men with him, and Isaac his
son ; and he clave the wood for the burnt offering, and
rose up, and went unto the place of which God had told
him. On the third day Abraham lifted up his eyes, and 4
saw the place afar off. And Abraham said unto ·his young 5
men, Abide ye here with the ass, and I and the lad will
go yonder ; and we will worship, and come again to you.
And Abraham took the wood of the burnt offering, and laid 6
it upon Isaac his son ; and he took in his hand the fire and
the knife ; and they went both of them togetl}.er. And 7
Isaac spake unto Abraham his father, and said, My father:
and he said, Here am I, my son. And he said, Behold,
the fire and the wood: but where is the lamb for a burnt
distinct from an offering in which the offerers themselves participated:
see note on viii. 20. It was a propitiatory offering: cf. Lev. i. 4.
3. And Abraham 1·ose early, &c.] Abraham's prompt unquestioning
obedience is here depicted in the description of his successive acts.
The mental struggle is passed over in silence. Calvin notes : "quasi
oculis clausis pergit quo jubetur." Cf. Wisdom x. 5, "wisdom knew
the righteous man and preserved him blameless unto God, and kept
him strong when his heart yearned towards his child."
the wood] Implying that the place of the sacrifice would be treeless. ·
the place] See note on xii. 6. Was it a local sanctuary?
ef which God had told him] Cf. v. 2, the narrative is condensed.
The names of the "place " and the mountain spoken of by God are not
recorded. ·
4. On the third day ... afar off] The "place" was on a lofty
eminence visible at a distance. Presumably "the third day" indicates
:t journey of 30 or 40 miles. The journey from Beer-sheba to Jerusalem
1s computed to take less than 24 hours.
5. I and the lad] Abraham's words are either intended to conceal
his intention ; or they imply hope, against all hope. "Come again,"
i.e. come back to the young men. He will not let the servants know
the nature of the expedition.
6. laid it upon Isaac] Isaac carries the heavy weight of the wood;
Abraham, the more dangerous burden of the fire (i.e. a brazier) and the
knife .
. 7. And Isaac spake] The pathos of the narrative reaches its climax
m the simple expression of boyish curiosity, indicating a knowledge of
his father's regular usages of sacrifice. ·
" Here am I, my son?" is a little formal as a rendering. It is
equivalent to a father's reply: " Well, boy, what is it?"
 236 GENESIS XXII. 7-11
E 8 offering? And Abraham said, God will 1 provide himself
the lamb for a burnt offering, my son: so they went
9 both of them together. And they came to the place which
God had told him of; and Abraham built the altar there,
and laid the wood in order, and bound Isaac his son, and
10 laid him on the altar, upon the wood. And Abraham
stretched forth his hand, and took the knife to slay his son.
11 And the angel of the LORD called unto him out of heaven,
and said, Abraham, Abraham: and he said, Here am I.
1 Heb. see far himself.

8. provide himself] Heb. see jor himself, cf. xii. 33. Abraham's
words express his self-control and his faith, and have a reference to
v. 14. The provision by God of a lamb for a burnt-offering lies at
the root of the interpretation of the present passage in its. typical
application to the Sacrifice of Christ. Cf. the mention of the Lamb
in John i. '29, 36; 1 Peter i. 19; Rev. v. 1,z. The present passage
is the first Lesson for the morning of Good Friday.
so they went ... together] In the brief words of this simple and moving
description is compressed a world of intense feeling. Cf. a similar phrase
in '2 Kings ii. 6, 8.
9. which God had told him of] See vv. 1, ,z.
bullt the altar there] Possibly referring to the altar of some well-
known spot. Cf. note on the word "place," v. 3, xii. 6. For the
definite article, see viii. 7. The altar needed rebuilding.
laid the wood in order] The technical phrase for arranging the wood
on an altar of sacrifice. See Num. xxiii. 4; I Kings xviii. 33.
bound] LXX 1Tuµ:,roal<Tas. Another technical word, for binding the
limbs of the sacrificial animal, only found here in 0. T. Amongst the
Jews the sacrifice of Isaac was known as "the binding ('akedah) of
Isaac." See Special Note at the end of the chapter. The submission of
Isaac is not expressed, but implied. Isaac's age, according to the
narrative of E in this chapter, appears to be that of a mere lad. With-
out the necessary recognition of the different sources from which the
patriarchal narrative is derived, it has been supposed, on the strength
of xxi. 34 and xxii. 1, that Isaac was now a young man. The note of
Calvin, to whom the analysis of Genesis was unknown, is therefore
justified : "atqui scimus tune fuisse mediae aetatis, ut vel patre esset
robustior, vel saltem par ad resistendum si viribrn; certandum esset....
Mira quidem est Mosis in narrando simplicitas, sed quae plus vehe-
mentiae continet quam si tragice omnia exaggeret."
10. slay] The technical sacrificial word for killing the victim by
cutting its throat.
11. the angel ef the Lord] See note on xvi. r 1.
Abraham, Abraham] For the reiteration of the name, denoting
 GENESIS XXII. 12-14 237
And he said, Lay not thine hand upon the lad, neither do 12 E
thou any thing unto him : for now I know that thou fearest ·
God, seeing thou hast not withheld thy son, thine only son,
from me. And Abraham lifted up his eyes, and looked, 13
and 1 behold, behind him a ram caught in the thicket by
his horns: and Abraham went and took the ram, and
offered him up for a burnt offering in the stead of his
son. And Abraham called the name of that place 2Jehovah- 1 4
jireh : as it is said to this day, In the mount of the LORD
1 Or, according to many ancient authorities, behold a (Heb. one) ram
caught 2 That is, The LORD will see, or, provide.

special earnestness, compare xlvi. 2; Ex. iii. 4; 1 Sam. iii. 10;

Acts ix. 4. Abraham's act is arrested at the last possible moment.
The sacrifice of" Isaac was practically completed, when the hand of
Abraham raised the knife over his son. The moral surrender had been
complete.
12. for now I know] Abraham has stood the test. Actual ex-
perience has justified Divine foreknowledge. The Angel of the LORD
is here identified with the Almighty. By the words "lay not thine
hand, &c.," Jehovah proclaims to Abraham and to his descendants His
abhorrence of the cruelty of child sacrifice.
hast not withheld] The recollection of these words possibly underlies
the phrase of St Paul in Rom. viii. 32, "He that spared not his own Son,
but delivered him up for us all."
13. and behold, behind him] The R.V. marginal note refers to a
difference of reading, arising from the similarity of the two Heb. letters
for r (.,) and (i) d. The word, rendered "behind," would, by the
alteration of r into d, appear with the same consonants as the word
meaning '' one": and this reading is found in the LXX, Sam., Peshitto,
Targums, and many Heb. MSS. But the text, "behind him," is to be
preferred.
For the sudden appearance of a ram, cf. the similar suddenness of
appearance in xviii. 2, xxi. 19. God's gifts may be near at hand, and
not yet discerned; the recognition of God's voice brings a sudden
realization of His gifts.
a ram] The conjecture that the word rendered "ram" (ayil) should,
with different vowel points, be rendered a "hart" (ayyal) is not to
be approved. For (r) wild animals were not usually sacrificed by
Hebrews; (2) vv. 7 and 8, by the mention of "lamb," prepare us
for "a ram"; (3) the word "thicket" seems to imply the twisted horns
of a ram being entangled in brushwood.
14. Jehovahjireh] i.e. the LORD will see, or, provide. The name
which Abraham here gives to the place combines the tho_ught of
 238 GENESIS XXII. 14-16
ER 15 1
it shall be provided. I And the angel of the LORD called
16 unto Abraham a second time out of heaven, and said, By
myself have I sworn, saith the LORD, because thou hast'
done this thing, and hast not withheld thy son, thine only
1 Or, he shall be seen
Jehovah's continual and constant watchfulness with that of His speci.al
response to Abraham's utterance of faith, v. 8, "God will provide ,
himself the lamb," in answer to Isaac's question, "where is the lamb?" :
as it is said to this day] That is, it became a proverbial expression, ,
cf. x. 9. What is meant by" to this day," is uncertain: but very possibly
it refers to a proverb current among the Israelites, in connexion with the
hill on which the Temple stood.
In the mount ef the LORD] This phrase is used of the Temple hill in
Ps. xxiv. 3; Isaiah ii. 3, xxx. 29.
it shall be provided] R. V. marg. he shall be seen. Presumably
the proverb here mentioned combined two ideas: (1) that Jehovah
was seen, or revealed Himself, in the mount; (2) that the lesson of
Jehovah's 'provision for those that love and trust Him was taught to
Abraham, the father of the faithful, in this mount.
The text is not free from doubt. According to other punctuations,
we have two possible alternative renderings: (1) "in the mountain
Jehovah is seen, or is revealed," so LXX (ev Ttj, opeL Kup,os w,POri);
(2) "in the mountain Jehovah seeth, or provideth." With a slight
alteration of text, Gunkel renders: "for he said, To-day, in this moun-
tain, God provideth." According to the same scholar the name of the
mountain was feruel, or Jeriel (2 Chrnn. xx. 16). This he compares
with Ariel, an old name of Jerusalem mentioned in Isa. xxix. 1, 7.
lG. Verses 15-18 are probably taken from another version of the
same story. They are inferior in literary excellence, and probably
represent a later amplification.
a second time] The renewal and ratification of the blessing to
Abraham expresses the Divine recognition of the patriarch's faith.
The blessing, previously granted, is here renewed as a reward for
obedience (v. 18).
16. By myself have I sworn] Cf. Ex. xxxii. 13; Isai. xiv. 23;
Heh. vi. 13-17.
The remembrance of this oath is frequently invoked, cf. xxiv. 7,
xxvi. 3, 1. 24; Ps. cv. 9, "the covenant which he made with Abraham,
and his oath unto Isaac"; Luke i. 73, "the oath which he sware unto
Abraham our father."
saith the LORD] Lit. "the Oracle" or "revelation of Jehovah"; a rare
expression in narrative, cf. Numb. xiv. 28, 1 Sam. ii. 30; but common
in the Prophets, e.g. Jer. xviii. 5. The Angel, speaking in the first
person, identifies Himself with Jehovah (cf. xvi. 10, xxi. 18, xxxi. 13).
The introduction of the prophetic formula, "Oracle of Jehovah," into
the words spoken by the Angel impersonating Jehovah, is peculiar.
 GENESIS XXII. 16-19 239
son : that in blessing I will bless thee, and in multiplying 17 R
I will multiply thy seed as the stars of the heaven, and
as the sand which is upon the sea shore; and thy seed
shall possess the gate of his enemies ; and in thy seed 18 ·
shall all the nations of the earth 1 be blessed; because thou
hast obeyed my voice. I So Abraham returned unto his 19 E
young men, and they rose up and went together to Beer-
sheba; and Abraham dwelt at Beer-sheba.
1 Or, bless themselves
17. that in blessing, &c.] The language of this benediction com-
bines the substance of previous blessings pronounced upon the patriarch,
under three heads: (r) multiplication of seed; (2) victory over enemies;
(3) universal happiness, ·
bless] Cf. xii. z.
as the stars of the heaven] Cf. xv. 5,
as the sand] Cf. xiii. 16.
the gate of his enemies] See note on xxiv. 60, The phrase denotes
conquest. LXX reads 1r6Xm, both here and in xxiv. 60.
18. in thy seed] See note on xii. 3. The words might be also
rendered "by thy seed."
be blessed] Better, as R. V. marg., bless themselves. See notes on
xii. 3, xviii. 18, xxvi. 4.
because thou hast obeyed] Lit. "because thou hast heard," or "listened
to." God's word may be a sound which is not heard; or it may be
a sound which is heard, but not listened to; or it may be a sound which
is heard, listened to, and obeyed.
19. returned unto his young men] See v. 5. It is characteristic of
the reserve of the writer, that no mention is made of joy or congratula-
tion or relief.
Beer-sheba] See xxi. 31. Abraham was dwelling at Beer-sheba at the
time when these things happened.

20-24, THE GENEALOGY OF NAHOR (J).

In this genealogy it is to be noted, (1) that the home of Nahor and
his sons is not Ur, but Aram Naharaim, as in xxiv. 10; (2) that the
sons of Nahor, like those of Ishmael (xxv. 13-16), Esau (xxxvi. 15-
19), and Jacob, are twelve in number, of whom eight are born to his
legitimate wife Milcah, and four to his concubine Reumah; (3) that the
names of the sons represent tribes, or tribal dwelling-places, in the
Aramaean, or Syrian, region on the N.E. of Palestine. The genealogy
seems to represent a recollection of the traditional names of the p_re-
historic ancestors of the Hebrew immigrants. Probably the introduction
of the genealogy at this point is due to the mention of Rebekah in v. 13,
w:hich prepares the way for the story in xxiv. (J). .
 GENESIS XXII. 20-24

J 20 And it came to pass after these things, that it was told

Abraham, saying, Behold, Milcah, she also hath borne
21 children unto thy brother N ahor; U z his first born, and
22 Buz his brother, and Kemuel the father of Aram ;. and
Chesed, and Razo, and Pildash, and Jidlaph, and Bethuel.
23 And Bethuel begat Rebekah : these eight did Milcah bear
24 to Nahor, Abraham's brother. And his concubine, whose
name was Reumah, she also bare Tebah, and Gaham, and
Tahash, and Maacah.
20. cifter these things] Cf. v. r.
Mi!cah] See xi. 27, 29. Nahor's marriage with his niece probably
represents the fusion of two tribes.
21. Uz his firstborn] In x. 23 (P) Uz is the firstborn of Aram.
Uz, as a locality in the Syrian region, is mentioned in Assyrian
inscriptions. It may denote a branch of an Aramaean tribe, the UH~
of Shalmaneser II. It appears as the' birthplace of Job (i. r ). Whether
it is the same Uz as is mentioned in Jeremiah xxv. 20, Lam. iv. 21, is
doubtful. Another, Edomite, Uz is mentioned in Gen. xxxvi. 28.
Buz] See Jer. xxv. 23, where the mention of Buz with Dedan and
Terna seems to point to the borders of the Arabian desert. Elihu, the
friend of Job, is a native of Buz (Job xxxii. 2).
Aram] Here the son of Kemuel and nephew of Uz: in x. 23 (P),
Aram, the son of Shem, is the father of Uz. Evidently the traditions
embodying the relationship of the tribes of the desert were current
in very various forms.
22. Chesed] Presumably, not to be confounded with the ancestor
of the S. Babylonian people, the Chasdim, or "Chaldees," mentioned
in xi. 3r (P). More probably, the Bedouin tribe, mentioned in 2 Kings
xxiv. 2, Job i. 17, as "the Chaldear.s," quite distinct from the Chesed
of Arpachshad (x. 22).
23. Bethue{J See xxiv. r 5.
Rebekah] See chap. xxiv. No place, or clan, of this name is men-
tioned in the O.T.
24. Reumah] The children of the concubine denote a less in•
timate tribal relationship than the children of the legal wife.
Maacah] See 2 Sam. x. 6. A region to the north of Mount
Hermon ; cf, the mention of the Maacathites in Josh. xiii. II, r 3.

SPECIAL NOTE ON THE SACRIFICE OF ISAAC

This episode occupies an important place in the religious teaching ot
Genesis. It is (I) the crowning test applied to the faith of the patriarch
Abraham, and (2) the supreme example of the difference between
the God who revealed Himself to the patriarchs, and the gods of the
nature-religions of the Semitic peoples.
 GENESIS XXII.
It has, however, raised difficulties in the minds of many readers,
who have been unable to reconcile, the command to offer Isaac for a
burnt-offering with their conception of a good God. The following
points deserve, in this connexion, a careful consideration.
I, Human _Sacrifice. This was a religious custom widely prevalent
among the ancient Semites.
(a) The Israelites. Besides the present passage, there are to be
found in the Pentateuch several passages strongly condemnatory of the
usage (Levit. xviii. 21, xx. 2, 5; Deut. xii. 31, xviii. 10). But it is
evident from the instances of Jephthah's daughter (Judg. xi. 29 ff.), and
ofHiel'ssons (1 Kings xvi. 34)that the practice was not easily eradicated.
The prophets denounced it : " Shall I give my first born for my trans-
gression, the fruit of my body for the sin of my soul?" (Micah vi. 7).
In the dark days of the later kings, and subsequently, we gather that
the people shewed an evil tendency to revert to this barbarity (see
2 Kings xvi. 3, xxi. 6, xxiii. 10; Isai. lvii. 5; Jer. vii. 31, xix. 5; Ezek.
xvi. 20, 21, xx. 26, xxiii. 37: cf. Ps. cvi. 37, 38).
It hardly admits of doubt that the ancient laws of Israel, by which
the firstborn were dedicated to God (Ex. xxii. 29), and by which an
animal was to be sacrificed in order to redeem the firstborn son
(Ex. xxxiv. 20), point back to the custom of an earlier age, in which
the primitive Hebrews had practised the sacrifice of the firstborn. The
redemption of the firstborn with a lamb at the Feast of the Passover
(Ex. xiii. 12-15) has been considered by some to be traceable to
a similar origin.
(b) Other Nations. Instances of the practice in connexion with
Moloch worship are mentioned in passages quoted above from the 0. T.
Mesha, the king of Moab, in order to propitiate his god, Chemosh,
and obtain the defeat of the Israelite invaders, sacrificed his eldest son
(2 Kings iii. 27). In 2 Kings xvii. 31 "the Sepharvites" are said to "have
burnt their children in the fire to Adrammelech and Anammelech, the
gods of Sepharvaim."
The excavations, carried out in recent years at Gezer, Megiddo, and
Taanach, have shewn that the practice was followed by "the primitive
Semitic inhabitants of Palestine, and even, at least at Megiddo, in the
Israelite period" (Driver's Schweich Lectures, pp. 68, 69).
There is evidence to shew that human sacrifice prevailed from the
earliest times in Egypt, though the victims may generally have been
taken from the ranks of the enemy (cf. Handcock, p. 75, quoting
Budge's Osiris, pp. 197 ff.).
2. The Command to sacrifice Isaac. We may assume, then, that in
Abraham's time the religious custom of human sacrifice prevailed among
the peoples of the land. We have to think of the patriarch as he was,
as a man of his own time and race. God spoke to him in language ~hat
he could understand. God proved his faith by a test, which, ho:r.1ble
as it sounds to our ears, was consonant with the feelings and traditions
he had inherited from his forefathers. The command to sacrifice Isaac,
in the year '2IOO B,C., would not have suggested, anything outrageous
or abominable, as it does to our minds, \Ve must remember that,
GENESIS 16
242 GENESIS XXII.
startling as it may appear, it would have seemed to the ancient in-
habitants of Palestine far more wonderful that Abraham's God should
have interposed to prevent the sacrifice, than that He should have given
the order for its being offered. The command to sacrifice his son
corresponded to the true religious instinct to offer up his best and
highest.
3. The Triumph oj Abraham's Faith. We are told that "God did
prove Abraham." In the presence of the people of the land who
practised this custom, would not conscience, the voice of God, again
and again have whispered : "thou art not equal to the supremest
surrender; thou art not prepared to give up 'thy son, thine only son,
whom thou lovest, even Isaac'" ? The command, then, to offer up
Isaac came as a threefold test of faith: (i) did Abraham love and obey
his God as sincerely as the heathen around him loved and obeyed their
gods? (ii) did he, in the conflict of emotions, put his affection for his
son before his love for his God? (iii) could he himself undertake to
obey a command of his God, which was in direct conflict with that
same God's repeated promises that in Isaac should his name be called 1 ?
It was this last which constituted the most acute trial of Abraham's
faith. But he stood the test; and in the surrender of everything, will,
affections, hope, and reason, he simply obeyed, trusting, that, as a son
had been granted to him in his old age, when he was as good as one
dead, so, in God's good providence, His promises would yet somehow
be fulfilled, and Isaac would live.
The completeness of this faith was tested up to the moment whtn his
hand was outstretched to commit the fatal act.
4, The Nature of God. The prohibition of the sacrifice of Isaac
proclaimed a fundamental contrast between the God of Abraham and
the gods of the nations round about. The knowledge of the God of
Abraham was progressive: there was continually more to be learned of
His Will and Nature. It was now shewn that human sacrifice could
not any longer be thought to be acceptable to Him.
There was a true element in sacrifice which in Abraham's case had
been tested to the uttermost, This was the surrender of the will and
of the heart to God. The spirit of the offerer, not the material of the
offering is the essence of sacrifice. This is the anticipation of Israelite
prophecy (1 Sam. xv. zz; Isai. i. II ff.; Jer, vi. zo; Amos v. 21),
There was a false element in the current conceptions of sacrifice,
which tended to make its efficacy depend upon material quantity and
-cost. In the case of a human offering, the suffering, bereavement, and
agony, mental and physical, seemed only to augment its value. The
Deity that required to be propitiated with human life, was capricious,
insatiable and savage. This hideous delusion about God's Nature was
finally to be dissipated. God had no pleasure in suffering or in death,
in themselves. God was a God of love. Life should be dedicated unto
Him, not in cruelty, but in service.
1 Cf. "Nam quasi Deus secum ipse pugnet, puerum ad mortem postulat, in quo
spem acternae salutis proposuit. ltaque hoe posterius mandatum quidam erat fidci
interitus" (Calvin).
 GENESIS XXII. 243
Sacrifice in the Chosen Family was to be free from the taint of this
practice. The substitution of an animal for a human victim was to be
the reminder of a transition to a· higher phase of morality. The
Revelation of the Law of Love was to be traced back by the devout
Israelite to the Patriarchal Era, and to the religious experience of
Abraham, the founder of the race. The Episode is a spiritual Parable.
5. The Rights o.f the Individual. Among ancient Semitic peoples
the rights of the individual were merged in those of the family or the
tribe. Life and death were in the hands of the father. Isaac possessed
no rights of his own. The same Revelation, that prohibited his sacrifice,
proclaimed that every one born in the image of God had individual and
inalienable rights and duties. Human personality had a sanctity and a
freedom of its own. True sacrifice implied the surrender of self, not of
another. The substitution of the ram was the memorial of the abroga-
tion of an inhuman system, which disregarded mercy and outraged
humanity.
6. References in 0. T., Apocrypha, and N. T. There appears to be
no other mention in the 0. T. of the sacrifice of Isaac. Some have need-
lessly supposed it is alluded to in Is. xli. 8, "Abraham my friend"; cf.
2 Chron. xx. 7. There is probably a reference to it in Ecclus. xliv. 20,
"And when he was proved he was found faithful." Cf. Wisdom x. 5,
"Wisdom knew the righteous man ... and kept him strong when his
heart yearned toward his child." 1 Mace. ii. 52, "Was not Abraham
found faithful in temptation?" 4 Mace. xvi. 18-20, "Remember that
for the sake of God ye have come into the world ... ; for whom also our
father Abraham made haste to sacrifice his son Isaac, the ancestor of
our nation; and Isaac, seeing his father's hand lifting the knife against
him, did not shrink." In the N. T. it is twice mentioned: Heb. xi.
17 ff., "By faith Abraham, being tried, offered up Isaac: yea, he that
had gladly received the promises was offering up his only begotten
son; even he to whom it was said, In Isaac shall thy seed be called:
accounting that God is able to raise up even from the dead; from
whence he did also in a parable receive him back." James ii. 1u,
"Was not Abraham our father justified by works, in that he offered up
Isaac his son upon the altar?"
7. Jewislt Tradition found a fertile subject in the 'alj:Mak, or binding,
of Isaac. The following passage from the Targum of Palestine is a
good example of Haggadah (i.e. legend, or explanatory tradition): "And
they came to the place of which the Lord had told him. And Abraham
builded there the altar which Adam had built, which had been destroyed
by the waters of the deluge, which Noah had again builded, and which
had been destroyed in the age of divisions [i.e. the dispersion of the
peoples]. And he set the wood in order upon it, and bound Isaac
his son, and laid him on the altar upon the wood. And Abraham
stretched out his hand, and took the knife to slay his son. And Isaac
answered and said to his father, Bind me properly, lest I trem):>le from
the affliction of my soul, and be cast into the pit of destrucnon, and
there be found profaneness in thy offering. Now the eyes of Abraham
l0oked on the eyes of Isaac; but the eyes of Isa.a:c looked towards the
16-2
244 GENESIS XXII.
angels on high, and Isaac beheld them, but Abraham saw them not.
And the angels answered on high, Come, behold how these solitary
ones who are in the world kill the one the other; he who slays delays
not; he who is to be slain reacheth forth his neck. And the Angel
of the Lord called to him, &c."
"According to Jose ben Zimra, the idea of tempting Abraham was
suggested by Satan who said, 'Lord of the Universe! Here is a man
whom thou hast blessed with a son at the age of one hundred years,
and yet, amidst all his feasts, he did not offer thee a single dove or
young pigeon for a sacrifice' (Sanh. 87b; Gen. R. Lv.). In Jose hen
Zimra's opinion, the 'a*edah took place immediately after Isaac's weaning.
This however is not the general opinion. According to the Rabbis, the
'a*edah not only coincided with, but was the cause of the death of Sarah,
who was informed of Abraham's intention while he and Isaac were on
the way to Mount Moriah. Therefore Isaac must then have been thirty-
seven years old (Seder 'Olam Rabbah, ed. Ratner, p. 6; Pirke R. El.
xxx1.; Tanna debe Eliyahu R. xxvu.)." Jewish Encyc!. s.v. Isaac.
"The Jews implore the mercy of God by the sacrifice of Isaac, as
Christians by the sacrifice of Christ" (Mayor, Ep. James, p. 97). The
merits of Isaac's submission were regarded as abounding to the credit of
the whole race; e.g. '' For the merit of Isaac who offered himself upon
the altar, the Holy One, blessed be He, will hereafter raise the dead"
(Pesikta Rab. Kahana, p. 100, ed. Euber).
8. Patristic References. In the Fathers, the story was seized upon
for purposes of Christian allegory. Isaac is the type of Christ who
offers Himself a willing sacrifice. The ram caught in the thicket is the
type of Christ fastened to the wood of the cross. Thus according to
Procopius of Gaza, the words of the Angel, "seeing thou hast not
withheld thy son, thine only son," imply, "neither will I spare my be-
loved Son for thy sake. For God so loved the world that he gave his
only begotten Son ... Gohn iii. 16). Wherefore also Paul did greatly
marvel at His goodness, saying, 'Who spared not His own Son, but
gave Him up for us all'" (Rom. viii. 31). His note on" the ram" is:
"Aries mactatus ab interitu redemit Isaacum; sic Dominus occisus
salvavit nos ab impendente aetema morte" (ed. Migne, P. G. 87, Pars 1.
p. 39 1 >·
Primasius: "Occisus est Isaac quantum ad voluntatem patris pertinet.
Deinde redonavit ilium Deus patriarchae in parabola, id est, in figura
et similitudine passionis Christi ... Aries significabat carnem Christi.
Isaac oblatus est et non est interfectus sed aries tantum; quia Christus
in passione oblatus est, sed divinitas illius impassibilis mansit" (quoted
by Westcott, Ep. Heb. xi. 19).
The earliest reference occurs in the Epistle o.f Barnabas: " Seeing
that there is a commandment in scripture, Whosoever shall not observe
the fast shall surely die, the Lord commanded, because He was in His
own person about to offer the vessel of His Spirit a sacrifice for our
sins, that the type also which was given in Isaac who was offered upon
the altar should be fulfilled" (chap. vii.). Lightfoot's Apostolic Fathers,
p. 151.
 GENESIS XXIII. r, 2

And the life of Sarah was· an hundred and seven and 23 p

twenty years : these were the · years of the life of Sarah.
And Sarah died in Kiriath-arba (the same is Hebron), in 2
Irenaeus speaks of Abraham as "having with a willing mind yielded
up his own only-begotten and beloved son as a sacrifice to God,
in order that God also might be well pleased, on behalf of his seed,
to grant His own only-begotten and beloved Son as a sacrifice with a
view to our redeinption" (ed. Stieren, i. p. 572).
St Augustine compares Isaac bearing the wood for the sacrifice with
Christ bearing His cross; while the ram, caught in the thicket, typifies
Jesus crowned with thorns: "Propterea et Isaac, sicut Dominus crucem
suam, ita sibi ligna ad victimae locum quibus fuerat imponendus ipse
portavit ... Postremo quia Isaac occidi non oportebat, posteaquam est
pater ferire prohibitus, quis erat ille aries, quo immolato impletum est
significativo sanguine sacrificium? Nempe quando eum vidit Abraham,
cornibus in frutice tenebatur. Quis ergo illo figurabatur, nisi Jesus,
antequam immolaretur, spinis Judaicis coronatus?" (Aug. De Civ. Dei,
xvi. c. 32).

CH. XXIII. (P). 1, 2, THE DEATH OF SARAH; 3-18, ABRAHAM

PURCHASES FROM EPHRON THE HITTITE THE CAVE AND FIELD
OF MACHPELAH; 19, HE BURIES SARAH THERE; 20, ABRAHAM'S
PROPERTY.
THE BURIAL OF SARAH IN THE CAVE OF MACHPELAH.
This chapter is entirely from P, as is shewn by the characteristics of
language, by the frequent repetitions, by the legal and statistical minute-
ness (e.g. in vv. 17, 18), and the mention of Sarah's age. The narrative
preserved the tradition respecting the first possession of Canaanite soil
by the Israelite patriarchs. The veneration of the cave of Machpelah
as the traditional burying-place of the patriarchs will account for the
minuteness with which Abraham's purchase of the famous cave is here
described. It seems to set an anticipatory seal of possession upon the
land of promise. See xxv. 9, 10, xlix. 29-32, I. 13 (P).
The details given in this chapter are a faithful picture of the usages of
the East ; but there is nothing to warrant the assertion that they are
peculiarly Babylonian.
1. the life of Sarah] Sarah died at the age of 127, 37 years after the
birth of Isaac. Cf. xvii. 1, 17, xxi. 5 (P).
2. Kiriatk-arba (the same is Hebron)] Cf. xxxv. 27 (P). Kin'at/1-
arba means "the city of four," probably four confederate tribes. It was
the ear!rer name of Hebron, which itself may mean "Confederation."
The two names are mentioned in Judg. i. 10. In Josh. xiv. _15 and
xv. 13, where the early name is also mentioned, Arba is regarded· as
a proper name. For Hebron as one of the dwelling-places of Abraham,
S:ee xiii. 18. ·
 GENESIS XXIII. 2-6
P the land of Canaan : and Abraham came to mourn for
3 Sarah, and to weep for her. And Abraham rose up from
before his dead, and spake unto the children of Heth,
4 saying, I am a stranger and a sojourner with you: give
me a possession of a buryingplace with you, that I may
s bury my dead out of my sight. And the children of Heth
answered Abraham, saying unto him, Hear us, my lord:
6 thou art 1 a mighty prince among us : in the choice of
our sepulchres bury thy dead; none of us shall withhold
from thee his sepulchre, but that thou mayest bury thy
1 Heb. a prince ef God,

Abraham came to mourn/or Sarah] As if, at the time of Sarah's

death, Abraham had been residing in some different place. He came
to "mourn"; and this word refers to the Oriental solemnity of wailing
for the departed.
3. rose up] The use of this word is explained by the habitual
attitude of prostration in mourning. Cf. 2 Sam. xii. 16, 17, 20.
the clzt'ldren '!f Heth] See note on x. 15. Cf. xxvi. 34, xxvii. 46,
xlix. 32 (P). Hittites seem to have amalgamated with native Canaanites.
In P, here, and in xxviii. 1, 8, they seem to be identified with Canaanites.
The settlements of Hittites in the N. of Palestine may have extended
in groups and families southwards. But "the children of Heth" are
here spoken of as the native inhabitants of Hebron. Ezekiel regards
"Amorites" and "Hittites" as original dwellers in Palestine (xvi. 3, 45).
4. a stranger and a sqjourner] Abraham describes himself, in a
proverbial phrase, as one whose origin is foreign, and whose period of
residence is uncertain. LXX 'lf'a.po,Kos Kai 'lf'ap,.,,.lo71µas, Lat. advena et
peregrinus; cf, Lev. xxv. 23; 1 Chron. xxix. 15; Ps. cv. 12; Heb. xi. 9.
The same phrase is employed by St Peter in 1 Pet. ii. 11 to describe the
shortness and uncertainty of life on earth, and to indicate that the true
citizenship is in heaven. The "stranger," in the Heh., belongs to the
phraseology of nomad life; "the sojourner," of settled life.
6. my lord] A title of respect, Adoni (see note on xviii. 3). LXX
Kupte, Lat, domine.
a mighty prince] Heh. a prince ef God. The Hebrew idiom for
the superlative, " a prince worthy to rank with the sons of God" :
cf. Dent. xxxiii. 1. For other instances, cf. Ps. xxxvi. 6, "the moun'
tains of God"= A. V. " the great mountains," Ps. lxxx. 10, "cedars of
God "=A. V. "the goodly cedars." See note on x. 9, "Like Nimrod,
a mighty hunter before the LORD." For "prince," nlist, cf. Ezek. xii.
101 xxvii. u, xxx. 13, xxxii. 29, xxxviii. 2.
in the choice of, &c.] In the complimentary style of Orientals the
preliminaries to a business transaction are characterized by the greatest
deliberateness and the greatest generosity. The opening proposal is
 GENESIS xxm. 6-IO 247
dead. And Abraham rose up, and bowed himself to the 7 P
people of the land, even to ·the children of Heth. And 8
he communed with them, saying, If it be your mind that
I should bury my dead out of my sight, hear me, and intreat
for me to Ephron the son of Zohar, that he may give me 9
the cave of Machpelah, which he hath, which is in the end
of his field; for the full price let him give it to me in the
midst of you for the possession of a buryingplace. Now 10
Ephron was sitting in the midst of the children of Heth:
and Ephron the Hittite answered Abraham in the audience
that Abraham should make use of one of the " choicest" Hittite
sepulchres, for the burial of Sarah. Even if the offer was meant
seriously, Abraham will not accept it; he wishes to possess a burial-
place of his own. For the phrase "the choice," cf. Isa. xxii. 7 1 xxxvii.
24. It means what we should express familiarly as "the pick of."
Probably their complimentary phrase is intended to conceal their
dislike of selling a grave.
1. bowed kimse!f] Abraham's humble demeanour towards the
people of the land doubtless conforms to the elaborate usages of
Orient.·d bargaining. But it is also probably here emphatically re-
corded as indicating Abraham's loneliness among the people of the
land, and, therefore, in ironical contrast with the time when his
descendants would conquer the Canaanites and possess their country,
the people ef the land] Cf. xiii. 6 (P). This is the phrase, 'am
ha-are,, so common in post-exilic literature for "the heathen" : com-
pare "peoples of the land," Ezra x. 2 1 11 ; Neh. x. z8, 30.
8. communed with] Heb. "spake with." The word "communed"
is unnecessarily formal as a translation, cf. xviii. 33.
9. the cave ef Machpelah] Machpelah is not the name of the cave,
but of the locality; cf. 17, xlix. 301 I. n. The old explanation that the
cave was so called, because it was "a double cave," has therefore been
questioned ; but the LXX and the Lat. both render Machpelah as if it
were the equivalent of "double," LXX -ro o--rl,.-1\awv -ro l!,,r)\ouv, Vulg.
speluncam dup!icem. The name in the Hebrew always has the article,
as an appellative or descriptive noun. The tradition of the ca~e
being a double one is continu-ously maintained. Its correctness 1s
indisputable.
in the end ef his field] Abraham here only asks for the cave at one
end of the field of Machpelah.
for the full price] Lit. "for full silver " ; cf. 1 Chron. xxi. •n. The
payment was to be full value and in good money. See note on v. 16.
The expression is one which was also current in the Assyrian language.
10. audience] Lit. "ears," as in vv. 1 3, r6. The ·pres~nce of
witnesses is evidently requisite for the validity of the transaction : cf.
· Ruth iv. 9-II,
 GENESIS XXIII. 10-16
P of the children of Heth, even of all that went in at the gate
II of his city, saying, Nay, my lord, hear me: the field give I
thee, and the cave that is therein, I give it thee; in the
presence of the sons of my people give I it thee : bury thy
12 dead. And Abraham bowed himself down before the
13 people of the land. And he spake unto Ephron in the
audience of the people of the land, saying, But if thou
wilt, I pray thee, hear me : I will give the price of the
14 field; take it of me, and I will bury my dead there. And
15 Ephron answered Abraham, saying unto him, My lord,
hearken unto me : a piece of land worth four hundred
shekels of silver, what is that betwixt me and thee? bury
16 therefore thy dead. And Abraham hearkened unto Ephron;

all that went in at the gate of his city] Cf. v. r8. A technical phrase
to denote full citizens. The gate was the place of popular assembly for
the elders of a city ; cf. xix. r.
A similar phrase occurs in xxxiv. 24, " all that went out at the
gate." The classical illustration of business transactions conducted
at "the gate" of a cicy is to be found in the Book of Ruth, chap. iv. 1 ff.
11. the field give I thee, &c.] As in v. 6, we have here the compli-
mentary style of bargaining. Observe the successive stages: Abraham
in v. 9 asks to buy the cave only; Ephron in v. r r offers to give the
whole field and the cave in it for nothing; Abraham in v. 13
offers to pay for the field; Ephron in v. 15 mentions the price for
the land; Abraham in v. r6 duly pays for the field and the cave
(v. 17).
12. bowed himself] See note on v. 7. He had been sitting, while
Ephron was speaking.
13. But if thou wilt] Abraham answers in short, broken sentences,
acknowledging the generous offer, but insisting on the payment of the
price. Here, however, he makes an offer for '' the field," not merely
for "the cave in the end of the field" ; cf. v. 9. He politely declines
to notice the suggestion of a gift, but offers to buy.
111. worth four hundred shekels of silver] About £55. See note
on xx. 16. On the Hebrew value of a shekel, cf. Ex. xxx. r 3, Ezek. xiv.
12. In 2 Sam. xxiv. 24 David buys the threshing-floor and the oxen
of Araunah for 50 shekels of silver. In the Code of Hammurabi a
hireling would not receive more than I shekel a month as wages
(S. A. Cook, p. 172).
what is that betwixt me and thee?] Ephron has mentioned a full
price; he is poor, Abraham rich: the figure could not possibly be
a hindrance to the bargain. The important thing is that he, the
owner, is willing to sell. Abraham will, therefore, of course purchase.
 GENESIS XXIII. 16-20 249
and Abraham weighed to Ephron the silver, which he had p
named in the audience of the children of Heth, four hun-
dred shekels of silver, current money with the merchant.
So the field of Ephron, which was in Machpelah, which 17
was before Mamre, the field, and the cave which was
therein, and all the trees that were in the field, that were
in all the border thereof round about, were made sure unto 18
Abraham for a possession in the presence of the children
of Heth, before all that went in at the gate of his city.
And after this, Abraham buried Sarah his wife in the cave 19
of the field of Machpelah before Mamre (the same is
Hebron), in the land of Canaan. And the field, and the 20
cave that is therein, were made sure unto Abraham for
a possession of a buryingplace by the children of Heth.
16, weighed] The scales were ready. "Weighed" is the appropriate
word for the payment of money in days when money was not coined.
Coined money seems not to have been in use among the Israelites before
the Exile. The price of an article was reckoned by the weight of metal
-silver or bronze-given in exchange for it. The metal might consist
of bars or rings. Possibly in Josh. vii. 21, "a wedge of gold" was a
bar, or ingot. For other instances in which the word for "to pay"
is in the Hebrew "to weigh," cf. 1 Kings xx. 39; Isa. Iv. z ("spend");
J er. xxxii. 9, 10; Zech. xi. 1 z. Sayce (quoted by Skinner, p. 338, n.)
mentions evidence for "shekels stamped with a seal " in the period of
Hammurabi (Cont. Rev. Aug. 1907).
silver, current money with the merchant] Lit. "silver passing over to
the merchant," i.e. pieces of good metal used in commercial exchange.
LXX rerpaK6<na oiopaxµ,a ap-yvplov lioKlµov iµ7r6po,s, Lat. quadringentos
siclos argenti probatae monetae publicae.
17, So the field of Ephron] This and the following verses contain,
in language of legal minuteness, the description of the purchase. The
sentence probably :represents the form of a deed of sale, such as was
included in Hebrew contracts. Similar minute details are found in
Babylonian legal deeds of sale. Notice the particular mention of '' the
field," "the cave," "all the trees," "all the border,"" made sure,"
"in the presence of," "all that went in at the gate of his city."
before Mamre] i.e. "in front of"=" to the east of," as in v. 19,
cf. xvi. tz, xxv. 18; Num. xxi. II; Dent. xxxii. 49 (" over against").
For Mamre, a locality either identified with, or contiguous to, Hebron,
cf. xiii. 18, XXXV. 27. .
18. all that went in at] See note on v. 10. The necessary wit-
nesses of the transaction. There is no document to be attested.
20. were made sure] This verse repeats and summarizes the tra_ns-
,action which for all subsequent ages symhnlized to the, Israelites
 GENESIS XXIV. 1, 2

j 24 And Abraham was old, and well stricken in age : and

2 the LORD had blessed Abraham in all things. And Abra-
ham said unto his servant, the elder of his house, that
ruled over all that he had, Put, I pray thee, thy hand under

their ancestral connexion with, and sacred rights in, the land of
Canaan.
a buryingplace] Besides Sarah there were buried in the cave of
Machpelah, Abraham (xxv. 9), Isaac (xxxv. 27, 29), Rebekah and
Leah (xlix. 31), Jacob (1. 13).
The cave, which is traditionally identified with the burying-place of
Abraham, is still regarded with immense veneration by the Mahom-
medans. A large mosque has been erected over it. In 1869 the Prus-
sian Crown Prince Frederick, and in 1881 the late King Edward VII,
who was then Prince of Wales, received permission to visit the cave.
But, as a rule, Christians are not allowed to view it.

CH. XXIV. THE STORY OF REBEKAH (J).

This chapter, which gjves one of the most vivid descriptions of the
unchanging features of Oriental life to be found in the O.T., is from J.
The narrative falls into four divisions:
(1) 1-9. Abraham's commission to his servant.
(2) 10-28. The servant and Rebekah at the well.
(3) 29-53. The betrothal of Rebekah.
(4) 54-67. Abraham's servant brings Rebekah to Isaac.
That the story may figuratively preserve a tradition of the amalgama•
tion of Aramaean clans with the main Hebrew body is quite probable.
But the picturesque details of the narrative are drawn from the life,
and are evidently based on personal experience.
1-9. ABRAHAM'S COMMISSION TO HIS SERVANT.
l. well stricken in age] Cf. xviii. II. The Hebrew phrase
means "going in days," just as we should say "advanced in years."
Cf. Luke i. 7.
had blessed] Cf. v. 35.
2. kt's servant, the elder ef kis house] This servant has very
generally been identified with the Eliezer mentioned in xv. 2. The
identity is nowhere explicitly stated ; but it should be noted that
chap, xv. is derived from E, while this chapter comes from J, and
the absence of any reference to Eliezer by name need not surprise us.
"The elder of his house," not necessarily the "eldest" of his house
servants, but the one of chief authority and dignity (cf. I. 7), who, if
there was no heir, would succeed to the property.
that ruled over all that he had] i.e. a trusted slave who acted as
the steward of Abraham's property: see note on xv. 4. Cf. the
 GENESIS XXIV. 2-5
my thigh : and I will make thee swear by the LORD, the 3 J
God of heaven and the God of the earth, that thou shalt
not take a wife for my son of the daughters of the
Canaanites, among whom I dwell : but thou shalt go unto 4
my country, and to my kindred, and take a wife for my
son Isaac. And the servant said unto him, Peradventure 5
description of Joseph in xxxix. 4, 2'2; Ps. cv. n; and of Ziba in
2 Sam. ix. '2-13 and xvi. 1-4.
Put ... under my thigh] For this symbolical act, compare the request
made by Jacob in xlvii. 29, where, in the expectation of death, he binds
Joseph by the solemn pledge of this sign. Presumably Abraham is
expecting his death ; and he causes his servant to swear in the most
solemn way that he will carry out his master's wish.
The words "under my thigh" probably contain a survival of a very
ancient piece of symbolism. The word "thigh" is rendered " loins"
in xlvi. '26, Ex. i. 5. The phrase here seems to refer to the
organs of generation, and also, possibly, to the covenant rite of cir-
cumcision. The appeal is made to those who hereafter should be bom,
on the one hand, to attest the oath, and, on the other, to avenge its
violation. Similar symbolic acts have been found to exist among other
primitive races. A custom like this long outlives the recollection of its
original significance. The ritual remains binding; its purpose may be
forgotten.
3. the God of heaven ... earth] This solemn title of Jehovah as God
of the whole universe is more common in later Hebrew writings ; cf.
Ezra v. 11. This form of adjuration indicates the conviction of the
writer that the God of the Hebrews was the God of the whole world,
not merely of a particular locality or nation: compare xviii. 25. No
change of country, no lapse of time, would constitute an exemption
from the binding character of the oath.
of the daughters of the Canaanites) The dread of the marriage of
an Israelite with a Canaanite which is found here, is also expressed in
xxvi. 34, 35, xxvii. 46; Ex. xxxiv. 16; Deut. vii. 3; Ezra ix. 2. For
"Canaanite," cf. x. 18, 19, xii. 6, xiii. 7 (J).
Religious feeling underlies this prohibition. The purity of the
Hebrew race is to be maintained. Intermarriage would involve par•
ticipation in religious rites. Separateness would give a corresponding
freedom from moral contamination.
4. my country ... kindred] Here, as in xxviii. '2 (P), the country and
kindred of Abraham are to be sought, not in Ur of the Chaldees, but
in the land of Haran, or Paddan-aram; cf. v. 7.
take a wife for my son Isaac] It was customary for the father to
select a bride for his son; cf. xxxiv. 4; Judg. xiv. '2, The sam~ custom
prevailed in Babylon, as appears from the Code of Hammurabt, § 155,
"if a man betroth a maiden to his son," &c.
" Marriage between cousins has been and still is particularly common
 uENESIS XXIV. 5-10
J the woman will not be willing to follow me unto this land :
must I needs bring thy son again unto the land from
6 whence thou earnest? And Abraham said unto him,
Beware thou that thou bring not my son thither again.
'I The LORD, the God of heaven, that took me from my
father's house, and from the land of my nativity, and that
spake unto me, and that sware unto me, saying, Unto
thy seed will I give this land ; he shall send his angel
before thee, and thou shalt take a wife for my son from
8 thence. And if the woman be not willing to follow thee,
then thou shalt be clear from this my oath ; only thou
9 shalt not bring my son thither again. And the servant
put his hand under the thigh of Abraham his master, and
10 sware to him concerning this matter. And the servant
in the East (cp. Gen. xxiv. 4, xxix. 19; 1 Kings xiv. 31 and xv. 2), and
the tie between them is closer and more sacred than that between an
ordinary couple" (Burckhardt, Ar. Prov., quoted in Stanley Cook,
P· 99).
II. bring... again] Here and in vv. 6 and 8 and xxii. 5 the word
" again" is used for "back." Abraham's tone is that of a man who
is on his death-bed.
7. the God of heaven] The LXX adds "and the God of the earth,"
from v. 3. The phrase "the God of heaven" occurs in Ezra v. 12;
Neh. i. 4, 5, ii. 4; Jonah i. 9; Tobit v. 16.
the land of my nativity] See xii. 1 (J). The land of Haran is clearly
intended.
that sware unto me, &c.] The reference is to xii. 7 ; cf. also xiii. 15,
xv. 18, xxii. 16.
he shall send his angel] It is noteworthy that Abraham does
not here speak of Jehovah being present with the servant on his
mission. The servant of Abraham will be guided by "the messenger,
or angel," of Abraham's God. For "the angel of Jehovah" going
before His people, cf. Ex. xiv. 19, xxiii. 20, xxxii. 34; Ps. xci. 1 r.
8. thou shaft be clear from this my oath] Cf. v. 4r. The word
"clear" is used in the sense of "innocent," or "guiltless," as in·
Josh. ii. 17, "we will be guiltless of this thine oath." " Clear " in
this sense is old English. Cf, Shakespeare, Macb. r. 7, " ... this
Duncan ... hath been so clear in his great office, that his virtues will
plead like angels."
9. concerning this matter] Lit. "according to this word."
It has been supposed that the account of Abraham's death, accord-
ing to J, followed at this point, and, if so, it was omitted by the
compiler, who inserted by preference the account from P, in xxv. 7-1 r.
It is pointed out that ( 1) the oath is administered to the servant, instead
 GENESIS XXIV. 10, 11 53 2

took ten camels, of the camels of his master, and departed ; J

1
having all goodly things of his master's in his hand : and
he arose, and went to 2 Mesopotamia, unto the city of Nabor.
And he made the camels to kneel down without the city 11

1 Or, far all the goods of his master were in his hand
2 Heb. Aram-naharaim, that is, Aram of the two rivers.

of a simple order, in expectation of immediate death, cf. xlvii. 3i;

(2) the difficulties in v. 67 suggest that some alteration of the text has
there been made, in order to harmonize the narrative with the subse•
quent mention of Abraham's death in chap. xxv.

10--28. REBEKAH AT THE WELL.

10. ten camels] The largeness of this retinue is intended (1) to

impress strangers with the reality and value of the proposed connexion
by marriage: (2) to provide for the adequate means of conveying the
bride and her attendant hand-maidens, cf. v. 61.
having all._.hand] R.V. marg. for all the goods of kis master were
in kis hand. See xxv. 5. A slightly different turn is ~iven to the
sentence by the versions, LXX Ka.! a.,ro ,ra.PTwv roiv a.-ya.fJwv ro() Kvplov
a.vroii, Lat. ex omnibus bonis ejus portans secum.
The servant carried with him gifts for the bride and for her family on
behalf of the bridegroom: see vv. 22 and 53.
Mesopotamia] Aram-nakaraim, that is, Ara,n of the two rivers.
This is the region watered by the Upper Euphrates which appears in
the Tel-el-Amarna tablets with the name Naharina, or "the river
land." The termination -aim denotes the dual number; and hence the
proposed rendering "Aram of the two rivers." If so, the two .rivers
are the Euphrates and its confluent the Habor; not the Tigris and the
Euphrates. Another explanation supposes that the two sides of the
river Euphrates are implied by the dual. But it is doubtful whether
the sound of the dual termination is anything more than an accident :
compare other proper names with the same termination, e.g. Ephraim,
Mahanaim, Jerusalaim ; and see note on Mizraim (=Egypt) in x. 6.
The name " Mesopotamia" is derived from a later time, and is
really applicable to a somewhat different region. For other mention
of Mesopotamia, cf. Deut. xxiii. 4; Judg. iii. 8; 1 Chron. xix. 6.
Instead of Aram-naharaim, P writes Paddan-aram. Cf. Gen.
xxv. '20, xxviii. 2.
the city of Nahor] The city where Nahor dwelt after Abraham's
departure. The name, not mentioned here, appears as Haran in xxvii.
43, xxviii. 10, xxix. 4: cf. xi. 31, Acts vii. 2.
11. he made the camels to kneel down] Throughout this chapter the
camels are made to play a very prominent part. The camels being
made to kneel, in order to wait and rest nntil they are given water, is
, a common scene in the East.
 2 54 GENESIS XXIV. 11-15

J by the well of water at the time of evening, the time that

12 women go out to draw water. And he said, 0 LORD, the
God of my master Abraham, send me, I pray thee, good
speed this day, and shew kindness unto my master Abra-
13 ham. Behold, I stand by the fountain of water ; and the
daughters of the men of the city come out to draw water:
1 4 and let it come to pass, that the damsel to whom I shall
say, Let down thy pitcher, I pray thee, that I may drink;
and she shall say, Drink, and I will give thy camels drink
also : let the same be she that thou hast appointed for
thy servant Isaac: and thereby shall I know that thou hast
15 shewed kindness unto my master. And it came to pass,
before he had done speaking, that, behold, Rebekah came
out, who was born to Bethuel the son of Milcah, the wife
of Nahor, Abraham's brother, with her pitcher upon her
the time that ... to draw water] We have here a familiar scene from
.Oriental life. The well is outside the gate of the town. It is the
women's duty to draw water: cf. 1 Sam. ix. 11; John iv. 7• They come
when the heat of the day is past.
12. 0 LORD, the God of my master] Referring to v. 7. The
servant, though possibly (xv. 2) a native of Damascus, worships the
God of Abraham ; cf. v. 26.
13. the fountain of water] Two words are used in this passage
which require to be distinguished: (1) "the fountain," or "spring"
('ayin), the water of which rises from the ground, or out of the rock;
and (2) "the well" (be'i!r), as in vv. 11, 20, the tank or cistern, pro-
tected with stones, and provided with steps leading down to the actual
"fountain" or "spring"; cf. 16. The" well" is the LXX <f,peo.p, Lat.
puteus: the "fountain" is the LXX 1r71-y-t,, Lat.fans, cf. xvi. 7.
14. and let it come to pass] The servant contemplates the possi-
bility of repeated application and failure. The sign for which he
makes petition is the voluntary offer on the part of a girl to give water,
not only to himself, but also to his camels. This would be no mere
formality, but a practical and laborious act of kindness towards a
stranger, done probably in the presence of many bystanders and idlers;
and therefore making a demand upon energy and moral courage as well
as physical strength.
15. Rebekah] Here described as the daughter of.Bethuel, as in vv.
24, 47; cf. xxii. 20-24, xxv. 20, xxviii. 2. The absence, however,
of any mention of Bethuel except in v. 50, and the mention of Rebekah's
mother and her brother Laban as the representatives of the house
(vv. 28, 55), have led to the conjecture, that Bethuel was dead, and
that his name in v. 50 is due to a gloss or a textual error.
her pitcher upon her shoulder] Cf. xxi. 14; Ex. xii. 34; Josh. iv. 5.
 GENESIS XXIV. 15-22 255
shoulder. And the damsel was very fair to look upon, a 16 J
virgin, neither had any man known her : and she went
down to the fountain, and filled her pitcher, and came up.
And the servant ran to meet her, and said, Give me to 17
drink, I pray thee, a little water of thy pitcher. And she 18
said, Drink, my lord : and she hasted, and let down her
pitcher upon her hand, and gave him drink. And when 19
she had done giving him drink, she said, I will draw for
thy camels also, until they have done drinking. And. she 20
hasted, and emptied her pitcher into the trough, and ran
again unto the well to draw, and drew for all his camels.
And the man loo'ked stedfastly on her; holding his peace, 21
to know whether the LORD had made his journey pros-
perous or not. And it came to pass, as the camels had 22
done drinking, that the man took a golden ring of I half
a shekel weight, and two bracelets for her hands of ten
1 Heb. a beka. See Ex. xxxviii. 26.
Everything turned upon the girl having a pitcher: hence the mention
of this detail.
20. trough] There was a separate receptacle, probably of stone, for
watering the animals ; Rebekah empties the rest of her pitcher into
this trough, and probably has to fill it several times in order to give
water enough for the 10 camels 1. ·
21. looked stetijastly ... his peace] Lat. contemplabatur eam tacitus.
The servant was astonished to find that the sign for which he had
prayed had been given in the case of the first girl that had come
to draw water; hence his look of eagerness, questioning, and silent
thought.
22. a golden ring] The ring (nezem) was probably a nose-ring, cf.
v. 47. So the Samaritan version here reads" and put it on her nose."
=
LXX lPwr,a., Lat. inaures ''earrings."
See for the nezem Prov. xi. 22, Isai. iii. 21, Ezek. xvi. 12, where in
each case a nose-jewel is indicated.
ha(/ a shekel we,g!tt] Heb. be/fa. See Ex. xxxviii. 26. H,alf a
1 Times, p. 4, Au~. 18, 1913, "Studies in the Zoological Gardens, 1v." "However
'patient of ~hirst,1" m 1:'~omson's _Phrase, th.e camel may be ... it is also tr1;1e ~h.at it
drinks inordinate quantities when 1tgets the chance .... It 1s recorded that an md1v1dual
[camel] has drunk as much as 20 gallons at a sitting, a fact which throws new light on
the incident of Rebekah at the well. Abraham's servant ... had ten camels, and after
he had refreshed himself from Rebekah•s pitcher, 'she said, I will draw water for thy
camels also, until they have done drinking.... And the man, wondering at her, held
his peace .... ' As well he might. 'Until they have done drinking'-the words were
written by one who knew camel~; and Rebekah's acts of kindness to the st!3-ng~r an~
his beasts were of larger proportions than the casual reader of these days might mfer.
 GENESIS XXIV. 22-29

J 23 shekels weight of gold ; and said, Whose daughter art

thou ? tell me, I pray thee. Is there room in thy father's
24 house for us to lodge in? And she said unto him, I all_}
the daughter of Bethuel the son of Milcah, which she bare
25 unto Nabor. She said moreover unto him, We have both
26 straw and provender enough, and .room to lodge in. And
27 the man bowed his head, and worshipped the LORD. And
he said, Blessed be the LORD, the God of my master Abra-
ham, who bath not forsaken his mercy and his truth toward
my master: as for me, the LORD hath led me in the way to
28 the house of my master's brethren. And the damsel ran,
and told her mother's house according to these words.
29 And Rebekah had a brother, and his name was Laban :

shekel weighed one quarter of an ounce. There is only mention of

one ring, and this is of light weight. The two bracelets weighed
ro shekels, or 5 ounces. These gifts reward her kindness in a lavish
manner, and lead up to the request for a lodging at her home. On the
shekel, see xx. r6, xxiii. 15.
23. room] Lit. "place" as in v. 25. Cf. Ps. xxxi. 8, "in a large
room" (A. V.) ="in a large place" (R.V.).
211. straw and provender] The character of Rebekah comes out in
her practical answer. Food and stabling for the ro camels would be
more difficult to find than a lodging for the man. The Latin
renders " room to lodge in" somewhat freely by locus spatiosus ad
manendum.
26. the man bowed his head] Cf. v. 48, xliii. 28 (J). Rebekah's
mention of her family had dispelled the servant's last doubt; bowing
his head he gives praise to Jehovah, the God of Abraham; cf. v. 12.
27. who hath not forsaken his mercy and his truth] For a very similar
sentence, cf. Ruth ii. 20, "Blessed be he of the LORD who hath not
left off his kindness." The word used here for " mercy" is the same
as that rendered " kindness," vv. n and r 4, and " kindly" in v. 49.
The combination of the Heb. words for "mercy" and "truth" was
almost proverbial; cf. xxxii. ro, xlvii. 29, "kindly and truly" (J),
Ps. xcviii. 3. " Mercy" denotes the goodness, "truth" the fidelity
of God, in the fulfilment of His promises.
bnthren] i. e. " kindred," as in v. 48. See note on xiii. 8.
28. her mothers house] Her father probably was dead. The
"house" is not the building, but the "household," cf. xviii. 19.

29-li3. THE BETROTHAL OF REBEKAH.

29. Laban] Rebekah's br?ther Laban (cf. xxv. 20, xxviii. 2 ,

xxix. 5) takes the part of the chief representative of Rebekah's family.
 GENESIS XXIV. 29-36 257
and Laban ran out unto the man, unto the fountain. And 30 J
it came to pass, when he saw the ring, and the bracelets
upon his sister's hands, and when he heard the words of
Rebekah his sister, saying, Thus spake the man unto me;
that he came unto the man ; and, behold, he stood by
the camels at the fountain. And he said, Come in, thou 31
blessed of the LORD ; wherefore standest thou without?
for I have prepared the house, and room for the camels.
And the man came into the house, and he ungirded the 32
camels ; and he gave straw and provender for the camels,
and water to wash his feet and the men's- feet that were
with him. And there was set meat before him to eat : 33
but he said, I will not eat, until I have told mine errand.
And he said, Speak on. And he said, I am Abraham's 34
servant. And the LoRD bath blessed my master greatly; 35
and he is become great : and he bath given him flocks
and herds, and silver and gold, and menservants and maid-
servants, and camels and asses. And Sarah, my master's 36
wife bare a son to my master when she was old : and unto

Bethuel, their father, is mentioned along with him only in v. 50; and
their mother in vv. 53, SS·
30. when he saw the ring] With a slight touch of ironical humour,
the first hint is thus given of Laban's avaricious character. The sight
of the gold seems to stimulate his courtesy to the servant.
31. thou blessed of the LORD] Cf. xxvi. 29. Laban's reference to
Jehovah probably implies that he too, as a member of Abraham's
kindred, was a worshipper of Jehovah the God of Abraham.
32. the man] i.e. Abraham's servant; he ungirded his own camels,
and Laban gave them straw and fodder. The camel is a most valuable
possession, but a delicate animal, needing care and attention. .
he gave straw] i.e. Laban.
water] Cf. xviii. 4.
33. meat] i.e. "food." See note on i. 'l9·
I will not eat] The courtesies of the East would prohibit an enquiry
into the stranger's name before he had partaken of food. The name
might possibly reveal relations, e.g. those of blood-feud, which would
exclude hospitality.
311. leatk blessed] Cf. v. 1. The servant recounts the wealth of
Abraham of which we have heard in xii. 16, xiii. 2. The serv~nt's
first object is to represent that, from a worldly point of view, a marnage
with Abraham's son would be not only prudent, but desirable .
. 36. unto him hath he given] The servant here states that Abraham
GENESIS
 GENESIS XXIV. 36-47
J 37 him hath he given all that he hath. And my master made
me swear, saying, Thou shalt not take a wife for my son
of the daughters of the Canaanites, in whose land I dwell :
38 but thou shalt go unto my father's house, and to my
39 kindred, and take a wife for my son. And I said unto
my master, Peradventure the woman will not follow me.
40 And .he said unto me, The LORD, before whom I walk,
will send his angel with thee, and prosper thy way; and thou
shalt take a wife for my son of my kindred, and of my
41 father's house : then shalt thou be clear from my oath,
when thou comest to my kindred ; and if they give her
42 not to thee, thou shalt be clear from my oath. And I
came this day unto the fountain, and said, 0 LORD, the
God of my master Abraham, if now thou do prosper my way
43 which I go : behold, I stand by the fountain of water;
and let it come to pass, that the maiden which cometh
forth to draw, to whom I shall say, Give me, I pray thee,
44 a little water of thy pitcher to drink ; and she shall say
to me, Both drink thou, and I will also draw for thy
camels : let the same be the woman whom the LORD
45 hath appointed for my master's son. And before I had
done speaking in mine heart, behold, Rebekah came
forth with her pitcher on her shoulder; and she went
down unto the fountain, and drew : and I said unto her,
46 Let me drink, I pray thee. And she made haste, and
let down her pitcher from her shoulder, and said, Drink,
and I will give thy camels drink also : so I drank, and she
47 made the camels drink also. And I asked her, and said,
Whose daughter art thou? And she said, The daughter of
Bethuel, Nahor's son, whom Milcah bare unto him : and I
has already made over to Isaac the great bulk of his wealth, as is stated
in xxv. 5. Those who suppose that the mention of Abraham's death
originally occurred after v. 9, regard this sentence as indicating Abra-
ham's final disposition of his property.
3'1. And my master made me swear] This and the four following
verses recapitulate the substance of vv. 3-8. The denouement of the
story is thus retarded. Similarly in the following vv. (42-48) the
suspense caused by the repetition tends to heighten the interest.
42. And I came this day] Vv. 42-48 recapitulate the substance of
12-27.
 GENESIS XXIV. 47-52 259
put the ring upon her nose, and the bracelets upon her J
hands. And I bowed my head, and worshipped the I ,ORD, 48
and blessed the LORD, the God ,of my master Abraham,
which had led me in the right way to take my master's
brother's daughter for his son. And now if ye will deal 49
kindly and truly with my master, tell me : and if not, tell
me; that I may turn to the right hand, or to the left.
Then Laban and Bethuel answered and said, The thing 50
proceedeth from the LORD : we cannot speak unto thee
bad or good. Behold, Rebekah is before thee, take her, 51
and go, and let her be thy master's son's wife, as the LORD
hath spoken. And it came to pass, that, when Abraham's 52

48. my master's brother's daughter] The servant definitely states

the relationship of Rebekah; cf. xxii. 23. "Brother" may mean
"relative" (xiii. 8, xiv. 14). Those who think Bethuel's name in this
chapter (vv. 15, 24, 47 [50]) is inserted as a gloss, regard Rebekah
as Abraham's niece, the daughter of Nahor, and refer to xxix. 5.
49. deal kindly and truly] Lit. "do kindness and truth"; cf. xlvii.
29. See note on v. 27.
to the right hand, or to the !qt] The servant asks for a prompt reply,
so that, if his request is refused, he may consider what course next to
pursue. For fanciful Rabbinic interpretations of "the right hand
and the left," cf. Calvin's note, .futilis autem argutia quam adducunt
quidam Hebraei quod iturus sit ad Lot vel ad Ismael.
15(). Laban and Bethuel], The only passage in which, if the text is
correct, Bethnel takes a prominent part in the transaction. Even here
Laban is mentioned before him. For some reason, Bethuel is in the
background: cf. xxix. 5. Hence Kittel reads" and his house," iJb!tk6;
Holzinger, "and Milcah": see v. 53.
from the LORD] It is recognized that Jehovah, the God of the family,
has brought this thing to pass.
speak ... bad or good] They have no voice. God has settled the
matter. To accept will mean a good marriage for Rebekah, but her
separation, at a great distance, from her family. To refuse is to reject
a chance for her wealth and happiness, as well as to act in apparc;nt
opposition to the signs of J ehov~h's will. "!)ad and good," "y7s and
no," are evenly balanced. It 1s a proverbial phrase, cf. xxx1. 24;
Num. xxiv. 13; '2 Sam. xiii. '2'2.
!Sl. takc .. ,and go] The betrothal is thus summarily settled. The
bride is not consulted !
as the LORD hath spoken] Referring to the manner in which the will
of Jehovah had evidently been made known. Events, not words, had
been the means of revelation.
 26o GENESIS XXIV. 52-56
J servant heard their words, he bowed himself down to the
53 earth unto the LORD, And the servant brought forth
jewels of silver, and jewels of gold, and raiment, and gave
them to Rebekah : he gave also to her brother and to
54 her mother precious things. And they did eat and drink,
he and the men that were with him, and tarried all night ;
and they rose up in the morning, and he said, Send me
55 away unto my master. And her brother and her mother
said, Let the damsel abide with us a few days, at the
56 least ten ; after that she shall go, And he said unto
them, Hinder me not, seeing the LORD bath prospered
my way; send me away that I may go to my master.

112. bowed himsel.f down] Cf. vv. 26, 48. The servant renders
thanks to Jehovah before proceeding to ratify the betrothal.
153. jewels ... silver ...gold... raiment] The word "jewels" in the
original is indefinite, and might be rendered "vessels," as LXX o-rn,71
and Lat. vasa. The servant's first act is to ratify the betrothal by
making the betrothal gifts to the bride. Oriental custom required that,
at the betrothal, gifts should be made to the parents or nearest repre-
sentative relations of the bride. Mention of marriage gifts (mohar) to
the bride's family is found also in xxxiv. 12; Ex. xxii. 16, 17; Dent.
xxii. 19; 1 Sam. xviii. 25. The custom must be regarded as a remnant
of still earlier times, when the bride was purchased, and the marriage
ceremony consisted chiefly of a financial transaction. In this verse, the
"precious things," given by the servant to Rebekah's brother and
mother, constitute the customary mohar to the bride's family. This
custom is also mentioned in the Code of Hammurabi, §§ 159-161.
It is noticeable that the "precious things " are given, not to Rebekah's
father, Bethuel, but to her· brother and mother. This is an important
point in favour of the view, mentioned above, that Bethuel's name
in v. 50 is an interpolation (see note on v. 15).

114-67. ABRAHAM'S SERVANT BRINGS REBEKAH TO ISAAC,

1515. her brother and her mother] LXX and Lat. read "her brothers
and her mother."
a few days, at the least ten] Heh. "days or ten," or, as we should say,
"a week or ten days " ; the word "or" meaning "or rather." LXX
11µipas wo-el ot!Ka, Lat. saltem decem dies. The Syriac Peshitto, " a
month in days." A possible conjecture based on these variations is
that of Olshausen, "a month of days, or ten."
156. to my master] The servant entreats that there should be no
delay. He wishes to return with the bride to his master. Whether
 GENESIS XXIV. 57-62 261
And they said, We will call the damsel, and inquire at 57 J
her mouth. And they called Rebekah, and said unto her, 58
Wilt thou go with this man ? And she said, I will go.
And they sent away Rebekah their sister, and her nurse, 59
and Abraham's servant, and his men. And they blessed 6o
Rebekah, and said unto her, Our sister, be thou the mother
of thousands of ten thousands, and let thy seed pos-
sess the gate of those which hate them. And Rebekah 61
arose, and her damsels, and they rode upon the camels,
and followed the man: and the servant took Rebekah,
and went his way. And Isaac came 1 from the way of 62

1 The Sept. has through the wilderness.

this 1s Abraham or Isaac, is not stated. But, judging from v. 65, there
is ground for the supposition that Isaac is intended.
Otherwise, the servant's haste may be supposed to have been
dictated by a knowledge of Abraham's failing condition. If so, it is
strange that there is no mention of Abraham on the return.
G9. their sister] Laban is thus referred to as the head of the family;
cf. "your daughter" in xxxiv. 8.
her nurse] i.e. her special personal attendant; cf. xxix. 24, 29. The
name of the nurse appears in xxxv. 8 as Deborah.
and his men] The servant's retinue, mentioned in v. 32; see note
on v. 10.
60. And they blessed Rebekah] The farewell blessing and good
wishes of the family referred in Oriental fashion to the two objects of
desire, (1) that she should be the mother of many descendants; and
(2) that they should be victorious over their enemies.
possess the gate ef] Cf. xxii. 1 7. '' The possessors of the gate " were
the controllers of the affairs of the city.
61. her damsels] Rebekah took attendants with her besides the
nurse mentioned in v. 59. See note on v. 10.
62. from the way] The reading of LXX, through the wilderness,
is supported by the Samaritan, and gives a good meaning. Isaac had
been dwelling in the Negeb, and had now come, "through the wilder-
ness," to Beer-lahai-roi, to meet ·the returning messengers. The
Hebrew text is probably corrupt. Literally rendered, it runs, "And.
Isaac came from the coming of the well " ; this has been understo~d to
mean "from the direction of the well," Lat. per viam. q_u':e ductt ad
puteum. The clause evidently intends to state that the v1cm1ty of Beer-
lahai-roi (xvi. 1 4, xxv. 11) is the scene of the meeting between Isaac
and Rebekah. Conjectural emendations, e.g. "from Beer-sheba to
-Beer-lahai-roi," or "from Beer.J,ahai-roi," are very doubtful,
 262 GENESIS XXIV. 62-67
J 63 Beer-lahai-roi; for he dwelt in the land of the South. And
Isaac went out to me<litate in the field at the eventide:
and he lifted up his eyes, and saw, and, behold, there
64 were camels coming. And Rebekah lifted up her eyes,
65 and when she saw Isaac, she lighted off the camel. And
she said unto the servant, What man is this that walketh
in the field to meet us? And the servant said, It is my
66 master : and she took her veil, and covered herself. And
the servant told Isaac all the things that he had done.
67 And Isaac brought her into his mother Sarah's tent, and
took Rebekah, and she became his wife; and he loved her :
and Isaac was comforted after his mother's death.
in the land efthe South] Lit. in the land of the Negeb. See note on
xii. 9.
63. to meditate] A strange and poetical word to be used in this
context. It has given rise to very various renderings : LXX ci.60-
X«rxi)o-a,, Lat. ad meditandum, Aq. oµ,1:\7)0-a1, Sym. Xa:\710-a,, Syr.
Pesh. "to walk about" (so Gesenins), with a slight variation of the
reading. Rashi says the word means "prayer"; Ibn Ezra, "to walk
between the shrubs"; Botticher, "to fetch brushwood." Many modern
scholars, e.g. Knobel, Ewald, Strack, and Gunkel, render "to wail," or
"lament," comparing the use of the same word in Ps. lv. 2, r7 (" moan"),
cxlii, 2 ("complaint") ; and doubtless this rendering has the merit of
agreeing with the mention of Isaac's need of being comforted (v. 67).
As the servant does not bring Rebekah to Abraham, there is good
reason for the conjecture that Abraham's death had occurred.
64. lighted ojf the camel] i.e. she "alighted," or "leapt down from."
Her action is that of Oriental courtesy: cf.J osh. xv. r8; Jndg. i. 14; r Sam,
xxv. 23; 2 Kings v. 21. See Thomson's Land and Book, p. 593, "Women
frequently refuse to ride in the presence of men ; and when a comRany
of them are to pass through a town, they often dismount and walk.'
61!. It is my master] Referring to Isaac. The expression favours
the suggestion that, according to the original version of the story,
Abraham's death had been mentioned after v. 9 (see note); the servant's
master was no longer Abraham.
took her veil] According to Oriental custom the bride was brought
veiled into the presence of the bridegroom: cf. xxix. 23, 25.
67. into his mother Sarah's tent] The language of the Heh. text is
here very obscure; and the original structure of it has probably been
altered. Literally it means "into the tent Sarah his mother," a gram-
matical impossibility. It can hardly be questioned that the words
"Sarah his mother" are a gloss upon the word "tent," which has
found its way into the text.
The tent would be either Isaac's, or the chief tent in the women's
quarters. Cf. xxxi, 33. This would explain the gloss.
 GENESIS XXV. 1-3
And Abraham took another wife, and her name was 25 J
Keturah. And she bare him Zimran, and Jokshan, and 2
Medan, and Midian, and Ishbak, and Shuah. And Jokshan 3
after his mother's death] Once more the text seems to be doubtful.
The literal translation of the Heb. is "after his mother": and the
phrase is intolerably harsh. The versions have paraphrased the sentence.
LXX «a.! 1ra.peKA'l)071 'Lma.K 1rep! '2.appa.s -r~s µ71-rp/,s a.v-roO, Lat. ut dolorem
qui ex morte matris ejus acciderat temperaret.
The probability is that the text of J ran, "after his father's death"
('a,!zarey moth 'dbiv); but that, as the compiler decided to accept P's
account of Abraham's death and burial (xxv. 7-u), it was necessary
to harmonize this passage; and this was done by the· substitution of
''his mother" ('immo) for "his father's death" (moth 'tlbtv).

CH. xxv.
ABRAHAM'S DESCENDANTS BY KETURAH, 1-6 (J).
ABRAHAM'S DEATH AND BURIAL, 7-11 (P).
THE DESCENDANTS OF ISHMAEL, 12-18 (P).
1-6. ABRAHAM'S DESGENDANTS BY KETURAH,
This section is from J.
The children by a concubine represent tribal relationship of a
secondary and less intimate character. The domestic tradition in these
verses preserves the recollection of an early connexion between the
ancestors of Israel and the clans or tribes on the borders of the N ortb
Arabian desert.
1. Abraham ... another wife ... Keturah] We are not told the period
in Abraham's history at which his marriage with Keturah took place.
The mention of it here is introduced, in order to complete the account
of his descendants, before the narrative passes on to the story of Isaac
and Jacob.
Keturah] This name means "incense." It is conceivable that the
name stands in some sort of relation to the "frankincense" trade, which
was carried on, by regular routes, between Arabia and Syria and Egypt.
In I Chron. i. 32 she is called "a concubine."
2. And she bare him] The genealogy of Keturah is found again in
a shortened form in 1 Chron. i. 32. That we have 16 do with a tradition
relating to tribes and places rather than to individuals, is clearly sbewn
by such names as Midian, Shuah, Sheba, and Dedan. In this ver~~ six
names are given. In view of other groups of twelve (cf. notes on xvu. 20,
xxii. zr), this number is hardly accidental; see v. 12.
Zimran] Probably from a word meaning "wild goat": cf. Zimri,
Num. xxv. If·
Midian] The territory with which the Midianites are usually found
associated is N .W. Arabia, the east side of the Gulf of Akaba. Groups
·of Midianites appear in the Sinaitic Peninsula (Ex. ii. 15, iii. I
 GENESIS XXV. 3-7

J begat Sheba, and Dedan. And the sons of Dedan were

4 Asshurim, and Letushim, and Leummim. And the s?ns
of Midian ; Ephah, and Epher, and Hanoch, and Ab1da,
5 and Eldaah. All these were the children of Keturah. And
6 Abraham gave all that he had unto Isaac. But unto the sons
of the concubines, which Abraham had, Abraham gave gifts;
and he sent them away from Isaac his son, while he yet
p 7 lived, eastward, unto the east country. I And these are

Extending their influence along the eastern side of the Dead Sea,
Midianites appear as the enemies of Israel on the eastern side of the
Jordan (Num. xxii. 41 xxv. 6, 17, xxxi. 1-12); and in Judg. vi. bands
of Midianites overrun Palestine. On Midianite trade with Egypt, cf.
xxxvii. 28, 36.
Shuah]= 1 Chr. i. 32. Cf. Job ii. 11, "Bildad, the Shuhite." It has
been identified somewhat precariously with the Assyrian Suhu, on the
Euphrates, S. of Carchemish.
3. Sheba ... Dedan] These places have already been mentioned by P
in a different connexion (x. 7). The identity of the names illustrates
the fact, that there were different Israelite traditions explaining the rela-
tion of the different members of the Hebrew-speaking families.
Asshurim, and Letushim, and Leummim] These plural names are
noticeable as obviously denoting, not individuals, but peoples. The
Asshurim are probably to be connected with the "Asshur" (R.V.
"Assyria") of Ps. lxxxiii. 8, and possibly with the mention of Asshur
in the present chapter (v. 18) and in Num. xxiv. 22. In both instances,
an allusion to obscure triLes on the Arabian borders of Palestine is more
suitable than to the Assyrian empire.
Ephah] Cf. Isa. Ix. 6, "the dromedaries of Midian and Ephah," a
passage confirming the probability that the present group of names is
Arabian.
G. And Abraham .. .Isaac] See xxiv. 36. This disposition of his
property seems to have been made some time before his death; and
was intended tb prevent disputes amongst the members of his family.
6. the concubines] i.e. Hagar and Keturah; although in xvi. 3 Hagar
is called Abraham's wife, as also is Keturah in v. 1 of this chapter.
sent them away] The present passage belongs to J, a different source
of tradition from chap. xxi. (E). It ignores the account of the expulsion of
Hagar and Ishmael related in that chapter, and of the dwelling of Ishmael
in the wilderness of Paran (xxi. 21).
unto the east country] i.e. the Syro-Arabian desert, on the east of
Palestine. Gen. xxix. 1; Judg. vi: 3, 33, vii. 12 1 viii. 10; Isa. xi. 14;
J er. xlix. 28; Ezek. xxv. 4, 10 are passages in which "the children of
the east" (b'n! 1,edem) are mentioned as the nomad occupants of this
region.
 GENESIS XXV. 7-u

the days of the years of Abraham's life which he lived, p

an hundred threescore and fifteen years. And Abraham 8
gave up the ghost, and died in a good old age, an old man,
and full of yea1's; and was gathered to his people. And 9
Isaac and Ishmael his sons buried him in the cave of
Machpelah, in the field of Ephron the son of Zohar the
Hittite, which is before Mamre; the field which Abraham 10
purchased of the children of Heth : there was Abraham
buried, and Sarah his wife. And it came to pass after II
the death of Abraham, that God blessed Isaac his son; I
and Isaac dwelt by Beer-lahai-roi. J
'1-11 (P). THE DEATH OF ABRAHAM.

This passage is from P, recording the age of Abraham and the place
of his burial, and following directly upon the death and burial of Sarah
(chap. xxiii. ).
'1. And these are the days] Cf. the age ofTerah, xi. 32 (P). Abra-
ham is 30 years younger than Terah at his death.
8. gave up the ghost] Cf. v. 7, xxxv. 29, xlix. 33 (P): the same
word as "die " in vi. 17, vii. 21 (P).
in a good old age] This was part of the promised blessing: cf. xv. 15.
was gathered to his people] See note on xvii. 14. "His people"
evidently has no local significance; but means those of bis own family
already dead, and now in She8l, "the under-world" of departed spirits.
Cf. xxxv. 29, xlix. 29, 33 (P). There is no difference, then, between
being "gathered to his people," and" to go to thy fathers" (xv. r5),
and "to sleep with my fathers" (xlvii. 30; cf. Deut. xxxi. 16).
9. Isaac and Ishmael] The two sons are mentioned once more
together, as paying the last tribute of honour to their father, The
banishment of Ishmael, recorded by E in xxi., was not apparently
included in the narrative of P, which avoids the notice of anything
derogatory to the patriarchs.
in the cave ef Machpelah, &c.] Isaac and Ishmael bury their father
in the burial-place where he had laid Sarah his wife to rest. Cf. xxiii.
17-20.
11. God blessed Isaac] The fulfilment of xvii. 21. The traditions
of Isaac are very meagre. Here, as in xxiv. 62, his dwelling-place is at
Beer-lahai-roi, which was also connected with Ishmael (xvi. 14). In
xxxv. 27, Hebron is spoken of as the dwelling-place of Isaac at a later
period of his life.

12-18 (P). THE DESCENDANTS OF ISHMAEL.

The genealogy of Ishmael is thus disposed of, before the narrative
resumes the history of the Chosen Family in the generations of Isaac
 GENESIS XXV. 12-16

P 12 Now these are the generations of Ishmael, Abraham's

son, whom Hagar the Egyptian, Sarah's handmaid, bare
13 unto Abraham: and these are the names of the sons of
Ishmael, by their names, according to their generations :
the firstborn of Ishmael, Nebaioth; and Kedar, and Adbeel,
:1 and Mibsam, and Mishma, and Dumah, and Massa; Hadad,
16 and Terna, J etur, Naphish, and Kedemah: these are the sons
of Ishmael, and these are their names, by their villages,
and by their encampments; twelve princes according
(v. 19). It is to be noticed that the sons of Ishmael are twelve in
number, like the sons of Nahor (xxii. 21-24) and of Jacob.
12. Now these are the generations] Cf. v. 1, vi. 9, x. 1, xi. 10,
27 (P).
13. and these are the names] Cf. the genealogy in I Chron. i
29-31.
Nebaioth] Mentioned also in xxviii. 9, xxxvi. 3, and in Isa. Ix. 7,
where the name is associated also with Kedar. Probably Nebaioth is to
be identified with the Nabajtiti of the inscriptions of Assurbanipal.
The identification with the Nabataeans, of the Christian era, is now
generally abandoned.
Ke1hr] Cf. Isa. Ix. 7. Probably the Assyrian ~idri, a region on
the Syro-Arabian frontier, mentioned as a hostile people in Ps. cxx. 5,
dwelling in black tents (Cant. i. 5) and in open villages (Isa. xiii. 11 ;
Jer. xlix. 28-31).
Possibly the Cedraei mentioned together with Nabataei by Pliny are
to be identified with these tribes.
Dumah] Possibly the same as in Isa. xxi. 11.
15. Hadad] The name of a Syrian god; cf. Hadad (1 Kings xi. 14)
and Ben-hadad (1 Kings xx. 1 ff.). It occurs again xxxvi. 35, 39.
Tema] A famous locality-modern Teima-on the trade-route be-
tween Syria and Yemen=S. Arabia, mentioned in Isa. xxi. 14; Job
vi. 19.
Jetur] Mentioned along with Naphish in I Chron. v. 19. Jetur has
usually been identified with the people known as the Ituraeans, who
dwelt in the anti-Lebanon district. In the Roman period they were
particularly famous as archers.
16. by their villages, and... encampments] The distinction is, pro-
bably, between settled habitations in open unwalled villages, and
circles of black tents in which the Bedouins dwell. This distinction
between the permanent and the movable dwellings of the Ishmaelites is
not reproduced in the versions. LXX '" ra,s <rK'TJPais .. . e, ra,s hrav-
:>-.ea-w, Lat. per caste/la et oppida.
See, also, for "encampments," the !froth of the Midianites (Num.
xxxi. 10) and of "the children of the east" (Ezek. xxv. 4).
twelve princes] See note on v. 2. The fulfilment of xvii. 20 (l').
The "princes" are "leaders," or Sheikhs, of clans.
 GENESIS XXV. 16-19
to their nations. And these are the years of the life of 17 P
Ishmael, an hundred and thirty and seven years: and he
gave up the ghost and died; and was gathered unto his
people. And they dwelt from Havilah unto Shur that is 18
before Egypt, as thou goest toward Assyria: he 1 abode 2 in
the presence of all his brethren.
And these are the generations of Isaac, Abraham's son : 19

l Or, settled Heb.fell. 2 Or, over against

nations] A technical term for "clan" ('ummah='ummat in Arabic);

cf. Ps. cxvii. 1 : elsewhere only Num. xxv. 15 =" a father'~ house."
17. And these are, &c.] The same phrases occur in this verse as in
vv. 7 and 8.
gathered unto his people] See note on v. 8.
18 (J). from Havilah unto Shur] Cf. 1 Sam. xv. 7. See note on
"Havilah," x. 29. It was apparently a locality in the N.E. of Arabia.
On" Shur," see note on xvi. 7. It was on the eastern border of Egypt.
It has been conjectured that this summary description of Ishmael's
territory concluded J's narrative of Hagar and Ishmael (xvi. 1-14).
It seems to indicate the whole extent of country between N.E. Arabia
and the E. Egyptian frontier.
before Egypt] The preposition "before," i.e. " in front of," denotes
"the eastern side." See note on xvi. 12.
as thou goest ... Assyria] The mention of" Assyria" is here evidently
quite out of place, a.nd the explanation of Delitzsch that it means "up to,
or as far as, the country under the rule of Assyria," is very forced and
improbable. Either, therefore, the Asshur here mentioned is to be con-
nected with the country of the "Asshurim" (v. 3), or we must suppose
that the text has suffered some corruption. Hence Hupfeld conjectured
"unto Shur."
abode] R.V, marg. settled; Heh.fill.
in the presence of] R. V. marg. over against, The same preposition
as is rendered "before " in the previous clause. The words are the
fulfilment of the angel's promise to Hagar in xvi. 12, where see note,

NARRATIVE OF JACOB (XXV.-XXXVI.).

19-34 (P and J). ESAU AND JACOB. ESAU SELLS HIS
BIRTHRIGHT.
Vv. 19 and 20 are from P, 21-34 from J. . . ..
19. And these are the generations] See v. 12. Wit~ this fam1l~ar
formula (cf. ii. 4) commences the next section from P, which _deals with
, the story of Isaac and his two sons, Esau and Jacob.
 268 GENESIS XXV. 19-23
P 20 Abraham begat Isaac: and Isaac was forty years old when
he took Rebekah, the daughter of Bethuel the 1 Syrian of
Paddan-aram, the sister of Laban the 1 Syrian, to -be his
J 21 wife. I And Isaac intreated the LORD for his wife, because
she was barren: and the LORD was intreated of him, and
22 Rebekah his wife conceived. And the children struggled
together within her; and she said, If it be so, 2 wherefore
23 do I live? And she went to inquire of the LORD. And
the LoRD said unto her,
1 Heb. Aramean. 2
Or, wherefore am l thus?
20. .forty years old] P gives the age of Isaac at the time of his
marriage with Rebekah, thirty-five years before Abraham's death (v. 8).
Bethue!] P makes no mention here of Bethuel's being son of Nahor,
the brother of Terah. The genealogy of J in xxii. 22 is ignored.
the Syrian] Heb. A1-amean, as in xxviii. 5. Aram is mentioned
in x. 22, 23 (P), as the fifth of the sons of Shem.
Paddan-aram] This is the name given in the P narrative for the
country described as Aram-naharaim by J. See note on xxiv. 10.
Cf. xxviii. 2, 5, 6, 7, xxxi. 18, xxxv. 9, 26, xlvi. 15, xlviii. 7 (Paddan),
all from P. The word Paddan is Aramaic, and means probably" the
field," modern Arabic feddiln (="acre"). In Assyrian padanu
="way" or "field," like Haran (xi. 32). According to Hosea xii.
12, "Jacob fled into the field of Aram," where "field" is the Heb,
sddeh, and denotes Haran, the country E. of Euphrates.
21-34 (J, E). This passage contains two short narratives, (1) the
birth of Jacob and Esau (vv. 21-26), (2) the sale of Esau's birthright
( 2 7-34).
21. barren] As in the case of Sarah (xi. 30) and of Rachel
(xxix. 31). Rebekah has at first no children. The Chosen People are
the children of God's gift. In each generation patience is made the
test of faith. Cf. the birth of Samson (Judg. xiii. 2) and Samuel
(1 Sam. i.).
was intreated] Allowed Himself to be interceded with, i.e. listened
to the prayer, as in 2 Sam. xxi. 14, xxiv. 25.
22. struggled together] LXX iu,clprwv. Cf. Luke i. 41. The future
hostility between Israel and Edom was thus prefigured before their
birth. Rebekah, afraid of some betokening of evil, becomes fearful and
despondent.
Aquila uuve8>.&.u871ua.v, Symmachus 8mr&.>.a.wv.
where.fore do I live] R. V. marg. wherefore am I thus? So LXX
fva. rl µ.o, rouro, Lat. quid necesse fitit concipere?
to inquire of the LORD] A technical phrase for seeking an answer
from a Divine source. Cf. 1 Sam. ix. 9; Amos v. 4-6. We may sup-
pose that Rebekah sought an oracle from Jehovah at some sacred place
 GENESIS XXV. ·23-25
Two nations are in thy womb, J
And two peoples shall be separated even from thy
bowels:
And the one people shall be stronger than the other
people;
And the elder shall serve the younger.
And when her days to be delivered were fulfilled, behold, 2 4
there were twins in her womb. And the first came forth 25
1 red, all over like an hairy garment; and they called his

l Or, ruddy

at which a Divine revelation was granted, e.g. at Beer-sheba, xxi. 33,

xxvi. 25.
23. And the LORD said] How the Divine answer was granted,
whether by priest or soothsayer, by dream or by vision, we are not told.
It is in the form of a rhythmic oracle, in four stichoi, or lines. The
oracle proclaims, that ( 1) there are two children who shall be two
nations ; ( 2) from the first there shall be separation and discord between
the two; (3) one shall overmaster the other; (4) the younger shall be
the lord of the elder. The historic rivalry between Israel and Edom
is thus prefigured.
separated... bowels] The English is ambiguous, as in Gal. i. 15, "the
good pJ.easure of God who separated me even from my mother's womb."
The meaning is, " even from birth " the destinies of the two men and of
their descendants will be divergent: cf. xiii. rr, "and they separated
themselves the one from the other."
the elder shall serve the younger] The subjugation of the Edomites by
the Israelites took place in the days of David, z Sam. viii. 14. The
same event is predicted by Jacob in xxvii. 40, where the additional pre•
diction is made, that the subjugation will be only temporary. Israel,
whose settlement in Palestine was later than that of the Edomites in the
country of Seir, was regarded as the younger of the brother peoples.
Edom was already a monarchy before Israel had settled down. But,
occupying a richer country, Israel attained a higher civilization, and
became a more powerful nation. For the hostility of Israel and Edom,
see the prophet Obadiah. For St Paul's use of the present passage,
see Rom. ix. 10-rz.
ill. red] R. V. marg. ruddy. The adjective refers to the skin
rather than to the hair, as in the case of David (1 Sam. xvi. rz). The
Heb. for "red," admoni, is intended as a play on the word" Edom,"
as if the Edomites were known as "the Reds," or "Redskins," on
account of their warm complexion.
like an hairy garment] Cf. the description in xxvii. II, 11, _16, 23.
The word for "hairy " (si''ar) contains a play on the word "Seir," the
country of the Edomites.
 270 GENESIS XXV. 25-28
J 26 name Esau. And after that came forth his brother, and his
hand had hold on Esau's heel; and his name was. called
p 1 Jacob: J and Isaac was threescore years old when she bare

J 27 them. I And the boys grew: and Esau was a cunning

hunter, a man of the field; and Jacob was a 2 plain man,
28 dwelling in tents. Now Isaac loved Esau, because he did
1 That is, One that takes by the heel or supplants.
2 Or, quiet Or, harmless Heb. pe,ject.
Esau] The origin of the name is uncertain, but it may possibly be
connected with an Arabic word meaning " thick-haired." More doubtful
is the suggested identification with Ouuwos, a hunter in Phoenician
mythology. Esau appears as the poetical name for Edom. See Jer.
xlix. 8-10; Obad. 6, 8 ff.; Mai. i. 2, 3.
26. had hold... heel] As if, from the first, desirous to pull his brother
back, and get in front of him. See the reference to this passage in Hos.
xii. 3. The character of the man was thus prefigured at birth. The
idea of overreaching, or outwitting, by cunning and strategy, inspired
the early Israelite with admiration and amusement rather than with
repulsion.
Jacob] That is, One that takes by the heel or supplants. The Heb.
for ''heel" is 'dlfl'b, and the name "Jacob" was popularly regarded
as having been derived from the same root, with the meaning of '' one
who seeks to trip up or supplant"; compare the use of the word
"supplant" in Jer. ix. 4. It appears as a place name= Y'#'r, in
Palestine, on the list of Thothmes III (c. 1450 B.c.), and as a personal
name, Ya'lfub-ilu, in a Babylonian tablet of Hammurabi's period
(c. 2100 B.c.).
threescore years old] See note on v. 20 (P).
27. a cunning hunter] That is a skilful, expert hunter. The word
"cunning" is used in its old English sense, with no idea of craft or
deceit; see r Sam. xvi. 16. The Heh. means having a knowledge of
the chase. LXX Eiows KVP?J')'<<P, Lat. gnarus venandi.
a man of the field] i.e. a man who spends his days in the open
country. But this meaning is missed by the versions, LXX 11.-ypoiKos,
Lat. agricola.
a plain man] i.e., as R.V. marg., quiet or harmless, Lat. integer.
"Plain," in Old English, is used for "simple," "honest" : cf. "For
he [Antonius] was a plaine man, without subletie" (North's Plutarch,
Antonius, p. 979) ; "Plaine, faithful, true, and enimy of shame"
(Spenser, F. Q., I. 6, § 20).
The meaning seems to be that of a solid, simple, home-abiding man.
LXX //.1rXauros, Lat. simplex. Cf. the GcrmanJi·omm.
dwelling in tents] Cf. iv. 20. The life of Jacob, the herdsman and
the shepherd, is contrasted with that of the fierce and roving huntsman.
The ideal patriarchal habit of life seems to be pastoral.
28. because ... venison] Cf. xxvii. 3, 4.
 GENESIS XXV. 28-32

eat of his venison: and Rebekah loved Jacob. And Jacob 29 J

sod pottage: and Esau came in from the field, and he was
faint: and Esau said to Jacob, Feed me, I pray thee, 30
with 1 that same red pottage; for I am faint: therefore was
his name called 2 Edom. And Jacob said, Sell me 3 this 31
day thy birthright. And Esau said, Behold, I am at the 32
1 Heb. the red pottage, this red pottage. 2 That is, Red.
8 Or,jirst of all

Rebekah lovedJacob] i.e. more than Esau. We have in this verse the
division of the two pairs, Isaac and Esau, Rebekah and Jacob, on
which turns the narrative in chap. xxvii.
The contrast between the hunter and the shepherd is drawn with
a settled preference for the shepherd.
30. Feed me ... with] i.e. "let me, I pray thee, swallow a little of.''
that same red pottage] Heb. the red pottage, this red pottage. Esau's
words repeat the adjective "red": either this was the name by which
the pottage was known, or else Esau in his faintness and weariness is
represented as simply pointing and gasping out "that red, red mess 1 .''
therefore was his name called] A separate tradition accounting for
the origin of the name " Edom" : see note on v. 25.
Edom] That is, Red.
31. this day] Rather, as R. V. marg.,.first ef all. So also in v. 33.
See 1 Sam. ii. 16, "they will surely burn the fat presently," where
"presently"= Heb. "this day," i.e. "first of all." The same idiom
explains 1 Kings xxii. 5, where "to-day" should be rendered "first
of all."
Jacob seizes his opportunity : Esau is too faint to question or oppose:
the coveted privilege may be won at once by a bold bid.
thy birthright] i. e. the rights and privileges of the first born. What
these were is not defined. In xxvii. the blessing of the firstborn is
chiefly regarded as a religious privilege rather than as a transfer of
property. But it is clear from xliii. 33, xlviii. 13-19, that the firstborn
was regarded as entitled to a more honourable position and to a larger
share of the inheritance than his brethren (cf. Deut. xxi. 17). Jacob's
action on this occasion is recorded without disapproval. There is
probably a touch of humour in the tradition, that by a stroke of clever-
ness Jacob, the younger, deprived his elder brother Esau of the ad-
vantage of the birthright; and, hence, Israel obtained a richer and
more fertile land than Edom. The carelessness of Esau rather than
the meanness of Jacob seems to meet with the contempt of the narrator.
1 "The phrase 'mess of pottage' does not occur in the A. V. of 16n, but is used
proverbially of the means whereby Esau sold his birthright (Gen. x~v.). The actnal
phrase was used in the hea~ing to this chapter of Ger~esis. in ~~e Bibles of 1537 and
1539 and in the Geneva Bible of 156o. Coverdale, m his Bible of I5}5, used the
phra~e in other passages, viz. in 1: Chron. xvi. 3 and Prov. xx. 7, hut not m Gen. xxv.
See A New Englisk Dictionary (Oxford University Press)," Spectator, Nov. 29,
1913.
 272 GENESIS XXV. 32-34
J point to die: and what profit shall the birthright do to me?
33 And Jacob said, Swear to me 1 this day; and he sware
34 unto him: and he sold his birthright unto Jacob. And
Jacob gave Esau bread and pottage of lentils; and he did
eat and drink, and rose up, and went his way: so Esau
despised his birthright.
1 Or, first of all
32. I am at the point to die] Esau's words mean that he is dying of
hunger, and has no thought of anything but the prospect of food. So
LXX loov e-yw ,ropeuoµa, -re~evTiiv, Lat. en morior. A more improbable
and very insipid interpretation makes Esau say, "I live as a hunter in
continual danger of death."
33. Swear to me] Jacob is acute enough to secure the solemn ratifica-
tion of his brother's act, done in the thoughtless moment of exhaustion.
When Esau recovers his self-control, he will not be able to repudiate
his action.
this day] R.V. marg. rightly,.ftrst of all. Cf. v. 31.
34. lentils] The pottage here described is made of a small reddish
kind of bean much in use for food in Palestine, Arab. 'adas. Cf.
2 Sam. xvii. 28, xxiii. II ; Ezek. iv. 9. It makes the reddish pottage
now called in Palestine mujedderah, a very popular dish.
so Esau despised his birthright] These words summarize the narra•
tive. Esau's character is portrayed as that of a careless, shallow man,
living from hand to mouth, and paying no regard to things of higher or
spiritual significance. It is this trait which is referred to in Heh. xii. 16,
"or profane person as Esau, who for one mess of meat sold his own
birthright." The advantage of the birthright may have been indefinite.
But, as we may judge not only from the story in eh. xxvii., but also
from that of xxxviii. 28-30 and xlviii. 13-19 (cf. Deut. xxi. 15-17),
the privilege of the birthright was accounted sacred in the social life
of the early Israelite. The Lat. paraphrases the sense of the last clause,
parvi pendens quod primogenita vendidisset.
The birthright was Esau's by God's gift, not by his own merit.
Hence it symbolized eternal blessing. Esau's repudiation of the un-
seen and intangible, (or the sake of immediate self-gratification, is the
symbol of a large proportion of human sin and thoughtlessness.

SPECIAL NOTE ON XXV. 26.

On the name "Jacob."
The popular Israelite derivation of the name "Jacob" from the Heh.
word 'dlfeb, "a heel," like so many other popular derivations, is simply
based upon the resemblance in the sound of the proper name to a word
in common use.
"It is another question," says Driver, "whether this explanation
 GENESIS XXVI. 1 273
And there was a famine in the land, I beside the first 6 J(R)
famine that was in the days of Abraham. I And Isaac J
went unto Abimelech king of the Philistines unto Gerar.
expresses the actual meaning of the name. It has been supposed, for
instance, that Jacob is really an elliptical form of Jalfob'el: in this case
El, 'God,' would be the subject of the verb (like Ishmii'il, 'God
heareth,' Isrii'el, 'God persisteth,' Yera~me'il, 'God is compassionate'),
and the word might be explained from the Arab., 'God follows,' or ...
'God rewards.' In fact there is now evidence that the name is much
older than the date at which, according to the Biblical narrative, Jacob
must have lived. Mr Pinches has found on contract tables of the age of
Khammurabi (c. 2300 B.c.) the personal name Ya'f/ub-ilu (analogous to
Yashup-ilu, Yarbi-ilu, Yamlik-ilu, Yakbar-ilu, etc., of the same age);
and, according to Hommel (AHT. 103), the contracted form Yalfubu
occurs likewise. Further, in the lists of rr8 pl11.ces in Palestine con-
quered by Thothmes III (B.C, 1503-1449, Sayce and Petrie), which
are inscribed on the pylons of the temple at Karnak, there occur
(Nos. 78 and 102) the names Y-!a-p-'a-ra and Y-'·lf-b-'d-ra. These
names (the Egyp. r standing, as is well known, also for /) can be only
~N!:)C)I Joseph-'il and ~N:l~l/ 1 Jalfob-'el; and we learn consequently that
places bearing these names (cf. for the form the place-names Jezre'el,
/abne'il, Jos. xv. II [=Jabneh, 1 Chron. xxvi. 6]; Yiphta~'el, Jos.
xix. 14, 17; Yeffabze'el, Neh. xi. 15; Yirpe'e!, Jos. xviii. 27) existed in
Palestine, apparently in the central part, in the 15th cent. B.C. What
connexion, if any, exists between these names and those of the patriarchs,
may never perhaps be ascertained; but their existence at such a date in
Palestine is remarkable. These facts, however, make it not improbable
that (as had indeed been supposed even before their discovery) names of
the type of Jacob,Joseph,Jephthah, etc., are elliptical forms of a more
original Jalfob'el, Joseph'el, etc. But, however that may be, to the
Hebrews, as we know them, the idea which Jacob suggested, and in
which it was supposed to have originated, was that of supplanter.''
Driver in Art. Jacob in Hastings' Dz'ct. of the Bible, ii. 526b,
CH. XXVI. 1-33 (J}. ISAAC IN THE LAND OF THE
PHILISTINES,
1-6 (J and R). The covenaI)t with Abraham renewed to Isaac,
7-11. Isaac and Rebekah at the court of Abimelech.
12-17. Isaac's prosperity.
18-22. Isaac's wells.
23-25, Isaac at Beer-sheba.
26-83. Abimelech's covenant with Isaac.
84, 35 (P). Esau's Hittite wives.
1. beside the .first famine] Referring to the famin~ mentioned in
xii. 10. This clause is probably added by the Compiler (R) ..
Abimelech king of the Philistines] This can hardly be the Ab1melech
GENESIS 18
 274 GENESIS XXVI. 2-5
J And the LoRD appeared unto him, and said, Go not down
2
(R) into Egypt; I dwell in the land which I shall tell thee of: I
J 3 sojourn in this land, and I will be with thee, and will bless
(R) thee; I for unto thee, and unto thy seed, I will give all these
lands, and I will establish the oath which I sware unto
4 Abraham thy father; and I will multiply thy seed as the
stars of heaven, and will give unto thy seed all these lands;
and in thy seed shall all the nations of the earth 1 be
5 blessed; because that Abraham obeyed my voice, and kept
my charge, my commandments, my statutes, and my laws. I
1 Or, bless themselves

mentioned in xx. 2. Possibly we ought to regard Abimelech as

the dynastic name of the Philistine rulers. Strictly speaking, this
portion of Palestine having not yet been occupied by the Philistines,
their name is here used by a not unnatural anachronism on the part
of the Hebrew writer, to whom the Philistines were well known on
the S.W. of the Israelite territory 1. See notes on x. 14, xxi. 32.
Cerar] On the road from Palestine into Egypt: evidently a town of
some importance; see x. 19, xx. 1.
2. appeared] The promises here made to Isaac are, for the most
part, reiterated from xii. 2, 3, xv. 5, xvii. 6-8, xxii. 15-18.
which I shall tell thee if] Cf. the similar phrase in xii. 1, xxii. 2.
3. sqjourn ... land] The temporary dwelling of one who as a stranger
had none of the rights of a native inhabitant; so LXX 1rapolKe,; Lat.
peregn'nare. See note on xxiii. 4, and cf. Heb. xi. 9.
I will be with thee] See v. 24, xxi. 20, xxviii. 15. God's Presence
is the pledge of man's blessing.
unto thee, &c.] The promises made to Abraham are here renewed
to Isaac; see note on xiii. 14-17.
these lands] The plural is uncommon. Lat. universas regiones has.
the oath ... sware] See xxii. 16-18.
4, as the stars if heaven] See note on xiii. 1-6; cf. xv. 5, xxii. 17.
be blessed] R. V. marg. rightly, bless themselves. See xii. 3, xxii. rS.
IS. because that, &c.] The blessing of Isaac is here treated as the
reward of the obedience of Abraham; the emphasis is laid on the unity
and continuity of the Chosen Family.
my charge ... my laws] A strange redundancy of expression, reminding
us of the style of Deut. The four words" charge," "commandments,"
"statutes," "laws," correspond to the more simple phrase " the way of
the LORD" in xvili. 19. The observance of legal enactments, ascribed to
Abraham, is, strictly speaking, an anachronism. Cf. Dent. xi. 1, "There-
fore thou shalt love the LORD thy God, and keep his charge, and his
statutes, and his judgements, and his commandments,alway"; 1 Kings ii. 3.
1 See 1 ke Philistines, Their History and Civilization, The Schweich Lectures,
19n, p. 39, by Professor R. A. S. Macalister. (1913.)
 GENESIS XXVI. 6-12 275
And Isaac dwelt in Gerar: and the men of the place asked 76 J
him of his wife; and he said, She is my sister: for he
feared to say, My wife; lest, said he, the men of the
place should kill me for Rebekah: because she was fair to
look upon. And it came to pass, when he had been there 8
a long time, that Abimelech king of the Philistines looked
out at a window, and saw, and, behold, Isaac was sporting
with Rebekah his wife. And Abimelech called Isaac, and 9
said, Behold, of a surety she is thy wife: and how saidst
thou, She is my sister? And Isaac said unto him, Because
I said, Lest I die for her. And Abimelech said, What is 10
this thou hast done unto us? one of the people might
lightly have lien with thy wife, and thou shouldest have
brought guiltiness upon us. And Abimelech charged all n
the people, saying, He that toucheth this man or his wife
shall surely be put to death. And Isaac sowed in that land, 12
'1-11 {J). lsAAC AND REBEKAH AT THE COURT OF
ABIMELECH,
In this narrative Isaac from motives of fear tells the inhabitants of
Gerar that Rebekah is his sister. The resemblance to the similar
narratives in the story of Abraham (1) in Egypt, xii. 13, (2) at Gerar;
chap. xx,, is obvious.
The plea of the relationship of a half-sister could be made for
Sarah, but not for Rebekah. The same story was repeated in slightly
different ,versions. It commemorated (a) the moral weakness of the
patriarch, and (b) the protection which was accorded by Jehovah to the
ancestors of the Israelite people. Contact with civilization brought
perils no less real than the solitary life of the nomad.
'1. my sister] See xii. 12, 13, xx. 5.
8, at a window] The account suggests that Isaac and Rebekah were
in the courtyard overlooked by the king's residence. Cf. 2 Sam. xi, 2.
sporting] See xxi. 9 marg., "playing." The word in the original
is the same as that from which the name "Isaac" was popularly de-
rived; cf. xvii. 17, 19, xxi. 6. Here the meaning seems to be that
of "fondling," the caress of husband and wife, rather than of brother
and sister, LXX 'll'ali'ovra, Lat. jocantem.
10, lightly] Lit. "as a little" : i.e. "it might easily have hap-
pened," See xii. 18, xx. 10. For "lien"= "lain," cf. Ps. lxviii. 13
(A.V. and P.B.V.).
"Uiltiness] Heh. dsham; LXX 11:yvo,av; Lat. grande peccatum. In
spite of ignorance, national guilt would be involved in such an outrage
as marriage with the wile of another man. For "guiltiness," "guilt,"
cf. Ps. lxviii. 22; Prov. xiv. 9.
18-2
 276 GENESIS XXVI. 12-18

J and found in the same year an hundredfold: and the LoRD

13 blessed him. And the man waxed great, and grew more
14 and more until he became very great: and he had possessions
of flocks, and possessions of herds, and a great household:
15 and the Philistines envied him. Now all the wells which
his father's servants had digged in the days of Abraham
his father, the Philistines had stopped them, and filled them
16 with earth. And Abimelech said unto Isaac, Go from us;
17 for thou art much mightier than we. And Isaac departed
thence, and encamped in the valley of Gerar, and dwelt
18 there. And Isaac digged again the wells of water, which
they had digged in the days of Abraham his father; for
the Philistines had stopped them after the death of Abra-
ham: and he called their names after the names by which
12-17 (J}, ISAAC'S PROSPERITY,

lll, an kundredfold] Lit. " a hundred measures." LXX tKa.-

TO<TT<voucra.v KpdJt,v =''barley Learing a hundredfold," mistaking the
Hebrew word for "measure," and confusing it with that for "barley."
So also the Syriac Pesh. "An hundredfold," i.e. one hundred for one.
Isaac's agricultural pursuits offer a contrast to the roaming life of
a nomad. But see, in Jacob's career, xxx. 14, xxxvii. 7.
blessed kim] See v. 3, xxiv. I, 35.
14. and a great kousehold] i.e. a large number of slaves and
attendants.
l!S. his father's servants] Cf. xxi. 25.
had stopped them] Wells were of priceless value to large owners of
cattle and sheep. The " Philistines" adopted the most malignant
method of spiting the Hebrews, and of rendering their continued
sojourn in the land impossible. See 2 Kings iii. 25.
16, Go from usl Abimelech recognized that, after such conduct on
the part of his people, it would be best in the interests of peace that
Isaac should withdraw. Isaac's attitude is one of concession and
compliance towards the people among whom he sojourns. He is the
type of the race that grows rich, but excites envy and hatred in the land
of its sojourn.
17, the valley ef Cerar] The word "valley" (na!i,al) represents the
bed of a stream, often dry during summer. Here, possibly, it is the
Wady ferdr, into which several other wadies open.
18-22 (J), ISAAC'S WELLS,
18. in the days ef Abraham] Instead of "in the days," Sam.
LXX,. and Lat. read "the servants," i.e. "which the servants of
Abraham his father had digged."
 GENESIS XXVI. 18-24 277
his father had called them. And Isaac's servants digged 19 J
in the valley, and found there a well of 'springing water.
And the herdmen of Gerar strove with Isaac's herdmen, 20
saying, The water is ours: and he called the name of the
well 2 Esek; because they contended with him. And they 21
digged another well, and they strove for that also: and he
called the name of it 3 Sitnah. And he removed from thence, 22
and digged another well; and for that they strove not: and
he called the name of it 4 Rehoboth; and he said, For now
the LORI> hath made room for us, and we shall be fruitful in
the land. And he went up from thence to Beer-sheba. 23
And the LORD appeared unto him the same night, and said, 24
I am the God of Abraham thy father: fear not, for I am
with thee, and will bless thee, and multiply thy seed for my
2
1 Heh. living. That is, Contention.
3 That is, Enmity. ' That is, Broad places, or, Room.
19, sprin.1;ing] Heh. living. A well (be'er) might contain either
·the water that came from a spring, as here ; or water that was stored
from rainfall. The word rendered "springing " appears as " running "
in Lev. xiv. 5andas"living" inJer. ii.13; cf. Zech.xiv. 8; Joh. iv. ro.
20. Esek] That is, Contention. LXX 'Aa,Kla; Lat. Calumnia. In
this and the two following verses we have popular tradition as to the
origin of the names of wells in the region associated with the sojourn-
ings of the patriarch.
21. Sitnak] That is, Enmity. This name,is connected with the
same root as the word satan, "adversary"; cf, Num. xx. 1111; I Sam.
xxix. 4. It has been doubtfully identified with a modern name, Wady-
Sutem.
22, Rekobotk] That is, Broad places, or, Room. LXX Evpll)(.!"pl«.;
Lat. Latitudo. This has been identified by modern travellers with a
place called er-Ruffaibek, 110 miles S. W. of Beer-sheba, where there
is a well.
we skall be fruitful] i.e. prosperous, Prosperity depended upon
unhindered access to a supply of water. The same word is used as
in i. 1111, xii, 511, xlix. 1111.

23-25 (J). ISAAC AT BEER·SHEBA,

24, tke same night] The manner of the appearance of Jehovah
is not defined. Was it "in a vision" (xv. r), or "in a dream" (xx. 3)?
fear not] The words of encouragement are probably spoken ip.
reference to the hostility Isaac had recently experienced, and to h1,
loneliness in the land of his sojournings; cf, xv. I (J) ..
I am witk tkee] Cf. v. 3, xxviii. 15, xxxi. 3- Isaac might feel lonely
 278 GENESIS XXVI. 24-29
J 25 servant Abraham's sake. And he builded an altar there,
and called upon the name of the LORD, and pitched his
26 tent there: and there Isaac's servants digged a well. Then
Abimelech went to him from Gerar, and Ahuzzath his
27 friend, and Phicol the captain of his host. And Isaac
said unto them, Wherefore are ye come unto me, seeing ye
28 hate me, and have sent me away from you? And they said,
We saw plainly that the LORD was with thee: and we said,
Let there now be an oath betwixt us, even betwixt us and
29 thee, and let us make a covenant with thee; that thou wilt
do us no hurt, as we have not touched thee, and as we have
done unto. thee nothing but good, and have sent thee away
as a stranger (g!r) in the land, but he was assured of the presence of
Jehovah wherever he went.
for my servant ... sake]. See note on v. 5. The title "my servant"
here given to Abraham is only found in this place in Genesis. LXX
reads "thy father." But it was the obedience of Abraham that won
for him this great title: cf. Isai, xii. 8, "Israel my servant ... Abraham
my friend."
25. builded... there] As Abraham bad done, xii. 71 xiii. 18.
called... LORD] See notes on iv. 26, xxi. 33.
digged a well] According to xxi. 30 a well had already been digged
by Abraham. The word in the Hebrew is not the same as that used
in v. 22 ; see I. 5.
1
26-33 0). it"-BIMELECH S COVENANT WITH ISAAC.
26. Then Abimelech] The king of Gerar discerns that Isaac's
prosperity can only be explained by the special blessing of Jehovah
his God (v . .g). He deems it wise policy to make terms with so
powerful a person. Abimelech is accompanied by his two officers of
state.
Ahuzzath his .friend] This proper name has a termination like that
of the Philistine name "Goliath" ( r Sam. xvii. 4). The king's
"friend" was probably his chief favourite and councillor ; cf. 2 Sam.
xv. 37; I Kings iv. 5; I Chron. xxvii. 33. The LXX strangely renders
by vvµ.,f,a"t_W"f6,s: "t~e friend o_f the,,bridegroom" (cf. Judg. xiv. u, 20,
xv. 2 1 6), 1.e. the mtnnate friend.
Phicol] See xxi. 22. Possibly also a Philistiae name. Phicol
represented the army, Ahuzzath the court.
28. an oath] A compact sealed by an oath. Cf. Deut. xxix. 12;
Neh. x. 29.
covenant] See on this word (b'rfth) the note on xv. r8.
29. as we have ... but good] This statement, scarcely veracious in
view of '1J'1J, 15, 20, u, is evidently made in the interests of policy.
 GENESIS XXVI. 29-35 2 79

in peace: thou art now the blessed of the LORD. And he 30 J.

made them a feast, and th~y did eat and drink. And 31
they rose up betimes in the morning, and sware one to
another: and Isaac sent them away, and they departed from
him in peace. And it came to pass the same day, that 32
Isaac's servants came, and told him concerning the well
which they had digged, and said unto him, We have found
water. And he c.i.lled it Shibah: therefore the name of the 33
city is Beer-sheba unto this day.
And when Esau was forty years old he took to wife 34 P
Judith the daughter of Beeri the Hittite, and Basemath
the daughter of Elon the Hittite: and they were 1 a grief of 35
mind unto Isaac and to Rebekah.
1 Heb. bitterne.t.r ef spi,·it.
tke blessed(!/ tke LORD] Cf. v. 12 and xxiv. 31.
30. a .feast] A "feast" was partaken of by the two parties in
a covenant. Cf. xxxi. 54. Here it is an evening "drinking banquet";
cf. xix. 3.
31. betimes] More often rendered" early"; cf. z Chron. xxxvi. 15.
The etymology of the Old English word is "by time," i.e. "in good
time." See Ps. v. 3 (P.B.V.).
sware] Cf. on xxi. 31.
33. Skibak] This word, denoting "oath-taking" or "swearing,"
is here given as the explanation of the name "Beer-sheba." For
another tradition as to the origin of the name, see xxi. 31. The
narrative there is from E ; the narrative here from J. Skebaak, of
which skib'ak is a rare variety, is an "oath" ; skeba' is "seven."
Aquila and Symmachus 'lrATJ<l'µo,r, ; Lat. abundantiam ; reading sib'ak.
unto tkis day] See note on xxii. 14.

34, 35 (P). EsAu's HITTITE WIVES,

34. forty years old] The same age as Isaac, when he married
Rebekah, xxv. 20 •
.fuditk ... Basematk ... Hittite] See xxxvi. i, 3. Judith and Basemath
are here described as "Hittites," by which name were known, accord-
ing to P, some of the principal inhabitants of the land; cf. note on
xxiii. 3. Groups of Hittites doubtless had come from the north and
settled in Canaan. But in P there is little difference between Canaanites
and Hittites.
35. a grief of mind] Heb. bitterness of spirit. C;f, xx".ii. 46,
xxviii. 8. Isaac and Rebekah regarded a mixed marriage wit~ t)le
people of the land as a source of dishonour to the race; cf. xx1v. 3•
 280 GENESIS XXVII. 1-6
•J 27 And it came to pass, that when Isaac was old, and his
eyes were dim, so that he could not see, he called Esau
his elder son, and said unto him, My son: and he said unto
2 him, Here am I. And he said, Behold now, I am old,
3 I know not the day of my death. Now therefore take, I
pray thee, thy weapons, thy quiver and thy bow, and go
4 out to the field, and take me venison; and make me savoury
meat, such as I love, and bring it to• me, that I may
5 eat; that my soul may bless thee before I die. And
Rebekah heard when Isaac spake to Esau his son. And
Esau went to the field to hunt for venison, and to bring it.
6 And Rebekah spake unto Jacob her son, saying, Behold,
I heard thy father speak unto Esau thy brother, saying,
By "a grief of mind " we should understand soreness and disappoint-
ment; cf. Prov. xiv. 10. The LXX t!plsouO'a,, Lat. olfenderant animam,
took the meaning to be that Judith and Basemath were quarrelsome,
and had given offence to Esau s parents.
CH, XXVII. 1-45 (J, E). THE BLESSING OF ISAAC AND
JACOB'S DECEIT.
This narrative is taken from J, though possibly it includes extract,
from E. It is a famous and graphically written piece of literature.
The lifelike personal touches are not allowed to obscure the element
of racial or national motive, which describes the outwitting of the older
and more stupid Edomite by the younger and cleverer Israelite.
1. Isaac was oldJ According to P, Isaac was forty years old when
he married Rebekah (xxv. 20); sixty years old when Esau and Jacob
were born (xxv. 26); and a hundred years old when Esau married
Judith and Basemath (xxvi. 34).
his eyes were dim] The narrative assumes that Isaac is in extreme
old age, and feeling the nearness of death (cf. xlviii. 10). Cf. 1 Kings
xiv. 4.
he called Esau] His favourite son (cf. xxv. 28).
2. I know not the day ef my death] Isaac expects that death is at
hand, and fears lest he -should die without having pronounced the
blessing on his son. The dying utterance was deemed prophetic,
xlviii, 21, 1. 24; 2 Sam. xxiii. 1-5.
3. thy weapons] The quiver and bow are the huntsman's
weapons. Esau as "a man of the field" (xxv. 27) is to go out "to
the field," i.e. the open country. Targum of Onkelos, "thy sword
and thy bow"; cf. xlviii. 22.
4. that my soul may bless thee] Cf. 19, 25, 3r. See note on
xii. 13. A sacrificial meal is not intended. The strengthening food
is from the chase, not the flesh of domestic animals.
 GENESIS XXVII. 7-13
Bring me venison, and make me savoury meat, that I 7 J
may eat, and bless thee before the LORD before my death.
Now therefore, my son, obey my voice according to that 8
which I command thee. Go now to the" flock, and fetch 9
me from thence two good kids of the goats; and I will
make them savoury meat for thy father, such as he loveth:
and thou shalt bring it to thy father, that he may eat, so 10
that he may bless thee before his death. And Jacob said to II
Rebekah his mother, Behold, Esau my brother is a hairy
man, and I am a smooth man. My father peradventure 12
will feel me, and I shall seem to him as a 1 deceiver; and I
shall bring a curse upon me, and not· a blessing. And his 13
mother said unto him, Upon me be thy curse, my son :
1 Or, mocker
7, before tlie LORD] 1.e. in the presence of Jehovah, and in
acknowledgment of His power, the human blessing will be pro-
nounced, and will be effectual. The supposition that "before the
LORD" means before an image of Jehovah in the house, is an arbitrary
one. A local sanctuary, such as we may suppose was sought by
Rebekah (xxv, 22), is not here implied, Isaac contemplates a re-
ligious act of blessing performed under the inspiring consciousness of
the Divine Presence.
8, obey my voice] Jacob is Rebekah's favourite; cf, xxv, 28.
Rebekah is prepared to deceive Isaac, in order that Jacob may obtain
the coveted blessing. As in chap, xxiv., she shews energy and decision.
She believes that Isaac's blessing of Esau would have the effect of
reversing the oracle she herself had received (xxv. 23) and nullifying
the privilege Jacob had purchased (xxv. 33). She is jealous for his sake.
11, And Jacob said, &c.] Jacob objects to the proposal, not because
of its deceitfulness, but because of the risk of detection.
a hairy ,nan] See xxv, 25 (E).
12, will feel 111e] Isaac's sight was no longer good enough to
distinguish between his sons; but the sense of touch would remove
all doubt.
a deceiver] Better, as R.V. marg., a 111ocker. LXX ws Ka.Ta.tf,po11w11,
" a profane trifler," one who treats in a contemptuous way the solemn
religious blessing of his father. A rare Heh. word, rendered "scoff,"
2 Chron. xxxvi. 16,
a curse] Jacob apprehends that his profanity will be visited ~y a
solemn religious denunciation. If so, he will be a loser, not a pmer,
by the trick. The thought of risk, not the deception, troubles him.
18, tny curse] i.e. "the penalty pronounced upon thee." Re-
bekah is prepared to take upon herself the evil c~msequences. Absorbed
 282 GENESIS XXVII. 13-20

J 14 only obey my voice, and go fetch me them. And he went,

and fetched, and brought them to his mother : and his
15 mother made savoury meat, such as his father loved. And
Rebekah took fhe goodly raiment of Esau her elder son;
which were with her in the house, and put them upon Jacob
16 her younger son: and she put the skins of the kids of the
goats upon his hands, and upon the smooth of his neck:
17 and she gave the savoury meat and the bread, which she
18 had prepared, into the hand of her son Jacob. And he
came unto his father, and said, My father: and he said,
19 Here am I; who art thou, my son? And Jacob said unto
his father, I am Esau thy first born; I have done accord-
.ing as thou badest me : arise, I pray thee, sit and eat of my
20 venison, that thy soul may bless me. And Isaac said unto
his son, How is it that thou hast found it so quickly, my
son? And he said, Because the LoRD thy God sent me
in her plan, she will not waste time upon the consideration of ill results.
The character of Lady Macbeth in Shakespeare admits of comparison
with that of Rebekah in this scene.
15. the goodly raiment] "Goodly," lit. "choice," "desirable."
By this is meant the clothes worn by Esau on festivals and solemn
occasions. Their odour was familiar, v. 27. It was the ancient Jewish
idea that priestly garments were meant.
with her in the house] We are to infer from this expression that
in this narrative of J (E) there is no knowledge of Esau's marriage with
the Hittite women as recorded by P in xxvi. 34. Esau as a married
man would have had a separate establishment. His festal attire would
not have been in his mother's keeping.
16. tlze skins of tlze kid!-] An extraordinary comment upon the
description of Esau as "a hairy man" (xxv. 25).
18. wlzo art t!zou, my son] These words indicate the state of
blindness of Isaac. The element of doubt arises from an imperfect
recognition of the voice.
19. And Jacob said] Jacob's reply combines (a) a statement of
direct falsehood and (b) a specious assumption of virtue in the prompt
obedience to his father's command.
20. How is it ... quickly] Isaac's question implies a second shadow
of doubt. This time it arises not from the voice, but from the disquieting
thought ,of the extraordinary rapidity of the huntsman's good fortune.
Because .tlze !,ORD tlzy God] Jacob takes a third step in deceitful-
ness. To the he and the vaunt of v. 19 he now adds the profanity of
claiming the Div~ne assistance. But, at least, he says "the LORD thy
God": his conscience does not quite permit him to say "the LoRD
my God."
 GENESIS XXVII. 20-27

good speed. And Isaac said unto Jacob, Come near, I 21 J

pray thee, that I may feel thee,.my son, whether thou be my
very son Esau or not. And Jacob went near unto Isaac 22
his father; and he felt him, and said, The voice is Jacob's
voice, but the hands are the hands of Esau. And he dis- 23
cerned him not, because his hands were hairy, as his brother
Esau's hands: so he blessed him. And he said, Art thou 24
my very son Esau? And he said, I am. And he said, 25
Bring it near to me, and I will eat of my son's venison, that
my soul may bless thee. And he brought it near to him,
and he did eat: and he brought liim wine, and he drank..
And his father Isaac said unto him, Come near now, and 26
kiss me, my son. And he came near, and kissed him : 27
and he smelled the smell of his raiment, and blessed him,
and said,
See, the smell of my son
Is as the smell of a field which the LORD hath blessed:

sent me good speed] Lit. "caused it opportunely to come into my

presence," the sa.me word as in xxiv. 12. Lat. voluntas Dei fuit ut
cito occu,·reret mihi quod volebam. The reference to the Divine Name
adds to the deceit a taint of pious hypocrisy.
21. Come near] Isaac's shadow of suspicion has not yet been
dispelled, even by the invocation of the Divine Name. He requires
to be assured by the very test that Jacob, in v. 12, had dreaded would
defeat his mother's stratagem. This point raises the excitement of
the story.
22. And Jacob went near] Luther says, "Had I been Jacob, I
should have dropped the dish."
The voice is Jacob' s voice] Here is expressed the original sour'te of
Isaac's hesitation. The touch of his arms dispels all doubt; cf,
vv. 14, 16.
23. blessed] Anticipating vv. 26-29.
21!. did eat ... drank] The feast, consisting of food and drink, is the
preliminary to the solemn ceremony of blessing, just as it precedes the
rites of ,a covenant; cf. xxvi. 30; xxxi. 54.
27. he smelled] The scent of the "field" forms the starting-
point of the Oracle, or Song, of Blessing. The blessing is concern~d
not with the personal destiny of Jacob, but with the national h,s.-
tory' of the Israelite people. Cf. the blessing of Jacob on. Joseph
(xlix. 22 ff.). What "the smell of his raiment" had to do wtth "the
goodly raiment" of v. 15, is not explained.
as the smell if a .field] Cf. Hos. xiv. 6, '' and his smell as Lebanon."
I.saac's words refer to the "field" of xxv. 27, .xxvii. 5, the country
 GENESIS XXVII. 28, 29

J z8 And God give thee of the dew of heaven,

And of the fatness of the earth,
And plenty of corn and wine:
29 Let peoples serve thee,
And nations bow down to thee:
Be lord over thy brethren,

of the huntsman. Before Isaac's mind rises up the picture of a rich

and fruitful land.
which the LORD hath blessed] i.e. by fertility. The versions prefix
an adjective denoting "plenty" before the word "field." LXX a')'pov
1r/vl,pous ; Lat. aqi pleni.
Isaac's utterance is in poetical form. The two clauses in this verse
serve as a prelude to the blessing of vv. 28 and 29.
28. And God give thee] The blessing of the firstbom in this and
the following verse is solemnly pronounced by Isaac. It is irrevocable;
see v. 33. It invokes (a) blessings of fertility upon the soil, (b) blessings
of victory over other nations, (c) blessings of predominance over kindred
tribes and clans.
This invocation is closed by the short and solemn utterance of a curse
against the foe, and of a benediction upon the friend.
the dew of heaven] The blessing from above, cf. xlix. 25, "with
blessings of heaven above." In a hot country the dew falling heavily
by night is a source of fruitfulness to the land; and gives refreshing
coolness to the atmosphere. Cf. Dent. xxxiii. 13, 28; Zech, viii. 12.
the fatness of the earth] The other side of the blessing of prosperity
is supplied by the fertility of the soil, for which the Heb. expression is
"the fat things." By "the earth" is clearly indicated a parallel to "the
heaven" in the previous clause. There is no need for supposing, as some
scholars have done, that Isaac here identifies Canaan with "the earth."
See Num. xiii. 20; Neh. ix. 25, 35, "fat land"; Is. xxviii. 1, "fat
valley"; Ezek. xxxiv. 14, "fat pasture." ·
plenty of corn and wine] The two most typical illustrations of agri-
cultural wealth; cf. Ex. xxii. 5; Num. xx. 17. We find "corn,"
"wine," and "oil," represented as the three blessings of the soil in
Deut. vii. 13; and "corn" and "wine" in Dent. xxxiii. 28; Ps. iv. 7.
29. Let peoples, &c.] The first half of this verse seems to refer to
conquest over foreign foes; the second half to pre-eminence among the
kindred races. The complete fulfilment of this prediction cannot have
taken place before the times of David (cf. 2 Sam. viii.) and Solomon:
·The "peoples" and "nations," who "served" and "bowed down,"
were the Canaanites; the "brethren" and the "mother's sons" were
the Edomites, Ammonites, Moabites, and Amalekites.
lord... brethren] These words recall the oracle given to Rebekah in
xxv. 23. The irony of the situation is that Isaac, predicting, as he
supposes, Esau's predominance over Jacob, seems to be reversing the
 GENESIS XXVII. 29-34
And let thy mother's sons bow down to thee: J
Cursed be every one that curseth thee,
And blessed be every one that blesseth thee.
And it came to pass, as soon as Isaac had made an end of 30
blessing Jacob, and Jacob was yet scarce gone out from
the presence of Isaac his father, that Esau his brother came
in from his hunting: And he also made savoury meat, and 31
brought it unto his father; and he said unto his father, Let
my father arise, and eat of his son's venison, that thy soul
may bless me. And Isaac his father said unto him, Who 32
art thou? And he said, I am thy son, thy first born, Esau.
And Isaac trembled very exceedingly, and said, Who then is 33
he that bath taken venison, and brought it me, and I have
eaten of all before thou earnest, and have blessed him?
yea, and he shall be blessed. When Esau heard the words 34
decree, "the elder shall serve the younger." In reality he ratifies
and endorses it.
thy brethren] The word is here poetically used in the sense of
"kindred." The blessing impersonates the nation in the individual. It
prefigures kindred races in the individual's brethren: see note on v. 40.
This blessing, as applied to Jacob, was fulfilled in the subjugation of
Edom, Moab, and Ammon in the reign of David.
Cursed be every one] For this formula concluding a blessing, cf. xii. 3,
and Num. xxiv. 9. Words of good omen end the utterance.
30. Jacob was yet••• out] These words dramatically represent to us
the rapid succession of the two scenes, and remind us that, had Esau
arrived a few minutes earlier, the denouement would have been entirely
different. Rebekah's trick has been wholly successful. Jacob has won
the blessing of the firstbom; he has won it with scarcely a minute to
spare. A moment earlier; and he would have been detected "flagrante
delicto." The detection was bound to be made. But the risk was run
for the sake of the irreversible and sacred "blessing of primogeniture,"
conferred by a dying father.
81. Let my father arise] Cf. 19. The effect of this scene is heightened
by the use of almost identical language.
82. thy son, thy /irstborn, Esau] For this triple emphasis, cf. xxii. 2.
Esau answers, as if he were surprised that Isaac should have asked who
he was, or possibly at the agitated manner of the questioner.
83. trembled very exceedingly] Isaac's agitation is expressed in the
original with an emphasis which our version can hardly reproduce. Lat.
"expavit Isaac stupore vehementi et ultra quam credi potest arfmirans,"
where two renderings seem to be combined. LXX i~E<T'T'l'J lK<TTau,v
/J,<j'a),.,v u<f,6opa.
, and he shall be blessed] Isaac, even in this- moment of, agitation,
 286 GENESIS XXVII. 34-38

J of his father, he cried with an exceeding great and bitter

cry, and said unto his father, Bless me, even me also, 0 my
35 father. And he said, Thy brother came with guile, and
36 hath taken away thy blessing. And he said, Is not he
rightly named Jacob? for he hath supplanted me these
two times: he took away my birthright; and, behold, now
he hath taken away my blessing. And he said, Hast thou
37 not reserved a blessing for me? And Isaac answered and
said unto Esau, Behold, I have made him thy lord, and all
his brethren have I given to him for servants; and with
corn and wine have I sustained him: and what then shall I
38 do for thee, my son? And Esau said unto his father, Hast
thou but one blessing, my father? bless me, even me also,
admits that the blessing of the firstborn has been pronounced with all
due regularity, and is irrevocable. The Divine purpose has been
affirmed. Esau, the firstborn, has not received the blessing. It
could, therefore, only have been Jacob, the supplanter, whose voice
at the first Isaac had thought he recognized.
34. an exceeding... cry] These are the words to which reference is
made in Heh. xii. 17. Esau had hoped to win back through his father's
fondness the privileges which he himself had bartered away through his
own thoughtless folly. His disappointment is all the greater, because
he believed that he was about to recover that which his conscience told
him he had already forfeited in an unworthy and trifling ~pirit.
35. Thy brother ... guile] Isaac at once concludes that the deceiver
was Jacob, and acknowledges that Jacob's trick has succeeded.
36. rightly namedJacob] See note on xxv. 26,
supplanteilJ i.e. "outwitted," "overreached by guile." The word in
the original is of the same root as the word "Jacob." It is as if Esau
had said "he hath 'J acob-ed' me these two times"; "he hath twice
overreached me." See Jer. ix. 4- LXX e7rT<pPtKe, Lat. supplantavit.
Our word "supplant" is probably derived from this context.
he took away my birthright] See xxv. 29-34. Esau now applies
the words "took away" to the transaction in which he was foolish
enough, not only to sell his birthright for a "mess of pottage," but also
to ratify his action with an oath. He tries to hide his own folly by
denouncing his brother's part in the affair.
my blessing] The word "my blessing" is spelt in the Heh. with
the same consonants as "my birthright," but with two letters transposed.
The difference between the birthright or primogmita, and the blessing
or benedictio, is that between a title of privilege and the patent which
confers it.
38. but one blessin/;] Esau's words shew the importance attached
to the blessing invoked by the dying head of the family. Isaac's words
 GENESIS XXVII. 38, 39
0 my father. And Esau lifted up his voice, and wept. J
And Isaac his father answered and said unto him, 39
Behold, 1 of the fatness of the earth shall be thy dwelling,
1 Or, =ay from
in the preceding verse, coupled with Esau's exclamation, imply that there
was only one blessing. Esau knows that the blessing once given cannot
be recalled.
wept] Cf. xxi. 16. "Those tears of Esau, the sensuous, wild,
impulsive man,-almost like the cry of some 'trapped creature,' are
among the most pathetic in the Bible" (Davidson, Hebrews, 242).
39. Behold, &c.] Isaac's utterance again takes the form of poetry.
His prediction as to Esau's future is contained in 6 strophes; 1 and
2 refer to the physical conditions of the nation's existence; 3 to its
manner of life; 4 to its temporary subjection to Israel; 5 to its
revolt; 6 to its ultimate independence.
ef] Better, as R.V. marg., away from. The Heh. preposition min,
"from," admits of both renderings. The oracle is intentionally am•
biguous. In v. 28 ("of the dew ... ef the fatness") there can be no
doubt the preposition is used in its partitive sense. (a) The English
versions in this verse translate min by "of," as in v. 28. It might
be expected that a preposition used by the same person, with the same
nouns, and in a similar context in the same passage, would be identical
in meaning. According to this rendering, Isaac promises to Esau a
country blessed with rich soil and favourable physical conditions: but
he cannot promise a' settled or happy government; only a struggle for
existence, a tern porary servitude, and final freedom. This interpreta•
tion, however, seems to miss the point of Isaac's prediction as to the
future material conditions of Esau's lot. The land of Edom was rugged
and mountainous; Esau will live by the sword, not by the fertility of
the soil.
(b) It is better to follow the margin, "away from"; cf. 2 Sam. i. 22.
Isaac has really only one blessing; cf. v. 33. Esau's future will not
be as J acob's. His country in Mount Seir will not be rich and fertile,
like the land of Canaan. His people will not be peaceful cultivators
of the soil; they will dwell in the mountains, and get their livelihood
as robbers. Edom will serve Israel; but only for a time. This is the
climax of the prediction. In spite of hardships, in spite of social
inferiority, and in spite of subjugation, Edom shall at last win freedom.
According to this interpretation, Isaac's words contain no soft blessing;
but a stern, truthful, continuous prediction, describing ( r) the barrenness
and aridity of the soil of Edom, (z) the warlike temper of the people,
(3) their subjugation to Israel, (4) their ultimate revolt and freedom.
The blessing of Jacob excludes the blessing of Esau; but does not
shut out the hope of successful rebellion against the favoured br~t~er.
The play of words, produced by the different use of th 7 same prepos1tio~,
,is what might be expected in the language of a~ ancient oracle; and 1s
 288 GENESIS XXVII. 39-41
J 1
And of the dew of heaven from above;
4o And by thy sword shalt thou live, and thou shalt serve
thy brother;
And it shall come to pass when thou shalt break loose,
That thou shalt shake his yoke from off thy neck.
41 And Esau hated Jacob because of the blessing wherewith
his father blessed him: and Esau said in his heart, The days
of mourning for my father are at hand; then will I sl;iy my
1 Or, away from
quite congenial to the genius of Heb. literature. For the oracular and
different use of the same words, cf. xl. 13, 19.
fatness ... dew of keaven] See note on v. 18.
40. by tky sword] The soil will not furnish means of subsistence.
The life of marauders dwelling in mountain fastnesses is here depicted.
They will raid their brother's borders. They will cut off the merchants
travelling with caravans and camels between the Red Sea and Syria.
tkou skalt serve tky /Jrotker] Cf. xxv. 13. The people of Edom were
first subjugated by Israel in the reign of David. Cf. '2 Sam. viii. 14.
break loose] Better, as Driver, "become,restless." The word in the
original is obscure, being found elsewhere only in Ps. Iv. 'J, "restless";
Jer. ii. 3r, "broken loose"; Hos. xi. r1 (R. V. marg. is yet unstedfast
witk). Probably the metaphor is that of an animal shaking itself free
from restraint. The A. V. "shalt have dominion" is quite impossible.
Dillmann, "when thou shalt make efforts, or strive," as the Arabian
and Ethiopian versions.
Lat. tempusque veniet, cum excutias et solvas jugum ejus.
skake ... neck] The metaphor is that of the bulJ refusing the yoke.
Edom successfully threw off the yoke of the kingdom of Judah in the
reigns of J ehoram, '2 Kings viii. 10-11, and Ahaz, 2 Kings xvi. 6. But
freedom from the dominion of Israel was followed by submission to
Assyria. Edom appears among those who paid tribute to the Assyrian
king Tiglath-Pileser III (731 B.c.), the Pu! of 1 Kings xv. 19, 10.
41. Tke days of mourning, &c.] Cf. I. 3, 4 1 10. The meaning is
obvious. Esau says in his heart, "Isaac my father is on the point of
death: no sooner shall he die, than I will take revenge. Even while
the customary mourning is going on, I will slay Jacob." Before seven
days have elapsed (cf. I. 3) he will have had his revenge. For "say in
one's heart," cf. viii. 21, xxiv. 45 (J).
Very improbable is the interpretation which makes "the days of
mourning, &c." mean "the days of mourning by my father," i.e. "for
the death of Jacob."
tken will I slay] The word "then" is simply "and" in the original.
The clause is consecutive. There is no adverb defining the point of
time. But the idiom emphasizes the dependence of the second clause
upon the first.
 GENESIS XXVII. 41--45
brother Jacob. And the words of Esau her elder son were 42 J
told to Rebekah; and she sent and called Jacob her younger
son, and said unto him, Behold, thy brother Esau, as touch-
ing thee, doth comfort himself, purposing to kill thee. Now 43
therefore, my son, obey my voice; and arise, flee thou to
Laban my brother to Haran; and tarry with him a few days, 44
until thy brother's fury turn away; until thy brother's anger 45
turn away from thee, and he forget that which thou hast
done to him: then I will send, and fetch thee from thence:
why should I be bereaved of you both in one day?
42. the words ef Esau] Esau's threat in the previous verse was
"said in his heart" ; but his was not a nature to keep a secret. His
intention was soon the subject of talk.
doth comfort himself] A strange, but expressive phrase, lit. "is
comforting himself with regard to thee, in order to kill thee": as we
should say, "hugs himself," or "takes satisfaction," in the thought that
he will shortly kill thee. The versions LXX <l1rE<A<1 "threatens," Lat.
minatur translate erroneously.
43. obey my voice] Rebekah takes full responsibility upon herself,.
in fulfilment of her promise in v. 13, "upon me be thy curse, my son,
only obey my voice."
44. a few days] Cf. xxix. 20,•,"but a few days," in the sense of
"a short time." Re bekah's plan was, in this respect, destined to be
signally frustrated, cf. xxix. 30, xxxi. 41. She was separated from her
favourite son for over 20 years.
45. I will send, and fetch thee] There is no mention of this part of
Rebekah's promise being fulfilled.
be bereaved of you both] The expression seems to be a reference to
the custom of blood-revenge,' as in 2 Sam. xiv. 7. The life of the
murderer would be required by the family. He must either be banished
from the family, or judicially put to death. In either case the parents
would be "bereaved of both."
Or, possibly, "you both" refers to Isaac, her husband, and Jacob,
her favourite son. On the day of Isaac's death, Esau intended to slay
Jacob.
46 and eh. xxviii. 1-9. This passage is from P, as is shewn by the
characteristic language and phraseology. It supplies a different motive
for Jacob's journey. He is to go to Paddan-aram, xxviii. 2, not t_o
Haran as in xxvii. 43. Jacob's deception is ignored; his departure IS
on a journey for a visit, and on a mission for a wife, not in flight from
fear of assassination. Esau, in xxviii. 6, makes no reference to the
events recorded in chap. xxvii. The passage interrupts the st':'r}'. of Jacob
in J, which is resumed in xxviii. ro; it gives a parallel and dIStmct treat-
ment of J acob's journey into the Aramaean region: it refers ba_ck to a
·previous passage from ·P, which records how Esau had marned two
GENESIS 19
 2<)0 GENESIS XXVII. 46-XXVIII. 4
P 46 And Rebekah said to Isaac, I am weary of my life
because of the daughters of Heth: if Jacob take a wife of
the daughters of Heth, such as these, of the daughters of
28 the land, what good shall my life do me? And Isaac called
1
Jacob, and blessed him, and charged him, and said unto
him, Thou shalt not take a wife of the daughters of
2 Canaan. Arise, go to Paddan-aram, to the house of Bethuel
thy mother's father; and take thee a wife from thence of the
3 daughters of Laban thy mother's brother. And 1 God Al-
mighty bless thee, and make thee fruitful, and multiply
4 thee, that thou mayest be a company of peoples; and give
thee the blessing of Abraham, to thee, and to thy seed with
1 Heb. El Shaddai.
"Hittite" wives (xxvi. 34, 35). Rebekah fears Jacob may do the same;
Jacob is sent away with Isaac's blessing (xxviii. 3, 4), and without
reference to the great deception.
46. I am weary of my life] See note on xxvi. 34, 35. The
"daughters of Heth" clearly mean Esau's two wives. This passage
resumes the P narrative of 'xxvi. 35.
what good, &c.] Cf. Rebekah's words, xxv. zz, "if it·be so, wherefore
do I live?"
xxviii. 1. and blessed him] This mention of Isaac's blessing of Jacob,
without reference to the deception in chap. xxvii., is a clear indication
of the distinctness of origin of this passage from that whi~h precedes it.
Thou shalt not ... Canaan] Cf. xxiv. 3. "The daughters of Canaan"
cannot be distinguished from "the daughters of Heth" (xxvii. 46).
2. Paddan-aram] See note on xxv. zo. This is the name given by
P (cf. xxxi. r8, xxxiii. r8, xxxv. 9, z6, xlvi. 15) to the region which
in the J narrative is called "Haran": another indication of the literary
distinctness of this passage from that which immediately precedes it:
see xxvii. 43.
3. God Almighty] Heb. El Shaddai. This Divine Name is here
communicated by Isaac to Jacob: see note on xvii. r (P).
make ... multiply] See note on i. z2: a phrase characteristic of P,
cf. viii. r 7, ix. 1, 7, xvii. zo, xxxv. II, xlviii. 4.
a company ofpeoples] A phrase used in the blessings, in P's narrative,
xxxv. II, xlviii. 4. The Heb. lf'hal 'ammim combines the two terms
used for "assembly" (~aha!) and "people" ('am), as in Ezek. xxiii. z4,
xxxii. 3. LXX renders ,is <1vva-yw-yas i0vwv. Compare "a multitude
of nations" in xvii. 5 (P). ·
4. the blessing '!I Abraham] Probably a reference to xvii. 8. The
same blessing as Abraham received is now pronounced by Isaac upon
Jacob, recognizing him as the religious representative of the family, and
ignoring Esau. This verse would be almost unintelligible, if we were
 GENESIS XXVIII. 4-9
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---------~--
thee; that thou mayest inherit the land of thy sojournings, P
which God gave unto Abraham. And Isaac sent away 5
Jacob: and he went to Paddan-aram unto Laban, son of
Bethuel the 1 Syrian, the brother of Rebekah, Jacob's and
Esau's mother. Now Esau saw that Isaac had blessed 6
Jacob and sent him away to Paddan-aram, to take him a
wife from thence; and that as he blessed him he gave him
a charge, saying, Thou shalt not take a wife of the daughters
of Canaan; and that Jacob obeyed his father and his 7
mother, and was gone to Paddan-aram: and Esau saw that 8
the daughters of Canaan pleased not Isaac his father; and 9
Esau went unto Ishmael, and took unto the wives which he
had Mahalath the daughter of Ishmael Abraham's son, the
sister of Nebaioth, to be his wife.
1 Heb. Aramean.
not on literary grounds sure that this section is from the P tradition, and
is independent of the J narrative (chap. xxvii.), which describes Isaac's
age and Jacob's deceit towards his father in obtaining the blessing of
the firstborn. This is not the blessing of a dying man, but of a father
parting with a son. It repeats, in a summary form, the national aspect
of Abraham's blessing. It lacks the poetical vigour and spiritual
interest of the blessing in J (xxvii. 27-29).
the land of thy sojournings] A P phrase: see note on xvii. 8, and
cf. xxxvi. 7, xxxvii. 1. It is here applied by Isaac to J acob's residence
in Canaan after his return from Paddan-aram.
6. and he went to Paddan-aram unto Laban] In this short sentence
the narrative of P disposes of the journey of Jacob, which is described
in much greater detail in the parallel narratives from J and E, pre-
served in vv. 10-22 and chap. xxix.
the Syrian] Heb. Aramean. Cf. xxv. 20; Deut. xxvi. 5.
6. Now Esau saw] The conduct of Esau in this passage is prompted
by the desire to obtain a blessing such as Isaac had given Jacob in
vv. 3, 4. In order to propitiate his father, he contracts a marriage with
his first cousin, the daughter of Ishmael. Neither in this, nor in the
following verse, is there implied· any resentment on the part of Esau
towards Jacob, or any other reason for J acob's journey to Paddan-aram
beyond that of marriage with one of his own kindred.
9. unto the wives] i.e. in addition to Judith and Basemath (xxvi. 34).
Mahalath ... the sister of Nebaioth] Nebaioth was the firstborn son
of Ishmael (xxv. 13). In xxxvi. 3, the name of Ishmael's daughter,
sister of N ebaioth, appears as Basemath. Here she is called Mahalath;
while Basemath, in xxvi. 34, is the name of one of Esau's Hittite wives.
Ishmael is mentioned in this verse as the uncle of Esau. The re-
ference is personal, though it may also denote tribal kinship. According
19-2
 GENESIS XXVIII. ro-12

J 10 And Jacob went out from Beer-sheba, and went toward

E II Haran. I And he lighted upon 1 a certain place, and tarried
there all night, because the sun was set; and he took one
of the stones of the place, and put it under his head,
12 and lay down in that place to sleep. And he dreamed,
and behold a ladder set up on the earth, and the top of it
1 Heb. the place.
to P's chronology, it would appear that Ishmael was at this time
114 years old, and lived for 23 years more, Cf. xvii. 24, 25, xxv. 17, 26,
xxvi. 34.
10-22. This section taken from J and E follows upon xxvii. 45,
Observe the mention of Haran in v. 10 (cf. xxvii. 43), and the mention
of Beer-sheba as the dwelling-place of Isaac in v. 10 (cf. xxvi. 23).
Vv. 10, 13-16, 19 are probably from J; vv. 11, 12, 17, 18, 20-22
from E.
This passage, recording J acob's dream at Bethel, and the passage
in xxxii. 22-32, recording Jacob's wrestling with the Angel, relate the
most famous and significant events in the narrative of the patriarch
Jacob. The present passage is in some respects one of the most
suggestive and impressive in religious literature. The distinctive
features of the narrative have been an inspiration in the poetry and
prose of religious literature, e.g. the hymn "Nearer, my God, to Thee."
11. And he lighted] i.e. he by chance reached, like our colloquial
"hit upon." The Divine purpose of the revelation made to Jacob is
contrasted in this word with the fortuitousness of J acob's action.
a certain place] Heb. the place. For the special significance of
"place," with the possible meaning of "sacred spot," see note on
xii. 6. The scene of this story is afterwards (v. 19) identified as Bethel:
and it is natural to assume that the famous story of the Theophany to
Jacob was preserved and honoured at the shrine of Bethel.
put it under his head] Jacob makes a pillow of the stone: his action
in so doing, though it may sound strange to English readers, can be
illustrated by the ordinary experience of those who are acquainted with
Arab life and Oriental travel.
12. And he"dreamed] The vision, about to be described, is conveyed
through the medium of a dream; cf. xx. 3.
a ladder] It has been suggested, e.g. by Stanley (Sinai and Palestine,
p. '219) that the ledges of rock, one above the other, on the Bethel hill
produced an impression on the faculties of Jacob, which took the shape,
in his dream, of a flight of steps. By "a ladder," LXX KXlµ,a~, Lat.
scala, we must not understand a house ladder, with uprights and rungs
of wood; but, rather, a stairway, or ascent by successive terraces.
Possibly, the "ladder" here mentioned resembled the ascent to
Babylonian and Assyrian temples, in which the shrine or sanctuary,
on the summit, was reached by steps leading through seven terraces,
corresponding to the seven planets: see note on xi. 4.
 GENESIS XXVIII. 12, 13 293
reached to heaven: and behold the angels of God ascending E
and descending on it. I And, behold, the LORD stood 1 above 13 J
1 Or, beside him
on the earth ... to heaven] The distinctive feature of the vision is the
communication between earth and heaven.
For the impression produced upon the mind of a modern traveller by
the scenery of this spot, see footnote 1.
the angels of God] For this unusual expression, cf. xxxii. 1, 2. The
expression "the angel of God" is common, but that of "the angels of
God" is most rare. We are to suppose that to the sleeper's eyes were
revealed the heavenly hosts, the members and attendants of the heavenly
court (see notes on i. 26 and vi. 2).
ascending and descending] See the use made of this vision in our
Lord's words to Nathanael, John i. 51. "Ascending" comes before
"descending," which reminds us that the process of Divine ministration
to the sons of men has been going on before it is finally revealed to
their spiritual faculties. "Ascending," with tasks completed: "descend-
ing," with fresh commissions from above.
13. the LORD stood] Lit. "was set, established, stationed," LXX
i1re<Tr1,ptKTa, Vulg. "innixum." The appearance of Jehovah is men-
tioned, but not described.
above it] Better, probably, as R.V. marg., beside him. Both render-
ings are possible. We should perhaps prefer that of the margin. The
preposition is the same as in the account of the appearance of the three
men to Abraham, xviii. 2 ("Lo, three men stood over against him"). On
the other hand, the versions LXX e1r' auri)s, Lat. and Syr. Pesh., render
as R.V. text. But the substance of vv. 13, 14, i5 is a personal reve-
lation to Jacob. It is distinct from the vision of v. r 2, which, on a great
and impressive scale, taught the general lesson of the union between
earth and heaven. There is, therefore, reason for preferring the personal
allusion, either "beside him," or "over (i.e. bending over) him." Jacob
is lying down: Jehovah is standing by him. Jacob is made to realize
the ever-protecting Presence, at his side, or watching over him.
l "One of the most singular stone formations west of the Jordan in Palestine is to
be seen in the great stonefield a little to the north of the modern town of Beitin, the
ancient Bethel.. .. Huge stones seem to be piled one upon another to make columns
nine or ten feet or more in height. In reality these columns are produced by erosion,
and the different density of the strata has led to greater erosion in one part than in
another, so that they taper and bulge in manifold and various shapes. So strong is
the resemblance to construction made by men's hands that I myself have gone to this
spot, not once but several times, and examined every stone, to make sure that there
could be no mistake in my impression, and I have found that others have done the
same thing. It is only after such a careful examinatiori of the site that one convinces
one's self that in reality these stone pillars are the work of nature, not (!f man .....Surely
it is a point at which heaven and earth meet. And there stand the pillars !'h1ch the
mighty heroes of antiquity erected .... It was only the giant men of olden tlll!es w_ho
could set up as memorials of communion with God these mighty stones at this pomt
where heaven and earth are iO clearly united" (Peters, Early Hebrew Story, pp.
III, 112).
 2 94 GENESIS XXVIII. 13-18

J it, and said, I am the LORD, the God of Abraham thy father,
and the God of Isaac: the land whereon thou Iiest, to thee
14 will I give it, and to thy seed; and thy seed shall be as the
dust of the earth, and thou shalt 1 spread abroad to the
west, and to the east, and to the north, and to the south:
and in thee and in thy seed shall all the families of the
15 earth be blessed. And, behold, I am with thee, and will
keep thee whithersoever thou goest, and will bring thee
again into this land; for I will not leave thee, until I have
16 done that which I have spoken to thee of. And Jacob
awaked out of his sleep, and he said, Surely the LORD is
E 17 in this place; and I knew it not. I And he was afraid, and
said, How dreadful is this place ! this is none other but
18 the house of God, and this is the gate of heaven. And
1 Heh. break.forth.
and said] The blessing of Jacob consists of (1) the Divine personal
revelation; (2) the promise of the land (v. 13); (3) the multiplication of
his descendants (v. 14); (4) the world's blessing through his seed (v. 14);
(5) the personal promise of Presence and Protection (v. r 5).
thy father] i.e. thy ancestor. Abraham's name is mentioned as that
of the first recipient of the Divine promise.
the land] The renewal of the promise to Abraham, xiii. 14-16.
14. as the dust efthe earth] Cf. xiii. 16.
spread abroad] Heh. break .forth. Cf. xxx. 30, "increased," 43,
Ex. i. 12.
to the west] Cf. xiii. 14.
in thee ... be blessed] See note on xii. 3.
15. I am with thee] Cf. xxvi. 24, xxxi. 3. The personal promise
to Jacob consists of (1) Divine Presence (with thee): (2) Divine pre-
serrntion (keep thee): (3) Divine restoration (bring again): (4) Divine
fulfilment of promise (until I have done).
16. in this place] J acob's words express astonishment that Jehovah
should have manifested Himself (a) in a place remote from his father's
home; (b) to himself a solitary wanderer.
this place] Compare Ex. iii. 5, "the place whereon thou standest is
holy ground"; Jos. v. r5, "the place whereon thou standest is holy."
17. How dreac!ful] This adjective is rendered unsuitable by colloquial
usage. The sense would be better given by "awesome" or "terrible."
Jacob believes that he has been in the presence of Jehovah and of the
heavenly host. The belief that those who saw "the angel of the
LORD" face to face would die is expressed in the terror of Jacob. Cf.
Jud. vi. 22, 23, xiii. 21, 22.
the house ef God] Heh. bhh Elohim, i.e. "a dwelling-place of the
 GENESIS xxvm. 18-20 295
Jacob rose up early in the morning, and took the stone E
that he had put under his head, and set it up for a pillar,
and poured oil upon the top of it. I And he called the 19 J
name of that place 1 Beth-el : but the name of the city was
Luz at the first. I And Jacob vowed a vow, saying, If God 20 E
will be with me, and will keep me in this way that I go, and
1 That is, The house of God.

Divine Being." This clause contains the popular etymology of the name
Bethel.
18. for a pillar] Hcb. mautbah. This word is used in the O.T.
for the sacred upright stone which stood by the altar, and was one of
the usual features of worship and sacrifice at a "high place" (Mmah) ..
Its use is condemned in Deut. xvi. 21. But in Hos. iii. 4 it is associated
with other forms of Israelite worship.
Here the erection and consecration of a stone as the memorial of the
Divine manifestation, correspond with the religious use of such upright
stones for purposes of ceremonial and symbolical offerings. Cf. xxxi. 45;
Ex. xxiv. 4; Josh. iv. 3, xxiv. 26, 27; 1 Sam. vii. IZ,
At the excavations in Gezer, eleven ma,,ebahs were found standing
close to the altar of the Canaanite "high place," cf. Driver's Schweich
Lectures.
poured oil] Oil was used as the symbol of an offering made to the
Divine Being, whose presence or abode is connected with the consecrated
stone. For the use of oil in consecration, cf. Ex. xxx. 25-30; Lev. viii.
10; Num. vii. 1. There are many instances in ancient literature of
sacred stones which were anointed with oil (Xlt/o, N.7rapo!). Compare
Tylor's Primitive Culture 3, ii. 160-167.
19. Beth-e[J That is, The house of God: see xxxv. r, 6. This place
was one of the most famous sanctuaries in Canaan. It was selected by
Jeroboam as one of the High Places at which he set up the calves of
gold (1 Kings xii. 29-33). For its repute and popularity as a sanctuary
and place of pilgrimage, see Amos vii. 13: close by the altar of Bethel
would stand the pillar connected with its worship, and associated with
this story of Jacob. The site has been identified with the modern Beitin.
Luz] The old city's name mentioned also in xxxv. 6, xlviii. 3, J udg. i.
23, not identical with, but close to Bethel, Jos. xvi. 2. The narrative
does not suggest that Jacob's dream was in the vicinity of a town.
20. vowed a vow] See xxxi. 13. This is the first mention in the
Q.T. of a religious vow, i.e. a solemn promise, enforced by an ad-
juration of the Deity, to dedicate, or wholly set apart, some offering
or gift.
If God will be with me] Jacob's vow is made with special refe~e1;1ce
to the personal promise in v. r 5. Its three conditions are: (1) D~v~ne
presence (with me), (2) Divine preservation (keep me), (3) D1vme
restoration (so that I come again). .
 GENESIS XXVIII. 20-XXIX. 2
E will give me bread to eat, and raiment to put on, so that I
21
come again to my father's house in peace, 1 then shall the
22 LORD be my God, and this stone, which I have set up for
a pillar, shall be God's house : and of all that thou shalt
give me I will surely give the tenth unto thee.
29 Then Jacob 2 went on his journey, and came to the land
J 2 of the children of the east. I And he looked, and behold a
1 Or, and the LORD will be my God, then this stone &c.
2 Heb. lifted up his feet.

21. to my father's house in peace] It does not appear that this was
literally fulfilled. Jacob, on his return, did not dwell at his father's
house. But, perhaps, "father's house" means "the land of his fathers."
"In peace," a common Heb. phrase, noticeable here for the rendering
ofLXX µera. o-wrnplas, "with safety."
then shall the LORD be my God] The rendering of the margin, and
the LORD will be my God, then this stone, &c., is that of the ancient
versions, LXX, Lat. and Syr.: that of the text is on the whole pre-
ferable. The crowning thought is that in days to come, Jehovah, who
has been the God of Abraham and Isaac, shall also be the God of Jacob.
This forms the substance of J acob's vow; to which is added, that Bethel,
as well as Beer-sheba and Hebron, shall be a place of J ehovah's worship.
Jacob's vow, with the conditions attached to it, reflects his calculating
character. But it acknowledges that Jehovah is the God who has
revealed Himself to his fathers, and is distinct from mere nature-gods.
22. God's house] See note on v. 17, Here the title "God's house"
is applied to the stone itself.
ef all...give the tenth] Very strange is this concluding promise to
pay a tithe to Jehovah. In xiv. 20, Abraham pays a tithe to Mel-
chizedek of Jerusalem(?). The payment of tithe was maintained at
Bethel in the times of the Israelite monarchy, cf. Amos iv. 4. The
mention of Jacob's promise at Bethel to pay a tenth to Jehovah, shews
that this Israelite religious usage was believed to go back to pre-
Mosaic times. For the Levitical tenth or tithe, cf. Lev. xxvii. 30-33.

CHS, XXIX., XXX. JACOB IN HARAN, FROM J AND E.

xxix. 1-14. Jacob at the well.
15-30. Jacob's marriage with Leah and Rachel.
81-xxx. 24. Birth of J acob's children.
25-43. Jacob serves Laban for a wage in-flocks and herds.
1. went on his journey] Heh. lifted up his.feet.
the children of the east] A phrase generally used of the nomad Arab
tribes to the east of Palestine: see note on xxv. 6. C£ N um. xxiii. 7;
Jud. vi. 3. Here it is used for the Aramaeans of Haran, N.E. of
Palestine.
 GENESIS XXIX. 2-7 297
well in the field, and, lo, three flocks of sheep lying there J
by it ; for out of that well they, watered the flocks : and the
stone upon the well's mouth was great. And thither were 3
all the flocks gathered : and they rolled the stone from the
well's mouth, and watered the sheep, and put the stone
again upon the well's mouth in its place. And Jacob said 4
unto them, My brethren, whence be ye? And they said,
Of Haran are we. And he said unto them, Know ye 5
Laban the son of Nahor? And they said, We know him.
And he said unto them, Is it well with him? And they 6
said, It is well : and, behold, Rachel his daughter cometh
with the sheep. And he said, Lo, it is yet high day, neither 7

In Hos. xii. 12 Jacob is said to have "fled into the field of Aram."
2. i'n the field] There is no exact description of the place where
this well was. It was not, apparently, the same as "the well of water,"
"without the city," in xxiv. II.
for out of that well] This clause and v. 3 are parenthetical, describing
the custom of the country, i.e. ''they were wont to water": ''were wont
to roll and put the stone again."
the stone upon the welt's mouth] A well was a cistern or tank, often
covered with a large stone requiring two or three men to remove it.
This stone protected the water from the rays of the sun and from
mischief or pollution. In the present instance the well seems to have
belonged to the community, and was not opened for use, until all the
herdsmen and shepherds had come.
4. unto them] i.e. the shepherds of the three flocks mentioned in
v. '2,
Of Haran] See xxvii. 43. There is nothing to shew whether Haran,
the town, was near or far off.
5. Laban ... ef Nahor] See note on xxiv. 15. In xxiv. 24 Rebekah
is daughter of Bethuel, the son of Nahor. In xxiv. 29 ff. Laban is
Rebekah's brother. Here he is son of Nahor. It is possible that the
tradition, followed here and in chap. xxiv., differs from that of the
genealogy in xxii. 20-23; or that Nabor is mentioned as more famous
than Bethuel his son. Cf. Jehu who is called "son of Nimshi"
(1 Kings ix. 20), though, in reality, his grandson (2 Kings ix. 2, 14).
6. Rachel] The name means "Ewe," a ·personal name, though,
possibly, also tribal. In very early times, the designation of an animal
seems often to have been transferred to a family or clan in connexion
with the "totem,'' or animal associated in worship with the spirit-god
of the community.
7. it is yet high day] Lit. "the day is great"; like th: Fr. "ii fait
grand _four." Lat. adhuc mu!tum diei super est. Jacob 1s a pr3;ctical
shepherd; he says "there is still the whole 3;ftemoon: what 1s the
 GENESIS XXIX. 7-13
J is it time that the cattle should be gathered together : water
8 ye the sheep, and go and feed them. And they said, We
cannot, until all the flocks be gathered together, and they
roll the stone from the well's mouth; then we water the
9 sheep. While he yet spake with them, Rachel came with
10 her father's sheep; for she kept them. And it came to
pass, when Jacob saw Rachel the daughter of Laban his
mother's brother, and the sheep of Laban his mother's
brother, that Jacob went near, and rolled the stone from the •
well's mouth, and watered the flock of Laban his mother's·
u brother. And Jacob kissed Rachel, and lifted up his voice,
12 and wept. And Jacob told Rachel that he was her father's
brother, and that he was Rebekah's son : and she ran and
13 told her father. And it came to pass, when Laban heard
the tidings of Jacob his sister's son, that he ran to meet
good of wasting time, and delaying to water the sheep?" It was not
yet time to gather together the animals to bring them back for the night.
8. We cannot] The local custom was not to be broken. All the
flocks were to be collected, before any were to be watered; and then
those who had come first had the privilege of watering their flocks first.
10. went near, and rolled] Jacob disregards the rule of the well;
and at the risk of incurring the wrath of the local herdsmen and
shepherds, by a feat of great personal strength, removes unaided the
stone covering, and renders Rachel the service of watering Laban's
flock. The shepherds were apparently kept quiet by the appearance
of the stranger's energy and strength. For the whole scene, cf. the
story of Moses, Ex. ii. r6-2r.
11. Jacob kissed ... wept] This demonstrative display of feeling is
Homeric in its simplicity. The suddenness of Jacob's opportune
meeting with his relatives, the removal of doubt and anxiety from his
mind on entering a strange country, and the apparition of his young
and fair cousin, had all deeply stirred his emotional nature. Cf. the
tears of Joseph, xiv. 2, 14.
12. her father's brother] In the sense of "relative" ; strictly speak-
ing, her father's sister's son. Cf. v. r 5 and xiii. 8.
ran and told] We are reminded of Rebekah's action in xxiv.
28, 29.
13. Laban] According to the P narrative, xxvi. 34, it was over
forty years since Laban had said farewell to his sister Rebekah. He
now effusively greets and welcomes her son. Perhaps he recollects
the gifts of Kebekah's dowry (xxiv. 30), and also perceives in Jacob
a strong and capable worker.
the tidinJ;s] LXX ro ovo,ua ="the name," with the omission of one
letter in the original (sltem for shcma').
 GENESIS XXIX. 13-20 299
him, and embraced him, and kissed him, and brought him J
to his house. And he told Laban all these things. And 14
Laban said to him, Surely thou art my bone and my flesh.
And he abode with him the space of a month. I And Laban 15 E
said unto Jacob, Because thou art my brother, shouldest
thou therefore serve me for nought? tell me, what shall thy
wages be? And Laban had two daughters : the name of 16
the elder was Leah, and the name of the younger was
Rachel. And Leah's eyes were tender; but Rachel was 17
beautiful and well favoured. And Jacob loved Rachel; 18
and he said, I will serve thee seven years for Rachel thy
younger daughter. And Laban said, It is better that I give 19
her to thee, than that I should give her to another man:
abide with me. And Jacob served seven years for Rachel; 20
kissed] The Hebrew verb expresses the warmth of the salutation.
14. my bone and my flesh] See note on ii. 23, and cf. xxxvii. 27.
Laban readily acknowledges the relationship which Jacob claims.
the space ef a month] Lit. "a month of days." See on xxiv. 55, "a
few days."

'l5-30. JACOB'S MARRIAGE WITH LEAH AND RACHEL.

15. Because ... brother] Lit. "art thou a brother, and shouldest thou
serve me for nothing?" For "brother," see note on v. 12. Laban asks
Jacob to state on what terms he would serve.
16. Leah] The meaning of '' Leah " is uncertain. According to
some scholars, who see in it a totem name, it should be compared with
an Arabic word meaning '' a wild cow" ; according to others, with an
Assyrian word meaning "a lady."
17. Leah's eyes were tender] i.e. weak or soft, wanting in clearness
and brilliancy. The eye was the chief feature of Oriental beauty. The
versions rather exaggerate the sense. LXX a.o-0ePe1s="weak," Lat.
lippis oculis, Aq. Sym. a.,ral\ol= "tender."
beautiful and well favoured] Lit. "fair of form and fair of looks."
The Old English "favoured" has reference to personal appearance;
cf. xii. 2, 4.
18. I will serve ... Rachel] He has no money to offer; he is ready
to give seven years' service without wages, in order to win Rachel as his
bride. He cannot as bridegroom, or suitor, offer the usual gifts, or
mohar (see note oh xxiv. 53). So he offers the equivalent in work.
See the reference to this incident in Hos. xii. 12.
19. It is better] Laban means that it is in the interests of the
family his daughter should be married to one of their own kindred.
The marriage of first cousins is considered especially desirable among
the Bedouin.
 300 GENESIS XXIX. 20-27

E and they seemed unto him but a few days, for the love he
had to her. And Jacob said unto Laban, Give me my
21
wife, for my days are fulfilled, that I may go in unto her.
22 And Laban gathered together all the men of the place, and
23 made a feast. And it came to pass in the evening, that he
took Leah. his daughter, and brought her to him; and he
P 24 went in unto her. I And Laban gave Zilpah his handmaid
E 25 unto his daughter Leah for an handmaid. l And it came to
pass in the morning that, behold, it was Leah : and he said
to Laban, What is this thou hast done unto me? did not
I serve with thee for Rachel? wherefore then hast thou
26 beguiled me? And Laban said, It is not so done in our
27 place, to give the younger before the firstborn. Fulfil the
week of this one, and we will give thee the other also for
20. far the love] These simple and touching words are noticeable
for their beauty in a narrative which in many of its details is repulsive
to our notions of delicacy.
22. made a feast] The marriage feast was a great affair. The cere-
monial lasted for seven days. Cf. J udg. xiv. ro, 12 ; To bit xi. 19.
"All the men of the r,Iace," not only "brethren," i.e. "relations," are
invited. "The place ' is the residence of a large community, cf. v. 26.
23. he took Leah] The bride was brought to the bridegroom
enveloped in a veil; cf. xxiv. 65. "The bridegroom can scarcely ever
obtain even a surreptitious glance at the features of his bride until he
finds her in his absolute possession." Lane, Manners and Customs <if
the Modern Egyptians.
24 (PJ. Zilpah his handmaid] For the custom of the bride being
attended by her own servant to her new home, cf. xxiv. 59.
25. begut"led] i. e. "deceived," as Jos. ix. 22; but 'a different word
in the Hebrew from that in iii. 13. Laban had succeeded in astutely
bestowing his less attractive daughter in marriage.
26. It is not so done] Cf. xx. 9, xxxiv. 7; 2 Sam. xiii. 12. Laban's
excuse was specious, that it was necessary to conform to local customs,
and that Jacob, as a stranger., did not know them. But, if so, he
should in decency and honour have explained the custom to Jacob
before consenting to the marriage with the younger sister. In this
disgraceful deception Laban's character is revealed; while Jacob, who
deceived his father and his brother, is made to suffer himself from
deception.
27. Fulfil the week] Laban's proposal is that when the week's
marriage festivities for Leah are over, Jacob shall take Rachel as his
second wife, on condition that he gives his services for another period of
seven years. Nothing would justify the interruption of the seven days'
marriage ceremonial.
 GENESIS XXIX. 27-32 301

the service which thou shalt serve with me yet seven other E
years. And Jacob did so, and fulfilled her week: I and he 28 P
gave him Rachel his daughter to wife. And Laban gave to 29
Rachel his daughter Bilhah his handmaid to be her hand-
maid. I And he went in also unto Rachel, and he loved 30 E
also Rachel more than Leah, and served with him yet seven
other years.
And the LORD saw that Leah was hated, and he opened 31 J
her womb: but Rachel was barren. And Leah conceived, 32
and bare a son, and she called his name Reuben: for she
said, Because the LoRD 1 hath looked upon my affliction;
1 Heh. raak beonyi.
Marriage with two sisters was evidently free from objection in the
primitive days of the Israelites; and, perhaps for that reason, it is
introduced into the prophetical symbolism of J er. iii. 6 ff. and Ezek. xxiii.
But, in the Levitical law, marriage with two sisters simultaneously is
forbidden; Lev. xviii. 18.

XXIX. 31-XXX. 24, BIRTH OF JACOB'S CHILDREN,

31-35 (J); xxx. 1-24 (J, E and P).
In this section is narrated the account of the birth of eleven sons and
one daughter. Six of tl:e sons, viz. Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah,
Issachar and Zebulun, and the daughter Diuah, are the children of
Leah ; Gad and Asher are the sons of Zilpah, Leah's handmaid ; Dan
and Naphtali are the sons of Bilhah, Rachel's handmaid; and Joseph
is the son of Rachel. These are all born to Jacob in Haran. The
only son born in Canaan is Benjamin (see xxxv. r6-r9).
It has been conjectured that this account not only furnishes the
popular etymology of the names of the tribes of Israel, but may also
symbolize, under the terms of family life, the growth of Israelite clans
into a united, though composite, people in the land of Mesopotamia,
before the migration into Canaan.
The explanation of the meaning of the names is of the usual popular
kind, based upon resemblances of sound. The fact that in some
cases more than one etymology is given reflects the composite nature
of the narrative (cf. xxx. r6 and 18, 20, 23 and 24).
81. hated] By this is meant that Jacob had less affection for Leah
than for Rachel. Cf. Deut. xxi. 15, "if a man have two wives, the
one beloved and the other hated." In order to prevent the evil effects
of jealousy, the marriage by one man of two sisters is forbidden in Lev.
xviii. 18. See, also, Mai. i. 2, 3, "I loved Jacob, but Esau I hated."
82. Reuben] The name is evidently here assumed to consist of two
words, re'a =" behold ye," ben =" a son."
katk ... ajflidion] Heh. rd'ak be'onyi. The sound of these two words
 302 GENESIS XXIX. 32-XXX. I

J 33 for now my husband will love me. And she conceived

again, and bare a son ; and said, Because the LORD 1 hath
heard that I am hated, he hath therefore given me this son
34 also: and she called his.name 2 Simeon. And she conceived
again, and bare a son; and said, Now this time will my
husband be 3 joined unto me, because I have borne him
35 three sons : therefore was his name called Levi. And she
conceived again, and bare a son : and she said, This time
will I 4 praise the LORD : therefore she called his name
•Judah ; and she left bearing.
E 30 And when Rachel saw that she bare Jacob no children,
Rachel envied her sister; and she said unto Jacob, Give me
1 Heb. shama. 2 Heb. Shimeon. 3 From the root lavah.
4 From the Heb. hodah. 5
Heb.Jehudah.
forms some kind of a play on the name Reuben, and represents a
populat and unscientific etymology. In some MSS. of LXX and the
Syriac, and in Josephus, the name appears as "Reubel," which has
been compared with the Arabic Ri' bat, meaning "a lion"; or it may
be compounded with the name of the god Bel or Baal. The tribe
Reuben settled between the J abbok and the Amon. See J udg. v. r 5, 16.
"My affiiction." LXX r71v Ta.1reivw,nv=" low estate"; cf. 1 Sam. i.
rr ; Luke i. 48.
33. heard] Heb. shama; cf. xvi. rr.
Simeon] Heb. Shimeon. The meaning of this name is very likely
that of an animal, "the hyaena"; cf. the Arabic sim', the hybrid off-
spring of the hyaena and the female wolf.
34, joined] From the root lavah, "to join." In Numb. xviii. 2, 4,
this w_ord lavah is especially used of the attachment of the sons of Levi
to the service of Jehovah, as the priestly tribe. According to many
scholars, the name denotes the tribe par excellence of the Leah group ;
which, owing to some great disaster, was broken up, and the name
survived only in the guild of Priests and their assistants. See on
chap. xxxiv. and xlix. 5-7. On the meaning of Leah, see note on
xxix. 16.
35, praise] From the Heb. h/Jdah.
Judah] Heb.Jehudah. This is the regular form of the name in the
0. T. The origin of the name is uncertain; but its sound resembles
that of the word for "praise." On Judah, see notes on chap. xxxviii.
and xlix. 8-12.
CH. XXX, 1-24,
1. envied] The desire for children and the dread of the reproach
of childlessness are frequently referred to in Scripture, e.g. 1 Sam. i.
In this chapter the childlessness of Rachel should be compared with
 GENESIS XXX. 1-9 303
children, or else I die. And Jacob's anger was kindled 2 E
against Rachel : and he said,. Am I in God's stead, who
hath withheld from thee the fruit of the womb? And she 3
said, Behold my maid Bilhah, go in unto her; that she may
bear upon my knees, and I also may 1 obtain children by
her. I And she gave him Bilhah her handmaid to wife : and 4 J
Jacob went in unto her. And Bilhah conceived, and bare 5
Jacob a son. I And Rachel said, God hath 2 judged me, and 6 E
hath also heard my voice, and hath given me a son: there-
fore called she his name Dan. I And Bilhah Rachel's 7 J
handmaid conceived again, and bare Jacob a second son.
And Rachel said, With 3 mighty wrestlings have I 4 wrestled 8
with my sister, and have prevailed: and she called his name
Naphtali. When Leah saw that she had left bearing, she 9
t Heb. be builded by her. 2 Heb. dan, he judged.
3 Heb. wrestlings of God. ' Heb. niphtal, he wrestled.
that of Sarah and Rebekah (xvi. 5, xxv. 21). It is part of the discipline
of the covenant.
2. Am I in God's stead] See I. 19. For God as the author and giver
of human life, cf. xvi. 2, xxix. 31; 1 5am. i, 5. A similar exclamation
occurs in 2 Kings v. 7.
3, bear upon my knees] By this phrase Rachel means that she will
recognize and adopt as her own the children by her handmaid, Bilhah.
For the phrase, cf. I. 23; Job iii. 12. The child being received on the
knees of the parent was regarded as being accepted into the family.
The words retain the trace of a primitive ceremony of legitimatization
and adoption.
obtain children] Heb. be builded by her. The same figure of a house
is used by Sarah, referring to Hagar in xvi. 2, where see note.
6. judged] Heb. dan, "he judged." When Rachel says " he has
judged me," she means "God has decided in my favour." For this
use of "judge" in the sense of "vindicate," cf. Ps. xliii. 1, "Judge
me, 0 God, and plead my cause"; !iv. 1, "Save me, 0 God, ... and
judge me." The name "Dan" is possibly an abbreviation of a longer
form, such as Daniel, and Abidan (Numb. i. II),
Dan and Naphtali, as Bilhah's children, are associated with the
Rachel children in tribal history; cf. Judg. v. .
8. mighty wrestlings] Heb. wrestlings of God. The "wresthngs
of God" may mean either "mighty wrestlings," '' of God" being added
as an intensive or superlative. (cf. xxiii. 6, "a mighty prince"); or
"wrestlings," i.e. "strugglings in prayer for God's blessing" of chil-
dren. The original meaning has probably been lost.
wrestled] Lit. "twisted myself," Tlie participle nipht{i/ means
_"crooked" (Prov. viii. 8).
 GENESIS XXX. 9-15
J took Zilpah her handmaid, and gave her to Jacob to wife.
:~ And Zilpah Leah's handmaid bare Jacob a son. And Leah
12 said, 1 Fortunate ! and she called his name 2 Gad. And
13 Zilpah Leah's handmaid bare Jacob a second son. And
Leah said, 3 Happy am I! for the daughters will •call me
14 happy: and she called his name Asher. And Reuben went
in the days of wheat harvest, and found ~mandrakes in the
field, and brought them unto his mother Leah. Then
Rachel said to Leah, Give me, I pray thee, of thy son's
15 mandrakes. And she said unto her, Is it a small matter
that thou hast taken away my husband? and wouldest
thou take away my son's mandrakes also? And Rachel
1 Heb. With Fortune I Another reading is, Fortune is come.
~ That is, Fortune. 3 Heb. With my happiness I 4 Heb. asher,
to call happy. 6 Or, love-apples

11. Fortunate] Heb. with fo,'tune ! Another reading is, Fortune

is come. The versions (LXX ev -ruxv=" with fortune," Lat. feliciter)
follow the reading of the Hebrew text (Ke'thtb). The other reading,
followed by the Massoretic tradition (Ft:ri), is found in the Targum of
Onkelos. Gad seems to have been the name of an ancient Aramaean
god of fortune, whose worship existed among the Canaanites. Cf. the
names Baal-gad (Josh. xi. 17), and Migdal-gad (Josh. xv. 37).' The
Jews in Babylon made offerings to this god of good fortune; cf. Isa.
!xv. II, In Judg. v. 17, Gilead takes the place of Gad.
13. call me happy] Heb. asher, to call happy. The "daughters"
are probably the daughters of the land. Cf. Song of Songs vi. 9, '' the
daughters saw her and called her blessed" ; cf. Luke i. 48. These two
Hebrew traditional etymologies do not exclude the possibility that
the names of Asher and Gad may have been drawn from the names
of primitive gods of prosperity. Asher, or Aseru, appears in Egyptian
inscriptions of the time of Rameses II (14th cent. B.c.) as the name of
a district in N.W. Palestine.
14. mandrakes] R.V. marg. love-apples. The mandrake (man-
dragora vernalis) is a tuberous plant, with yellow plumlike fruit. It
was supposed to act as a love-charm. It ripens in May, which suits
the mention (v. 14) of wheat harvest. It has an odour of musk; cf.
Song of Songs vii. 13, "the mandrakes give -forth fragrance." It
has been coujectured that the word duda'im is connected with the
name of Dudah, the love-god ·mentioned on the inscription of Mesha
(line 12); that Reubenites, adjoining the Moabites, were worshippers
of Dudah; and that, on this account, Reuben is spoken of as the
finder of the love-apples. The mandrake is called by the native in-
habitants of Palestine baid eljinn, "the eggs of the jinn."
 GENESIS XXX. 15-23 305
said, Therefore he shall lie with thee to-night for thy J
son's mandrakes. And Jacob came from the field in the 16
evening, and Leah went out to meet him, and said, Thou
must come in unto me; for I have surely hired thee with my
son's mandrakes. And he lay with her that night. I And 17 E
God hearkened unto Leah, and she conceived, and bare
Jacob a fifth son. And Leah said, God hath given me my 18
1 hire, because I gave my handmaid to my husband : and

she called his name Issachar. And Leah conceived again, 19

and bare a sixth son to Jacob. And Leah said, God hath 20
endowed me with a good dowry; I now will my husband J
2 dwell with me, because I have borne him six sons: I and E
she called his name Zebulun. And afterwards she bare a 21
daughter, and called her name Dinah. And God remem- 22
bered Rachel, and God hearkened to her, and opened her
womb. And she conceived, and bare a son: and said, God 23
1 Heb. sachar. 1 ~eb. zabal, he dwelt,

18. hire] Heb. stlchtlr="wages," "reward."

Issachar] The name receives a twofold explanation, in its deri-
vation from stlchtlr : ( 1) as the passive of the verb, in the sense of "he
shall be hired or rewarded"; (2) as the combination of ish, "man,"
and stlchtlr, "hire," i.e. "a man of hire." Inv. 16 Leah "hires"
Jacob with the mandrakes given to Rachel; in v. 18 she calls Issachar
the "hire" or wage, which she receives for giving Zilpah to Jacob.
20. dwell] Heb. zabal, "he dwelt." In this verse we have two
explanations of the name " Zebulun." In the first clause Leah says
'' God has endowed (zabad) me with a good dowry (zebed)" ; cf. the
names Zabdi (Jos. vii. 1) and Zebedee (Mark i. ·19). In the second
clause the derivation is taken from the word zabal, " he dwelt."
Presumably both popular etymologies were current. The interchange
of d and l sounds is well known ; cf. od.Kpvov = Lat. lachryma. As-
syriologists suggest a derivation from the Assyrian zabalu, '' lift up,"
''exalt,'' ''honour."
The two tribes of Issachar and Zebulun occupied adjoining territories.
21. Dinah] This name must have been similar in meaning to that
of Dan ; cf. v. 6. This is the only daughter of Jacob whose name is
mentioned. The "daughters " in xxxvii. 35, xlvi. 7, may have been
daughters-in-law.
It is noticeable that no mention ·of Dinah is made in xxxii. 21, where
Jacob's "eleven children" are spoken of; and it has been sugg~sted
that her name here is a later editorial insertion to harmonize the hst of
children with the story of eh. xxxiv.
GENESIS :illO
 3o6 GENESIS XXX. 23-27
E.J 24 hath taken away my reproach : I and she called his name
Joseph, saying, The LORD 'add to me another son.
25 And it came to pass, when Rachel had borne Joseph,
that Jacob said unto Laban, Send me away, that I may go
26 unto mine own place, and to my country. Give me my
wives and my children for whom I have served thee, and
let me go : for thou knowest my service wherewith I have
27 served thee. And Laban said unto him, If now I have
found favour in thine eyes, tarry: for I have divined that
I Heb. ;oseph.

23. God hath taken away] The Hebrew for "hath taken away"
(lisaph) is clearly regarded as one etymology of the name Joseph.
my reproach] See note on v. r. Cf. lsa. iv. r, "Take thou away
our reproach"; Luke i. 25, "to take away my reproach among men."
24. add] Heb.josi'ph. This clause gives another etymology of the
name Joseph from ylisaph, "he bath added." These two traditional
interpretations of the name are taken, the one from E, the other from
J narrative. According to E, the name means asaph Elolzim, "God
hath taken away"; according to J, it means yiJseph fehovah, "may
Jehovah add." This name is very possibly to be read in the list of
Thothmes III (No. 78) asJoseph-el ( Ysp'r); seep. 273. Similarly Yasu-
pili appears in documents of Hammurabi's time as a proper name.

25-43 (J, E). JACOB's WAGES,

In this passage and in the following chapter Laban is depicted in

the Israelite narrative as the typical Aramaean, a crafty, selfish,
grasping man of business. Jacob, however, in spite of Laban's
duplicity, prospers exceedingly. By greater cunning he outwits Laban
•himself, and God gives him protection and prosperity.
26. nzy wives and nzy children] Jacob's request implies that Laban
as the head of the family possessed control over his married daughters
and their children, who were included in Jacob's wages.
27. if now I have found, &c.] Cf. xviii. 3, xxxiii. 10 (J). Laban's
sentence is unfinished. The words "tarry: for" are inserted to com-
plete the aposeiopesis. Laban wishes to retain Jacob, and to propitiate
him with flattering words. The bargain so far has been all in his
favour.
I have divined] Lit. "I have observed signs." The word occurs
in xliv. 5, 15, where it is used of obtaining an answer by means of magic.
Here Laban means he has ''discerned" by clear indications. Perhaps
there may be a reference to the custom of consulting the household gods
or teraphim. Cf. xxxi. 19. LXX olwvuraµ,7111, Lat. experi1Jlento didici.
See also I ltings xx. 33 marg-.
 GENESIS XXX. 27-33
the LORD hath blessed me for thy sake. And he said, 28 J
Appoint me thy wages, and I will give it. And he said 29
unto him, Thou knowest how I have served thee, and how
thy cattle hath fared with me. For it was little which thou 30
hadst before I came, and it hath 1 increased unto a multi-
tude; and the LORD hath blessed thee 2 whithersoever I
turned : and now when shall I provide for mine own house
also? And he said, What shall I give thee? And Jacob 31
said, Thou shalt not give me aught: if thou wilt do this
thing for me, I will again feed thy flock and keep it. I will 32
pass through all thy flock to-day, removing from thence
every speckled and spotted one, and every black one among
the sheep, and the spotted and speckled among the goats :
and of such shall be my hire. So shall my righteousness 33
answer for me hereafter, when thou shalt come concerning
my hire that is before thee : every one that is not speckled

1 Heb. broken fortk. 2 Heb. at my foot.

katk blessed me] This is a new feature in the story, and prepares the
way for the following section.
for tky sake] LXX -rii <TU El<T6i5<j] =''at thy arrival," reading l'ragl' ka
for big' lal ka.
30. increased] Heb. broken fortk. See xxviii. 14.
wkitkersoever I turned] Heb. at my foot. For the same idiom, cf.
Isa. xii. 2 (text and marg.).
32. I will pass, &c.] Jacob's proposal to Laban is that he should
serve for a wage, to be given, not in money, but in animals. The sheep
in Syria are nearly always white, and the goats black; cf. Cant. iv. _r.
Jacob asks that his wage should consist of the sheep that were not
white and the goats that were not black. Laban's flocks would be,
according to this arrangement, the great mass of the animals. To
J acob's share would fall the exceptions, the spotted and black among
the sheep, the spotted and speckled among the goats.
33. my rigkteousness] i.e. my uprightness, honesty, and straightness
of dealing.
answer for me] i.e. "testify with regard to me"; or, better, as in
r Sam. xii. 3, 2 Sam. i. r6, "witness against me."
every one that is not] Jacob promises that, when Laban visits his
flocks, if he shall find among them any quite black goats or white
sheep, he is at liberty to regard them as having been stolen by Jacob.
He might at once seize them.
The compact was all in L,ban's favour; but neither of the men
trusts the other.
20-2
 GENESIS XXX. 33-39
J and spotted among the goats, and black among the sheep,
34 that if found with me shall be counted stolen. And Laban
said, Behold, I would it might be according to thy word.
35 And he removed that day the he-goats that were ringstraked
and spotted, and all the she-goats that were speckled and
spotted, every one that had white in it, and all the black
ones among the sheep, and gave them into the hand of his
36 sons; and he set three days' journey betwixt himself and
37 Jacob: and Jacob fed the rest of Laban's flocks. And
Jacob took him rods of fresh 1 poplar, and of the almond
and of the plane tree ; and peeled white strakes in them,
38 and made the white appear which was in the rods. And he
set the rods which he had peeled over against the flocks in
the gutters in the watering troughs where the flocks came to
39 drink; and they conceived when they came to drink. And
the flocks conceived before the rods, and the flocks brought
1 Or, storax tree
35. into tke kand o; his sons] Laban in accepting J acob's offer
determines to make the very best of the new arrangement. Any parti-
coloured goats, and any black sheep in his flock, "he removed that day,"
and put into the keeping of his own sons, so that they might not after-
wards be claimed by Jacob. Jacob will begin the new term of service
with nothing in his favour. All the sheep that he will tend will be
white, and all the goats black.
36. tkree days' ;ourney] In order to prevent the least possibility of
confusion or of intermingling, Laban separates his sons' flocks by a great
distance from those which Jacob is to tend.
37. poplar] R. V. marg. storax tree. The Hebrew name is libnek,
arid is probably connected with the word laban, meaning "white."
By some it is identified with the styrax officina!is.
plane tree] In the Hebrew 'armon, i.e. "naked," a name derived
from the annual scaling of the bark of the tree. The platanus orientalis
was held in high veneration in the East. Cf. Ezek. xxxi. 8.
white strakes] J acob's trick turns upon the whiteness of the rods;
and this supplies a play upon the name "Laban" (="white"),
who is outwitted by Jacob. The device is said to be well known to
shepherds. "Strake" is Old English for "streak"; cf. Lev. xiv. 37.
38. over against] Jacob places the white peeled rods in front of the
flocks, when they come to drink at the breeding season. It was the
popular belief that such objects, being presented to the eye at such a
season, would be likely to affect the colouring of the progeny.
gutters] This word is explained by the phrase following, "watering
troughs" ; cf. Ex. ii. 16.
 GENESIS XXX. 39-43 309
forth ringstraked, speckled, and spotted. And Jacob 40 J
separated the lambs, I and set the faces of the flocks to- (R)
ward the ringstraked and all the black in the flock of
Laban; I and he put his own droves apart, and put them not J
unto Laban's flock. And it came to pass, whensoever the 41
stronger of the flock did conceive, that Jacob laid the rods
before the eyes of the flock in the gutters, that they might
conceive among the rods; but when the flock were feeble, 42
he put them not in : so the feebler were Laban's, and the
stronger J acob's. And the man increased exceedingly, and 43
had large flocks, and maidservants and menservants, and
camels and asses.
40. set the faces ... Laban] This is a very obscure sentence in the
original. It probably describes a second device practised by Jacob.
At the breediug time he caused the ewes which belonged to Laban
to pasture within view of his own parti-coloured and black animals,
in order to increase the tendency of Laban's flock to produce spotted
and parti-coloured lambs. The difficulty, however, of the language
has made some scholars suppose that the words "and set.. .of Laban"
are 'a gloss. As they stand, they seem to contradict vv. 33, 36, accord-
ing to which Laban had already removed to a distance the parti-coloured
animals.
41. the stronger] A third device on Jacob's part. He is careful,
at the breeding season, to pick out only the finer animals before which
to place the peeled rods. Hence he obtained for his own share the
young of the better animals.
42. the feebler ... the stronger] These words were a difficulty to the
versions. LXX ra a1,r1µa ... ra i1rl,,-11µa, Lat. quae erant serotina ... quae
pn"mi temporis. So Aq. Sym. 1rpwi"µ.a, oy1<µa, and Targum of Onkelos
"early" and "late," referring to the time of breeding. The earlier
breeding sheep were the stronger. Pliny, H.N., viii. 187, postea concepti
invalidi (quoted by Skinner).
4S. increased exceedingly] Cf. the description of the wealth of
Abraham and -Isaac, xiii. 2, xxiv. 35, xxvi. 13, 14.
Cf. Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice, Act r. Scene iii.:
"Shy. mark what Jacob did.
When Laban and himself were compromised
That all the eanlings which were streak'd and pied
Should fall as Jacob's hire ....
The skilful shepherd peel'd me certain wands, ...
He stuck them up before the fulsome ewes,
Who, then conceiving, did in eaning time
Fall parti-colour'd lambs, and those were Jacob's.
This was a way to thrive, and he w.as blest."
 3JO GENESIS XXXI. 1-7
J 31 And he heard the words of Laban's sons, saying, Jacob
hath taken away all that was our father's ; and of that
E 2 which was our father's hath he gotten all this 1 glory. I And
Jacob beheld the countenance of Laban, and, behold, it
J 3 was not toward him as beforetime. I And the LORD said
unto Jacob, Return unto the land of thy fathers, and to thy
E 4 kindred; and I will be with thee. I And Jacob sent and
5 called Rachel and Leah to the field unto his flock, and said
unto them, I see your father's countenance, that it is not
toward me as beforetime ; but the God of my father hath
6 been with me. And ye know that with all my power I have
7 served your father. And your father hath deceived me,
and changed my wages ten times; but God suffered him not
• Or, wealth

CH. XXXI. (J, E.)

1-21. THE FLIGHT OF JACOB.
22-55. THE PURSUIT OF LABAN, AND THE COVENANT BE•
TWEEN LABAN AND JACOB AT GILEAD.

The greater part of this chapter is taken from E. The discrepancies

between it and the previous chapter are to be explained by the com-
piler's prevalent use in that chapter of J and in this of E.
1. Laban's sons] See xxx. 35. It has hitherto been a contest of
wits between Laban and Jacob. Jacob has had the best of it. Laban's
sons are jealous and thoroughly alienated.
glory] R.V. marg. wealth. The Hebrew word ktlb6d, usually
rendered "honour" or "glory," has sometimes the meaning of
"wealth," as here and Ps. xlix. 17, "for when he dieth he shall
carry nothing away, his glory shall not descend after him." Cf. Isa.
x. 3·
2. the countenance of Laban] Here, and in v. 5, Laban's countenance
toward Jacob is said to be altered. For this idiomatic use of "the
countenance" as expressing feeling, cf. iv. 5.
8. And the LORD said] In a dream ; cf. v. 11.
the land of thy fathers] i.e. Canaan, as the country of Abraham
and Isaac.
I will be with thee] The renewal of the promise of the Divine
Presence made to Jacob in xxviii. 15; cf. xxi. 22, xxvi. 24.
7. changed my wages] The account given in the following passage
differs from that in the preceding chapter, xxx. 25-31. There Jacob
specified the conditions, to which Laban acceded; and then Jacob
resorted to artifice, in order to improve his position. Here it is Laban
that has specified the wages, and arbitrruily changed them (cf. v. 41)
 GENESIS XXXI. 7-13 311

to hurt me. If he said thus, The speckled shall be thy 8 E

wages ; then all the flock bare speckled : and if he said
thus, The ringstraked shall be thy wages; then bare all the
flock ringstraked. Thus God hath taken away the cattle of 9
your father, and given them to me. And it came to pass 10
at the time that the flock conceived, that I lifted up mine
eyes, and saw in a dream, and, behold, the he-goats which
leaped upon the flock were ringstraked, speckled, and
grisled. And the angel of God said unto me in the dream, r r
Jacob : and I said, Here am I. And he said, Lift up now 12
thine eyes, and see, all the he-goats which leap upon the
flock are ringstraked, speckled, and grisled: for I have seen
all that Laban doeth unto thee. I am the God of Beth-el, 13
from time to time. But in every case, by the providence of God, not
by J acob's cleverness, the result has worked out advantageously to
Jacob. In eh. xxx. we had principally, probably, the narrative of
J; in this chapter, that of E is predominantly employed.
ten times] A phrase used to denote frequency, as in v. 41, Numb.
xiv. zz, Neh. iv. 1z, Job xix. 3, by a round number; Lat. decent
vicibus. But LXX, not understanding the Hebrew word rendered
"times" (monzm ), seems to have transliterated it with the rendering
aµ,vwv, "lambs" (or is this for µ,vwv ?), i.e. "ten lambing seasons."
8. If he sat'd thus] Applying to Laban the proposal made by Jacob
in XXX, 3z.
10, i'n a dream] Cf. xx. 3. It is thus revealed to Jacob (vv. 1 0 -
1 z) that the birth, in such numbers, of spotted and parti-coloured young
is due to God's goodness towards him, and in order to requite Laban
(v. rz).
grisled] i.e. "gray" (Fr. gris). This Old English word, now
generally spelt "grizzled," occurs also in Zech. vi. 3, 6. Compare,
in Bacon's Essays, "pusled" for "puzzled."
11, And the angel of God] The vision combines the account of the
events connected with the wages in xxx. 31-42 with the mention of the
Divine word to Jacob in v, 3.
Notice the frequent use of" God" (Elohim), not LORD (Jehovah), in
this chapter, vv. 9, r 1, 16, z4, 4z.
13. the God of Beth-el] i.e. the God who appeared unto thee at
Beth-el; see xxxv. 7. For the mention of the pillar and the vow, s<;e
xxviii. 18-zz. By the words "I am the God of Beth-el," the Angel is
shewn to be not a created angel, but Jehovah Himself in a manifested
form; cf. Ex. xxiii. 20, 21, "Behold, I send an angel befo_r:e thee,..
mv name is in him." See notes on xvi. 10, xxi. 17, 18, xxu. u, 1'2,
The Hebrew text is ungrammatical: LXX o 0eos o o<f,Ods <To, •r
't07r~ 0eo0.
 GENESIS XXXI. 13-19
E where thou anointedst a pillar, where thou vowedst a vow
unto me: now arise, get thee out from this land, and return
14 unto the land of thy nativity. And Rachel and Leah
answered and said unto him, Is there yet any portion or
15 inheritance for us in our father's house? Are we not
counted of him strangers? for he hath sold us, and hath
16 also quite devoured 1 our money. For all the riches which
God hath taken away from our father, that is ours and our
children's : now then, whatsoever God hath said unto thee,
17 do. Then Jacob rose up, and set his sons and his wives
P 18 upon the camels; and he carried away all his cattle, / and
all his substance which he had gathered, the cattle of his
getting, which he had gathered in Paddan-aram, for to go to
E 19 Isaac his father unto the land of Canaan. / Now Laban was
gone to shear. his sheep : and Rachel stole the teraphim
1 Or, the price paid for us

14. Is there yet] i.e. "we have no reason any longer to expect."
Leah and Rachel had both been alienated from their father by his
disregard of their feelings and by his mean grasping policy.
portion or inheritance] A proverbial phrase: see 2 Sam. xx. 1 ;
1 Kings xii. 16.
15. strangers] i.e. foreigners, people of another kindred or
country.
sold us] Referring to the bargain by which Jacob had obtained his
two wives at the price of fourteen years' service (xxix. 15-20, 27).
our money] Better, as marg., the price paid for us. Laban had
taken to himself the full profits of J acob's fourteen years' service as the
gift, or mohar, to the bride's family; but had assigned nothing of it
as the dowry or gift to the two brides. Cf. xxiv. 53. This conduct
they imply was contrary to usual custom, and was part of his stingi-
ness, It was too late now to expect him to give anything back.
18 (P). all his substance] It would appear that this verse, taken
from P, is the brief summary of J acob's departure given in that narra-
tive. The words for "substance" and "his getting," the mention of
"Paddan-aram," and the redundancy of the language, are characteristic
of P.
to Isaac his father] The narrative of JE (xxvii. 1, xxviii. 21) would
suggest that Isaac had died long previously.
19. gone to shear his sheep] Jacob selected, as an opportune moment
for flight, Laban's absence from home and attendance at the important
festival of sheep-shearing. Among shepherds this was an occasion of
feasting, which lasted several days. Cf. 1 Sam. xxv. 2, 7, II; 2 Sam,
 GENESIS XXXI. 19-23
that were her father's. And Jacob 1 stole away unawares to 20 E
Laban the Syrian, in that he told him not that he fled. So 21
he fled with all that he had; and he rose up, and passed
over 2 t11e River, and set his face toward the mountain of
Gilead.
A·nd it was told Laban on the third day that Jacob was 22
fled. And he took his brethren with him, and pursued 23
after him seven days' journey; and he overtook him in the
1 Heb. stole the heart of Laban the Aramean.
2 That is, the Euphrates.

xiii. 13. Jacob, by seizing this opportunity, is able to get clear away,
cross the Euphrates, and start homewards.
the teraphim] The terapkim were the household gods, like the
Latin Penates, sometimes small in size, as would appear from this
verse and vv. 30, 34 ; but sometimes, as is to be inferred from
1 Sam. xix. 13, large enough to be shaped like human figures.
Their presence in the houses of Israelites was common; cf. Judg.
xvii. 4, 5 ; Hos. iii. 4. But they seem to have been a source of super•
stition. The narrative in xxxv. 1, 1 Sam. xv. 13, 1 Kings xxiii. 14,
shews that their use was opposed to the best spirit of Israelite religion.
The versions here render " teraphim " by "idols," LXX Ta. eEowX«,
Lat. idola.
The mention of them here and in xxxv. 1-4 seems to connect their
use with Aramaean influences. There is no reference to them in the
story of Abraham and Isaac. Rachel hopes to bring with her the good
genius of her own home.
20. stole away, &c.] Heb. stole the heart of Laban the Aramean.
Cf. v. 16. Jacob outwitted Laban; fled secretly, and got three days'
start. For the phrase, cf. the Greek Khf11"TELV voiiv, "to steal the
mind," i.e. to deceive; see 1 Sam. xv. 6.
21. the River] i.e. the Euphrates. See note on xv. 18. Cf. Ps.
lxxii. 8, "from the River unto the ends of the earth." " Haran "
(xxiv. 4) was Laban's home.
toward the mountain of Gilead] i.e. towards the hill-country on the
east side of Jordan. The name '' Gilead" is here used in its widest
application.

22-55. THE PURSUIT OF LABAN, &c.

23. his brethren] i.e. the men of his kindred and clan, as in
vv. 15, 31. Jacob is similarly attended; cf. vv. 37, 46, 54, xxiv. _6o.
seven days' journey] The distance from Haran to the land ~f Gilead
for a company with flocks and herds would require a longer time. It
, is computed to be over 300 mile~ in a straight line. But we do not
 GENESIS XXXI. 23-29
E 24 mountain of Gilead. And God came to Laban the Syrian
in a dream of the night, and said unto him, Take heed to
thyself that thou speak not to Jacob either good or bad.
25 And Laban came up with Jacob. Now Jacob had pitched
his tent in the mountain : and Laban with his brethren
26 pitched in the mountain of Gilead. And Laban said to
Jacob, What hast thou done, _that thou hast stolen away
unawares to me, and carried away my daughters as captives
27 of the sword? Wherefore didst thou flee secretly, and
1
steal away from me; and didst not tell me, that I might
have sent thee away with mirth and with songs, with tabret
28 and with harp; and hast not suffered me to kiss my sons
29 and my daughters? now hast thou done foolishly. It is in
the power of my hand to do you hurt : but the God of
1 Heb. didst steal me,
need to be very exacting about geographical accuracy in old-world
popular stories.
The point to notice is that Jacob was encumbered with his flocks and
herds and household, and that Laban, travelling without encumbrance
in pursuit, overtook him in ten days from his flight.
24. And God came] Cf. v. I r. For this revelation to Laban the
Syrian, compare the revelation to Abimelech, king of Gerar, in xx, 3.
It is God, not the "angel of God" (v. II), who appears to Laban.
either,i;ood or bad] A phrase used by Laban himself in xxiv. 50.
25, in the mountain] Very probably the_name has dropped out of
the text. We should expect a proper name to balance "the mountain
of Gilead" in the second clause. The opposing camps were lodged on
hill-tops over against each other. Perhaps Mizpah, mentioned in v. 49,
was the name that is here missing.
26, What hast thou done?] Cf. iv. 10. Laban's reproach in vv. 26-
30 is expressed in terms of forbearance and injured innocence : why
had Jacob fled secretly? why not suffer himself to be dismissed with
dignity? For the sake of the God of Isaac Laban will say no more,
but he must protest against the theft of his household gods.
27. steal away from me] Heh. didst steal me; cf. v. 20.
sent thee away] The same word· as in xii. 20, "And they brought
him on the way." The suggestion of a musical accompaniment is
rhetorical. The "tabret" (toph) is the "timbrel" or "tambourine."
28. sons ... daughters] Laban's grandchildren; cf. vv. 43, 55.
29. in the power of my hand] A Hebrew idiom occurring in Deut,
xxviii. 32, Neh. v. 5, Prov. iii. 27, Micah ii. r. The word "power" is
"El," usually rendered "God"; in this idiom it denotes "power" 01
" might " in the abstract.
 GENESIS XXXI. 29-36 315
your father spake unto me yesternight, saying, Take heed to E
thyself that thou speak not to Jacob either good or bad.
And now, though thou wouldest needs be gone, because 30
thou sore longedst after thy father's house, yet wherefore .
hast thou stolen my gods? And Jacob answered and said to 31
Laban, Because I was afraid: for I said, Lest thou should est
take thy daughters from me by force. With whomsoever 32
thou findest thy gods, he shall not live: before our brethren
discern thou what is thine with me, and take it to thee.
For Jacob knew not that Rachel had stolen them. And 33
Laban went into Jacob's tent, and into Leah's tent, and
into the tent. of the two maidservants; but he found them
not. And he went out of Leah's tent, and entered into
Rachel's tent. Now Rachel had taken the teraphim, and 34
put them in the camel's furniture, and sat upon them. And
Laban felt about all the tent, but found them not. And she 35
said to her father, Let not my lord be angry that I cannot
rise up before thee; for the manner of women is upon me.
And he searched, but found not the teraphim. And Jacob 36
was wroth, and chode with Laban: and Jacob answered and
said to Laban, What is my trespass? what is my sin, that

the God of your father] Laban's conscience smites hi!fi, as is implied

by the vision recorded in v. 24.
30. though thou wouldest needs be gone] Lit. "thou art actually
gone."
niy gods] "My Elohim, or god," here in the sense of the figures
of the household gods, as in Judg. xviii. 24, and possibly in Exod. xxi.
6, xxii. 7, 8, xxxii. 1.
31. I was afraid] J acob's defence is brief : ( 1) he fled because he
could not trust Laban, who, he thought, would keep his daughters by
force ; (2) as to the teraphini, he was innocent ; if any of his party had
stolen them, they should be punished by death.
32. our brethren] Cf. v. 23.
33. tent] Four tents are mentioned, one occupied by Jacob, one
each by Leah and Rachel, and one by handmaidens. LXX renders by
olKov= ''house."
34. the camel's furniture] By this is probably meant the wicker
framework of the camel's saddle, with its trappings and hangings,
LXX Ta <1a-yµ.o.Ta, Lat. stramenta.
35. rise] i.e. in honour to her father. For the custom of rising to
do honour to age, see Lev. xix. 32.
36. trespass ... sin] i.e. (a) the particular outrage against the rights of
 316 GENESIS XXXI. 36-42
E 37 thou hast hotly pursued after me? Whereas thou hast felt
about all my stuff, what hast thou found of all thy house-
hold stuff? Set it here before my brethren and thy brethren,
38 that they may judge betwixt us two. This twenty years
have I been with thee; thy ewes and thy she-goats have not
cast their young, and the rams of thy flocks have I not
39 eaten. That which was torn of beasts I brought not unto
thee; I bare the loss of it; of my hand didst thou require
40 it, whether stolen by day or stolen by night. Thus I was ;
in the day the drought consumed me, and the frost by
4r night; and my sleep fled from mine eyes. These twenty
years have I been in thy house; I served thee fourteen
years for thy two daughters, and six years for thy flock: and
42 thou hast changed my wages ten times. Except the God of
my father, the God of Abraham, and the Fear of Isaac, had
been with me, surely now hadst thou sent me away empty.
God hath seen mine affliction and the labour of my hands,
kinship, and {b) moral offence generally. Jacob regards the charge of the
theft of the teraphim as a mere pretext, devised by Laban in order to
ransack his goods. For the word rendered "trespass," ''transgression,"
"rebellion," cf. I. 17; 1 Sam. xxiv. n; 1 Kings xii. r9; 2 Kings viii. 20.
38. This twenty years] Jacob's indignant protest proclaims {1) his
length of service, (2) his perfect honesty, (3) his unr,omplaining en-
durance of hamship, in spite of capricious changes in his wage. And
now that he has left Haran, it was only because of God's mercy, and
not through Laban's kindness, that he did not go empty-handed.
39. I brought not unto thee] Jacob allowed himself to be the loser
by the animals that were killed by wild beasts. Instead of bringing the
-mangled remains so that their value might not be deducted, he cheerfully
bore the full loss: see Ex. xxii. 12, 13; Amos iii. 12. Jacob had ex-
ceeded the standard of fairness which was required by custom : " I bare
the loss of it," i.e. "I used to make myself responsible for the loss."
40. drought .. frost] The extremes of midday heat and midnight
frost. For the variations of temperature, cf. Jer. xxxvi. 30.
41. ten times] Cf. v. 7.
42. the God of my father] Cf. v. 5.
the Fear of Isaac] Cf. v. 5~• A remarkable phrase, denoting the
personal God who was the object of Isaac's worship. Cf. Isa. viii.
13, "Neither fear ye their fear. The LORD of Hosts .. .let him be your
fear.'' It clearly shews not that Isaac was regarded as a deity; but
that He whom Isaac feared was the true God of Jacob.
sent me away empty] A regular phrase for destitution; cf. Joh xxii.
9; Luke i. 53.
 GENESIS XXXI. 42-48 317
and rebuked thee yesternight. And Laban answered and 43 E
said unto Jacob, The daughters are my daughters, and the
children are my children, and the flocks are my flocks, and
all that thou seest is mine : and what can I do this day unto
these my daughters, or unto their children which they have
borne? And now come, let us make a covenant, I and 44
thou; and let it be for a witness between me and thee.
And Jacob took a stone, and set it up for a pillar. I And !i J
Jacob said unto his brethren, Gather stones; and they took
stones, and made an heap : and they did eat there by the
heap. I And Laban called it 1 Jegar-sahadutha: but Jacob 47 (R)
called it 2 Galeed. I And Laban said, This heap is witness 4s J
1 That is, The heap of wz"tness, in Aramaic.
2 That is, The heap of witness, in Hebrew.
rebuked thee] Cf. v. 29.
43. my daughters] Laban's reply, consisting of the claim of
complete parental control over Leah and Rachel and their children
and their husband's flocks, is no sort of reply to Jacob's complaint.
44~ a covenant] Cf. xxvi. 28.
a witness] Heb. 'ed. This word gives the keynote to the trans-
action, and introduces the play on the word Gilead in v. 47. But "a
covenant" is not "a witness." Surely some words have dropped out.
Several commentators suggest : " And let us make a heap, and Jet it be
for a witness."
46. Jacob] The name "Jacob" is here almost certainly a gloss.
We should read either "and he took a stone," or "and Laban took
a stone." In v. 5 r Laban says that he set up the pillar or maffebak.
Laban erects the pillar ; Jacob makes the heap of stones.
a pillar] Heb. mauebak. As Jacob had done at Bethel,
xxviii. r8.
46. kis bretkren] i.e. his followers and companions; see vv.
23, 32.
an heap] Heb. gal. What we should now call a "cairn," on the
top of a mountain. Lat. tumulus.
47. And Laban ;alled it] This verse, which anticipates and does
not agree with vv. 48 and 49, must be a learned gloss.
Laban tke Syrian (cf. v. 20, xxviii. 5) gives an Aramaic name, Jacob
the Hebrew gives a Hebrew name. In the region of Gilead, in later
times, both languages were probably spoken 1.
l "Pillars of testimony'' occur to-day in groups at many places, especially where
the traveller first catches sight of some sacred spot. Thereupon he sets ?to~es one
upon the other in the shape of a column, and says, "Oh, so and so (mentiomng the
name of the saint whose we/£ he sees), as I by this bear testimony to thee, so do thou
bear testimony to me in the day of judgment" (Peters, Et;1,rly Hebrew Story, P• III f.).
 GENESIS XXXI. 48-52
J between me and thee this day. Therefore was the name
of it called Galeed : and 1 Mizpah, for he said, The LORD
49
watch between me and thee, when we are 2 absent one from
50 another. If thou shalt afflict my daughters, and if thou
shalt take wives beside my daughters, no man is with us;
E 51 see, God is witness betwixt me and thee. I And Laban said
to Jacob, Behold this heap, and behold the pillar, which I
52 have set betwixt me and thee. This heap be witness, and
1 That is, The watch-tower. 2 Heb. hidden.
48. Therefore was the name, &c.] A popular etymology thus
accounted for the name "Gilead" by derivation from "Galeed."
Probably, some well-known "cairn" on the hill-frontier of Gilead was
the reputed scene of the compact between Laban and Jacob. That
border feuds were waged between Aramaeans and Israelites, and that
the boundaries between the two nations were marked by cairns, is
indicated in this story.
49. Mispah] That is, The watch-tower. Cf. J udg. xi. 29, "Mizpeh
of Gilead," and v. 34, "Mizpah." Probably a common name for a
height. The mention of this name comes in very abruptly at this
point, and may be a gloss. The Sam. reads ma,rebah, LXX Kai 1/
Bpmm= "the vision." It has been suggested that the high point here
indicated might be the Rammath-mizpeh of Josh. xiii. 25, or the Mizpah
in Gilead of Jndg. xi. II, A third name for "the heap of stones" is
very awkward, and the grammar barely tolerable. The text has under-
gone some dislocation.
The LORD] LXX I, 8e6s. Jehovah is the third party in the solemn
contract : He is witness ; He will uphold the right, and punish the
violator of the bond ; cf. xvi. 5.
between me and thee] The cairn on the hill is to be the witness of
the covenant between two sets of people separated at a distance from
one another, and tempted to take advantage of one another. The
popular use of the word Mizpah, based on this verse, ignores the
context, and, in particular, v. 50. God is here invoked, because of
the mutual distrust of the two parties, to watch lest one or the other
should violate the compact.
absent] Heb. hidden, i.e. "separated and out of sight."
50. wives beside my daughters] So that Leah and Rachel may not
be exposed to the risk of any indignity. "Afflict," cf. "dealt hardly"
(xvi. 6).
51. heap ... set] Jacob had caused the heap to be collected ; Laban
had erected the pillar : see note on v. 45. Two compacts are made :
(1) Jacob will not ill-treat Laban's daughters, v. 50; (2) neither Laban
nor Jacob will pass the boundary heap of stones to do the other harm,
v. 52. The heap of stones and the pillar are the witness of the agree-
ment.
 GENESIS XXXI. 52-55
the pillar be witness, that I will not pass over this heap to E
thee, and that thou shalt not, pass over this heap and this
pillar unto me, for harm. The God of Abraham, and the 53
God of Nahor, the 1 God of their father, judge betwixt us.
And Jacob sware by the Fear of his father Isaac. And 54
Jacob offered a sacrifice in the mountain, and called his
brethren to eat bread : and they did eat Lread, and tarried
all night in the mountain. And early in the morning Laban 55
rose up, and kissed his sons and his daughters, and blessed
them : and Laban departed, and returned unto his place.
1 Or, gods
53. The God of Abraham ... Nahor] The verb "judge" is in the
plural. See note on xx. r 3 for the rare use of the plural verb with
"Elohim." Laban speaks of the God of Abraham, i.e. of the
Hebrews in Canaan, and of the God of Nahor, i.e. of the Hebrews
in Haran, and as a Syrian may possibly -have regarded them as dis-
tinct deities. The plural with Elohim is found in xx. 13, xxxv. 7.
the God of their father] R.V. marg. gods. These words are not
found in the LXX and some Hebrew MSS., and are probably a gloss.
If they are omitted, the God of Abraham and the God of Nahor were
treated in the original form of the narrative as separate, not identical,
deities,
the Fear of his father Isaac] See note on v. 42.
54. offered a sacrijice] Lit. "killed a sacrifice." The killing of
an animal for sacrifice was the occasion of a feast. The sacrifice
consisted not only in an offering to the Deity, but also in the eating
of portions of the sacrificial victim by both the contracting parties of
the covenant ; cf. xxvi. 30.
eat bread] i.e. to take a meal. To partake of food together was
the sign of restored friendship and trust between disputing parties.
55. sons and... daughters] Cf. vv. 28, 43. His grandchildren as
well as his two daughters.
unto his place] i.e. his home in Haran; cf. xviii. 33; Num.
xxiv. 25.

CH. XXXII. (J, E.) JACOB AT MAHANAIM AND PENUEL.

1-2. JACOB AT MAHANAiM,

3-12. THE APPROACH OF ESAU, AND JACOB'S PRAYER,
13-21. JACOB's PRESENT TO ESAU,
22-32. JACOB'S WRESTLING WITH THE ANGEL,
In this section vv. 1 and 2 are from E; 3-13• from J (notice the
, different explanations given of the origin of the_ name " Mahanaim " in
 320 GENESIS XXXII. r-4
E 32 And Jacob went on his way, and the angels of God met
2 him. And Jacob said when he saw them, This is God's
host : and he called the name of that place 1 Mahanaim.

J 3 And Jacob sent messengers before him to Esau his

4 brother unto the land of Seir, the field of Edom. And he

l That is, Two hosts, or, companies.

v. 2 and in=· 7, 8); 'll'll, 13b-21 are very probably from E, since 21b
seems to take up the thread of 13•.
1, the angels of God] See note on xxviii. 12. The appearance of
the angels to Jacob on his return from Haran, as on his journey thither,
gives him the assurance of God's presence. In chap. xxviii. it was a
dream ; here we are told the angels "met him."
2. This is God's host] The Heb. word for "host" (maffeaneh) is
usually, and ought here to be, rendered "camp." The angels are re-
garded as the warriors of Jehovah; cf. the narrative in Josh. v. 13-15,
and 1 Kings xxii. 19; Ps. ciii. 21, cxlviii. 2.
Mahanaim] That is, Two hosts, or, companies. The termination
-aim denotes the dual. Possibly Jacob here refers to the two " com-
panies," or "encampments," one of the angels, and the other of his
own followers. The LXX renders 1rapeµ,{J0Xal =''camps"; Lat. Ma-
hanaim, id est, Castra, without. reference to the dual number. For
another derivation of the nai:ne, see on =· 7, 10.
Mahanaim was in later times a place of considerable importance.
During Absalom's rebellion it was the residence and head-quarters of
David; see z Sam. xvii. 24, 27. Cf. z Sam. ii. 8, 12, 29; I Kings ii. 8.
The site is uncertain: from v. 11 it would appear to be not far from the
banks of the Jordan, and from v •. 22 to lie north of the J abbok (modern
Zerka). In Josh. xiii. 26-30, it appears to lie on the confines of Gad
and Manasseh.

3-12 (J). THE APPROACH OF EsAu, AND JACOB's PRAYER.

3. the land of Seir] This name for the country occupied by the
Edomites (xiv. 6) seems to mean the "shaggy," or" rough,"" forest-
covered" country; see xxxiii. 14, 16, xxxvi. 8. It is applied not only
to the mountains on the east of the Arabah de.sert, but also to the
mountain country of the Arabah and the southern borders of Palestine.
the .field of Edom] The future home of Esau's descendants is here
so called by a not unnatural anachronism. Cf. xiv. 7, "the country of
the Amalekites" ; xxi. 34, "the land of the Philistines."
The descriftion of the country by the twofold name " land of Seir "
and "field o Edom" indicates the two sources of the narrative.
 GENESIS XXXII. 4-10 321

commanded them, saying, Thus shall ye say unto my lord J

Esau; Thus saith thy servant Jacob, I have sojourned
with Laban, and stayed until now : and I have oxen, and 5
asses and flocks, and menservants and maidservants : and
I have sent to tell my lord, that I may find grace in thy
sight. And the messengers returned to Jacob, saying, 6
We came to thy brother Esau, and moreover he cometh to
meet thee, and four hundred men with him. Then Jacob 7
was greatly afraid and was distressed: and he divided the
people that was with him, and the flocks, and the herds,
and the camels, into two companies; and he said, If Esau 8
come to the one company, and smite it, then the company
which is left shall escape. And Jacob said, 0 God of my 9
father Abraham, and God of my father Isaac, 0 LoRD,
which saidst unto me, Return unto thy country, and to thy
kindred, and I will do thee good : 1 I am not worthy of 10
the least of all the mercies, and of all the truth, which thou
1 Heh. I am less than all &c.
4. my lord Esau] Jacob adopts the language of extreme courtesy
and respect. Cf. xviii. 3, xliii. 20, xliv. 18.
6. find grace] CC. xviii. 3, xxxiii. 8, 15, xxxiv. II, xlvii. 25. Jacob
hopes to be reconciled and desires to propitiate his brother. He has
not forgotten his brother's threats (xxvii. 41).
6. four hundred men] Where Esau was, and how he had become
the head of a force of four hundred men, is not related, but may have
formed part of another narrative. His intentions, if not hostile, are
suspicious (cf. xxxiii. 4).
7. two companies] The word for "companies" is the same as that
rendered "host" in v. z, except_that it occurs in the plural (makanoth).
This is evidently another explanation of the origin of the name
Mahanaim. It is a pity that the same word, "camp," has not been
used here and in vv. 2, 8, 10, 21, in order to bring out the two etymo-
logies that were current.
9. 0 God, &c.] Jacob's prayer consists of (1) an invocation;
(2) a reminder of the promise; (3) a humble acknowledgment of
mercies; (4) an entreaty ta) for protection, and (b) for the fulfilment of
the covenant promise. Jacob's prayer, followed by the symbolic scene
of the wrestling with the angel (vv. 24-32), is an indication that,
through discipline, the patriarch's character has been made rea~y for the
exercise of the faith of which it was capable, and for submisslfn to t~c
Will which it had begun to recognize. The absence of confession of Sill
has been remarked upon. The self-sufficiency still lingers; sec v. u.
which saidrt] The reference is to xxxi. 3.
10. I am not worthy] Heb. I am less than-all, &c. The meaning
GENESIS 21
 322 GENESIS XXXII. 10--16

J hast shewed unto thy servant; for with my staff I passed

over this Jordan; and now I am become two companies.
u Deliver me, I pray thee, from the hand of my brother,
from the hand of Esau : for I fear him, lest he come and
12 smite me, the mother with the children. And thou saidst,
I will surely do thee good, and make thy seed as the sand
13 of the sea, which cannot be numbered for multitude. And
. he lodged there that night ; and took of that which he had
14 with him a present for Esau his brother; two hundred she-
goats and twenty he-goats, two hundred ewes and twenty
15 rams, thirty milch camels and their colts, forty kine and
16 ten bulls, twenty she-asses and ten foals. And he delivered
them into the hand of his servants, every drove by itself:
is, "I am too small and insignificant to deserve." For this idiom,
cf. iv. 13, xv iii. 14.
mercies ... truth] Seexxiv. 27 1 49: i.e. "manifestations of graciousness
and fidelity."
with my staff] i.e. with only my shepherd's stick (ma#el) in my
hand, Exod. xii. rr; Num. xxii. 27.
I passed over this Jordan] Jacob is on the banks of the J abbok ;
but evidently the distance from the river Jordan was not considerable.
two companies] Heh. mahanoth. Another evident allusion to the
name Mahanaim; cf. vv. z, 7.
11. from the hand ef Esau] Jacob in his prayer makes no reference
to the possible cause of Esau's anger, and expresses no consciousness of,
nor sorrow for, his own wrong-doing towards either Esau or Isaac.
the mother with the childnn] A proverbial phrase for "the mother
and family"; cf. Hos. x. 14.
12. thou saidrt] See xxviii. 14.
as the sand of the sea] See xiii. 16, xxii. 17, and cf. xvi. 10.
1
13--21. JACOB S PRESENT TO ESAU.

13. a present] Heh. min!tah. Cf. xliii. 11, 15. See note on iv. 3.
Jacob hopes that a substantial present will turn away the resentment
of his brother. Prov. xviii. 16, "a man's gift maketh room for him";
xxi. 14 1 " a gift in secret pacifieth anger " ; cf. Abigail's present to
David, 1 Sam. xxv. 18, 27.
14. two hundred, &c.] The numbers here given enable us to form
some idea of the great size of J acob's caravan. The animals are
apparently mentioned in the order of their value, beginning with the
least valuable.
Jacob hopes by the arrival of a succession of gifts to break down
Esau's bitter grudge against him. For "a brother offended," cf. Prov.
xviii. 19.
 GENESIS XXXII. 16-23 323
and said unto his servants, Pass over before me, and put J
a space betwixt drove and drove. 'And he commanded the 17
foremost, saying, When Esau my brother meeteth thee, and
asketh thee, saying, Whose art thou? and whither goest
thou ? and whose are these before thee? then thou shalt 18
say, They be thy servant Jacob's; it is a present sent unto
my lord Esau : and, behold, he also is behind us. And he 19
commanded also the second, and the third, and all that
followed the droves, saying, On this manner shall. ye speak
unto Esau, when ye find him ; and ye shall say, Moreover, 20
behold, thy servant Jacob is behind us. For he said, I will
appease him with the present that goeth before me, and
afterward I will see his face; peradventure he will accept
me. So the present passed over before him : and he himself 21
lodged that night in the company.
And he rose up that night, and took his two wives, and 22
his two handmaids, and his eleven children, and passed
over the ford of Jabbok. And he took them, and sent 23
20. I will appease him] Lit. "I will cover his face," in the sense
of " I will propitiate." The present will so "cover his face," that Esau
cannot look upon Jacob's offence; cf. xx. 16. LXX renders l/;,M«roµa,
,-1, 1rp6,rw1rov au-rov. Cf. Prov. xvi. 14 (the pacifying of a king's wrath
with a gift).
accept me] Lit." lift up my face." Cf. iv. 7, xix. 21; Mai. i. 8.
21. company] Lit. "camp"; cf. v. 7.
22-32, jACOB'S WRESTLING WITH THE ANGEL.
This passage forms the climax of J acob's history. It records the
occasion on which his name is changed to Israel, and describes his per-
sonal meeting with the Divine Being, whose blessing he obtains. The
religious significance of the story turns upon ( 1) the sudden mysterious
wrestling by night; (2) J acob's persistence in his demand for a blessing;
(3) the blessing given, and symbolized by the new name, Israel; (4) the
physical disability, a memorial of acceptance and spiritual victory, and
a symbol of the frailty of earthly strength, in the crisis of life, when
God meets man face to face. See the hymn "Come, 0 thou Traveller
unknown" (Chas. Wesley).
22. the ford of Jabbok] This river, the modern Zerka, is a tributary
of the Jordan on its eastern bank. The narrative does not st~te on
which bank of the Jabbok the angel appeared to Jacob. Accordrng to
v. 22 Jacob had crossed the stream; according to v. 23 he had not.
If, as seems probable, vv. 24-32 follow v. 22 and belong to J (v. 23
, belonging to the E narrative), Jacob met the 11;ngel on the S. bank of
the Jabbok.
21-2
 GENESIS XXXII. 23-28
J 24 them over the stream, and sent over that he had. And
Jacob was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him
25 until the breaking of the day. And when he saw that he
prevailed not against him, he touched the hollow of his
thigh; and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was strained, as he
26 wrestled with him. And he said, Let me go, for the day
breaketh. And he said, I will not let thee go, except thou
27 bless me. And he said unto him, What is thy name? And
28 he said, Jacob. And he said, Thy name shall be called
23. tke streanz] The J abbok is called a " stream" (na~al) in
Dent. iii. 16; Josh. xii. 2. On the word rendered "stream," see note
on xxvi. 17.
24. And Jacob ... alone] It is natural to suppose that Jacob remained
behind to think and to pray at this crisis of his life. He was given over
to anxious fears ; the darkness and loneliness intensified them. The
thought that God had left him, or was opposed to him, overwhelmed him.
tkere wrestled a man] The brevity of the account leaves it unex-
plained, who the man is, how he appeared, and how the contest began.
The word for " wrestled," yM/Jek, is very possibly intended to be
a play on the name of the river Jabbok as if it meant" twisting." In
v. 28, and in Hos. xii. 4, a different word, "to strive," is used for the
" wrestling" of Jacob. It is this scene of " wrestling" which has
become, in the language of spiritual experience, the classical symbol
for "agonizing" in prayer.
25. ke saw] In the narrative, as we have it, these words refer to
the mysterious combatant with whom Jacob wrestled. But the omission
of the subject both in this and the subsequent clause, in the Hebrew as
well as in the English, leaves the meaning ambiguous. That it was
Jacob, and not "the man," who by some trick of wrestling got the
mastery, may have been the version of the story referred to in Hos. xii.
4, "he had power over the angel, and prevailed."
26. tke day breaketk] A survival of the old belief that unearthly
visitants of the night must be gone before daybreak. In Plautus,
Amphitr. 532 f., Jupiter says, "Cur me tenes? Tempus est: exire ex
urbe, priusquam lucescat, volo." Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act 1. Scene i. :
"Ber. It was about to speak, when the cock crew.
Hor. And then it started like a guilty thing."
See note on xix. 15, 23.
except thou bless me] Jacob had suddenly realized, through the touch
of physical suffering, that he was in the grasp of more than mortal
power. He neither shrinks, nor desists, but maintains his hold and
asks for a blessing.
27. Wkat is thy name?] This question, concerning the name which
the Questioner knows, leads up to thP. solemn pronunciation of Jacob's
'new title.
 GENESIS XXXII. 28-30
no more Jacob, bµt 1 Israel : for 2 thou hast •striven with J
God and with men, and hast prevailed. And Jacob asked 29
him, and said, Tell me, I pray thee, thy name. And he
said, Wherefore is it that thou dost ask after my name?
And he blessed him there. And Jacob called the name of 30
the place 'Peniel: for, said he, .I have seen God face to
1 That is, He wko strivetk witk God, or, God strivetk. 2 The
Sept. and Vulgate have, tkou kast had power with God, and tkou shall
vrevail against men. 8 Or, had power with ' That is,
The face of God.
28. Israel] That is, He who strivdh w#h God, or, God stnveth.
The name is clearly a title of victory, from a root meaning "to per-
severe." (a) The meaning seems here to be applied to Jacob as "the
perseverer with God." It is commonly compared with J erubbaal=" he
that striveth with Baal" (Judg. vi. 32). The prophet Hosea gives this
meaning in xii. 3, 4, "in his manhood [or 'strength'] he had power
[or 'persevered,' 'strove'] with God; yea, he had power over the
angel, and prevailed." (b) The meaning, on the analogy of similarly
formed words, would be "El persevereth"; and would be exactly simi-
lar to Seraiah = "J ah perseveres" ; Ishmael=" God hears." .Another
suggested derivation is from sar=" prince." See another account of
the origin of the name "Israel" given by P in xxxv. 10.
The narrative of J, from this point onwards, shews a marked prefer•
ence for the name " Israel" in its application to the patriarch.
The name of " Israel " has been found, as is generally believed,
in the inscription of the Egyptian king, Merneptah (circ. 1230 B.c.),
as Ysir'r; and in Assyrian inscriptions as Sirlai.
tllOu hast striven, &c.] R.V. marg. thou hast had power witk God,
and thou shaft prevail against men. LXX ivlcrxvcras ... 8vvaros fr!};
Lat.fortisfuisti ...praevalebis. Jacob had prevailed in his contest with
Laban; now, also, the promise of deliverance from Esau is contained
in the past tense, " hast striven and hast prevailed." The rendering of
the R. V. text gives the literal translation of the Hebrew. The past and
the future are embraced in one thought.
29. And he blessed him] The name is refused, but the blessing
previously asked for (v. 26) is granted. The same occurrence is re•
corded in Judg. xiii. 17-21. The prayer may not always be right or
wise. But the blessing is not refused, because the literal answer is
not given. The blessing is the sign of God's Presence and the pledge
of man's salvation.
30. Peniel] R.V. marg. The face of God. In the Sam. ve~i?n,
Syr., and Lat., it is called "Penuel," as in v. 32. Popular tradition
explained the etymology of the name of the place by the story of Jacob.
The face 0f God was to be seen in the Angel : he that looked on
the Angel saw the Presence of Jehovah.
 4.26 GENESIS XXXII. 30-XXXIII. 1

J31 face, and my life is preserved. And _the sun rose upon
him as he passed over Penuel, and he halted upon his
(R) 32 thigh. I Therefore the children of Israel eat not the sinew
of the hip which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto this
day: because he touched the hollow of Jacob's thigh in the
sinew of the hip.
J 33 And Jacob lifted up his eyes, and looked, and, behold,
Esau came, and with him four hundred men. And he
divided the children unto Leah, and unto Rachel, and
I have seen God...preservetfJ The belief that to see God was to die
prevailed amongst the Israelites; see xvi. 13; Exod. xix. 21, xxiv. To,
11, xxxiii. 20; Deut. v. 24; Judg. vi. 22, xiii. 22. Jacob has seen the
Divine Being, Elohim, and lives.
Jacob, on his deathbed, refers to this event {xlviii. 16): '' The Angel
which redeemed me from all evil, bless the lads."
face to face] See Exod. xxxiii. 11; Deut. xxxiv. TO
31. And the sun rose] See v. 24.
Penuel] The name of a town in Judg. viii. 8; 1 Kings xii. 25. The
site is doubtful, but was evidently not far from the confluence of the
Jabbok and the Jordan.
32. Therefore the children of Israel] The Compiler adds this note,
which explains the Israelite custom of abstaining from eating the
muscle in an animal, corresponding to the muscle, or sinew, in the
thigh of Jacob that was touched by God: it was regarded as sacred.
This tendon is commonly supposed to be the sciatic muscle, nervus
ischiaticus, running from the thigh to the ankle. No mention of this
practice of ritual abstinence occurs in the Levitical law; but it is
referred to in the Talmud Trait Chullin, cap. vii.
he touched] The subject to the verb is not expressed, out ot motives
of reverence.
"The nature of the lameness produced by injury to the sinew of the
thigh socket is explained by the Arabic lexx., s.v. ~iirifat; the man
can only walk on the tips of his toes" (!).-Robertson Smith, Rei. Sem
{380, n. 1).
CH. XXXIII.
1-17. MEETING OF JACOB AND ESAU {J).
18-20. JACOB AT SHECl!Ell! (P and E).
1. And facob lifted up his eyes, &c.] For this phrase, cf. xviii. 2,
xxiv. 63, xxxi. 10 {J).
faur hundred men] See xxxii. 6.
he divided, &c.] Jacob disposes of his household, placing in the rear
those who were most dear to him, so that in the event of an attack by
Esau they might have the best chance of escape.
 GENESIS XXXIII. 1-8
unto the two handmaids. And he put the handmaids 2 J
and their children foremost, and Leah and her children
after, and Rachel and Joseph hindermost. And he himself 3
passed over before them, and bowed himself to the ground
seven times, until he came near to his brother. And Esau 4
ran to meet him, and embraced him, and fell on his neck,
and kissed him : and they wept. And he lifted up his s
eyes, and saw the women and the children; and said, Who
are these with thee? And he said, The children which
God hath graciously given thy servant. Then the hand- 6
maids came near, they and their children, and they bowed
themselves. And Leah also and her children came near, 7
and bowed themselves : and after came Joseph near and
Rachel, and they bowed themselves. And he said, What 8
meanest thou by all this company which I met? And he

3. before tkem] Jacob himself goes in front of his household to

protect them.
seven times] Jacob prostrates himself before his brother, in token
of complete subservience. Not content with one prostration, he bows
seven times to the ground, with which has aptly been compared a letter
from a Canaanite king to the king of ·Egypt in the Tel-el-Amama
tablets : " At the feet of the king, my lord, seven times and seven
times do I fall."
4. And .E.sau] Esau's conduct on this occasion is that of a good-
natured and forgiving disposition. There is no statement of his
having intended any mischief to Jacob. His appearance with four
hundred men seems to have been accidental, and not with hostile
intent against Jacob. He behaves throughout magnanimously and
sim_ply.
Jell on kis neck] In xiv. 14, xlvi. 29 (J), this demonstration offeeling
is followed by " weeping." •
kissed kim] On the Hebrew word for" kissed him" the Massoretic,
or traditional, Hebrew text has this note: "All of it punctuated," i.e.
every letter dotted. Probably the text was at an early date uncertain,
The Rabbinic explanation is strange, i. e. "because he did not come to
kiss him, but to bite him," and the tradition goes on to say that Jacob's
neck was turned into marble !
tlzey wept] The strong emotion of orientals; cf. xiv. 2. • •
The Targum of pseudo-Jonathan, following up the absurd Rabb1mc
tradition arising from the Israelite hatred of Edom, explains that Jac<?b
wept because his neck was painful, and Esau because he had pam
in his teeth !
8. all tkis company] Lit. "all this camp." Esau refers to the
 GENESIS XXXIII. 8-13
J 9 said, To find grace in the sight of my lord. And Esau said,
I have enough; my brother, let that thou hast be thine.
10 And Jacob said, Nay, I pray thee, if now I have found
grace in thy sight, then receive my present at my hand :
1
forasmuch as I have seen thy face, as one seeth the face of
u God, and thou wast pleased with me. Take, I pray thee,
my 2 gift that is brought to thee; because God hath dealt
12 graciously with me, and because I have "enough. And
he urged him, and he took it. And he said, Let us take our
13 journey, and let us go, and I will go before thee. And he
said unto him, My lord knoweth that the children are
1 Or, for therefore have I seen s Heb. blessing. 3 Heb. all.

droves sent on ahead as a present by Jacob (xxxii. 13-22). The word

"camp" ( mahaneh) is an additional reference to Mahanaim.
9. enough] Heb. "abundance," or" plenty."
10. farasmuch as I have seen] R. V. marg. far therefore have I
seen. See xviii. S, xix. 8 (J).
as one seeth the face ef God] Jacob desires to imply that to have
seen the face of Esau, and to have found him friendly, was as if one
had looked on the face of God, and found it favourable. The phrase
is theri:fore an elaborate compliment, such as is found in I Sam. xxix.
9, 2 Sam. xiv. 17, where David is compared to an angel of God. We
can hardly doubt that this turn of compliment contains a side allusion
to the name of the locality, Peniel. Cf. xxxii. 30, 31.
The phrase "to see the face" is equivalent to being "admitted into
the royal presence"; cf. xliii. 3, 5 ; 2 Kings xxv. 19.
11. gzft] Heb. blessing; LXX riis tuXo-ylas µ011; Lat. benedictionem.
The "gift" is the material side of the "blessing"; and the word
"blessing" is thus used for a gift, in Josh. xv. 19; Judg. i. IS; 1 Sam.
xxv. 27, xxx. 26; 2 Kings v. 15. The word benedictio was similarly
used to denote a gift in the Middle Ages. The "liberal soul " of
Prt1v. xi. 25 is a "soul, or person, of blessing.''
enough] Heb. " all." Jacob means that in the kindness of Esau
he has everything. Perhaps also there is an allusion to the Divine
blessing in xxxii. 29.
urged] Until Esau had accepted the gift, Jacob's suspicious nature
could not feel secure.
12. Ami"he said] Esau speaks. He assumes that Jacob will be
glad to receive the protection of his armed men. Jacob declines, not
wishing to incur the risk of friction arising from a collision between
two large companies ; and will not accept a kindness which might
compromise his independence. It was wiser to separate, while they
were still amicable. The natures remain the same; Esau's thoughtless,
Jacob's calculating.
 GENESIS XXXIII. 13-18 329
tender, and that the flocks and herds with me give suck: J
and if they overdrive them one day, all the flocks will die.
Let my lord, I pray thee, pass over before his servant: 14
and I will lead on softly, according to the pace of the cattle
that is before me and according to the pace of the children,
until I come unto my lord unto Seir. And Esau said, 15
Let me now leave with thee some of the folk that are with
me. And he said, What needeth it? let me find grace in
the sight of my lord. So Esau returned that day on his 16
way unto Seir. And Jacob journeyed to Succoth, and built 17
him an house, and made booths for his cattle : therefore the
name of the place is called I Succoth.
And Jacob came 2 in peace to the city of Shechem, which 18 P
1 That is, Booths. 2 Or, to Sha/em, a dty
lS. tender] i.e. young and unequal to the fatigues of travel.
14. s'?fi,'.y] Lit. "according to my gentleness," i.e. at J1 quiet and
leisurely rate.
according to the pace of the cattle] Lit. '' of the property " in herds
and flocks (m'lt2'cah, as in Exod. xxii. 7, 10; 1 Sam. xv. 9).
unto Seir] Jacob here implies that he was intending to visit his
brother in Seir. He has no intention of settling there, and at the most
he expresses a courteous hope of a temporary sojourn.
15. What needeth it?] i.e. why should you do so? Jacob courteously
declines his brother's offer.
Esau here is withdrawn from the sc@ne. The part which he has
played in this chapter is dignified and chivalrous. He forgives and
forgets. He has the force at his command, but will not make an
unworthy use of it.
17. Succoth] This verse preserves the traditional explanation of
the origin of the name Succoth, "booth.s," "huts"; LXX CTK,jva,.
The site of Succoth is not yet identified with any certainty. From
this passage we may infer, that it lay on the east of the Jordan, and
south of the Jabbok. For other references to Succoth, cf. Josh. xiii. 27;
Judg. viii. 5, 8; Ps. Ix. 6, cviii. 7.
an house] Jacob is here stated to have erected not a "tent" or a
"booth," but a "house," as a sign of the more permanent character of
his sojourn in the land.
18-20. JACOB AT SHECHEM.

18. in peace] R.V. marg. to Sha/em, a city of. The rende~g in

the margin is possible. It is supported by LXX and Vulg. 1here
is a village, SaNm, still to be found near Shechem. On the other
,hand, the context speaks of Jacob "before the eity" of Shechem; and
 33° GENESIS XXXIII. 18-20

P is in the land of Canaan, when he came from Paddan-

E 19 aram; and encamped before the city. I And he bought the
parcel of ground, where he had spread his tent, at the hand
of the children of Hamor, Shechem's father, for an hundred
20 1 pieces of money. And he erected there an altar, and called
it 2 El-elohe-Israel.
1 Heb. kesitah. 2 That is, God, the God of Israel.

the fact of his arrival there "in peace" is not without significance in
view of the events narrated in eh. xxxiv.
Canaan ... Paddan-aram] The transition in this verse is abrupt.
Jacob is suddenly transferred from the east to the west side of the
Jordan. The clause, "when he came from Paddan-aram," seems to
ignore the previous chapters, and is clearly taken from a different
source, viz. P.
before the ciry] "In front of it," lit. "in the presence of the city" of
Shechem. It is the preposition rendered "before" in xix. 1 3.
19, the parcel ef ground] or "the portion of the field." Lat.
partem agri. For "parcel," Fr. "parcelle," from Lat. particula, see
Josh. xxiv. 32; Ruth iv. 3. Cf. "Many a thousand, Which now
mistrust no parcel of my fear" (Shakespeare, 3 Hen. VI, v. 6).
his tent] Jacob has resumed dwelling in tents, see v. 17.
the children ef Hamor, Shechem'sfather] This apparently means the
people of the tribe of Hamor; and Hamor was the founder, or chieftain,
of the city of Shechem. The confusion between the "sons of Hamor,
Shechem's father," and "Shechem the son of Hamor," in xxxiv. 2,
caused LXX in this verse to omit " sons of."
LXX, by rendering J:-uxlµ for the name of the man, and J:-IKiµa (cf.
xii. 6) for the name of the city, draws a distinction which it is not
always possible to observe in English.
pieces ef money] Heb. kesitah. Apparently a lfesitah was a piece
of metal used for money; elsewhere it is mentioned only in Josh. xxiv.
32; Job xlii. 11. Whether it denotes a small coin, or an ingot, can-
not be determined. The versions, LXX, Lat. and Targ. Onkelos,
render "lambs 1 " : Targ. Jon. and Jerus., "pearls."
The purchase of this plot of ground was historically important. It
was the burial-place of the bones of Joseph (cf. Josh. xxiv. 32; Acts
vii. 16). The possession of such small pieces of territory (cf. the pur-
chase of Machpelah eh. xxiii.) constituted no claim for the possession
of the country: the patriarchs were "strangers and sojourners," xxiii. 4.
20. erected] Lit. "set up." A verb used elsewhere, not of an
altar, but of a ''pillar" or upright stone. Cf. xxxv. 14, 20 and Josh.
xxiv. 26. Hence many prefer here to read "pillar" (mar,i'bah) instead
of "altar" (mizbealj).
El-elohe-Israel] R. V. marg. That is, God, the God ef Israel. The
l LXX (E,ccxTOv 4,u.vWv= '' a hundred lambs'')'' vel agnos i'psos intellegere potuerunt,
vel nummos agnorum imagine signatus." Schleusner, Lex. Vet. Test. 1 s.v. «.µ.vO~.
 GENESIS XXXIII. 331
altar, or stone, is denoted by the name of El, the God of Israel.
The origin. of some sacred stone, ,well known to the Israelites, was
thus accounted for. The stone and the Divine Being associated with
it are identified : see xxviii. 22, xxxv. 7. "Israel's God is El" is
a profession of faith in the one true God made at the' moment when
Jacob comes to dwell among the heathen Canaanites.

CH. XXXIV.
The story of Dinah and of the destruction of Shechem presents
numerous difficulties which are hard to explain.
(I) The reader is surprised at finding that Jacob and his sons, who
had fled from Laban and had been at the mercy of Esau, are now able,
though dwelling in the midst of strangers, to seize and destroy one of
the most important cities in central Canaan, and to carry off as captives
the women and children of Shechem (vv. 27-29).
(2) This bloody deed is represented, in vv. 25, 30, as being done by
Simeon and Levi. But, in the main portion of the chapter, all the
sons of Jacob are described as implicated in the act of treachery
and slaughter.
(3) Dinah appears in this chapter as a young woman; whereas we
should be led to infer, both from the mention of her birth in xxx. 21
(cf. xxxi. 41), and from the age assigned to Joseph in xxxvii. 2 at a
pedod evidently considerably later, that she was still of tender years at
the time when Jacob left Haran. According to this narrative, a con-
siderable interval of time must, therefore, be supposed to have occurred
since the arrival of Jacob in Canaan.
The narrative, like that in eh. xiv., is an exception to the series of
peaceful scenes from patriarchal life and character. Probably, it
contains in its main outlines the reminiscence of early ti·ibal history.
If so, the repulsive details of the story may be regarded, not so much
as incidents of personal history, as the symbolical description of early
tribal relations. The main outline of the tradition may have been
as follows : Dinah was the name of a small Israelite tribe, which, at
the time of the occupation of Canaan, became attached to, and finally
amalgamated with, and absorbed in, the native Shechemite clans. The
Israelite tribes, Simeon and Levi, sought to rescue and avenge their
sister tribe, and, after a pretended alliance, fell upon the Shechemites
and treacherously massacred them. That they themselves were in tum
almost overwhelmed by a Canaanite coalition, seems probable in view
of the. facts that ( 1) the Shechemites retained their independence
(cf. Judg. ix.); (2) the tribes of Levi and Simeon are not referred to in
the song of Deborah (Judg. v.), and practically drop out of Israelite
history as effective for warlike purposes. The act of violence was
disavowed by the nation of Israel, cf. v. 30.
In the present narrative two slightly different vers_ions of the ~ame
tradition are combined. In one version, Shechem 1s the promment
speaker (vv. 11, 12); Shechem submits to the condition of circumcision
 332 GENESIS XXXIV. 1-5
E* 34 And Dinah the daughter of Leah, which she bare unto
2Jacob, went out to see the daughters of the land. And
Shechem the son of Hamor the Hivite, the prince of the
J* land, saw her; I and he took her, and lay with her, and
3 humbled her. And his soul clave unto Dinah the daughter
of Jacob, and he loved the damsel, and spake 1 kindly
E* 4 unto the damsel. I And Shechem spake unto his father
J* 5 Hamor, saying, Get me this damsel to wife. I Now Jacob
heard that he had defiled Dinah his daughter : and his sons
l Heh. to tke keart ef the damsel.
(v. 19) ; Simeon and Levi slaughter Shechem and his father Hamor,
and carry away Dinah (v. 26). In the other version, Hamor the
father of Shechem is the more prominent person (vv. 4, 6, 8-ro,
13-17, 20-25), while the affair is made to concern the people, as
much as the family : again, the attack on the city, the massacre, and
the looting, are represented as the deed of all the brothers of Dinah
(vv. 27-29 ). The second version, therefore, relates the story on a
larger and more dreadful scale than the first.
It is very doubtful whether either of the two versions can be identified
with J or E or P. Skinner remarks: "The first recension must have
taken literary shape within the Yahwistic school, and the second may
have been current in Elohistic circles; but neither found a place in the
main document of the school to which it belonged, and its insertion
here was an afterthought suggested by a supposed connection with
xxxiii. 19 (E)." The two versions are amalgamated somewhat as
follows:
J* (=Jahvistic school): 2b*, 3, 5{?), 7 (?), II, 12, 19, (25), 26, 30, 31.
E* (=Elohistic school): 1, 2a, 4, 6, 8-10, 13-18, 20-24, (25),
27-29.
1. Dinak] See xxx. 21, xxxi. 41, from which passages the age of
Dinah at the time of Jacob's flight from Haran may be computed. She
was nearly the last of J acob's children born in Haran.
2. Hivite] See x. 17. The name of a Canaanite tribe. In Josh.
ix. 7 the Hivites are found in Gibeon; but, from Judg. iii. 3 and Josh.
xi. 3, their dwelling-place was traditionally connected with Lebanon.
LXX has " Horite," as in Josh. ix. 7.
"Hamor,~' as the name of an animal, means "he-ass."
the prince] This word, in Heb. nasi, is used frequently by P, xvii.
20, xxiii. 6, xxv. 16. Lat. pn"nceps.
s. his soul] i.e. his affections. Heb. nepkesh. Cf. xii. 13, xxvii. 4.
kindly, &c.] Heb. to the heart of the damsel. The same phrase,
sometimes rendered "comfortably," occurs in 1. 21 ; 2 Sam. xix. 7;
Isa. xl. 2; Hos. ii. 14.
4. Get me] The parents were accustomed to obtain a wife for their
son: see xxi. 21, xxiv, 3, 4; Judg. xiv. 2,
 GENESIS XXXIV. 5-12 333
were with his cattle in the field: and Jacob held .his J*
peace until they came. I And Hamor the father of Shechem 6 E*
went out unto Jacob to commune with him. I And the 7 J*
sons of Jacob came in from the field when they heard
it: and the men were grieved, and they were very wroth,
because he had wrought folly in Israel in lying with Jacob's
daughter; which thing ought not to be done. I And Hamor 8 E*
communed with them, saying, The soul of my son Shechem
longeth for your daughter : I pray you give her unto him
to wife. And make ye marriages with us ; give your 9
daughters unto us, and take our daughters unto you. And 10
ye shall dwell with us : and the land shall be before you ;
dwell and trade ye therein, and get you possessions therein. j
And Shechem said unto her father and unto her brethren, 11 J*
Let me find grace in your eyes, and what ye shall say unto
me I will give. Ask me never so much dowry and gift, 12
and I will give according as ye shall say unto me : but
6. And Hamor] This verse continues v. 4. The intervening v. 5
1s continued in v. 7.
7. wrought folly] The word neM!ah denotes "senseless wicked-
ness," an offence against honour and morality : cf. the use of the word
in Deut. xxii. 21; Jos. vii. 15; Judg. xix. 13, 14; 1 Sam. xiii. 12.
in Israel] The addition of these words (as in Dent. xxii. 21; Judg.
xx. 6, 10; Jer. xxix. 23) is of course an anachronism, when put into the
mouth of Jacob; and indicates a time of authorship when this phrase
had become proverbial.
ought not to be done] See notes on xx. 9, xxix. 26.
9. make ye marriages with us] Hamor's proposition is to the effect
that the Israelites and the Shechemites should be amalgamated on the
basis of (1) intermarriage, (2) trading rights, (3) rights of occupation of
land. For the detestation of intermarriage with the Canaanites, see
Dent. vii. 3; Josh. xxiii. 12; Ezra ix. 2.
11. And Shechem] Here, and in v. 12, Shechem makes his own
overtures to Jacob and his sons. In vv. 6, 8-10, Hamor has been
negotiating on behalf of Shechem.
12, dowry and gi'ft] The "dowry," or mohar, is the present made
to the parents or relations, cf. xxiv. 53; Ex. xxii. 16; 1 Sam. x_viii.
25. The rendering "dowry" hardly, therefore, gives the correct idea
to English readers. The "gift," on the other hand, was the present
made by the bridegroom to the bride, as in xxiv. 53, xxix. 18. In
Ex. xxii. 16, as in the present passage, the "dowry" is a payment to
the parents as " compensation" for wrong, as well as "purchase-
money" for the wife; cf. Deut. xxii. 18, 29.
 334 GENESIS XXXIV. 12-21

* E* 13 give me the damsel to wife. I And the sons of Jacob

answered Shechem and Hamor his father with guile, and
14 spake, because he had defiled Dinah their sister, and said
unto them, We cannot do this thing, to give our sister to one
that is uncircumcised ; for that were a reproach unto us :
15 only on this condition will we consent unto you: if ye will
be as we be, that every male of you be circumcised ;
16 then will we give our daughters unto you, and. we will take
your daughters to us, and we will dwell with you, and we
17 will become one people. But if ye will not hearken unto
us, to be circumcised; then will we take our daughter, and
18 we will be gone. And their words pleased Hamor, and
J* 19 Shechem Hamor's son. I And the young man deferred not
to do the thing, because he had delight in Jacob's daughter:
and he was honoured above all the house of his father. I
E* 20 And Hamor and Shechem his son came unto the gate of
their city, and communed with the men of their city, saying,
21 These men are peaceable with us; therefore let them dwell
18. die sons if Jacob] In vv. 13-18 we have the treacherous pro-
posal, made by the sons of Jacob, by which they would be able to
revenge themselves upon the Shechemites, and attack them, when they
would be incapacitated for defence.
14. uncircumcised] The passage contains the interesting and early
tradition, that circumcision was not practised by the Canaanite dwellers
in Shechem. On the widespread prevalence of this rite, see note on
eh. xv. In J and E, Israelite circumcision is specially connected with
the names of Moses and Joshua (Ex. iv. 25; Josh. v. z). The peculiar
treachery of Jacob's sons is made to turn upon their insistence on the
sacred national rite of circumcision. The condition which Shechem,
in v. 19 (J*), undertakes to satisfy, is not explained, in view of E*'s
account (vv. 13-18).
a reproack] Compare the similar expression in Josh. v. 9, where it
appears that the Egyptians reproached the Israelites for their neglect of
circumcision.
19. to do tke tking] This verse describes Shechem's eagerness to
fulfil some condition required by Jacob. We cannot say for certain,
whether this personal requirement was the same, as that contained
above, i.e. the obligation of circumcision (vv. 15-17).
konoured ab01.•e all] These words must have had some reference to
the terms, presumably of a humiliating nature, to which he had con-
sented. He was the most distinguished personage in the city. If he
was willing, no one else in the community need object.
20. tke gate if tkeir city] The place for the transaction of public
business : see note on xix. 1, xxiii. 1 o.
 GENESIS XXXIV. 21-27 335
in the land, and trade therein; for, behold, the land is E*
large enough for them; let us· take their daughters to us for •
wives, and let us give them our daughters. Only on this 22
condition will the men consent unto us to dwell with us,
to become one people, if every male among us be circumcised,
as they are circumcised. Shall not their cattle and their sub- 23
stance and all their beasts be ours? only let us consent unto
them, and they will dwell with us. And unto Hamor and unto 24
Shechem his son hearkened all that went out of the gate
of his city ; and every male was circumcised, all that went
out of the gate of his city. And it came to pass on 25
the third day, when they were sore, that I two of I the sons J*E*
of Jacob,' I Simeon and Levi, Dinah's brethren, I took each J*E*
man his sword, and came upon the city 1 unawares, and
slew all the m•les. I And they slew Hamor and Shechem 26 J*
his son with the edge of the sword, and took Dinah out
of Shechem's house, and went forth. I The sons of Jacob 27 Ell'
1 Or, boldly

23. cattle ... substance] It would be a good business transaction.

24. all that went out of the gate] i.e. all the citizens : cf. "all that
went in at the gate," xxiii. 10, 18.
25. And it came to pass] In this verse the Compiler has combined
the two versions : ( 1) that which ascribes the treacherous deed to the
sons of Jacob generally; and ( 2) that in which Simeon and Levi alone
are the perpetrators of the massacre.
when they were sore] The effects of the operation rendered the
Shechemite males powerless to defend themselves. In this version
there is a vein of coarse and repulsive humour. The Canaanites were
not only put to the sword, but by their submission to the Israelite
rite they had been outwitted. At the time of the attack, they were
unable to offer any resistance.
unawares] Better than R.V. marg. boldly. LXX dtrq,a.>..wt= "safely,"
Lat. confidenter. The meaning is that the people of Shechem were
secure and unsuspecting, when the attack was made. Not the courage
of the assailants, but the sense of security on the part of their victims,
is indicated. Cf. "the careless Ethiopians" (Ezek. xxx. 9).
26. slew Hamor and Shechem ... took Dinah ... went .forth] In this
verse we have the narrative in which Simeon and Levi (cf. vv. 25, 30)
alone entered the city, slew Hamor and Shechem, took Dinah from
Shechem's house, and made off with her. Their act is one of family
vengeance for the honour of their sister.
with the edge o.f the sword] Lit. "according to the mouth ?f the
sword," i.e. according to the sword's power to devour, unmercifully.
Cf. 2 Sam. ii. 26, xi. 25. ·
 336 GENESIS XXXIV. 27-XXXV. 1

E* came upon the slain, and spoiled the city, because they
,.28 had defiled their sister. They took their flocks and their
herds and their asses, and that which was in the city,
29 and that which was in the field ; and all their wealth, and
all their little ones and their wives, took they captive
J* 30 and spoiled, even all that was in the house. I And Jacob
said to Simeon and Levi, Ye have troubled me, to make
me to stink among the inhabitants of the land, among the
Canaanites and the Perizzites : and, I being few in number,
they will gather themselves together against me and smite
31 me; and I shall be destroyed, I and my house. And they
said, Should he deal with our sister as with an harlot?
E 35 And God said unto Jacob, Arise, go up to Beth-el, and
27. The sons efJacob] This verse and vv. 28, 29 record the version
in which all the sons of Jacob united to massacre the lJ}ales of Shechem,
carried away captive the wives and children, and took possession of
the wealth and property of the inhabitants: cf. Num. xxxi. 9, 11.
30. And Jacob, &c.] This and the following verse continue the
narrative of v. 26. Jacob reproaches his two sons for the mm,ler, on
account of which the people of the land will be infuriated with Jacob
and his house. Cf. xlix. 5-7.
troubleaj The same word used in the story of Achan (Josh. vi. 18,
vii. 25; 1 Chron. ii. 7). Jacob's rebuke turns, not so much upon the
dastardly treachery and cruelty of his sons, as upon the evil effects it
will produce, and upon the insecurity it will bring upon himself and
his house.
make me to stink] A common Heh, metaphor: cf. Ex. v. 21
("make savour to be abhorred"); 1 Sam. xiii. 4 ("had in abomina-
tion"), xxvii. u ("made ... abhor"); I Chron. xix. 6 ("made ... odious").
the Canaanites and the Perizzites] See note on xiii, 7.
beingfew in number] Cf. I Chron. xvi. 19.
31. Should he deal] Simeon and Levi regard the incident as one in
which the honour of the clan was involved, and as if they had only one
course of action to follow with regard to Shechem and Hamor.

CH. XXXV. (E, J, P.)

1-8 (E). JACOB AT BETHEL.
9-15 (14 J) (P). THE APPEARANCE OF GoD TO JACOB, HIS
NAME CHANGED TO ISRAEL,
16-22•. BIRTH OF BENJAMIN, DEATH OF RACHEL (J),
22b-29. THE NAMES OF JACOB'S SONS AND THE DEATH OF
ISAAC (P).
1. go up to Beth-e!] From Shechem to Bethel is an ascent of
r ooo feet. Bethel is 2890 feet above the sea.
 GENESIS XXXV. 1-5 337
dwell there : and make there an altar unto God, who E
appeared unto thee when thou fleddest from the face of
Esau thy brother. Then Jacob said unto his household, :z
and to all that were with him, Put away the strange gods
that are among you, and purify yourselves, and change your
garments: and let us arise, and go up to Beth-el; and I will 3
make there an altar unto God, who answered me in the
day of my distress, and was with- me in the way which
I went. And they gave unto Jacob all the strange gods 4
which were in their hand, and the rings which were in their
ears;- and Jacob hid them under the 1 oak which was by
Shechem. And they journeyed : and 1a great terror was s
1 Or, tenbintli 2 Heh. a terror of God.
LXX Eis TOP T61ro11 Ba,/1,!il.= "unto the place Bethel," cf. xii. 6-8,
xiii. 4, xxviii. 11. ·
an altar] Jacob is commanded to worship at Bethel in fulfilment of
his vow, xxviii. 22.
ll. strange gods] The images of the gods of foreigners, i.e. of
another family, tribe, or nation. Rachel had carried away, from Haran,
the household gods of her father's family. Cf. xxxi. 19, 30, 32-35.
The presence of the gods of the foreigner was displeasing in the sight
of the God of Israel. Cf. Josh. xxiv. 23, "Now therefore put away
the strange gods which are among you, and incline your heart unto the
LORD, the God of Israel"; words which were also spoken at Shechem.
purify yourselves] Cf. Ex. xix. 10; Lev. xv. 5. Purification was
effected by ceremonial washings.
3. who answered me] Jacob here refers to his flight from Esau
(chap. xxviii.), not, as some have supposed, to his flight from Laban
(chap. xxxi.).
in the day ef my distress] Cf. Ps. xx. 1, ' ' The LORD answer thee in
the day of trouble; the name of the God of Jacob set thee up on high."
was with me] Cf. xxviii. 20, xxxi. 3.
4. in their hand] i.e. in their possession.
the rings ... ears] The rings mentioned were probably not simple
earrings as in xxiv. 22, but rings worn as charms, and amulets, having
symbols of heathen deities. Cf. Hos. ii. 13.
the oak] R.V. marg. terebinth. It is noteworthy that Joshua, under
the same "oak" of Shechem (Josh. xxiv. 26), testified against the
primitive worship of strange gods; cf. Josh. xxiv. 2, r4, 23. For the
"terebinth," cf. xii. 6. The same sacred tree is possibly mentioned in
Judg. ix. 6.
G. a gnat terror] Heh. a terror '!l God. The inhabitants were
under the influence of a mysterious dread or panic, inspired ~y God.
, Cf. Ex. xv. 16, xxiii. 27; Deut. ii. 25; Josh. ii.. 9; 2 Chron'. xiv. r4.
GENESIS 22
 GENESIS XXXV. 5-10
E upon the cities that were round about them, and they did
6not pursue after the sons of Jacob. So Jacob came to
Luz, which is in the land of Canaan (the same is Beth-el),
7 he and all the people that were with him. And he built
there an altar, and called the place 1 El-beth-el : because
there God was revealed unto him, when he fled from the
8 face of his brother. And Deborah Rebekah's nurse died,
and she was buried below Beth-el under the oak : and the
name of it was called •Allon-bacuth.
p 9 And God appeared unto Jacob again, when he came
10 from Paddan-aram, and blessed him. And God said unto
him, Thy name is Jacob: thy name shall not be called
1 That is, The God of Beth-el. 2 That is, The oak of weeping.
di<! notpursue] These words which imply that "the sons ofJacob" had
by their violence given just cause of provocation, presuppose eh. xxxiv.
6. Luz] See xxviii. 19, xlviii. 3.
7. the place] See notes on xii. 6, xxviii. 11.
El-beth-el] That is, the God of Beth-et. Here, as in xxxiii. 20, the
altar receives the name of the deity.
was revealed] Referring to xxviii. 12, 13. In the Heh. "was re-
vealed" is in the plural: see note on xx. 13, cf. Josh. xxiv. 19.
Dillmann ( Theologie d. A. T., p. 2 I 1) explains this by saying that
" Elohim" here is "God with the angels." The Di vine Presence is
regarded as hidden or covered, and needing to be "revealed"; cf.
Num. xxiv. 4, 16.
8. Deborah] The mention of Deborah, Rebekah's nurse, is sur-
prising. She is mentioned, though not by name, in xxiv. 59. Probably
her name was well known in other Israelite traditions which have not
survived. If we relied on the chronology of P, we should have to call
attention to the fact that, according to its statements (xxv. 20, xxxv. 28),
Deborah had left Haran with Rebekah 140 years before.
below Beth-et] On lower ground, probably to the south; cf. I Sam.
vii. IJ, "under Beth-car" J I Kings iv. 12, "beneath Jezreel."
Al!on-bacuth] That is, the oak of weeping. It is a coincidence, but
nothing more, that Deborah, the prophetess, dwelt between Ramah and
Bethel, under a palm tree, Judg. iv. 5, Is this the "oak of Tabor"
(1 Sam. x. 3)?
9-15 (P). This passage contains the account -of (1) an appearance
of God to Jacob, (2) the change of his name to Israel, and (3) the
renewal of the Divine promises granted at Bethel. All this is parallel
to the narrative in xxviii. 10-22; it presents P's explanation of the
-names Israel and Bethel, both of which have already been accounted
-for in J and E.
9. when he came ... Paddan-aram] As in xxxiii. 18, P ignores the
 GENESIS XXXV. 10-16 339
any more Jacob, but Israel shall be thy name: and he P
called his name Israel. And God said unto him, I am n
1
God Almighty: be fruitful and multiply; a nation and
a company of nations shall be of thee, and kings shall come
out of thy loins; and the land which I gave unto Abraham 12
and Isaac, to thee I will give it, and to thy seed after thee
will I give the land. And God went up from him in the i3
place where he spake with him. I And Jacob set up a pillar in 14 J
the place where he spake with him, a pillar of stone: and he
poured out a drink offering thereon, and poured oil thereon. I
And Jacob called the name of the place where God spake with 15 P
him, Beth-el. I And they journeyed from Beth-el; and there 16 J
1 Heb. El Shaddai.
whole J and E narrative since the deJ?arture from Haran; which
country appears in P as Paddan-aram.
10, Israel shall be thy name] This change of name has been
mentioned by J in xxxii. 28. For the change, cf. xvii. 5, 15, where
Abraham and Sarah receive a change of name associated with a special
promise.
11, God Almighty] Heb. El Shaddai. See note on xvii. 1. The
phrases in this verse, "God Almighty," "be fruitful and multiply,"
"company of nations," are characteristic of P's style.
a nation, &c.] Cf. the promises in xvii. 5, 6, 16. Here the mention
of " kings " renews the promise to Sarah in xvi i. 16 (P).
13. And God went uf] An expression descriptive of the manifesta-
tion in some external form, in which God appeared to Jacob. Cf.
xviii. 33, "And the LORD went his way."
14. AndJacob, &c.] This verse, probably from J, contains a parallel
account to that of E in xxviii. 18. Jacob erects a pillar, or upright
stone (ma,r!bah): and this he consecrates with a libation of oil and a
drink offering. Whether this is the account of another pillar at Bethel,
or is a parallel version of the account in eh. xxviii., is uncertain.

16-22• (J). BIRTH OF BENJAMIN AND DEATH OF RACHEL.

"The meaning of the statement that Rachel died when Benjamin
was born is that the formation of the new tribe Benjamin broke up the
old tribe Rachel" (Bennett). But it would be a mistake to attempt to
distinguish too closely the personal and tribal elements in the narrative.
Events in personal life may be recorded for their symbolical significance.
The story of Jacob, as distinct from that of Joseph, closes with Rachel's
death.
16. some way] The word in the Heh. denotes a measure of dis-
tance. What it was, however, cannot be determined. It is found in
, xlviii. 7 and,,_ Kin,:,s v. 19. LXX renders as a proper name Chabratha.
22-2
 34° GENESIS XXXV. 16-20

J was still some way to come to Ephrath : and Rachel travailed,

17 and she had hard labour. And it came to pass, when she
was in hard labour, that the midwife said unto her, Fear not;
18 for now thou shalt have another son. And it came to pass,
as her soul was in departing (for she died), that she called
his name I Ben-oni: but his father called him 2 Benjamin.
19 And Rachel died, and was buried in the way to Ephrath
20 (the same is Beth-lehem). And Jacob set up a pillar upon
1 That is, The son of my sorrow.
2 That is, The son of the right hand.

to Ephrath] The name of a place otherwise unknown, in Benjamite

territory, south of Bethel: not Bethlehem (Micah v. 2); see v. 19.
17. another son] Lit. "for this also is a son for thee." Perhaps
the reference is to Rachel's prayer (xxx. 24), "the LORD add to me
another son," when Joseph was born.
18. her soul] The nephesh, or "soul," the vital principle : cf.
1 Kings xvii. 21, "let this child's soul come unto him again."
Ben-oni] i.e. the son of my sonow. Rachel, as she dies, names her
son ; but the father cannot acquiesce in a name of such sad memories.
Benjamin] i.e. the son of the right hand. Jacob refuses to give
his child an ill-omened name. The right hand was regarded as the
auspicious side. Cf. xlviii. 13, 17-19; 1 Kings ii. 19; Ps. xiv. 9,
lxxxix. 13. The tribe of Benjamin occupied the southernmost territory
of the sons of Rachel, viz. on the right of Ephraim, facing eastwards,
According to Sayce (E.H.H., p. 79) this is the explanation of the
name, which then might be rendered "southerner"; and the present
story would imply the formation of the tribe after the occupation of
Canaan.
The words of Rachel, as she dies, should be compared with the
allusion in Jeremiah xxxi. 15. The condensed account in this passage
makes no reference to the grief of Jacob ; but this is expressed in
xlviii. 7 by a pathetic sentence.
19. Ephratlt (the same is Beth-lehem)] The words, "the same is Beth-
lehem," create a difficulty; they occur also in xlviii. 7, and seem to be
confirmed by Ruth iv. 11; Micah v. 2, "Bethlehem Ephrathah," where
the reference is to Bethlehem, S. of Jerusalem. But (1) judging from
the present passage we should suppose that Rachel's tomb was a little
south of Bethel: (2) from Jer. xxxi. 15 it would appear that Rachel's
death and burial were connected with Ramah, a ·place 5 miles north
of Jerusalem: (3) from I Sam. x. 2 we learn that Rachel's sepulchre is
in the border C?f Benjamin, i.e. north of J erusa!em. There is clearly,
therefore, a discrepancy. Perhaps two traditions were current re-
specting the sepulchre; one placing it near Ramah, on the borders of
Benjamin, south of Bethel; the other placing it near Bethlehem, south
of Jerusalem. The words," the same is Beth-lehem," look like a gloss,
 GENESIS XXXV. 20-26 34 1
her grave: the same is the Pillar of Rachel's grave unto this J
day. And Israel journeyed,'and spread his tent beyond the 21
tower of Eder. And it came to pass, while Israel dwelt in 22
that land, that Reuben went and lay with Bilhah his father's
concubine: and Israel heard of it.
Now the sons of Jacob were twelve: the sons of Leah; 23 P
Reuben, Jacob's firstborn, and Simeon, and Levi, and
Judah, and Issachar, and Zebulun : the sons of Rachel; 24
Joseph and Benjamin: and the sons of Bilhah, Rachel's 25
handmaid; Dan and Naphtali: and the sons of Zilpah, 26
Leah's handmaid : Gad and Asher : these are the sons of

erroneously inserted into the text. "Ephrath," by itself, was not an

uncommon name. In all probability, if the words are an erroneous
gloss, they are responsible for the Biblical discrepancy, and are account-
able for the Christian tradition of Rachel's tomb N. of Bethlehem.
21. Israel] Observe the employment of the new name as an alter-
native for Jacob, with especial frequency in the J narrative.
tke tower of Eder] i.e. "the tower of the flock." It is uncertain
whether "Eder" is a proper name or not. For a similar uncertainty,
cf. xxxiii. 18. The place is evidently situated between Ephrath (v. 19)
and Hebron (xxxvii. 14). The identification of Eder with Jerusalem on
the strength of Micah iv. 8 (" 0 tower of the flock [or, "Eder''], the
hill of the daughter of Sion ") is improbable. ·
22•. Reuben] The incest of Reuben is alluded to in xlix. 3, 4. The
Compiler abbreviates what must have been a repulsive tradition. But,
as in eh. xxxiv., the tradition may possibly contain, in figurative
language, some reminiscence of early tribal relations. Very little is
known of the tribe of Reuben; but in Num. xvi. the tribe of Reuben
endeavours to displace Moses on the strength of its primogeniture: and
in Josh. xv. 6, "the stone of Bohan son of Reuben," in the heart of
Canaan, may contain the reminiscence of some early unrecorded tribal
encroachment.
Ismel keard of u] As in xxxiv. 30, 31, the tradition breaks off
abruptly.

22h-29 (P), JACOB'S SONS, AND THE DEATH OF ISAAC.

22h. tke sons offa,cob] The names of J acob's sons are enumerated
after the mention ot Benjamin's birth. But the enumeration is that of
p which assumes that all the sons of Jacob, including Benjamin, were
~rn to him in Paddan-aram (v. 26), in direct contradiction to vv. 16-
18 (J).
twelve] A sacred number, found also in the sons of Nahor and
Ishmael (xvii. 20, xxii. 20-24, xxv. 16),
 34 2 GENESIS XXXV. 26-29
P 27 Jacob, which were born to him in Paddan-aram. And
Jacob came unto Isaac his father to Mamre, to Kiriath-arba
(the same is Hebron), where Abraham and Isaac sojourned.
28 And the days of Isaac were an hundred and fourscore
29 years. And Isaac gave up the ghost, and died, and was
gathered unto his people, old and full of days; and Esau
and Jacob his sons buried him.
27. Isaac] The mention of Isaac, after so long an interval, is sur-
prising. But the P narrative carefully records the death and age of
each patriarch. According to J, Isaac was living at Beer-sheba, when
Jacob left his home (xxviii. 10). According to P, Isaac died 80 years
later at Mamre in close proximity to the burial-place of his father.
Isaac was 40 years old when he married Rebekah (xxv. 20); 60 years
old at the birth of Esau and Jacob (xxv. 26); at least 100 years old
when Jacob went to Haran (xxvii. 46, cf. xxvi. 34), and, therefore,
over 120 when Jacob returned from Haran.
Mamre] Cf. xiii. 18, xxiii. 19.
Kitiath-arba] Cf. xxiii. 2.
28. the days ef Isaac] Isaac is here credited with a longer life by
5 years than Abraham. Cf. xxv. 7. Comparing this verse with xxv.
20, xxvi. 34, Jacob, according to P, was 120 years old at his father's
death; he had left his father at the age of 40 ; and had resided in
Canaan for nearly 6o years. There is no mention of his having visited
Isaac again.
29. gave up the ghost, &c.] Cf. the same phrase in xxv. 8, xlix. 33.
Esau andJacob] According to P, Esau and Jacob meet at the burial
of Isaac, just as Ishmael and Isaac met to bury Abraham, xxv. 9.
The Book of Jubilees (chs. xxxvii., xxxviii.) relates that, after Isaac's
death, Esau was stirred up by his sons to attack Jacob with an army;
and that Esau said : " If the boar can change its skin, and make its
bristles as soft as wool... then will I observe the tie of brotherhood with
thee, &c." Whereupon Jacob, listening to the advice of Judah his son,
"bent his bow and sent forth the arrow and struck Esau his brother on
the right breast and slew him."

CH, XXXVI. (P.) THE GENERATIONS OF ESAU.

In this chapter are preserved traditions of great antiquarian interest

relating to Edom, one of the races most nearly allieil to Israel. After
the burial of Isaac, the P narrative disposes of the "generations of
Esau," before dealing with" the generations of Jacob" (xxxvii. 2).
The Edomites were an invading people who occupied the moun-
tainous country of Seir. They subjugated the natives who were called
Horites (xiv. 6), and, while largely dispossessing them, also became fused
with them by intermarriage and peaceful settlement; cf. Deut. ii. 12,
 GENESIS XXXVI. 1-3 343
Now these are the generations of Esau (the same is Edom). 36 P
Esau took his wives of the daughters of Canaan ; Adah the 2
daughter of Elon the Hittite, and Oholibamah the daughter
of Anah, the 1 daughter of Zibeon the Hivite; and Basemath 3
1 Some ancient authorities have, son. See ver. 24.

22. The subjugation of the Horites by the Edomites presents a close

parallel to that of the Canaanites by the Israelites,
The chapter falls into seven sections.
vv. 1-5. (1) Esau's wives and children.
6-8, (2) Esau's immigration into Seir.
9-14. (3) The genealogy of the sons of Esau.
15-19, (4) The tribal chiefs of Esau.
20-30. (5) The genealogy of the Horites and their chiefs,
31-39. (6) Kings of Edam.
40--43. (7) A supplementary list of Edomite chiefs.
The contents of this chapter are probably chiefly derived from P:
but it is clear from the discrepancies in some of the names that various
materials have been employed. It is natural to suppose that the
compiler of this section enjoyed the privilege of access to Edomite
documents,
1 Chron. i. 35-54 repeats, with some variations, and in an abbre•
viated form, the lists of names in vv. 4, 5, 11-13, 20-28, 310-4;1.

1-5; EsAu's WIVES AND CHILDREN,

1. the same is Edom] A gloss introduced here and in vv. 8, 19.

2. Esau took his wives] The list of Esau's wives in this chapter
does not agree with that in xxvi. 34 and xxviii. 9.
(a) In this passage and in vv. 9-14 Esau's wives are (1) Adah, the
daughter of Elon the Hittite; ( 2) Oholibamah, the daughter of Anah,
the daughter of Zibeon the Hivite ; (3) Basemath, the daughter of
Ishmael, and sister of Nebaioth.
(b) In xxvi. 34 (P) and xxviii. 9 (P) Esau's wives are (1) Judith,
the daughter of Beeri the Hittite; (2) Basemath, the daughter of
Elon the Hittite; (3) Mahalath, the daughter of Ishmael, and sister
of Nebaioth. Thus there are two widely differing versions of P tra-
dition. For the differences are too considerable to have arisen from
corruptions in the text. -
Anah, the daughter of Zibeon the Hivite] "Daughter," as in v. 14,
But the reading ''son" is found in LXX, Sam. and Syr. Pesh., and
is to be preferred ; see v. 24. " Daughter" is probably a correction,'
on the assumption that "Anah" was a feminine name.
the Hivite] For " Hivite" should be read " Horite," if the Anah -'of
v. 2 be the same as the Anah in v. 24. Probably, in v. 25, "the
daughter of Anah" has been introduced as a gloss.
 344 GENESIS XXXVI. 3-11
P 4 Ishmael's daughter, sister of Nebaioth. And Adah bare to
s Esau Eliphaz; and Basemath bare Reuel; and Oholibamah
bare Jeush, and Jalam, and Korah: these are the sons of
6 Esau, which were born unto him in the land of Canaan. And
Esau took his wives, and his sons, and his daughters, and all
the souls of his house, and his cattle, and all his beasts, and
all his possessions, which he had gathered in the land of
Canaan; and went into a land away from his brother J ar.ob.
7 For their substance was too great for them to dwell together;
and the land of their sojournings could not bear them be-
g cause of their cattle. And Esau dwelt in mount Seir : Esau is
9 Edom. And these are the generations of Esau the father of
1
10 the Edomites in mount Seir: these are the names of
Esau's sons; Eliphaz the son of Adah the wife of Esau,
u Reuel the son of Basemath the wife of Esau. And the
sons of Eliphaz were Teman, Omar, 2 Zepho, and Gatam, and
Heb. Edom. 2
1 In t Chr. i. 36, Zepki.
4. E!iphaz] Familiar as the name of one of Job's friends, Job ii. n.
Reuel] The same name as that of Moses' father-in-law, a Midianite,
Ex. ii. 18.
6-8. ESAU IN MOUNT SEIR.

6. a land away from his brother Jacob] The Syr. reads "the
land of Seir," which is possibly the original reading. The Lat. abiit
in alteram regionem. The present passage ignores the previous mention
of Esau's residence in " the land of Seir, the field of Edom," xxxii. 3.
Seir was the mountainous country between the Dead Sea and the
Elamitic Gulf. ·
7. For their substance was too great] The departure of Esau into
Seir is here explained as necessitated by the growing wealth of Esau
and Jacob in Canaan: cf. the separation of Abraham and Lot in eh. xiii.
Obviously the explanation given here does not agree with the repre-
sentation in xxxii. 3 and xxxiii. 14-16. "Substance," cf. xii. 5, xv. 14.
8. mount Seir] The mountain country of Seir, a region, not a
mountain, lying to the east of the Arabah.
9-14. The "sons" of Esau by Adah, Basemath, and Oholibamah
must be regarded as the names of clans, and, like, the sons of Ishmael
and Israel, are n in number (Amalek, the son of Esau's concubine,
Timna, is excluded from this list of twelve).
9. the Edomites] Heb. Edam, as in v. 43: cf. 1 Sam. xiv. 47.
10. Eliphaz] See v. 4.
Reuel} See v, 4.
11. Teman] A district in the north of Edam. Cf. Ezek. xxv. 13;
 GENESIS XXXVI. 11-17 345
Kenaz. And Timna was concubine to Eliphaz Esau's 12 P
son ; and she bare to Elipha21 Amalek : these are the sons
of Adah Esau's wife. And these are the sons of Reuel; 13
Nahath, and Zerah, Shammah, and Mizzah: these were the
sons of Basemath Esau's wife. And these were the sons 14
of Oholibamah the daughter of Anah, the daughter of
Zibeon, Esau's wife: and she bare to Esau Jeush, and
Jalam, and Korab. These are the 'dukes of the sons of 15
Esau: the sons of Eliphaz the firstborn of Esau; duke
Teman, duke Omar, duke Zepho, duke Kenaz, duke Korab, 16
duke Gatam, duke Amalek : these are the dukes that came
of Eliphaz in the land of Edom ; these are the sons
of Adah. And these are the sons of Reuel Esau's son; 17
duke Nahath, duke Zerah, duke Shammah, duke Mizzah:
these are the dukes that came of Reuel in the land of
1 Or, chiefs
Amos i. 12 ; Obad. 9. Its reputation for " wise men" is alluded to
in Jer. xlix. 7; Baruch iii. 22, 23. Job's friend Eliphaz is a Temanite,
Joh ii. 11. The Heh. word tbnOn means "south," i.e. what is on the
right hand, facing east.
Kenaz] Probably connected with the Kenizzites (xv. 19), an Edomite
family, which attached itself to the tribe of Judah in southern Palestine.
19. Amalek] Here a grandson of Esau; but, as the descendant
from a concubine, he denotes a subordinate clan. Amalekites infested
the Sinaitic Peninsula (Ex. xvii. 8-15; Deut. xxv. 17) and harried
southern Palestine (1 Sam. xv. 2).

115-19. THE TRIBAL CHIEFS OF ESAU,

111. tke dukes] Better, asmarg., ckiifs. The word "duke" has been
introduced into the English version from the Lat. dux which translates
the LXX 7/'/<JJ,,J,,,. The Heb. all/Jph is connected with e!eph= 1000,
or "a clan '' ; and hence is used for " the chieftain of a clan," or "II
chiliarch," especially in Edom: cf. Ex. xv. I 5 ; Zech. ix. 7, xii. 5, 6.
"Duke," in Old English, was not limited to the highest rank of
nobility. It meant "leader" or "chief." Cf. Wiclif, Matt. ii. 6,
"And thou Bethleem ... for of thee a duyk shall go out"; Latimer,
Serm,, p. 31, "Gideon a duke which God raised up."
duke Teman] A better idea would be conveyed to English readers,
if the rendering were ''the chieftain of Teman, of Omru-, &c."
16. duke Korah] This name is out of place. It has come in from
v. 18. The other names in vv. 15, 16 are drawn from vv. II and 12,
, while Korah, which occUis in v. 14, is mentioned again in v. 18,
 GENESIS XXXVI. 17-24
P 18 Edom ; these are the sons of Basemath Esau's wife. And
these are the sons of Oholibamah Esau's wife; duke Jeush,
duke Jalam, duke Korah : these are the dukes that came
19 of Oholibamah the daughter of Anah, Esau's wife. These
are the sons of Esau, and these are their dukes : the same
is Edom.
20 These are the sons of Seir the Horite, the inhabitants
of the land; Lotan and Shobal and Zibeon and Anah,
21 and Dishon and Ezer and Dishan : these are the dukes
that came of the Horites, the children of Seir in the
22 land of Edom. And the children of Lotan were Hori
23 and 1 Hemam; and Lotan's sister was Timna. And these
are the children of Shobal ; 2 Alvan and Manahath and
24 Ebal, "Shepho and Onam. And these are the children
of Zibeon ; Aiah and Anah : this is Anah who found
the hot springs in the wilderness, as he fed the asses

1 In I Chr. i. 39, Homam. 2 In I Chr. i. 40, Alian.

3 In I Chr. i. 40, Shephi.

20-30. The Horites-the aboriginal inhabitants of the country-

" the sons of Seir, the Horite," were possibly so called from the word
l}or, "a hole"; cf. 1 Sam. xiii. 6, xiv. I 1. This derivation has long
been maintained, and is possibly correct, the Horites being regarded
as troglodytes, or cave-dwellers. In Obad. 3 Edom is apostrophired,
"0 thou that dwellest in the clefts of the rock." On the other hand
another derivation has recently commended itself, Hor being identified
with the Egyptian Haru which is found in Egyptian inscriptions for
"Syria." But there is good support from the rocks of Petra and
the excavations at Gezer for the "cave-dweller" explanation of the
word.
20. the inhabitants of the land] The aborigines: see xiv. 6; Deut.
ii. 12,
24. Zibeon] means "an hyaena."
Anah] See note on v. 2. Whether son or brother (v. 20) of Zibeon,
Anah stands for a clan.
the hot sprin,rs] There must have been some well-known story about
Anah and his discovery of certain hot springs, while he was, like Saul
in 1 ·sam. ix., searching for strayed asses. Hot springs are found not
far from the pilgrim road to Mecca. The tradition probably claimed
their possession for the clan of Anah.
The word for "hot springs" presented a difficulty. The A.V. and
Luther render "mules," and LXX makes it a proper name TOP 'IaµElv,
 GENESIS XXXVI. 24-31 347
of Zibeon his father. And these are the children of 25 p
Anah ; Dishon and Oholibamah the daughter of Anah.
And these are the children of 1 Dishon; 2 Hemdan and 26
Eshban and Ithran and Cheran. These are the children 27
of Ezer; Bilhan and Zaavan and 3 Akan. These are the 28
children of Dishan ; Uz and Aran. These are the dukes 29
that came of the Horites; duke Lotan, duke Shobal, duke
Zibeon, duke Anah, duke Dishon, duke Ezer, duke Dishan : 30
these are the dukes that came of the Horites, according to
their dukes in the land of Seir.
And these are the kings that reigned in the land of 31
Edom, before there reigned any king over the children
1 Heb. Dishan. 2 In I Chr. i. 41, Hamran,
3 In I Chr. i. 42, Jaakan.

while Targ. Onk. renders " the Emim " ; but Lat. aquas calidas
correctly.
25. Anah] This is the clan of Anah of v. 20, and probably also ot
v. 24.
Oholibamah] See v. 2. .Probably the words "the daughter of
Anah" have been carelessly inserted from v. 2 as a gloss.
26. Dishon] Heb. Dishan, "a mountain goat" (Deut. xiv. 5).
28. Uz] See x. 23, xxii. 21. Possibly a branch of the Aramaean
race (cf. Job i. 1) had settled among the Horites, S.E. of Palestine.
30. according to their dukes] Rather, " according to their clans."
So LXX, iv ra.'is tyeµ.ovia.,s.

31-39. KINGS OF EDOM.

31. any king] Fro111 this verse we infer that the writer lived at
a time subsequent to the foundation of the Israelite monarchy. The
definition, however, of the date is not quite clear in the opinion of some
scholars. It is simplest to render, "before there reigned a king for
Israel," i.e. before the time of Saul. But it is noteworthy that
LXX Cod. A renders, "before there reigned any king in Jerusalem."
Dillmann translates "before an Israelite king reigned," i.e. over Edom,
referring to the subjugation of the Edomites by David. The tradition
shews that Edom had a settled constitution before Israel. In Scriptural
terms Esau was "the elder." It is to be observed that the Edomite
kings, (1) had different places of residence, (2) were not hereditary
kings. Perhaps they may be compared with the local judges of Israel.
"The land of Edom" is the whole territory, more extensive than
"mount Seir" (v. 8). There was a "king of Edom" in Moses' time
(Num. xx. 14).
 GENESIS XXXVI. 31-39
P 32 of Israel. And Bela the son of Beor reigned m Edom;
33 and the name of his city was Dinhabah. And Bela
died, and Jobab the son of Zerah of Bozrah reigned in
34 his stead. And Jobab died, and Husham of the land of
35 the Temanites reigned in his stead. And Husham died,
and Hadad the son of Bedad, who smote Midian in the
field of Moab, reigned in his stead: and the name of his
36 city was A vith. And Hadad died, and Samlah of Masrekah
37 reigned in his stead. And Samlah died, and Shaul of
38 Rehoboth by the River reigned in his stead. And Shaul
died, and Baal-hanan the son of Achbor reigned in his
39 stead. And Baal-hanan the son of Achbor died, lfnd
32. Bela the son of Beor] In the Hebrew the addition of the letter
m would give us the proper name" Balaam the son of Beor" (Num. xxii.
5). So Targum of Jonathan reads. Hence some have conjectured that we
have here an alternative tradition respecting Balaam, as king of Edom.
Bela is also the name of a town, Zoar (xiv. 2).
33. Bozrah] A town lying 20 miles south-east of the Dead Sea, of
great importance in old times-perhaps the chief Edomite city. Cf.
Isa. xxxiv. 6, !xiii. 1; Jer. xlix. 13, 22; Amos i. 12. It has been
identified with the modem Busera. The name means "fortification."
34. the Temanites] See v. 11. ·
311. Hadad] A name familiar as that of a Syrian deity, occurring in
the royal names "Ben-Hadad" and "Hadad-Ezer." The defeat of
"Midian in the field of Moab," the solitary note of h:story, illustrates
the extent to which the power of Edom at one time was developed.
See note on the same name, xxv. 2. Ewald conjectured that this king
Hadad I was a contemporary of Gideon's, and joined in resistance to
the Midianite invasion, circ. 1100 (Judg. vi. ff.).
Avith] LXX reads" Gittaim."
86. Samlah] LXX (in some MSS.) "Satrnah," almost the same
name as " Solomon."
37. Shaul] This is the same name in Hebrew as "Saul."
Rehoboth by the River] The R. V. by printing "River" with a
capital adopts the interpretation that the Euphrates is here intended.
If so, Rehoboth may be Rahaba a little south of the junction of the
Habor with the Euphrates. But it may be asked, what connexion can
there be between Edorn and the Euphrates? Hence some prefer to
explain by the "river of Egypt," the Wady el Arish, viz. the boundary
between Palestine and Egypt, from which the Rehoboth of xxvi. 22
would not be very remote. But "the River" is nahar; "the river
of Egypt" is naf;al mizraim.
Achbor] Meaning "jerboa." The name occurs in 2 Kings xxii. 14;
Jer. xxvi. 22, xxxvi. 12.
38. Baal-hanan] i.e. "Baal is favourable," suggesting the worship
 GENESIS XXXVI. 39-43 349
1
Radar reigned in his stead : and the name of his city was P
2
Pau; and his wife's name w.as Mehetabel, the daughter
of Matred, the daughter of Me-zahab. And these are the 40
names of the dukes that came of Esau, according to their
families, after their places, by their names ; duke Timna,
duke 3 Alvah, duke Jetheth; duke Oholibamah, duke Elah, 41
duke Pinon; duke Kenaz, duke Teman, duke Mibzar; 42
duke Magdiel, duke Iram : these be the dukes of Edom, 43
ac·cording to their habitations in the land of their possession.
This is Esau the father of 4 the Edomites.
1 In I Chr. i. 50, and some ancient authorities, Hadad.
2 In I Chr. i. 50, Pai. 3 In I Chr. i. 51, Aliah. . 4 Heb. Edom.
of Baal ; cf. Elhanan, Johanan. The name is the same in meaning as
Hannibal.
39. Hadar] Probably, as I Chr. i. 50 and some ancient authorities,
Hadad. Possibly this Hadad II (see v. 35) was the Hadadezer deposed
by David (2 Sam. viii. 3 ff.). Hadad III shook off the yoke of Israel
(1 Kings xi. 21 ff.; cf. Gen. xxvii. 40).
Pau] In I Chr. i. 50, Pai. LXX readsif.>6-ywp=Peor, cf. Num. xxiii. 28.
Mehetabel] = '' El does good," a proper name occurring in N eh. vi. 10.
These names shew how close was the similarity between the languages
of the Edomites and the Israelites.

40-43. EDOMITJ: CHIEFS.

40. families ...places ... names] This short supplementary list of chiefs
consists of names partly tribal, partly local, and partly personal.
duke Timna] i.e. the chieftain of Timna; cf. note on v. 15.
Alvah] In I Chr. I. 51, Aliah. Inv. 23, A/van.
41. duke Elah] Probably the chief of the tribe that resided on the
coast of Elath. The name appears in the kinship of Caleb (1 Chron.
iv. 15).
Pinon] Possibly the same as Punon (cf. Num. xxxiii. 42) between
Petra and Zoar.
43. the Edomites] Heb. Edom; cf. v. 9.

CHS. XXXVII.-L. (JE.) THE NARRATIVE OF JOSEPH AND

HIS BRETHREN.
The remaining chapters of the book, with the exception of chap.
xxxviii., deal with the story of Joseph. In its way this story is probably
unsurpassed. Its vividness of narrative is extraordinary. It contains
scenes of great pathos. In the delineation of character, it exhibits
strength and simplicity of portraiture. Joseph's career is dramatic in
its vicissitudes. Throughout all the events of his chequered life, God's
 350 GENESIS XXXVII. 1, 2

p 37 And Jacob dwelt in the land of his father's sojournings,

2 in the land of Canaan. These are the generations of Jacob.
J Joseph, being seventeen years old, I was feeding the flock
with his brethren; and he was a lad with the sons of
Bilhah, and with the sons of Zilpah, his father's wives :
overruling Providence is seen to be guiding him. He is led by the
discipline of sorrow and misfortune to the position in which he is
ultimately to prepare a home for his father and his brethren. His
generous magnanimity recompenses with complete forgiveness 'the
men who had basely plotted his death.
The Joseph section, xxxvii.--1., is denoted by P "These are the
generations of Jacob'.' (xxxvii. 1), just as the story of Jacob had
been introduced by the summary description of P, " these are the
generations of Isaac" (xxv. 19).
The story of Joseph was deservedly a favourite among the Israelites.
It was current in slightly different versions. The two versions of
J and E have been combined by the Compiler. A superficial reader,
perhaps, will not recognize the slight discrepancies which have
survived in the composite narrative. A careful study, especially in
chap. xxxvii., enables us to distinguish the different treatment of the
story. The main difference appears in the crisis of the narrative.
According to E, Joseph's brethren, offended at his dreams,
resolved to slay him, and cast his body into a tank. Reuben, secretly
anxious to rescue him, prevails on his brethren to abstain from blood-
shed, and to cast him alive into a tank and leave him there to his fate.
A passing caravan of Midianites pull Joseph out of the tank, kidnap
him (cf. xl. r 5), and carry him away to Egypt. Reuben, on finding the
tank empty, is overwhelmed with distress: see xxxvii. 19, ,zo, 2,z, 13h,
14, ,zgac, 29, 30, 31b, 34•
According to J, Joseph's brethren, who hate him because of his
father's preference, on seeing a caravan of lshmaelites, determine, at the
urgent advice of Judah, to sell Joseph. They draw him out of the
tank and sell him for 20 pieces of silver: see xxxvii. 18h, '21, 23•,
25-27, 28b, 31•, ·32, 33, 35•
, 1, 2• (P). From P, as is shewn by the word "sojonrnings," and
the phrase "these are the generations," and the mention of Joseph's
age.
1. sqjourning:s] Cf. xvii. 8, xxviii. 4, xxxvi. 7 (P).
2, These are the generations, &c.] The formula of a new section
in P.

2b-36 (JE). JOSEPH SOLD INTO EGYPT.

!lb (J). ai1d he was a lad with, &c.] The English here gives an
awkward rendering. The meaning is, "he was keeping sheep, being
still a lad, with his brethren, the sons of Bilhah and Zilpah," i.e. Dan
and Naphtali, Gad and Asher. Joseph's home at this time seems to
 GENESIS XXXVII. 2-7 35 1
and· Joseph brought the evil report of them unto their .J
father. Now Israel loved Joseph more than all his children, 3
because he was the son of his old age : and he made
him 1 a coat of many colours. And his brethren saw 4
that their father loved him more than all his brethren ;
and they hated him, and could not speak peaceably unto
him. l And Joseph dreamed a dream, and he told it to 5 E
his brethren : and they hated him yet the more. And he 6
said unto them, Hear, I pray you, this dream which
I have dreamed: for, behold, we were binding sheaves in 7
1 Or, a long garment with sleeves
have been at Hebron (cf. xxxv. 27). The life of Joseph, the elder son
of the favourite wife, spent in the field with the sons of the concubines,
was not likely to be happy.
the evil reporl] What this was, does not appear; cf. 1 Sam. ii. 23.
But Joseph's action brought upon him the odium of tale-bearing. On
the words for "evil report" cf. Num. xiii. 32, xiv. 36, 37 (P).
3, 4 (J). JOSEPH AND HIS BRETHREN.
3. Israel] In J this name is generally used. Contrast the use of
Jacob by Pin v. 2.
the son ef hz"s old age] This is hardly the description that we should
expect from chap. xxx. 22-24, which records the birth of Joseph. The
phrase is used in xliv. 20 of Benjamin with greater appropriateness.
a coat of many colours] Rather, as R.V. marg., a long garment with
sleeves. The familiar rendering "a coat of many colours," derived from
LXX x,roiva .,,-o,KiXov, Vulg. tunicam jolymitam, is certainly incorrect.
It is literally "a tunic of palms," i.e. reaching to the palms of the hands
and the soles of the feet, differing from an ordinary tunic by having
sleeves, and by reaching to the feet. The same word is used in
2 Sam. xiii. r8 of a dress worn by a princess, where LXX X<Twv Kap-
rwr6s and Lat. tunica talaris are correct; The rendering of the
margin, of Pesh., Symm. (xf<p1owT6v) and Aquila (x,rwv a<TTpa-yaXwv),
if less picturesque, is more ·accurate.
The unwise favouritism shewn by his father heightened the un-
popularity of the boy.
5-11 (E). JOSEPH'S DREAMS.
5. dreamed a dream] The influence of dreams in the E narrative
is conspicuous; cf. xx. 3. Dreams were regarded by the Orient~! as
intimations from another world, and were invested with the sancttty of
a divine oracle. The dream and its significance entered deeply mto
the religious conceptions of the ancient races.
'I. sheaves] Joseph's dream presupposes that the patriarch was
 GENESIS XXXVII. 7-12

E the field, and, lo, my sheaf arose, and also stood upright;
and, behold, your sheaves came round about, and made
8 obeisance to my sheaf. And his brethren said to him,
Shalt thou indeed reign over us ? or shalt thou indeed
have dominion over us? And they hated him yet the
9 more for his dreams, and for his words. And he dreamed
yet another dream, and told it to his brethren, and said,
Behold, I have dreamed yet a dream; and, behold, the
sun and the moon and eleven stars made obeisance to
10 me. And he told it to his father, and to his brethren ;
and his father rebuked him, and said unto him, What is
this dream that thou hast dreamed? Shall I and thy
. mother and thy brethren indeed come to bow down our-
II selves to thee to the earth ? And his brethren envied him ;
J 12 but his father kept the saying in mind. I And his brethren

leading a settled and agricultural life (cf. xxvi. 12). In xlvi. 31-34
Jacob and his family are shepherds and herdsmen, but the fact that the
failure of crops compels them to seek for corn in Egypt, xiii. 1, shews
that they were partly dependent upon local crops. Cf. xii. ro, xxxvi. 1.
8. reign over us] Perhaps with a reference to the future kingdom
of Ephraim, or to the leadership of "the house of Joseph" (Judg. i. 22),
9. another dream] The repetition (cf. xii. 5-32) seems to indicate
stronger certainty and greater importance. The first dream had its
symbolism on earth, the second in the heavens. The first included
the brethren only. The second included the father and the mother
in the same act of obeisance with the brethren. Israel, in its widest
sense, as a father's house, is to recognize the predominance of Joseph.
eleven stars] Supposed by some scholars to refer to the signs of
the Zodiac (cf. 2 Kings xxiii. 5 marg.), the twelfth being either Joseph
or obscured by Joseph. But the theory is improbable: it is not "the
eleven stars."
10. thy mother] Implying that Rachel was still alive. Her death
was recorded in xxxv. 19 0). Presumably this version (E) assumed
that her death occurred later.
The sun represented his father, and the moon his mother ; each of
his brethren is represented by a star. There is nothing in this scene
which really favours astronomical or astral theories of interpretation.
11. envied] This is the envy of malice rather. than of jealousy : it
denotes resentment ~ainst Joseph for being favoured, and a desire to
see him deprived of his privileges.
kept the saying in mind] Lit. "kept the word." LXX oierfifi'1/tTEP.
Lat. rem tacitus considerabat. This phrase is the origin of the words in
Luke ii. 51, "kept all these sayings in her heart." Jacob rebuked
Joseph, but evidently was so deeply impressed with the remarkable
 GENESIS XXXVII. 12-18 353
went to feed their father's flock in Shechem. And Israel 13 J
said unto Joseph, Do not thy brethren feed the flock in
Shechem ? come, and I will send thee unto them. And
he said to him, Here am I. And he said to him, Go 14
now, see whether it be well with thy brethren, and well
with the flock; and bring me word again. So he sent him
out of the vale of Hebron, and he came to Shechem.
And a certain man found him, and, behold, he was rs
wandering in the field : and the man asked him, saying,
What seekest thou? And he said, I seek my brethren : r6
tell me, I pray thee, where they are feeding the flock.
And the man said, They are departed hence : for I heard 17
them say, Let us go to Dothan. And Joseph went after
his brethren, and found them in Dothan. And they saw r8
and seemingly improbable character of the twice rel?eated dream, that
he secretly cherished a presentiment of its fulfilment (xiii. 6).

12-17 U), JOSEPH 1S MISSION TO HIS BRETHREN IN SHECHEM,

12. in Shechem] The region of Shechem was famous for its

fertility and pasturage. The fact that J acob's brethren selected it
for pasturing their flocks, indicates that the Dinah narrative, recorded
in chap. xxxiv., belongs to a separate group of Israelite tradition.
Clearly Dinah, if we may judge from xxx. zr and n-24, was of
the same age as Joseph. Joseph in the present chapter (cf. v. z) is
17 years old, while Dinah, to judge from xxxiv. 1, must have been
not less than 15 ; accordingly the events of _that chapter would have
been of quite recent occurrence. Evidently the present J narrative is
independent of them.
Seeing that Jacob, according to v. 14, was residing in Hebron,
Shechem and Dothan would be a very great distance away from the
patriarch's residence. Apparently the writer assumes that the whole
country was open grazing ground.
14. the vale of Hebron] The residence of Jacob; cf. xxxv. z7.
111. a certain man] Evidently Joseph and his brethren were well
known, and not unfavourably, in the region of Shechem. The lad's
wandering in uncertainty appeals to the reader'9' sympathy. The
Targum of Palestine says the '.' man" was the angel Gabriel.
17. Dothan] Familiar to us as the name of the city in which Elisha
was beset by foes and divinely protected (z Kings vi. 13-15). The
modern Tel Dothan probably preserves the site, a hill on the S. side
of the plain of Jezreel, and some 15 miles N. of Shechem. It is
mentioned frequently in the book of Judith. Modern writers speak
,of its rich pasturage.
GENESIS 23
 354 GENESIS XXXVII. 18-22

J him afar off, and before he came near unto them, they
E 19 conspired against him to slay him. J And they said one
20 to another, Behold, this 1 dreamer cometh. Come now
therefore, and let us slay him, and cast him into one of
the pits, and we will say, An evil beast bath devoured him :
J 21 and we shall see what will become of his dreams. I And
[Reuben] heard it, and delivered him out of their hand; and
E 22 said, Let us- not take his life. J And Reuben said unto
them, Shed no blood ; cast him into this pit that is in the
1 Heb. master of dreams.

18-36 {JE). JOSEPH IS SOLD 11:ITO EGYPT.

The composite character of the narrative becomes at this point very
evident. J (vv. 2r, 25-27, 28b, 31-35) relates that Judah restrai11s
his brethren from murder, and persuades them to sell Joseph to passing
Ishmaelites, who sell him as a slave to an Egyptian noble, E (vv.
22-25 (bread), 28• (pit), 28c-30, 36) relates that Reuben interposes,
and saves Joseph from his brethren: by his advice Joseph is cast into
a tank, where he is found by passing Midianite merchants, who draw
him out, take him to Egypt, and sell him to Potiphar, "captain of the
guard." Reuben returning to the tank, after the interval for food, finds
it empty.
19. this dreamer] Heb. master of dreams. This and the following
verse are from E. J oseph's brethren speak derisively of this "master
(Heb. baa!) of dreams" (cf. xlix. 23, "archers"=" masters of arrows";
2 Kings i. 8, "a hairy man"=" a master of hair "). They will kill
him, and so stop his dreams from coming true.
20. one of the pits] Cisterns, or tanks, are necessary in that country
for the storage of water. Long droughts are frequent, and the heat
very great. Water is needed for the flocks and herds. The tanks are
frequently covered with a stone. The aperture is narrow, and the sides
of the tank converging.
21. Reuben] Reuben's name is probably here substituted by the
Compiler (R) for that of Judah. Reuben speaks in v. 22; and it is un-
likely that two consecutive clauses would begin with Reuben speaking.
Probably this verse comes from J, and is carried on in vv. z6, z7,
with J udah's attempt to rescue Joseph.
22. And Reuben said] This and the next two verses are from E.
Reuben, the eldest, interposes to save his brother's life; cf. xiii. 37.
Shed no blood] Reuben's warning is that there· should be no blood-
shed, as if murder without bloodshed would be a less evil. His proposal
is that Joseph should be thrown into a cistern or tank, which they knew
of hard by, and that he should be left there to perish, Reuben intending
himself to deliver him. Reuben is not brave enough to oppose his
brothers; but hopes to outwit them. He appeals to the horror of
bloodshed. Rlood cries out against the murderer: see note on iv, I r.
 GENESIS XXXVII. 22-25 355
wilderness, but lay no hand upon him : that he might E
deliver him out of their hand, to restore him to his father.
And it came to pass, when Joseph was come unto his 23
brethren, that they stript Joseph of his coat, the coat of
many colours that was on him; and they took him, and 24
cast him into the pit : and the pit was empty, there was no
water in it. And they sat down to eat bread: I and they 25 J
lifted up their eyes and looked, and, behold, a travelling
company of Ishmaelites came from Gilead, with their
camels bearing 1 spicery and 2 balm and "myrrh, going to
1 Or,gum tragacanth Or, storax 9 Or, mastic 3 Or, ladanum

24. the pit was empty] Cf. the incident in the life of Jeremiah
(J er. xxxviii. 6). Presumably this was the reason why Reuben proposes
to "cast him into this pit" (v. 22).
21i. to eat bread] i.e. to take their meal ; cf. xxxi. 54, xliii. 25.
The E narrative is here interrupted, and is resumed at v. 2.8.
25h. a travelling company] "A caravan." Cf. Job vi. 19, "the
caravans of Terna, the companies of Sheba"; Isa. xxi. 13, "travelling
companies of Dedanites." Dothan lay on the trade route that led from
Gilead through the valley of J ezreel towards Egypt.
Ishmaelites] This must be regarded as a descriptive title for bands
of traders at the time of the composition of this narrative. Ishmael,
according to the P genealogies in Genesis, was Jacob's uncle; and the
sons of Ishmael were cousins of Joseph. Here the title is used almost
in the sense of " Bedouin nomads."
from Gilead] The trade route followed by caravans passed (1) from
Gilead on the east of the Jordan, (2) by a ford, across the Jordau,
(3) by Beth-Shean or Beisan, down the plain of Jezreel, and so (4) by
Lydda and the coast, to Egypt.
spicery] R.V. marg. gum tragacanth, or, storax. «Spicery" is too
vague a word. LXX Ouµ,aµ&.rwv. Lat. aromata. "Tragacanth" is "the
resinous gum of the Astragalus gummifer." "Spice, Old Fr. espz'ce
(epice), is derived from species. The mediaeval merchants recognised
four 'kinds'= species of aromatic trade; hence 'spice,' viz. saffron, cloves,
cinnamon, nutmegs." Weekley's Romance of Words, p. 129 (1912).
balm] R.V. marg. mastic, for which Gilead was famous; cf. xliii. II;
Jer. viii. 22, xlvi. II, Ii. 8; Ezek. xxvii. 17. It was used for incense,
and medicinally for wounds. It is said to be the gum of the mastic
tree, pistacia lentiscus.
myrrh] R. V. marg. ladanum, a gum obtained from the ci'stus
creticus, or rock-rose. Myrrh, !8t=LXX uraKrf, (cf. xliii. II), appears
as ladunu in Assyrian inscriptions describing tribute from Syria to
Tiglath-Pileser IV. The caravan trade with Egypt was evidently
largely occupied with materials for the practice of physicians, em-
balmers, and priests.
23-2
 GENESIS XXXVII. 25-30
J 26 carry it down to Egypt. And Judah said unto his
brethren, What profit is it if we slay our brother and
27 conceal his blood? Come, and let us sell him to the
Ishrnaelites, and let not our hand be upon him ; for he
is our brother, our flesh. And his brethren hearkened
E 28 unto him. I And there passed by Midianites, merchant-
men ; and they drew and lifted up Joseph out of the pit, I
J and sold Joseph to the Ishmaelites for twenty pieces of
E 29 silver. I And they brought Joseph into Egypt. And
Reuben returned unto the pit; and, behold, Joseph was
30 not in the pit; and he rent his clothes. And he returned
unto his brethren, and said, The child is not; and I,
26, conceal his blood] Referring to the superstition that blood,
which was not covered, would cry for vengeance: see note on iv, 10.
Cf. Job xvi. 18; Isai. xxvi. 21; Ezek. xxiv. 7.
27. let us sell him] Judah proposes to sell Joseph, in order to save
his life. Judah takes the lead in J's version, as Reuben in E's. See
xliii. 3 ff., xliv. r8ff.
28. Midianites] The first part of this verse resumes E's narrative
from v. 25. According to E, "Midianites," merchantmen, pass by,
traders from the desert on the east of Jordan. The term is descriptive,
and not genealogical : for Midian, like Ishmael, was a son of Abraham
(xxv. 2). The suggestion that "Midianites" is a name representing
the North Arabian Minaeans seems to ignore the Heb. character of
the story. The name is without the definite article; it cannot, there-
fore, refer to "the lshmaelites" of v. 27, whose description, though
similar, is quite distinct. LXX ol Ma,kqva.io, lµ.1ropo1. Lat. Madianitae
negotiatores.
they drew and lifted up] According to E, the Midianites did this,
and carried off Joseph, while his brothers were engaged in their meal.
According to this account, Joseph was kidnapped, or, as he himself says
(xl. 15), "stolen away," not sold.
2Sb. and sold] This is from J. Joseph's brethren,. by Jndah's
advice, sell him to the Ishmaelites. This clause follows upon v. 27.
twenty pieces of silver] i.e. shekels, as xx. 16. In Lev. xxvii. 5,
20 shekels is the price for a slave between the ages of 5 and 20.
30 shekels is the price for a slave in Ex. xxi. 32. On the value of
a shekel, see xxiii. 15.
29. And Reuben] Reuben returning to "the pit" finds it empty.
The Midianites had carried off the lad. Reuben's distress reveals his
purpose to his brethren. Clearly this is a different picture from that
of the sale of Joseph to the lshmaelites.
30. The child is not] Cf.. xlii. r3, 32, 36, xliv. 31; Jer. xxxi. 15;
Lam. v. 7. The word "child," yeled, is appropriate for a small boy:
see xxi. 8, 14.
 GENESIS XXXVII. 30---35 357
whither shall I go? I And they took Joseph's coat, and 31 Ej
killed a he-goat, and dipped the coat in the blood; and 32
they sent the coat of many colours, and they brought it
to their father; and said, This have we found: know now
whether it be thy son's coat or not. And he knew it, and 33
said, It is my son's coat; an evil beast hath devoured
him; Joseph is without doubt torn in pieces. And Jacob 34
rent his garments, and put sackcloth upon his loins, and ·
mourned for his son many days. And all his sons and all 35
his daughters rose up to comfort him ; but he refused to
be comforted; and he said, For I will go down to 1 the
grave to my son mourning. And his father wept for him. I

1 Heb. Sheol, the name of the abode of the dead, answering to the
Greek Hades, Acts ii. z7.

Sl-35. The continuation of the J clause in v. 28. Having sold

Joseph to the Ishmaelites, the brothers have to plan how to explain his
disappearaIJFe to1,acoh.
According to , they sent the coat to Jacob: according to E, they
dipped it in blood, and brought it to Jacob.
33. an evil beast] Jacob interprets the message, as they had
intended. They never asserted his death, but asked him to draw the
inference. The clause is repeated from v. zo.
34. rent hi's garments, &c.] Jacob mourned with the mourning
rites of the Israelites. The rent clothes, the sackcloth, and the ashes,
denote the exact opposite of festal array, new garments, soft raiment,
and ointment.
For "sackcloth" in mourning, see I Kings xxi. 27 ; z Kings
vi. 30.
SIi. his daughters] Either a different version from that in chap.
xxx. where Dinah is his only daughter ; or referring to his sons'
wives.
the grave] Heh. Sheol, the name of the abode of the dead, answer-
ing to the Greek ~orJS, e.g. Acts ii. 27. Sheol, as the region of the
dead, is, according to Hebrew ideas, the locality beneath the ground,
where the disembodied spirits led a shadowy existence. See Isai. xiv.
9-20. Jacob thinks that he will arrive in Sheol, as he had been on
the earth, in mourning for his lost son. See xiii. 38. The shade of
his son will there recognize the signs of his father's grief for his sake.
"To bring a man's gray hairs with sorrow to the grave". (here and
xiii. 38, xliv. 29, 31) does not, therefore, only mean" to bnng a man
prematurely aged to his grave," but also "to bring an old man to the
place of departed spirits in a state of lamentation for bereavement."
 GENESIS XXXVII. 36
E 36 And the 1 Midianites sold him into Egypt unto Potiphar,
an officer of Pharaoh's, the 2 captain of the guard.
1 Heb. Medanites, 2 Heb. cltief of the executioners.

36. Midianz'tes] Heb. Medanites. This verse, from E, resumes the

narrative from vv. 29, 30.
Potiphar] An Egyptian name, denoting" the gift of Ra," the sun-
god. It appears as "Potiphera," xli. 45, xlvi. 20. LXX ll<T<tppi)s,
Lat, Putiphar, reproducing the Egyptian Pedephre=" he whom the
sun-god gives."
o.f!icer] Lit. "eunuch." Probably a word used to denote an official
about the court. Heb. saris, LXX 1T1rci.8wv,. Lat. eunuchus. Some
Assyriologists prefer the derivation from sa resi= "he who is the head."
But there seems to be no sufficient reason to call in question the
meaning which the word has in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Arabic. The
class to which the saris belonged has always infested Oriental courts,
and the name was therefore likely to acquire a general significance as "a
court official." Cf. 2 Kings xl'iii. 17 (Rab-saris); Jer. xxxix, 3, 13;
Dan. i. 3.
Pharaoh] i.e. the king of Egypt. The title, but not the personal
name, of the sovereign : see note on xii. 15.
captain of the guard] Heb. chief of the executioners, and, as such,
having charge of the prisoners (xl. 3, 4, xli. 12). Cf. "captain of the
guard," 2 Kings xxv. 8; Jer. xxxix. 9, xli. 10, xliii. 6, lii. '12; Dan. ii.
14, Another very possible rendering is "chief of the butchers" (cf.
x!. 2, " chief of the bakers"), the officer over the men who killed the
animals for the food of the king's house, and one of the principal officials
in an ancient court. The Heb. word in the sing. is "cook" in 1 Sam,
ix. 23, 24, i.e. the man who killed the animal for food and cooked it.
If so, the rendering of the LXX apxiµ.ci.y«pos, "head cook," "head
of the kitchen department," is nearer the truth than that of the Liµ.
magister mi/itum.
CH. XXXVIII.
The contents of this chapter are derived from J. The narrative
forms an abrupt interruption of the Joseph story. The subject-matter
is peculiarly unattractive; but the insertion of the section at this
point is probably due to the desire to give prominence to the position
of Judah among the sons of Jacob.
The story of Judah and Tamar conceivably resembles that of Simeon
and Levi in chap. xxxiv., and that of Reuben in xxxv. 21 f., in that it
may be regarded as symbolizing tribal relations rather than as record-
ing personal history. The daughter of Shua, the wife of Judah, is of
Canaanite origin (vv. 2, 3). She represents the assimilation of Canaan-
ite clans into the clans of the tribe of Judah. If this view be correct,
then the primary object of the narrali ve is to preserve the tradition
which connected leading families from the border races, e.g. Perez
and Zerah (vv. 29, 30), with the great tribe of Judah. We may also
 GENESIS XXXVIII. 1-8 359
And it came to pass at that time, that Judah went down 38 J
from his brethren, and turned in to a certain Adullamite,
whose name was Hirah. And Judah saw there a daughter 2
of a certain Canaanite whose name was Shua; and he took
her, and went in unto her. And she conceived, and bare 3
a son ; and he called his name Er. And she conceived 4
again, and bare a son ; and she called his name Onan.
And she yet again bare a son, and called his name Shelah : s
and he was at Chezib, when she .bare him. And Judah 6
took a wife for Er his firstborn, and her name was
Tamar. And Er, Judah's firstborn, was wicked in the 7
sight of the LORD ; and the LORD slew him. And Judah 8
said unto Onan, Go in unto thy brother's wife, and perform
possibly see a subordinate object in the record of the tradition of a
pre-Mosaic origin for the institution of the Jevirate marriage.
1-11. Judah's wife and three sons.
12-26. Tamar and Judah.
27-SO. The birth of Perez and Zerah.
1. at that time] Cf. xxi. 22. The notes of time in this chapter
are very indefinite. Cf. 12, " in process of time." The marriage of
Judah with the daughter of Shua, the birth of his three sons, Er,
Onan, and Shelah, and the marriage of the first two with Tamar,
evidently represent a long interval.
Adu!lamite] Judah moved from the high ground near Hebron to
the lower, i.e. southern, country. The town of Adullam Gosh. xii. 15,
xv. 35) is now identified with the ruins 'Aid-el-mtl, 17 miles S. W. of
Jerusalem and about 12 N.W. from Hebron. See 1 Sam. xxii. 1.
Judah and Simeon in Judges i. 1-20 are represented as acting by
themselves, and their names do not appear in Deborah's Song corn•
memorating the patriotism of the Israelite tribes.
2. Skua] Note that" Shua," like Hirah in v. 1, is the name of a
man. See v. 12. Bath-Shua, i.e. "the daughter of Shua," is all the
description given of Judah's wife.
S. and he called] Better, "And she called his name Er." The
mother calls the name, as in v. 4. The reading '' she called " is found
in some Heh. MSS., Sam. and Targ. Jer. ''Er" and "Onan," see
xlvi. 12.
15. Chezib] The same name as Achzib in Josh. xv. 44.
6. Tamar] = " a date palm." A female name, occurring twice
in the family of David (2 Sam. xiii. 1, xiv. 27).
Judah, as head of the family, selects a wife for his firstborn, as in
xxiv. 3, xxxiv. 4.
8. perform] Thefirstinstanceofthe "levirate" (Lat.ltvir, "brother-
in-law ") law which made it obligatory for a surviving brother to marry
 GENESIS XXXVIII. 8-14
J the duty of an husband's brother unto her, and raise
9 up seed to thy brother. And Onan knew that the seed
should not be his ; and it came to pass, when he went
in unto his brother's wife, that he spilled it on the ground,
10 lest he should give seed to his brother. And the thing
which he did was evil in the sight of the LORD : and he
u slew him also. Then said Judah to Tamar his daughter
in law, Remain a widow in thy father's house, till Shelah
my son be grown up : for he said, Lest he also die, like
his brethren. And Tamar went and dwelt in her father's
12 house. And in process of time Shua's daughter, the wife
of Judah, died; and Judah was comforted, and went
up unto his sheepshearers to Timnah, he and his friend
13 Hirah the Adullamite. And it was told Tamar, saying,
Behold, thy father in law goeth up to Timnah to shear
14 his sheep. And she put off from her the garments of
her widowhood, and covered herself with her veil, and
the widow of his brother, if the latter should die childless. See Dent.
xxv. 5; Matt. xxii. 24. The eldest son of a levirate marriage succeeded
to the deceased's name and inheritance.
11. in thy father's house] A widow without children went back to
her father's family; cf. Lev. xxii. 13 ; Ruth i. 8. A widow with
children remained in the family of her husband, and under its protection.
Judah evidently believes that the deaths of Er and Onan are somehow
due to Tamar. Rather, then, than subject his youngest son Shelah to
the risk of a similar fate, he sends Tamar back to her own people, on
the pretext that Shelah is too young at present to perform the levirate
duty. Compare the story in Tobit iii., where Sarah's seven husbands
are cut off in succession.
12-26. TAMAR AND JUDAH,
12, Timnah] Possibly the same as in Josh. xv. 10, 57; Judg. xiv. 1.
13. shear his sheep] Sheep-shearing was an occasion of festivity,
and often of licentiousness. See note on xxxi. 19. Cf. 1 Sam. xxv.
2 ff. ; 2 Sam. xiii. 2 3 f.
H. And she put off, &c.] The neglect on Judah's part to satisfy the
requirements of the levirate rule provoked Tamar to have recourse to
trickery. To our moral sense such conduct is bad and disgusting. But
to Orientals, whose life depended so largely upon the sanctity of racial
customs, her action may have seemed not only entertaining in its
cleverness, but even honourable and justifiable in its devotion to a
deceased husband's rights.
her veil] Tamar apparelled herself in the guise of a religious
prostitute ({edi!shah, v. 21), one who dedicated herself to the goddess
 GENESIS XXXVIII. 14-21

wrapped herself, and sat in the gate of Enaim, which is J

by the way to Timnah; for she saw that Shelah was
grown up, and she was not given unto him to wife. When 15
Judah saw her, he thought her to be an harlot; for she
had covered her face. And he turned unto her by the 16
way, and said, Go to, I pray thee, let me come in unto
thee: for he knew not that she was his daughter in law.
And she said, What wilt thou give me, that thou mayest
come in unto me? And he said, I will send thee a kid 17
of the goats from the flock. And she said, Wilt thou give
me a pledge, till thou send it ? And he said, What pledge 18
shall I give thee? And she said, Thy signet and thy cord,
and thy staff that is in thine hand. And he gave them
_to her, and came in unto her, and she conceived by him.
And she arose, and went away, and put off her veil 19
from her, and put on the garments of her widowhood.
And Judah sent the kid of the goats by the hand of his 20
friend the Adullamite, to receive the pledge from the
woman's hand · but he found her not. Then he asked the 21
men of her place, saying, Where is the 1 harlot, that was at
1 Heb. kedeshah, that is, a woman dedicated to impure heathen
worship, See Deut. xxiii. 17, Hos. iv. 14.
Astarte, the Babylonian !star. The veil was one of the symbols of
!star.
in the gate of Enaim] i.e. in the open space at the entrance into the
town. The name of the town means '' wells," possibly Enam, men•
tioned in Josh. xv. 34, in the same context with Adullam.
by the way] i.e. on "the way side" (v. 21): see Jer. iii. 2; Ezek.
xvi. 15-25.
15. covered her face] Cf. Prov. vii. 10. The attire indicated the
character she had assumed.
18, signet ... cord... staff] The signet ring is frequently worn by
Arabs on a cord fastened round the neck. Cf. Song of Songs viii. 6,
"set me as a seal upon thine heart." The signet ring and the staff,
which was often carved and highly ornamented, would be the most
personal possessions of a Sheikh, and, as pledges, a most certain means
of identification. This astute manoeuvre is the turning-point of the
whole story.
21. harlot] Heb. !fedtshah, that is, a woman dedicated to impure
heathen worship : see Deut. xxiii. 1 7 ; Hos. iv. 14. The Heb. word
denotes "a woman dedicated to the service of some god, or god-
, <less." Her dedication consisted in the sacrifice of her chastity. This
 GENESIS XXXVIII. 21-27

J Enaim by the way side? And they said, There bath

22 been no 1 harlot here. And he returned tb Judah, and
said, I have not found her; and also the men of the place
1
23 said, There hath been no harlot here. And Judah said,
Let her take it to her, lest we be put to shame: behold,
24 I sent this kid, and thou hast not found her. And it
came to pass about three months after, that it was told
Judah, saying, Tamar thy daughter in law hath played
the harlot; and moreover, behold, she is with child by
whoredom. And Judah said, Bring her forth, and let her
25 be burnt. When she was brought forth, she sent to her
father in law, saying, By the man, whose these are, am
I with child: and she said, Discern, I pray thee, whose
26 are these, the signet, and the cords, and the staff. And
Judah acknowledged them, and said, She is more righteous
than I; forasmuch as I gave her not to Shelah my son.
27 And he knew her again no more. And it came to pass in
the time of her travail, that, behold, twins were in her
1 Heb. kedeshah, that is, a woman dedicated to impure heathen
worship. See Deut. xxiii. 17, Hos. iv. 14.
repulsive and strangely degrading custom prevailed generally among
Semitic races, and was associated with the impure and immoral rites
of the Phoenician, Syrian, and Babylonian worship.
23. Let her take it to her] i. e. let her retain the pledges, lest by
making enquiries Judah should be exposed to shame.
24. let her be burnt] Judah, as the head of the family, acts as judge
having power of life and death, cf. xxxi. 32. It is remarkable that the
matter is not referred to Jacob; but, presumably, this story constitutes
a separate tribal tradition, in which Judah stands as the chief authority.
Judah sentences her to death as an adulteress. He treats her as the
betrothed of Shelah, and the childless widow of Er. The penalty for
adultery in the Levitical law was death by stoning (cf. Lev. xx. 10 with
Deut. xxii. 22; Ezek. xvi. 40; John viii. 5). Death by burning, the
penalty of a priest's daughter, Lev. xxi. 9, was the more ancient usage.
The penalty of burning is recorded in the Code of Hammurabi; and
occurs in ancient Egyptian sentences for adultery.
26, more righteous] Judah acknowledges that Tamar had a claim
upon the observance of marriage customs, and that he had done wrong
in neglecting her, and in ignoring the sacred obligations of tribal
"levirate" marriage, upon which depended the very existence of an
Oriental community. The Heb. verb means "to be right, to have
right on one's side"; and J udah's words might be rendered " she is in
her rights as against me" (cf. Davidson's Theology of the O. T., p. 267).
 GENESIS XXXVIII. 27-XXXIX. 1 363
womb. And it came to pass, when she travailed, that one 28 J
put out a hand: and the midwife took and bound upon
his hand a scarlet thread, saying, This came out first.
And it came to pass, as he drew back his hand, that, 29
behold, his brother came out: and she said, 1 Wherefore
hast thou made a breach for thyself? therefore his name
was called 2 Perez. And afterward came out his brother, 30
that had the scarlet thread upon his hand : and his name
was called Zerah.
And Joseph was brought down to Egypt; and I Potiphar, 39 J (R)
Or, How hast thou made a breach! a breach be upon thee I
2 That is, A breach.

27-30. BIRTH OF PEREZ AND ZERAH,

29. Wherefore hast, &c.] How hast thou made a breach! a breach
be upon tlzee!
Perez] That is, a breach. For Perez, see Ruth iv. 12, 18.
30. Zerah] A word which probably meant "the rising of the sun";
but was apparently in popular etymology connected with a word
meaning "scarlet." See, for Zerah, an Edomite, xxxvi. 13, 17, 33.
In this narrative we may discern a reminiscence of a time in which
the clans of Er and Onan disappeared from the tribe of Judah ; while
those of Perez and Zerah, connected with native Canaanites, became
incorporated with it, but were rivals with one another, Zerah, though
the more ancient, being obliged to yield to the greater v_igour of Perez.
CH. XXXIX. (J.) JOSEPH AND POTIPHAR's WIFE.
The story of Joseph is in this chapter resumed, in the J version, from
xxxvii. 35. In this version Joseph in Egypt is a slave who has been
sold by his brethren to the Ishmaelites, and then by the Ishmaelites to
an Egyptian of rank, whose name is not given. This Egyptian makes
him the chief servant in his household. The Egyptian's wife brings
an accusation against Joseph for which the Egyptian commits him to
prison. .
In the present chapter the two versions of the Joseph narrative are
harmonized by the Compiler giving to the Egyptian, who bought Joseph
from "the Ishmaelites," the name of Potiphar, to whom, according to E,
"the Midianites" sold him in xxxvii. 36.
1-6. J oseph's prosperity.
7-20. The false accusation.
21-23. Joseph in prison.
1. was brought down] This follows upon xxxvii. 28. .
Potiphar, &c.] See note on xxxvii. 36. These words the Compiler
seems to have added from E to harmonize the two accounts. J. merely
 GENESIS XXXIX. 1-7
(R) J an officer of Pharaoh's, the captain of the guard, I an
Egyptian, bought him of the hand of the Ishmaelites,
2 which had' brought him d9wn thither. And the LORD was
with Joseph;and he was a prosperous man; and he was in
3 the house of his master the Egyptian. And his master
saw that the LORD was with him, and that the LORD made
4 all that he did to prosper in his harid. And Joseph found
grace in his sight, and he ministered unto him: and he
made him overseer_ over his house, and all that he had he
s put into his hand. And it came to pass from the time that
he made him overseer in his house, and over all that -he
had, that the LoRD blessed the Egyptian's house for
J oseph's sake; and the blessing of the LORD was upon all
6 that he had, in the house and in the field. And he left
all that he had in J oseph's hand; and 1 he knew not aught
that was with him, save the bread which he did eat. And
7 Joseph was comely, and well favoured. And it came to
1 Or, wit!i him he knew not
read "And an Egyptian bought him"; cf. v. 2, "in the house of his
master the Egyptian." The words "an Egyptian," "the Egyptian"
would have been needless in vv. 1, 2, after the full description of
Potiphar as "an officer of Pharaoh's, the captain of the guard."
2. the LORD was wit!i Joseph] This is the motif of the whole
section. Jehovah stands by Joseph whether in trouble or in prosperity,
in good report or in evil; cf. vv. 3, 5, 21, 23. Joseph was one of those
rare characters in which great personal attractiveness in manner and
appearance was combined with high principle and good intell~ctual
powers.
in the house] i.e. not sent out to labour in the field.
4, ministered unto him] Joseph's character and capacities were first
tested by personal service, and afterwards by the responsibility of general
supervision.
overseer] Joseph was made steward of the whole household, a position
of which we find mention in early Egy£tian records. Cf. xliii. 16, xliv, 1,
ti. for Joseph' s sake] Cf. xxx. 27 (J).
6. he knew not ... ht'm] The R.V. marg., with him he knew not,
gives the correct meaning. Joseph's master trusted everything to him.
Everything went on smoothly; and with Joseph as manager he had
no need to think of a thing, except as regards food. It is also just
possible that "save the bread, &c.," implies that food, owing to the
strictness of Egyptian scruples (cf. xliii. 32), could not be committed
to the care of a foreigner. Joseph was controller, or steward, of the
household.
 GENESIS XXXIX. 7-13
pass after these things, that his master's wife cast her eyes J
upon Joseph; and she said, , Lie with me. But he re- s
fused, and said unto his master's wife, Behold, my master
1
knoweth not what is with me in the house, and he hath
put all- that he bath into my hand; 2 there is none greater 9
in this house than I ; neither hath he kept back any thing
from me but thee, because thou art his wife : how then
can I do this great wickedness, and sin against God? And ro
it came to pass, as she spake to Joseph day by day, that
he hearkened not unto her, to lie by her, or to be with her.
And it came to pass about this time, that he went into the n
house to do his work ; and there was none of the men
of the house there within. And she caught him by his 12
garment, saying, Lie with me: and he left his garment
in her hand, and fled, and got him out. And it came to 1 3
pass, when she saw that he· had left his garment in her
1 Or, lmuweth not wlth me what is &-c. 2 Or, he is not

'1-20. THE FALSE ACCUSATION,

8, knoweth not, &c.] Here, as in v. 6, the marg., knuweth not with
me what i's, gives the meaning of the passage.
9, there is none greater] The margin, he is not, is correct. The
rendering of the text is not on! y less accurate, but far less vigorous.
The LXX and Vulg. have similarly missed the meaning.
how then ... against God] Observe how, in J, Elohim, not Jehovah, is
used of God in a passage where Joseph is speaking to a non-Israelite.
Joseph repels the imrr>oral overtures of his master's wife on the ground,
(1) of honour towards the master who trusted him in everything; and
(z) of goodness and virtue, the duty of a man living in the presence
of God. " This great wickedness" ; Joseph takes the simplest line of
resisting temptation. The thing is wrong in God's sight; and that
is enough for him. Egyptologists have illustrated this part of J oseph's
story from the ancient Egyptian "Tale of the two brothers" (con-
tained in the d'Orbiney Papyrus, 19th Dynasty), in which the wife of
the elder seeks to seduce the honour of the younger. The tale belon~s
to the Egyptian literature of the 14th cent. B.c. 1 "Against God' :
the consciousness of the personal presence of Jehovah "made all
sins to be actions directly done against Him" ('Davidson), So the
Psalmist, although confessing wrong against his fellow-men, says,
"Against thee, thee only, have I sinned" (Ps. Ii. 4).
13. his garment] This accident provided the only circumstantial
piece of evidence for the charge brought against him.
See Appendix E.
 366 GENESIS XXXIX. 13-21

J hand, and was fled forth, that she called unto the men
14
of her house, and spake unto them, saying, See, he hath
brought in an Hebrew unto us to mock us; he came in
15 unto me to lie with me, and I cried with a loud voice: and
it came to pass, when he heard that I lifted up my voice
and cried, that he left his garment by me, and fled, and
16 got him out. And she laid up his garment by her, until
17 his master came home. And she spake unto him ac-
cording to these words, saying, The Hebrew servant,
which thou hast brought unto us, came in unto me to
18 mock me: and it came to pass, as I lifted up my voice
and cried, that he left his garment by me, and fled out.
19 And it came to pass, when his master heard the words of
his wife, which she spake unto him, saying, After this
manner did thy servant to me; that his wrath was kindled.
20 And J oseph's master took him, and put him into the prison, I
(R)J the place where the king's prisoners were bound: I and he was
21 there in the prison. But the LoRD was with Joseph, and
14. an Hebrew] The designation used by foreigners for "an
Israelite" (cf. xii. 12, xliii. 32), and probably for any one who belonged
to the group of peoples, Israelite, Moabite, Ammonite, Edomite, who
invaded and settled down in Palestine and the adjacent territories.
The word is an appeal to the racial prejudice agaiust Asiatic strangers.
to mock] Cf. Prov. i. 26. The idea is of wanton insult.
us] As if none of the women in the house would be secure from
insult, when the master's wife had been subjected to such an affront
from this young upstart foreigner. She implies that her husband's
confidence in his Hebrew slave meant disregard for the family's
honour.
16. laid up] i.e. laid on one side, and kept ready to be produced
as evidence.
20. into the prison] Lit. "into the house· of roundness," or "the
round house." Possibly the Heb. expression, "the house of sohar,"
may be an attempt to transliterate an Egyptian word, with a similar
sound, by means of a familiar Heb. word sohar. LXX <lxvpwµa, Lat.
career. It only occurs here, and v. 23, and xl. 3, 5. On the
whole, if J oseph's master believed the tale that had been told him,
the punishment inflicted was less violent than we should have expected
in such an age.
the place ... were bound] These words are considered by many scholars
to be introduced by the Compiler, in order to lead up to the description
of the prison scene in the E narrative of eh. xl.
21. But the LORD, &c.] See note on v. 2. The favour of Jehovah
 GENESIS XXXIX. 21-XL. 2
shewed kindness unto him, and gave him favour in the sight of J
the keeper of the prison. And the keeper of the prison corn- 22
mitted to Joseph's hand all the prisoners that were in the
prison; and whatsoever they did there, he was the doer of it.
The keeper of the prison looked not to any thing that was 23
under his hand, because the LORD was with him; and that
which he did, the LORD made it to prosper.
And it came to pass after these things, that the butler 40 E
of the king of Egypt and his baker offended their lord
the king of Egypt. And Pharaoh was wroth against 2
his two officers, against the chief of the butlers, and

towards Joseph is the cause of J oseph's acceptability with the keeper of

the prison. He receives the same degree of confidence in prison, as he
had received from the master whom he had served as steward.

CH. XL. (E,) JOSEPH INTERPRETS THE DREAMS OF PHARAOH's

OFFICERS,

The contents of this chapter are from E. Joseph's master (cf. xxxvii.
36) is the officer in whose house is the prison ; and he commits to the
charge of Joseph, his slave, the two court-officials whose dreams Joseph
correctly interprets.
The section leads up to the denouement in eh. xii. The details are
skilfully drawn. The scene is pronounced by Egyptologists to be faith-
ful to the conditions of Egyptian life in the 14th century B,C.
Though the narrative is from E, the Compiler endeavours to harmonize
the account with that of J by inserting words in vv. 3, 5, and I 5·

1-8. The two officers in prison,

9-19. The interpretation of their dreams.
20-23. Their fulfilment.

1-8. THE TWO OFFICERS IN PRISON.

1. after these things] A vague definition of time: see xv. r, xxii. r,

xxxix. 7.
the butler] In vv. 2, 20 he is called "the chief butler." The word
is rendered in Neh. i. II, "cupbearer," an officer who looked after the
king's cellar.
his baker] In vv. 2 and 22 he is called "the chief baker," an officer
who looked after the king's bakehouse. These officials filled high
positions at the Egyptian court. Cf. xxxvii. 36.
offended] Lit. "sin?ed ";_ so LXX ~µap-rov, Lat. peccare!!'·
2. his ... o.fficers] Lit. "his eunuchs"; see note on xxxvn. 36.
 GENESIS XL. 2-8
E 3 against the chief of the bakers. And he put them in
ward in the house of the captain of the guard, into the
4 prison, the place where Joseph was bound. And the captain
of the guard charged Joseph with them, and he ministered
5 unto them : and they continued a season in ward. And
they dreamed a dream both of them, each man his
dream, in one night, each man according to the inter-
(R) pretation of his dream, J the butler and the baker of the
E 6 king of Egypt, which were bound in the prison. J And
Joseph came in unto them in the morning, and saw them,
7 and, behold, they were sad, And he asked Pharaoh's
officers that were with him in ward in his master's house,
8 saying, Wherefore look ye so sadly to-day? And they said

3. in ward] Cf. vv. 4 and 7. An old English expression; cf.

Shakespeare, 2 Hen. VI, v. i.:
"I know, ere they will have me go to ward,
They'll pawn their swords for my enfranchisement."
He committed them for safe keeping, while the enquiry into the charges
against them went on.
captain of the guard] See note on xxxvii. 36,
the prison]=" the round house," as in xxxix. 20. This clause seems
to have been introduced, in order to harmonize the tradition of J oseph's
position in the house of the "captain of the guard " with the account
of his imprisonment in xxxix. 20-23.
According to E, Pharaoh placed his two officials in confinement,
but not in the prison, in the keeping of the " captain of the guard."
4. charged Joseph with them] i.e. put them under the care of
Joseph, who is to be in attendance on them, not as a fellow-prisoner,
but as a servant in his master's house. Compare the words of "the
chief butler" in xii. 12 (also from E), "there was with us there a
young man, an Hebrew, servant to the captain of the guard." This is
different from the idea given in xxxix. 22, where he is a prisoner, and
appointed by the "keeper of the prison" to look after the other
prisoners.
a season] Lit. "days."
6. sad] Gloomy and depressed, the word rendered "worse
liking" in Dan. i. ro. There was a general belief in dreams, as
a means of conveying supernatural information. In the case of these
two officers, their anxiety as to their fate added to the desire to learn
the meaning of the strange dreams which had so deeply impressed
them. The coincidence in time and the general resemblance between
the two dreams could not be accidental.
7. look ye so sad(y] Lit. "are your faces bad," cf. N eh, ii. 2,
 GENESIS XL. 8-13
unto him, We have dreamed a dream, and there is none E
that can interpret it. And Joseph said unto them, Do not
interpretations belong to God? tell it me, I pray you.
And the chief butler told his dream to Joseph, and said 9
to him, In my dream, behold, a vine was before me;
and in the vine were three branches : and it was as though 10
it budded, and its blossoms shot forth; and the clusters
thereof brought forth ripe grapes : and Pharaoh's cup was n
in my hand; and I took the grapes, and pressed them into
Pharaoh's cup, and I gave the cup into Pharaoh's hand.
And Joseph said unto him, This is the interpretation of it: 12
the three branches are three days; within yet three days 13
shall Pharaoh lift up thine head, and restore thee unto
8. none that can interpret it] The Egyptians regarded the inter-
pretation of dreams as a science requiring special study; or as a de-
partment of magic needing special initiation. Had the two officials
been at liberty, they would have each repaired to their special sooth-
sayer or dream-interpreter for an explanation of the dream that had
so greatly disturbed them.
belong to God] Joseph claims that the interpretation of dreams is
neither science nor magic. The man, to whom God reveals His secrets,
alone can interpret them. He himself does not pretend to interpret.
But, possibly, God may make use of His servant to make known His
mind, cf. xii. r6, 38, 39 and Dan. ii. 19, 28, 47.
9-19. THE INTERPRETATION OF THEIR DREAMS,
10. z"t was as though it budded] Another rendering is "and as it
budded, its blossoms shot forth." But the rendering in the text is
grammatically to be preferred. The dream combines, as it were, in
a moment the successive stages, by which the vine first budded and·
blossomed, then brought forth grapes, the grapes ripened, and their
juice was transformed into wine. Things will happen in a dream
which do not admit of a scientific explanation.
11. pressed them into Pharaoh's cup] The cupbearer did not squeeze
grapes into his master's cup in order to make wine. He squeezed,
and at once the cup was full of wine. This is one of the fancies
occurring in a dream. Dream-land is true to experience, and yet
possesses, here and there, odd fantastic features. It is a feature in
this dream that all the difficulties are successfully overcome; the chief
butler, at the end of it, holds Pharaoh's cup.
13. lift up thine head] i.e. "will lift it up with favour," as in
2 Kings xxv. 27; Jer. Iii. 3r. The" countenance," which is sad, or in
trouble, hangs down and needs to be lifted up: see note on iv. 6, 7.
,As the phrase is also used of "the chief baker" in an unfavourable
GENESIS
 370 GENESIS XL. 13-17
E thine office : and thou shalt give Pharaoh's cup into his
hand, after the former manner when thou wast his butler.
14 But have me in thy remembrance when it shall be well
with thee, and shew kindness, I pray thee, unto me,
and make mention of me unto Pharaoh, and bring me
15 out of this house: for indeed I was stolen away out of
(R) the land of the Hebrews: I and here also have I done
E 16 nothing that they should put me into the dungeon. I When
the chief baker saw that the interpretation was good, he
said unto Joseph, I also was in my dream, and, behold,
17 three baskets of white bread were on my head : and in
the uppermost basket there was of all manner of bake-
meats for Pharaoh; and the birds did eat them out of the
sense (vv. 19, 10), it might conceivably be employed for the official
notice of release to a prisoner, either for pardon or for punishment.
But this is not probable; see note on v. 19.
14. But have me, &c.] Joseph claims no reward for his interpretation
beyond that of an act of kindness.
15. stolen away] i. e. "kidnapped": see xxxvii. 18. According to
E Joseph was not sold by his brethren, but stolen by the Midiauites.
the land ef the Hebrews] For the use of the word "Hebrew," cf.
xiv. 13, xxxix. 14 and xii. IZ. It was the designation in use by
foreigners for "the dwellers in Palestine." In Joseph's mouth the
phrase is an anachronism, even if it means the whole region in which
the Hebrew races of Israel, Ishmael, Moab, Ammon, and Edom, were
establishing themselves. Whether "the Hebrews" are to be identified
with the .lfabiri of the Tel-el-Amarna tablets, is a disputed question.
But '' the land of the Hebrews" is not a Hebrew phrase that would
naturally be used of Canaan before it had been conquered and occupied
by the tribes of Israel. See Appendix D, ii., iii. on the .lfabiri and the
'Apuriu.
and here also ... the dungeon] This clause is very probably introduced
by the Compiler in order to harmonize the present chapter with the
account of Joseph's position in xxxix. 10-13. LXX els Tov °Xci.KKOV
Tofh-ov, Lat. in /acum.
16. I also] The chief baker is encouraged to relate his dream.
There are certain conspicuous similarities in the two dreams : ( r) each
man is discharging his own special office; (1) the number "3" is a
feature in both.
efwhite bread] LXX Tpla Kava xovop<Twv, Lat. tria canistrafarinae.
Instead of" white bread," some scholars prefer the rendering "baskets
of open wicker-work," viz. "baskets shewing their contents" (so Rashi).
Symmachus, {Jai'vci.= "baskets of palm-branches."
17. bakemeats] LXX lp-yov o-1To1rowO, Lat. cibos qui jiunt arte
pistoria: as we say, "all kinds of confectionery." The bakemeats are
 GENESIS XL. 17-23 371
basket upon my head. And Joseph answered and said, 18 E
This is the interpretation thereof: the three baskets are
three days; within yet three days shall Pharaoh lift up thy 19
head from off thee, and shall hang thee on a tree; and the
birds shall eat thy flesh from off thee. And it came to pass 20
the third day, which was Pharaoh's birthday, that he made a
feast unto all his servants: and he lifted up the head of the
chief butler and the head of the chief baker among his ser-
vants. And he restored the chief butler unto his butlership 21
again; and he gave the cup into Pharaoh's hand: but he 22
hanged the chief baker : as Joseph had interpreted to
them. Yet did not the chief butler remember Joseph, but 23
forgat him.
only in the top basket. If the birds took them, he had nothing in the
other baskets to bring to Pharaoh's table.
the birds] The birds, darting down upon the food and carrying it oft,
doubtless seemed of evil augury; cf. the appearance of the birds in
xv. 11. · It was like a nightmare! The baker found himself powerless
to frighten the birds away. The great kites in Egypt, the bird scavengers
of the land, are always wheeling in the air, ready to pounce down upon
choice morsels, if they see the slightest chance of carrying them off.
19. lift up thy head from off thee] Joseph, by a use of the same
phrase as in v. 13, introduces the sudden unfavourable interpretation:
"from off thee" shews that it means here "decapitation," not (see note
on v. 13) "he will release thee from imprisonment, in order to be
executed." For the word-play, which uses the same word in two
senses, cf. xxvii. 39·
hang thee on a tree] The decapitated corpse of the malefactor would
be impaled, and allowed to hang exposed to public view, and to become
the prey of wild animals and obscene birds. This picture was terrible
to the Egyptian mind, which attached great value to preservation of
the body as the ultimate medium of the soul's ( =Ja) existence. For
"hanging," see Josh. x. 26; 2 Sam. iv. 12, xxi. 9, 10.
20-23. THE FULFILMENT.

20. Pharaoh's birthday] Cf. Matt. xiv. 6; Mark vi. 2t. Pro-
clamations of amnesty on royal birthdays have been universal. They
can be illustrated from the royal proclamations preserved in Egyptian
inscriptions.
The title "Pharaoh" (=Egypt. Pr'o, "Great House") is constantly
used without a personal surname before the 22nd Dynasty (945;-7 45 B-C-)-
23. forgat him] These words are an artistic C£?nclus1on . to this
interesting section. The chief butler's forgetfulness, m the enJoyment
, of his own good fortune, ( 1) is sadly natural; (2) increases our sympathy
24-2
 372 GENESIS XLI. 1, 2

E 41 And it came to pass at the end of two full years, that

Pharaoh dreamed : and, behold, he stood by the 1 river.
2 And, behold, there came up out of the river seven kine,
1 Heb. Yeor, that is, the Nile.
with Joseph; (3) heightens the expectation of the reader as to the
manner of his deliverance.

CH. XLI. (E (JP).) JOSEPH AND PHARAOH'S DREAMS,

This is a continuation of eh. xl., and is mainly derived from E. In
this section Joseph as the servant of God is not only rescued from the
position of a slave, but exalted to be the first minister in Egypt.
Pharaoh's dreams offer the occasion for J oseph's liberation. The in-
cidents in the previous chapter, after a long disciplinary interval of_
waiting, are the cause of his being remembered by the chief butler. He
is summoned into the presence of Pharaoh himself. His interpretation of
Pharaoh's dreams is rewarded by a startling elevation into highest office 1.
The Compiler, in order to harmonize the accounts, introduces in
v. 14 the mention of "the prison," which is taken from J.
1-7. Pharaoh's dreams.
8-32. Joseph as Interpreter.
33-36. Joseph's counsel.
37-46, Joseph as Grand Vizier,
47-49. The seven good years.
50-52. Joseph's sons.
53-57. The years of famine.
--7. PHARAOH'S DREAMS,
1. two full years] i. e. from the execution of the chief baker.
river] Heb. Yeor, i.e. the Nile, as always in the O.T., except Job
xxviii. 10; Isai. xxxiii. 21; Dan. xii. 51 6. The Heh. word reproduces
the Egyptian. According to Egyptologists it stands for the Egyptian
aur, ''stream,'' or aur-aa, ''the great stream,'' Assyr. £a'uru, ''stream."
2. out of the river] The Nile is the source of the fertility and wealth
of Egypt. The cows issuing from the Nile would be a symbol of
fertility. The Egyptian goddess Hathor is represented with the head
of a COW,
seven kine] The number "seven" is commonly employed for the
purposes of symbolism. The god Osiris is represented in Egyptian
drawings as an ox accompanied by seven cows.
1 "The points of resemblance between Dan. ii. and Gen. xl.-xli. are very striking.
In both accounts we have a young Hebrew raised by the favour of a heathen king to
great political prominence owing to his extraordinary God-given ability to interpret
dreams. In both versions the heathen astrologers make the fi.rst attempt to solve the
difficulty, which results in failure, whereupon the pious Israelite, being summoned to
the royal presence, in both cases through the friendly intervention of a court official,
triumphantly explains the mystery to the king's satisfaction." Encycl. Brit. edn. 11,
art. "Daniel."
 GENESIS XLI. 2-8 373
well favoured and fatfleshed; and they fed in the reed- E
grass. And, behold, seven other kine came up after them 3
out of the river, ill favoured and leanfleshed; and stood
by the other kine upon the brink of the river. And the 4
ill favoured and leanfleshed kine did eat up the seven
well favoured and fat kine. So Pharaoh awoke. And 5
he slept and dreamed a second time : and, behold, seven
ears of corn came up upon one stalk, 'rank and good. And, 6
behold, seven ears, thin and blasted with the east wind,
sprung up after them. And the thin ears swallowed up the 7
seven 1 rank and full ears. And Pharaoh awoke, and,
behold, it was a dream. And it came to pass in the morn- 8
ing that his spirit was troubled; and he sent and called for
all the 2 magicians of Egypt, and all the wise men thereof:
1 Heh.fat. 2 Or, sacred scribes
reed-grass] The Heb. word a!zu transliterates the Egyptian a!zu, or i!zi.
It is found also in v. 18; Job viii. II; Hos. xiii. 15. LXX cixet, which
occurs also in Isa. xix. 7; Ecclus. xl. 16. Jerome, commenting on Isa.
xix. 7, explains 4xe, as quicquid in palude virens nascitur. The word,
derived from a root meaning "~reen," is applied to the Nile reed-grass
whose vivid green, under that bnght sky, strikes every traveller in Egypt 1 •
4. did eat up] The fantastic side of the dream. Cf. xl. II, 17.
IS, a second time] Here, as in xxxvii. 9 and xl. 16, the duplication
of the dream seems to place its significance beyond dispute. The re-
semblance of the dreams is found in (1) the number "seven"; (1) in
the good products being consumed by the bad. The first dream was
concerned with the sacred animal of Egypt; the second with Egypt's
chief source of wealth.
rank] Heh.fat, i.e. rich and good.
&. blasted witk tke east wind] The east wind in the O. T. is always
a synonym for dryness, parching heat, and violence. Cf. Ezek. xvii. 10,
xix. 12; Hos. xiii. 15; Jonah iv. 8. In Egypt the S.E. wind is the
dreaded kkamsin, which brings the sandstorms in the spring, Ar. sirocco.

8-32. JOSEPH AS INTERPRETER,

8. kis spirit was troubled] Compare the effect of the dreams in

xl. 6; Dan. ii. 1-3,
all tke magicians] or, as R.V. marg., sacred scribes. The Heb.
J;,artummim used in this chapter and Ex. vii.-ix. probably designates
1 "Pro junco papyrum transtulerunt LXX, de quo charta ~~' addentes de s1~0
Achi, vin"de, quod in Hebraeo non habetur. Cumque ah erudttts quaere~em,_qmd
hie serrno significaret, audivi ab Aegyptiis hoe nomine lingua eorum qu1cqui'd UI
palude virens nascitttr appellari" (Comm. in Esai, § -291).
 374 GENESIS XLI. 8-14
E and Pharaoh told them his dream ; but there was none
9 that could interpret them unto Pharaoh. Then spake the
chief butler unto Pharaoh, saying, I 1 do remember my
10 faults this day: Pharaoh was wroth with his servants, and
put me in ward in the house of the captain of the guard,
11 me and the chief baker : and we dreamed a dream in
one night, I and he; we dreamed each man according
12 to the interpretation of his dream. And there was with
us there a young man, an Hebrew, servant to the captain
of the guard ; and we told him, and he interpreted to us
our dreams ; to each man according to his dream he did
13 interpret. And it came to pass, as he interpreted to
us, so it was; 2 me he restored unto mine office, and
14 him he hanged. Then Pharaoh sent and called Joseph, I
(R) and they brought him hastily out of the dungeon: I
1 Or, will make mention of
2 Or, I was restored ... and he was hanged

the priestly class, which was credited with the knowledge of all sacred
mysteries, cf. v. 24; Ex. vii. rr, &c. LXX renders by ib-y71ral
= "interpreters," Lat. conjectores. The rendering" magicians" repre•
sents "possessors of occult knowledge or magic." The same Heb.
word is used in Dan. ii. 2, probably in imitation of this passage; but
it does not occur elsewhere. Possibly the word is derived from a root
meaning " to cut" or "engrave," from which came J;eret, "stylus" or
"pen.'' Cf. Tacitus, Hist. iv. 83, Pto!emaeus ... sacerdotibus Aegypti-
orum, quibus mos ta!ia intel!egere, nocturnos visus aperit.
9. I do remember] R.V. marg., will make mention of, gives the
right meaning of the Heb. LXX avaµ,µv~<J"KW, Lat. co1zfiteor.
my faults] Lit. "my sins" (cf. xL 1). He is not referring to his
forgetfulness (xl. 23), but to his offences against Pharaoh.
12. servant to the captain of the guard] It will be remembered
that, in the E story, Joseph is the slave of the captain, and not a
fellow-prisoner of the chief butler.
13. me he restored... and him he hanged] R. V. marg. I was re-
stored... and he was hanged. Probably, the construction in the original
is impersonal, i.e. "me they restored, and him ,they hanged." In
addressing Pharaoh, and in alluding to Pharaoh's actions, this im-
personal use of the 3rd pers. sing. is doubtless the language of
etiquette.
14. and they ... dungeon] A clause probably introduced, like that in
x!. 15, in order to harmonize the E with the J version. In E, Joseph
is a slave, not a prisoner: in J he is a prisoner, cf. xxxix. 21-23.
 GENESIS XLl. 14-15 375
and he shaved himself, and changed his raiment, and E
came in unto Pharaoh. And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, 15
I have dreamed a dream, and there is none that can
interpret it: and I have heard say of thee, that when thou
hearest a dream thou canst interpret it. And Joseph 16
answered Pharaoh, saying, It is not in me : God shall give
Pharaoh an answer of peace. And Pharaoh spake unto 17
Joseph, In my dream, behold, I stood upon the brink of the
river : and, behold, there came up out of the river seven 18
kine, fatfleshed and well favoured; and they fed in the reed-
grass: and, behold, seven other kine came up after them, 19
poor and very ill favoured and leanfleshed, such as I never
saw in all the land of Egypt for badness : and the lean 20
and ill favoured kine did eat up the first seven fat kine :
and when they had eaten them up, it could not be known 21
that they had eaten them; but they were still ill favoured,
as at the beginning. So I awoke. And I saw in my dream, 22
and, behold, seven ears came up upon one stalk, full and
good : and, behold, seven ears, withered, thin, and blasted 23
with the east wind, sprung up after them : and the thin 24
ears swallowed up the seven good ears : and I told it unto
the magicians ; but there w_as none that could declare it
to me. And Joseph said unto Pharaoh, The dream of 25

shaved himself] The Egyptians paid extreme care to matters of

cleanliness. They were very generally themselves clean shaven. LXX
and Lat. render "they shaved him."
16. ft t's not in me] Rather, "nay, far from it," as in xiv. z4.
Joseph, as in xl. 8, disclaims any power in himself. God's servant
may be His propheta, or spokesman ; but he is not as God, nor is he
a magician.
an answer of peace] Joseph replies, with suitable courtesy, literally,
"God will make answer with the peace of Pharaoh." The answer of
God will be the well-being of Pharaoh. "Peace," i.e. "welfare," as
in xxxvii. 14, "whether it be well," lit. "peace." .
LXX avw ,,-oO 0rn0 ovK d,1r0Kp,071ae,,-o,, ,,-/) qw,,-71pwv, the meaning of
which is doubtful: "without God there will be no answer of peace."
Lat. absque me Deus respondebit prospera Pharao1ii. The Syriac makes
a question of it, '' Think est thou that apart from God one will answer?"
on the lines of Balaam's answer in Num. xxii. 18, 38.
23. wzthere,{J The Hebrew word occurs here only in O.T., and is
omitted by LXX and Lat.
 GENESIS XLI. 25-34
E Pharaoh is one : what God is about to do he hath declared
26 unto Pharaoh. The seven good kine are seven years ;
and the seven good ears are seven years : the dream is
27 one. And the seven lean and ill favoured kine that came
up after them are seven years, and also the seven empty
ears blasted with the east wind ; they shall be seven years
28 of famine. That is the thing which I spake unto Pharaoh :
what God is about to do he hath shewed unto Pharaoh.
29 Behold, there come seven years of great plenty throughout
30 all the land of Egypt : and there shall arise after them
seven years of famine ; and all the plenty shall be forgotten
in the land of Egypt; and the famine shall consume the
31 land; and the plenty shall not be known in the land by
reason of that famine which followeth; for it shall be
32 very grievous. And for that the dream was doubled unto
Pharaoh twice, it is because the thing is established by
33 God, and God will shortly bring it to pass. Now there-
fore let Pharaoh look out a man discreet and wise, and
34 set him over the land of Egypt. Let Pharaoh do this, and
let him appoint overseers over the land, and take up the
211. is about to do] Lit. "is doing." Lat. facturus est. Joseph's
interpretation of the two dreams is Hie same.
32. doubled... twice] This is a literal rendering. The repetition of
the dream shewed emphatically that the thing was "established," i.e.
made fixed and sure, by the decree of God. Cf. Ps. xciii. 2, " Thy
throne is established"; Hos. vi. 3, "sure as the morning."
will shortly bring it to pass] Lit. "hasteneth to do it." Hence there
is urgent need to take measures in good time to meet the crisis which
is bound to come.
33-36. JosEPH'S COUNSEL.
33. let Pharaoh, &c.] Joseph leaves the office of interpreter, and
takes upon himself to give political counsel to the king of Egypt.
34. Let Pharaoh do this] Joseph's advice is (1) to appoint a" grain
administrator," praejectus reifrumentariae; (2) to appoint local officers,
•'over-seers," LXX ro1ra.pxa,, for the various districts of Egypt; (3) to
exact for the crown 20 per cent., "the fifth part," of the grain of the
country.
Some think an inconsistency is involved in the recommendation of
one supreme officer (v. 33) and the recommendation of local overseers
(v. 34). The two, however, are practically inseparable elements in
a sound administrative scheme.
take up the .fifth part of the land] Lit. "let him fifth the land,"
 GENESIS XLI. 34-39 377
fifth part of the land of Egypt in the seven plenteous E
years. And let them gather all the food of these good 35
years that come, and lay up corn under the hand of
Pharaoh for food in the cities, and let them keep it.
And the food shall be for a store to the land against the 36
seven years of famine, which shall be in the land of Egypt;
that the land perish not through the famine. And the thing 37
was good in the eyes of Pharaoh, and in the eyes of all his
servants. And Pharaoh said unto his servants, Can we 38
find such a one as this, a man in whom the spirit of
God is? And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, Forasmuch as 39
God hath shewed thee all this, there is none so discreet
i.e. secure for the crown one-fifth of the annual grain produce of
Egypt during the seven years of fertility. In this passage from E,
the imposition of a 20 per cent. duty is a special regulation pro-
posed by Joseph to meet the exigencies of the impending famine. In
xlvii. 24, from J, it appears as a permanent Egyptian usage, owing
its origin to the initiation of Joseph.
35. let them gather all the _food] This is rhetorical, and need not be
pressed as contradicting the exaction of the one-fifth in v. 34. But see
V, 48,
lay up corn] i.e. store up the grain in the keeping of the king's
officers. The establishment of state granaries appears here for the first
time in history.
under the hand ef Pharaoh] The king's authority is never to be
relaxed. The measures proposed will enhance the monarchy.
36. for a store] i.e. a reserve. The Hebrew narrative is proud to
attribute to Joseph the origination of the granaries, which formed part
of the elaborate organization of the Egyptian kingdom, and must have
profoundly impressed the simpler Israelite people.
37-46. JOSEPH AS GRAND VIZIER,
such a one as this] Pharaoh and his servants are represented
38.
as discerning in Joseph the supreme gifts of one who combined the
supernatural power of interpreting dreams with the practical wisdom
and sagacity of a statesman.
in whom the spirit ef God is] The same phrase is employed
by Belshazzar when he addresses Daniel: Dan. v. 14, "I have
heard of thee, that the spirit of the gods is in thee, and that light
and understanding and excellent wisdom is found in thee." The
presence and operation of the Spirit of God, in the O.T., account
for those special manifestations which surpass the limits of ordinary
human capacity, in wisdom or prowess. Cf. Ex. xxxi. 3; Num. xxvii.
18; Judg. iii. 10, xiv. 6.
39, Forasmuch as] Lit, "after that."
 GENESIS XLI. 39-43
E 40 and wise as thou : thou shalt be over my house, and accord-
ing unto thy word shall all my people 1 be ruled: only in the
41 throne will I be greater than thou. And Pharaoh said unto
Joseph, See, I have set thee over all the land of Egypt.
42 And Pharaoh took off his signet ring from his hand, and put
it upon Joseph's hand, and arrayed him in vestures of 2 fine
43 linen, and put a gold chain about his neck; and he made him
to ride in the second chariot which he had ; and they cried
1 Or, order themselves Or, do homage
2 Or, cotton

40. over my house] Pharaoh exalts the Hebrew slave at one step
to become his Grand Vizier; cf. Ps. cv. 21; I Mace. ii. 53. Whether
there was a vacancy in this office into which Joseph was promoted, or
whether he displaced an existing official, the tradition does not record.
"My house" seems to mean "my palace," or "my court." The
elevation of a Syrian slave to such high rank is apparently not without
example in the records of the Egyptian kings. See Appendix E on
"Joseph as Vizier." For the title of "governor of the palace," cf.
I Kings iv. 6; Isai. xxii. 15. -
be ruled] The meaning is very doubtful; possibly, as R.V. marg.,
order themselves, or, do homage. Lit. (if the text be correct) "and
upon thy mouth shall all my people kiss." In illustration of this ex-
pression some have quoted Hos. xiii. 2 ; Prov. xxiv. 26. It is objected
that '' the kiss of homage" was not a kiss upon the mouth. Hence
scholars have preferred a different rendering, " according to thy mouth,"
i.e. "at thy command" (cf. xiv. 21), "shall my people order, or dispose,
themselves." So, probably, LXX brl rep (]'T6µarl (]'OIi {11raK0Mera1,
Lat. obediet. Perhaps, however, the text is corrupt.
42. signet ring] i.e. the official ring with which state documents
would be sealed. The king thus symbolically transferred to Joseph
absolute authority. Cf. 1 Mace. vi. 15, "gave him his diadem and his
robe and his signet ring." See also the use of the king's ring in Esth. iii.
IO, I '2, viii. z, 8, 10.
fine linen] Possibly, as R.V. marg., cotton. The Hebrew shi'sh has
been identified with the Egyptian schenti, meaning something woven.
LXX and Lat. render it by an adjective meaning '' made of byssus,"
i.e. fine flax. This was probably the material worn by the royal and
state officials. Possibly it was the same material as that in which
the Egyptian mummies were wound.
a gold chain] Presumably Pharaoh invested Joseph with his own
golden necklace, a sign of honour which the narrative delights to record.
The position to which Joseph is elevated is that of "Grand Vizier"
or T'ate, as he was called in the Egyptian dialect.
43. the second chariot] It has been objected that horses and chariots
 GENESIS XLI. 43-45 379
1
before him, Bow the knee : and he set him over all the E
land of Egypt. And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, I am 44
Pharaoh, and without thee shall no man lift up his hand or
his foot in all the land of Egypt. And Pharaoh called 45
Joseph's name Zaphenath-paneah; and he gave him to
wife Asenath the daughter of Poti-phera priest of On.
1 Abreck, probably an Egyptian word, similar in sound to the
Hebrew word meaning to kneel.

first appear in Egyptian inscriptions in the 18th Dynasty (1580-

r350B.c.). But they were introduced into use in Egypt under the
rule of the Hyksos (13th to 17th Dynasty). The Egyptian word for
"chariot," mrkbt, is borrowed from the Semitic. The "second"
would be the next best to Pharaoh's, Joseph might not ride in
Pharaoh's chariot.
Bow the knee] Heb. abrech. The meaning of the word has been
much disputed. It was omitted by the LXX ; but the meaning "bow
the knee" appears in the Lat. ut genujlecterent, and in Aquila. Jerome
prefers the extraordinary rendering " tender father " : 'db being the
Hebrew for "father," rtkh for "tender" or "delicate," he explains
that it is thus signified, how in wisdom Joseph was the father of all,
but in age a tender youth.
There seems, at present, to be no solution of the puzzle offered by
the word Abrech, Spiegelberg suggests that it is the transliteration of
the Egyptian 'b r-k, equivalent to "Attention!," or the "0 yes, 0
yes," of the crier. The Egyptian abu-rek, "thy command is our
desire," i.e. "at thy service," was conjectured by Lepage Renouf.
41:i. Zaphenath-paneah] An Egyptian name for which the meaning
is given by some Egyptologists " God speaks, and He lives," i.e.
De-pnute-ef-6nck. A proper name of this form does not as yet how-
ever appear to have been found in the Egyptian inscriptions before
the 20th Dynasty, i.e. the 13th century B.c. The LXX endeavoured to
transliterate the name by -if!ov0oµ,Pa.v~x- The Vulg. renders salvato1
mundi ; and Jerome records ab Egyptz"is didicimus, quod in lingud
eorum resonet salvator mundi.
Josephus (Ant. JI. 91), Targum of Onkelos, and the Syriac rendered
the name by " Revealer of Secrets " ; and this was very gene rail y
accepted in Christian tradition, the derivation being assumed to be
from the Hebrew root zdphan, "to conceal."
Asenath] A proper name, meaning "Belonging to the goddess
Neith."
Poti-pkera] As in v. 50 and xlvi. 20, This is the sat?e name,
spelled fuller, as in xxxvii. 36 (see note), xxxix. r, mean!ng "the
gift of the sun-god." We may compare the Greek name ~eho~orus.
priest of On] "On," known in later times as Hehopohs, was
situate about 7 miles N .E. of Cairo ; and wa,s the great centre of
 380 GENESIS XLI. 45-50
EP 46 And Joseph went out over the land of Egypt. I And Joseph
was thirty years old when he stood before Pharaoh king
of Egypt. And Joseph went out from the presence of
E 47 Pharaoh, and went throughout all the land of Egypt. I And
in the seven plenteous years the earth brought forth by
48 handfuls. And he gathered up all the food of the seven
years which were in the land of Egypt, and laid up the
food in the cities : the food of the field, which was round
49 about every city, laid he up)n the same. And Joseph laid
up corn as the sand of the sea, very much, until he left
50 numbering; for it was without number. And unto Joseph
Egyptian Ra, or Sun, worship. The obelisk still standing at Heliopo•
!is was there in Joseph's time. By his marriage with Asenath, Joseph
became connected with one of the principal Egyptian families. Poti-
phera, the priest of On, would have been a man of eminence; but
should not be confounded with " the captain of the guard" (xxxvii.
36). Late Jewish tradition identified the two names; and asserted
that Asenath had reported to her father her mother's shameless con•
duct, whereupon he gave Asenath to Joseph as wife, in order that
Joseph might be cleared of any shadow of blame. But this is mere
romance.
46. thirty years old] This verse probably contains the brief record
of P; according to which Joseph had spent thirteen years in Egypt
before his elevation, and was aged seventeen when he was brought into
Egypt, xxxvii. 2. There elapsed seven ·years of plenty and two of the
years of famine, before his brothers came down to Egypt (xiv. 1 r).
Accordingly, Joseph must have been in Egypt over twenty years
before they came. Benjamin had been born some time before Joseph
disappeared (xxxv. 18). Hence, so far from Benjamin being "a little
one" (xliv. 20), he must have been well over twenty, when Joseph
saw his brethren. The computation illustrates the impossibility of
harmonizing discrepancies, if the existence of independent narratives,
or parallel versions of tradition, be rejected. When the separate
character of the P record is recognized, the difficulties disappear.

47-49 (J, E). THE SEVEN Goon YEARS.

48. of the seven years] Probably we should add here, with LXX
and Sam., "of plenty," which seems to have dropped out of the Hebrew
text.
laid up the food] On the state granaries of Egypt and the duties of
the official who supervised them, the student is referred to Erman's
Life in Ancient Egypt (E. T. ), p. 108. The chief "cities" of the dis•
tricts, or voµol, into which Egypt was divided, seem here to be referred to.
49. as the sand ef the sea] For this comparison cf. xxii. 17, xxxii. 12.
 Egyptians measuring the wheat and depositing it in the granaries.
From Mr P. S. Handcock's Latest Light on Bi/J!t Lands, by kind permission of the S. P.C.K.
 GENESIS XLI. 50-56
were born two sons before the year of famine came, which E
Asenath the daughter of Poti.phera priest of On bare
unto him. And Joseph called the name of the first born 51
1
Manasseh: For, said he, God hath made me forget all
my toil, and all my father's house. And the name of the 52
second called he 2 Ephraim: For God bath made me
fruitful in the land of my affliction. And the seven years 53
of plenty, that was in the land of Egypt, came to an end.
And the seven years of famine began to come, according 54
as Joseph had said : and there was famine in all lands ;
but in all the land of Egypt there was bread. And when 55
all the land of Egypt was famished, the people cried to
Pharaoh for bread: and Pharaoh said unto all the Egyptians,
Go unto Joseph ; what he saith to you, do. And the famine 56
was over all the face of the earth : and Joseph opened
all the storehouses, and sold unto the Egyptians ; and the
1 That is, Making to forget.
1 From a Hebrew word signifying to be fruitful.

50-52 (E}. JosEPH'S SONS.

51. Manasseh] That is, .Making to forget. There is to be no
thought of return to his father's house. The name makes us ask the
question why Joseph, when supreme in Egypt, sent no message to his
father, who was living in a region distant only a few days' journey.
That there were continual communications between Egypt and Canaan
is conclusively shewn by the Tel-el-Amarna tablets, and by the subse-
quent events in the present narrative.
52. Ephraim] For the Hebrew word to be fruitful, cf. xxviii. 3,
xxxv. u, xlviii. 4. There is a play on the resemblance in the sound
of the name to the Hebrew root (prh) meaning "fruitfulness." The
same play on the two words is found in Hos. xiii. 15, "fruitful among
his brethren," referring to Ephraim.
made me fruitful] i.e. " hath given me sons." But, as a title for
the tribe of Ephraim, it is natural to connect it with the fertility of the
territory which it occupied.

53--57. THE YEARS OF FAMINE,

M. all lands] Cf. v. 57. The famine is represented as affiicting
not only Egypt, but all the neighbouring lands which constituted the
known world of the Israelites. Cf. xliii. 1. For a similar hyperbole,
cf. •• all the world" (Luke ii. r ; John xxi. 25) ; " a great famine over
all the world" (Acts xi. 28).
56. all the storehouses] The He brew text is. in error : lit. " all
 382 GENESIS XLI. 56-XLII. 5
E 57 famine was sore in the land of Egypt. And all countries
came into Egypt to Joseph for to buy corn; because the
famine was sore in all the earth.
42 Now Jacob saw that there was corn in Egypt, and Jacob
2 said unto his sons, Why do ye look one upon another? And
he said, Behold, I have heard that there is corn in Egypt:
get you down thither, and buy for us from thence; that we
3 may live, and not die. And Joseph's ten brethren went
4 down to buy corn from Egypt. But Benjamin, J oseph's
brother, Jacob sent not with his brethren; for he said, Lest
J 5 peradventure mischief befall him. l And the sons of Israel
that was in them.'' The versions have supplied the right meaning.
LXX ,ranas Tous <T<To(Jo\wvas, Lat. mziversa horrea, i.e. "all the
granaries.''
57. all countries] Cf. v. 52, as we should say, "the whole world.''
This verse prepares us for the crisis in the Joseph narrative recorded in
the following chapter.
Cu. XLII. (E (J).) JOSEPH'S BRETHREN IN EGYPT,
1-5. The descent into Egypt.
6-17. The first interview with Joseph.
18-26. The second interview.
27-38. The return to Canaan.
The whole of this chapter, except vv. 5, 6•, 27, 28, is probably from
the E narrative. The dramatic interest of the story is admirably sus-
tained. Joseph delays to disclose his identity, until by a succession of
tests he has been convinced of his brethren's honesty.
1-5. THE DESCENT INTO EGYPT.
1, look one upon another] In silence, as if desperate. Jacob's
words indicate the energy and resourcefulness of the old man, as
compared with the helpless despondency of the sons.
2. down thither] Egypt being regarded as on the low ground, in
comparison with Palestine; cf. xii. 10, xiii. 1, xliii. 4, 15, xlvi. 3, 4·
3. ten brethren] Jacob's sons are here mentioned, not as heads
of families, or as separate householders, but as the capable male
members of a single family. The whole ten are needed, in order
to carry back enough corn.
4. mischief] See v. 38. Jacob dares not part with Benjamin, for
whom, both as his youngest child and as the surviving son of Rachel,
he has special affection. On this trait the whole narrative turns,
cf. v. 38, xliv. 20, 30, 31.
5 (? J). And the sons if Israel, &c.] "Sons of Israel," cf. xiv. 2 r,
xlvi. 5. The verse reads like the commencement of a new section ;
 GENESIS XLII. 5-8
came to buy among those that came : for the famine was in J
the land of Canaan. And Joseph was the governor over 6
the land; he it was that sold to all the people of the land : J
and J oseph's brethren came, and bowed down themselves E
to him with their faces to the earth. And Joseph saw his 7
brethren, and he knew them, but made himself strange unto
them, and spake roughly with them; and he said unto them,
Whence come ye ? And they said, From the land of
Canaan to buy food. And Joseph knew his brethren, but 8
while the words "for the !amine, &c." are not necessary after vv. 1-4.
The change from the name of "Jacob" (vv. 1-4) to that of "Israel"
is another indication that this verse is drawn from a different source of
narrative from vv. 1-4.
6-17. THE FIRST INTERVIEW WITH JOSEPH.
6. governor] The late, and not very common, word here used in
the Hebrew (shdlit) denotes the position of " Grand Vizier'," "the
T'ate," or chief officer of state: see note on xii. 42. It is akin to
onr word "Sultan," and rendered "ruler" in Eccles. vii. 19, x. 5.
he it was that sold] We need not suppose that Joseph in person
always conducted the business transactions; but a group of foreign
pnrchasers would be brought into his presence to be interrogated.
bowed down themselves] Cf. v. 9. Joseph's dreams are fulfilled: see
xxxvii. 7, 9, 10.
7. knew them] Joseph at once recognized his brethren. They did
not recognize him. From a boy he had become a man ; they were
grown men when they sold him, and were comparatively unaltered.
He in stature, dress, hair, and ornament must have been wholly
changed from the rough shepherd lad of Canaan. According to E
(xii. 1, 47) more than nine years, according to P (xxxvii. z, xii. 46)
more than twenty years had elapsed, since he had been separated
from his home in Canaan.
made himself strange] In order to account for J oseph's treatment
of his brethren, the two most common explanations have been that
he sought (r) to prove them, and (z) to punish them. His motives
were, doubtless, mixed. The welfare of his father and of his own
brother is uppermost in his thoughts. As he does not see them,
he doubts whether the brethren who had treated him so shamefully
will have maintained any regard for the life of his aged father or his
young brother. He assumes a tone of harshness which he does not
feel ; and suffers a vein of generous hospitality and munificence to
mingle with severity in the treatment of his brethren, so as to add to
their mystification and confusion.
1 On the " Grand Vizier" of Egypt, see Appendix E. The name of one of the
Hyksos kings, Salatis, presents a resemblance to skdlit, which has been remarked
upon (Budge, Hist. Ee. m. z46, note z). -
 GENESIS XLII. 8-17

E 9 they knew not him. And Joseph remembered the dreams

which he dreamed of them, and said unto them, Ye are
10 spies; to see the nakedness of the land ye are come. And
they said unto him, Nay, my lord, but to buy food are thy
11 servants come. We are all one man's sons; we are true
12 men, thy servants are no spies. And he said unto them,
Nay, but to see the nakedness of the land ye are come.
13 And they said, We thy servants are twelve brethren, the
sons of one man in the land of Canaan ; and, behold, the
14 youngest is this day with our father, and one is not. And
Joseph said unto them, That is it that I spake unto
15 you, saying, Ye are spies: hereby ye shall be proved:
by the life of Pharaoh ye shall not go forth hence, except
16 your youngest brother come hither. Send one of you, and
let him fetch your brother, and ye shall be bound, that
your words may be proved, whether there be truth in you:
17 or else by the life of Pharaoh surely ye are spies. And he

9. Ye are spies] The pretext for this sudden accusation lies in the
constant exposure of the Egyptians, on their eastern border, to raids
and attacks from nomad hordes of Asiatics, J oseph's words are
therefore quite natural. LXX KaTd.1TK01roi, Lat. exp!oratores.
the nakedness o.f the land] Referring not to the desolation produced
by the famine (as Targum of Onkelos), but to the weak and unprotected
parts of the frontier : so the Lat. injirmiora terrae: the LXX Ta. tx""1
T17s xwpas= "the tracks(?) of the country," is perplexing. Symm. Tel.
Kpv1rni.
11. true men] Lit. "straight," i.e. genuine and above suspicion.
13. We ... twelve brethren] In this verse, as in v. 32, it appears that
J oseph's brethren proffer this information of their own accord, in order
to convince the ruler that they were simple private persons. According
to J (xliii. 7, xliv. 19), Joseph extracted the information by direct
questioning.
one is not] See xxxvii. 30.
14. That is it that I spake] Joseph seems to say that their claim to
be all the sons of one man is improbable and suspicious. If these
suspicions are to be removed, their statements must be verified. Their
statement was either the needless embroidery of a falsehood, or it was
a detail of actual life that could easily be proved. J oseph's real object
is to find out about Benjamin, whether he was alive, and well treated
by his brothers. It is a delicate touch in the story, that he abstains
from cross questioning them about the brother that "is not."
15. by the life o.f Pharaoh] An Egyptian form of oath, in the sense
of "as sure as Pharaoh is alive to punish, or avenge." Dillmann
 GENESIS XLII. 17-22

put them all together into ward three days. And Joseph 18 E
said unto them the third day, This do, and live; for I fear
God: if ye be true men, let one of your brethren be bound 19
in your prison house; but go ye, carry corn for the famine
of your houses: and bring your youngest brother unto me; 20
so shall your words be verified, and ye shall not die. And
they did so. And they said one to another, We are verily 21
guilty concerning our brother, in that we saw the distress of
his soul, when he besought us, and we would not hear;
therefore is this distress come upon us. And Reuben 22
says, "the oath is very suitable here, as the Egyptians honoured their
kings, ws rpos dX,!Ow,v ona.s Oeovs (Diod. i. 90)," i.e. as truly divine.
The oath by the life of the king is found in an Egyptian inscription
of the 20th century B,c.
1'1, puttkem ... intoward] i.e. "in charge, or safe keeping"; as inxl. 3.
Not "in prison," as in xxxix. 10. Joseph's treatment sounds to us
harsh and cruel. Arbitrary confinement, however, was, and is, only
too common in the East. The brethren would be a prey to the
sickening dread either of being brought out only to be executed, or
of being prevented from returning to their homes.
Joseph himself had endured a long experience of captive life in Egypt.
18-26. THE SECOND INTERVIEW,
18. /01' I fear God] See notes on xx. 3, II, xxii. 12, xxxix. 9. Cf.
Lev. xxv. 43; Neh. v. 15. Joseph reassures his orethren by represent-
ing to them that the potentate of Egypt is one who recognizes the
universal Divine law of right and wrong. He fears God, who protects
the stranger and the defenceless. Perhaps there is a reference to his
brothers' disregard of this fear of God in their former treatment of him-
self. He, in his treatment of them, has before his eyes the fear of God.
19. let one of your bretkren] Joseph's previous sentence in v. 16, by
which one brother should be sent back, while the remainder shoµld
be kept in prison, is here reversed. The three days' interval had
moderated Joseph's threat and his first appearance of indignation.
The change to a more generous treatment is part of his whole policy :
see note on v. 6. .
21. We are ven·ty guilty] The words of Joseph's brethren represent
the vitality of conscience after a long interval of years. They have the
traditional belief that calamity will overtake the guilty. Cf. the words
of Elihu, Job xxxvi. 6-14.
kis soul] See note on xii. 13. Cf. xxvii. 4, '25· .
tkis distress] The same word is used by them to denote their present
state of trouble and Joseph's former agony of mind, when they threw
him into the cistern to die. It is the hlw of retaliation, "distress" for
, "distress," cf. Ex. xxi. 24. Joseph's treatment works well; cf.
Isai. xxvi. 16; Hos. v. 15.
GENESIS
 GENESIS XLII. 22-27

E answered them, saying, Spake I not unto you, saying, Do

not sin against the child; and ye would not hear? therefore
23 also, behold, his blood is required. And they knew not
that Joseph understood them; for there was an interpreter
24 between them. And he turned himself about from them,
and wept; and he returned to them, and spake to them,
and took Simeon from among them, and bound him before
25 their eyes. Then Joseph commanded to fill their vessels
with corn, and to restore every man's money into his sack,
and to give them provision for the way: and thus was it
26 done unto them. And they laded their asses with their
J 27 corn, and departed thence. I And as one of them opened
22, And Reuben answered] See xxxvii. 21, 22. Reuben, according
to E, believed Joseph to have been killed (xxxvii. 30), and had no
knowledge of his being " kidnapped." He can appeal to good
intentions, but not to courageous action.
his blood is required] For this phrase see note on ix. 5. Cf. 2 Chron.
xxiv. 22. His disappearance meant to his brethren his death. Reuben's
interference had prevented them from shedding Joseph's blood (xxxvii.
22), but they were morally guilty of his life.
23. an interpreter] The services of interpreters would be necessary
for the maintenance of intercourse between Egyptian rulers and the
inhabitants of Canaan. The Tel el-Amarna tablets shew that between
the kings of Canaanite cities and the court of E&"ypt, communications
were carried on in the Assyrian language, as a kmd of lingua franca.
For other examples in the Q.T., illustrating difficulties of communi-
cation between nationalities speaking different languages, see 2 Kings
xviii. 26; Ezra iv. 7.
24. wept] Cf. xliii, 30. Joseph's feelings are deeply stirred by
overhearing words that indicate his brethren's contrition for their
inhuman conduct towards himself.
Simeon] Simeon was selected to be retained in prison as the next .
oldest after Reuben. Reuben may have been spared, either for his
previous kindness, or because, as the eldest, he would be responsible
for carrying the report to Jacob. That Simeon was also the most
cruel is an inference from xxxiv. 25 and xlix. 5-7, taken in con-
junction with the present passage. The retention of Simeon provided
a pledge tor the return of the others ; which otherwise might be
rendered improbable through fear of further harshness from "the lord
of the land," The return of their money and the gift of ''provision"
are meant also to stir their feelings.
27-38, THE RETURN TO CANAAN,
27. one of them] Anticipating v. 35. Lit. "the one," i.e. the
others followed. This verse and v. 28 are from J, according to which
 GENESIS XLII. 27-34
his sack to give his ass provender in the lodging place, he J
espied his money; and, behold, it was in the mouth of his
sack. And he said unto his brethren, My money is restored; 28
and, lo, it is even in my sack: and their heart failed them,
and they turned trembling one to another, saying, What is
this that God hath done unto us? I And they came unto 29
Jacob their father unto the land of Canaan, and told him
all that had befallen them; saying, The man, the lord of the 30
land, spake roughly with us, and took us for spies of the
country. And we said unto him, We are true men; we are 31
no spies: we be twelve brethren, sons of our father; one is 32
not, and the youngest is this day with our father in the land
of Canaan. And the man, the lord of the land, said unto 33
us, Hereby shall I know that ye are true men; leave one
of your brethren with me, and take corn for the famine of
your houses. and go your way: and bring your youngest 34

the money is found in the sacks at their first lodging place; see
xliii. 21. According to E, the money is found in their sacks, when
they reach their home (see v. 35). A word for "!l!tck," 'amtt2hath,
a very unusual one, occurs twice in vv. 27 (end), 28, and thirteen
times in chs. xliii., xliv. (J), but not in v. 35 or elsewhere in the 0. T.
the lodging place] i.e. "the shelter," or wayside quarters, where
they could rest during the night. Cf. Ex. iv. 24; Jer. ix. 2. There
is, perhaps, scarcely sufficient warrant for us to assume that this was
a khan, or road-side inn. Such places hardly existed. A rough
shelter, a meagre encampment of black tents, with a scanty pro-
tection of a few sticks, brushwood, and blankets, behind which the
men and asses would rest, is perhaps all that is meant.
28. their heart failed them] J's account, as we see in xliii. 21,
must originally have represented the opening of all the sacks, and
the finding of all the money, at the "lodging place." As, however,
in E this general discovery is not made until their return to their father,
J's narrative is here restricted to the experience of one of the brethren,
and to the consternation it produced amongst them.
God hatk done] They are conscious (1) that the thing is mysterious;
(2) that they might be accused of robbery; (3) that their secret guiltiness
is somehow being visited by a Power which knew all.
SO. took us for spies] Lit. "put us as spies," Probably the words
" in ward" should be supplied, as LXX l0eTo -qµ8.s Iv q,v'Jl.aKi; the
Lat. putavit nos renders as the English versions.
SS. corn for the famine ef your houses] The expression '' take the
famine of your houses" is so strange, that probably the word for "corn"
is to be supplied, as in the parallel passage in v. f9. It is supplied in
25-2
 GENESIS XLII. 34-38
E brother unto me: then shall I know that ye are no spies,
but that ye are true men: so will I deliver you your brother,
35 and ye shall traffick in the land. And it came to pass as
they emptied their sacks, that, behold, every man's bundle
of money was in his sack: and when they and their father
36 saw their bundles of money, they were afraid. And Jacob
their father said unto them, Me have ye bereaved of my
children: Joseph is not, and Simeon is not, and ye will take
37 Benjamin away: all these things are 1 against me. And
Reuben spake unto his father, saying, Slay my two sons, if
I bring him not to thee: deliver him into my hand, and I
J 38 will bring him to thee again. I And he said, My son shall
not go down with you; for his brother is dead, and he only
is left: if mischief befall him by the way in the which ye go,
1 Or, upon
the versions, LXX, Syr. Pesh. and Targ. Onk.: LXX -rov Bt d:yopa{Tµov
-r,js {T<Tofo{Tlas -rou otKou i,µwv = " the purchase of food for your house " ;
Lat. cibaria domibus vestris necessaria.
34. shall trajjick in the land] The Vulg. paraphrases ac deinceps
quae vultis ementli habeatis licentiam.
36. And it came to pass, &c.] This verse, interposed between the
brethren's report and their father's reply, seems to emphasize the
difficulty of their position ; the money has been returned, and Simeon
is a prisoner.
36. have ye bereaved] Jacob, in his distress of mind, accuses his sons
of being the cause of the loss, first of Joseph, and then of Simeon.
Unwittingly he enforces the reproaches of their own conscience.
against me] or, as R.V. marg., upon. Cf. xvi. 5, xxvii. 12. Jacob
is the sufferer. The Heh. preposition admits of either rendering.
Cf. Lat. in me haec omnia ma/a reciderunt; LXX hr' lµt i-ylv,-ro
-rau-ra rd.v-ra.
3'1. Reuben] Reuben is here again prominent; cf. v. 22. His
words, offering his two sons as a pledge for the safe return of Benjamin,
imply that a second journey to Egypt is regarded as a necessity and as
a peril. Notice that here Reuben has two sons; in xlvi. 9 (P) four are
mentioned.
Reuben here, as elsewhere in the E narrative, acts as leader; in the
J narrative, it is Judah who makes a similar offer (xliii. 2). Reuben
acknowledges the patriarchal authority of the head of the family over
the lives of his children. Cf. xxxi. 32.
38. Ju only is left] i.e. of the sons of Rachel.
mischief] Cf. v. 4; Ex. xxi. 22, 23.
bring down my gray hairs, &c.] See note on xxxvii. 35; cf. xliv. 31,
Jacob's prediction in these passages is probably intended to heighten
 GENESIS XLII. 38-XLIII. 6
then shall ye bring down my gray h"airs with sorrow to 1 the J
grave.
And the famine was sore in the land. And it came to 43
pass, when they had eaten up the corn which they had 2
brought out of Egypt, their father said unto them, Go again,
buy us a little food. And Judah spake unto him, saying, 3
The man did solemnly protest unto us, saying, Ye shall
not see my face, except your brother be with you. If 4
thou wilt send our brother with us, we will go down and
buy thee food: but if thou wilt not send him, we will not 5
go down: for the man said unto us, Ye shall not see my 6
face, except your brother be with you. And Israel said,
1 Heh. Sheol. See eh. xxxvii. 35.
the contrast presented by the dignity and happiness of his end as
recorded in chaps. xlviii.-1.
tke grave] Heh. Sheol. See eh. xxxvii. 35,

CH. XLIII. (J,) JOSEPH'S BRETHREN IN EGYPT, THE

SECOND VISIT,
This chapter is taken from the J narrative, which the Compiler har-
monizes with E in vv. 14 and 23. This and the following chapter form
a continuous story, which falls into the following divisions:
xliii. 1-14. The resolve to return to Egypt.
15-34. The reception in Joseph's house,
xliv. 1-17. The divining cup.
18-34. Judah's Intercession.
1-14. THE RETURN TO EGYPT.
2. Go again] That Jacob seems to forget about Simeon, is due
to the change from the E to the J narrative.
3. fudah] Judah is prominent throughout the J narrative. Cf. v. 8,
xxxvii. 26, xliv. 14-34, xlvi. 28.
except your brother be with you] Admission to Joseph's presence
and permission to buy corn were to depend on Benjamin's accompany-
ing them. The other two objects mentioned in xiii. 34, (1) to disprove
the charge of being spies, and (2) to obtain the release of Simeon, are
not mentioned.
G. we will not go down] They know that corn must be got. They
are forcing Jacob to give way. The J narrative is not cognisant of the
Simeon incident.
6. Israel] Observe the change from "Jacob" (xiii. 36) to "Israel"
here and vv. 8, II. Jacob seems here for the first time to realize that
Benjamin is a condition for the next journey to Egypt. It slowly
dawns upon the old man that he must accept the conditions.
 GENESIS XLIII. 6-11

J Wherefore dealt ye so ill with me, as to tell the man

7 whether ye had yet a brother? And they said, The man
asked straitly concerning ourselves, and concerning our
kindred, saying, Is your father yet alive? have ye another
brother? and we told him according to the tenor of these
words: could we in any wise know that he would say,
8 Bring your brother down? And Judah said unto Israel his
father, Send the lad with me, and we will arise and go; that
we may live, and not die, both we, and thou, and also our
9 little ones. I will be surety for him; of my hand shalt
thou require him: if I bring him not unto thee, and set him
1
10 before thee, then let me bear the blame for ever: for
except we had lingered, surely we had now returned a
11 second time. And their father Israel said unto them, If it
be so now, do this; take of the choice fruits of the land in
1 Heb, I shall lzave sinned against thee for ever,

T. The man asked straitly] The word "straitly" (i.e. "strictly,

closely," cf, Jos. vi. 1), like "solemnly" in v. 3, simply emphasizes the
force of the verb in Heb. Shakespeare, Ric!i. III, I, 3:
"His majesty hath straitly given in charge
That no man shall have private conference
...... with his brother,"
This verse is evidently independent of xlii. 13(E), where the informa-
tion was voluntarily given by the brethren in proof of taeir sincerity.
9. I will be surety] i.e. I will guarantee to bring him back, In
xlii. 37 Reuben had been ready to pledge the lives of his two sons for
Benjamin's safety. Here Judah is ready to pledge his own life; see
xliv. 32, The versions fairly reproduce the original: LXX EKliexoµa,
avr6v ; Lat. suscipio puerum.
let me bear the blame for ever] R.V. marg. gives the literal rendering
1 shall have sinned against thee for ever, LXX 71µapT'fJKWS luoµa,, Lat.
peccati reus ero. Compare the same idiom in xxxi. 39, " I bare the
loss," and I Kings i. 21, "I and my son Solomon shall be counted
offenders" {Heb. sinners), The penalty will be proportioned to the
failure,
10. lingered] Judah implies that, if it had not been for their
father's feelings, by this time they would have gone down to Egypt,
and returned. ·
11. do this] Jacob yields, but, true to the character of a shrewd
man of the world, he advises that the formidable Grand Vizier should
be propitiated with a suitable present.
choice fruits] The Hebrew word, zimrah, occurs ouly in this
passage in the Pent. (cf. Amos v, 23) : LXX Kap1rol ="fruits"; Lat.
optimi frudus. The meaning is probable, though only conjectural.
 GENESIS XLIII. 11-15 39 1
your vessels, and carry down the man a present, a little J
balm, and a little honey, spicery and myrrh, 1 nuts, and
almonds: and take double money in your hand; and the 12
money that was returned in the mouth of your sacks carry
again in your hand; peradventure it was an oversight: take 13
also your brother, and arise, go again unto the man: I and 14 E
2
God Almighty give you mercy before the man, that he
may release unto you your other brother and Benjamin.
And if I be bereaved of my children, I am bereaved.
And the men took that present, and they took double 15 J
1 That is, pistachio nuts. 2 Heh. El Shaddai.
Some think that it may be from the Hebrew root zmr, "to make
melody," cf. mizm8r, " a psalm " : hence Targ. Onkelos, "What is
praiseworthy in the land." It has been suggested that " the melody
of the land" would mean "the produce of the land celebrated in
song." Cf. Jer. li. 41.
vessels] i. e. baggage, receptacles of various kinds, e.g. " sacks"
(xiii. 25); cf. 1 Sam. ix. 7.
balm] See xxxvii. 25.
honey] Possibly the material known in Syria and Palestine as
dibs, which is the Arabian word for "grape juice boiled down to
a syrup." The Hebrew word d'bash, however, means real "honey,"
and it is natural to suppose that a gift of real honey from the country
would be a more acceptable offering to the Egyptian ruler. Cf. 1 Kings
xiv. 3.
spicery and myrrh] See xxxvii. 25.
nuts] That is, pistachio nuts. The fruit of the pistacia vera, a rare
tree in Palestine, regarded as a delicacy.
12. double money] Jacob recommends a double restitution (Ex.
xxii. 4) for the money that had been mysteriously returned, on the
improbable supposition that the affair had been an "oversight." LXX
d-yv671µa== "accidental error." Cf. the sin done "unwittingly" in
Lev. iv. 13, 22; Num. xxii. 24.
14. God Almighty] Heh. El Shaddai. See note on xvii. 1. Un-
less inserted by the Compiler, this is the only occurrence of this Sacred
Name in JE (see note on xlix. 23, which is earlier than JE). Jacob
gives his parting blessing. Notice the emphasis on Benjamin's name,
and the reference to Simeon (E).
give you mercy] Cf. the parallel expression in Neh. i. 11. Lat.
faciat vobis eum placabilem gives th~ general meaning. ,, .
if I be bereaved] or, '' accordmg as I am bereaved. Jacob IS
resigned, he is ready mournfully to acquiesce in the Divine will. His
forebodings are gloomy. Cf. xiii. 36. His expectati?? o_f the_ worst
result heightens the interest of the story, as the cns1s IS evidently
, approaching.
 392 GENESIS XLIII. 15-21

J money iJl their hand, and Benjamin; and rose up, and went
16 down to Egypt, and stood before Joseph. And when
Joseph saw Benjamin with them, he said to the steward of
his house, Bring the men into the house, and slay, and
17 make ready; for the men shall dine with me at noon. And
the man did as Joseph bade; and the man brought the men
18 into J oseph's house. And the men were afraid, because
they were brought into J oseph's house; and they Sl!id,
Because of the money that was returned in our sacks at the
first time are we brought in; that he may 1 seek occasion
against us, and fall upon us, and take us for bondmen, and
19 our asses. And they came near to the steward of Joseph's
house, and they spake unto him at the door of the house,
20 and said, Oh my lord, we came indeed down at the first
z1 time to buy food: and it came to pass, when we came to the
1 Heb. roll himself upon us.
111-34. THE RECEPTION IN JosEPH's HousE.
111. stood before Joseph] The story is condensed. The men on
· arrival in Egypt are required to present themselves for purposes of
trade before Joseph.
16. the steward ef his house] See v. 19 and xliv. 1, 4. The steward
of Joseph's house was the "majordomo" of the establishment. Joseph
himself had occupied that position. Cf. xxxix. 5.
slaJ'] The slaying of animals indicated a banquet. It was a sign of
special honour. Meat.food was not usual for the Bedouin. But it
was probably regularly eaten by kings and their officials, and by
dwellers in towns in Egypt.
at noon] Observe the hour for a banquet. In Palestine the chief
meal was in tjie evening. Cf. xxxi. 54; 1 Sam. ix. 19.
18. seek occasion] Heb. roll himself upon us. Cf. Job xxx. 14.
Joseph's brethren suspect that this act of favour is part of a trap to
put them off their guard, and then suddenly seize them on a false
charge. Cf. LXX TOu cr11Ko,pa.n71cr1u -1,µiis = '' to bring false charges
against us" ; Lat. ut devolvat in nos calumniam. The special men-
tion of the "asses" is a lifelike touch.
19. at the door ef the house] Before crossing the threshold they
wished to explain their innocence about the mohey.
According to the old Hebrew law, a thief who failed to make
restitution might be seized and sold for a slave (Ex. xxii. 3).
20. Oh my lord] Cf. xliv. 18. The expression introduces an
appeal. The word for "my lord" (adoni) is rendered by LXX
Kvp1<, and by the Lat. domine. See Num. xii. 11; Judges vi. 13;
1 Sam. i. 26; 1 Kings iii. 17, 26.
 GENESIS XLIII. 21-26 393
lodging place, that we opened our sacks, and, behold, every J
man's money was in the mouth of his sack, our money in
full weight: and we have brought it again in our hand.
And other money have we brought down in our hand to 22
buy food: we know not who put our money in our sacks.
And he said, Peace be to you, fear not: your God, and the 23
God of your father, hath given you treasure in your sacks:
I had your money. I And he brought Simeon out unto them.\ (R)
And the man brought the men into J oseph's house, and 24 J
gave them water, and they washed their feet; and he gave
their asses provender. And they made ready the present 25
against Joseph came at noon : for they heard that they
should eat bread there. And when Joseph came home, 26
they brought him the present which was in their hand into
21. the lodging place] Cf. xlii. 17 (J).
every man's money] According to E, every man's bundle of money
was found, when they emptied their sacks at their journey's end.
Cf. xlii. 35.
in full weight] Lit. '' in its weight.'' The money was not in coins,
hut in metal, probably bars, rings, or ingots, which had to be weighed.
23. Peace be to you] A formula of encouragement and reassurance,
as in Jud. vi. 13; 1 Sam. xx. 11; Dan. x. 19.
the God ef your father] _The steward reverently ascribes their good
fortune to the influence of the God of their family, concerning whom
he himself could have had no knowledge. Their God had put _their
money in their sacks. It was mysterious. Their payments had duly
been made; he had received them. They were innocent. Joseph had
evidently instructed his steward what to say.
I had your money] Lit. " your money came unto me." The versions
introduce a paraphrase. LXX TO d.p-yup,ov vµwv EM0K1µovv d.1rixw ;
Lat. pecuniam quam dedistis mihi probatam ego habeo.
he brought Simeon out] This clause harmonizes the narrative of J
with that of E; see notes on vv. 3, 5, 14.
M. water] Cf. xviii. 4. The washing of the feet, before reclining
at a meal, was customary in Palestine ; cf. Luke vii. 44, " I entered
into thine house, thou gavest me no water for my feet," and I Tim.
v. 10.
211. the present] Cf. v. 1 I.
against Joseph came] i.e. so as to be ready when Joseph arrived.
For this use of " against"= "in readiness for the time when," cf.
1 Kings xvi. u, "So did Urijah the priest make it against king Ahaz
came from Damascus."
eat bread] A good instance of the use of this phrase in the sense of
·"to take a meal," c( v. 16, xxxi. 54, xxxvii. 25,
 394 GENESIS XLIIT. 26-32
J the house, and bowed down themselves to him to the earth.
27 And he asked them of their welfare, and said, Is your father
well, the old man of whom ye spake? Is he yet alive?
28 And they said, Thy servant our father is well, he is yet a1ive.
29 And they bowed the head, and· made obeisance. And he
lifted up his eyes, and saw Benjamin his brother, his
mother's son, and said, Is this your youngest brother, of
whom ye spake unto me? And he said, God be gracious
30 unto thee, my son. And Joseph made haste; for his bowels
did yearn upon his brother: and he sought where to weep;
31 and he entered into his chamber, and wept there. And he
washed his face, and came out; and he refrained himself,
32 and said, Set on bread. And they set on for him by himself,
and for them by themselves, and for the Egyptians, which
did eat with him, by themselves: because the Egyptians
might not eat bread with the Hebrews; for that is an

26. bowed down themselves] A second fulfilment of J oseph's dreams :

see xiii. 6, xliv. 14; cf. xxxvii. 5-u.
27. ef their welfare] Lit. "as to their peace."
Is your father well] Lit. "is there peace [to] your father." z Sam.
xx. 9, "Is it well with thee," lit.=" Art thou peace, my brother?"
Ps. cxx. 7, "I am [for] peace." The word shdlom in these passages
is a substantive, i.e. "peace," "health," "welfare" : cf. xxix. 6,
xxxvii. 4.
29. his mothers son] The words are added to augment the pathos
of the situation. Joseph and Benjamin are the only two children ot
Rachel, the fayourite wife of Jacob.
God be gracious] Joseph, in his dignified greeting of benediction, is
made to use the word Elohim in its general sense of "the Divine
Being," as it would be used by an Egyptian. Cf. xxxix. 9. The
Sacred Name, Jehovah, is avoided.
my son] Indicating .the great disparity of age between Joseph and
Benjamin. Possibly J regarded Benjamin as having been born since
J oseph's disappearance.
30. his bowels did yearn] For this phrase denoting strong feelings
cf. r Kings iii. 16; J er. xxxi. zo. J oseph's emotion is recorded here,
as in xiii. 24, in proof of his tenderness and sympathy. The same
simplicity may be found in the description of Homeric heroes.
31, he refrained himself] J oseph's effort of self-constraint broke
down in xiv. r.
Set on bread] As we should say, "serve up dinner."
32. because the Eg;,ptians ... with the Hebrews] Egyptian exclusive-
ness was proverbial. Their priests were not allowed to eat or drink
 GENESIS XLIII. 32-XLIV. · 1 39S
abomination unto the Egyptians. And they sat before him, 33 J
the firstborn according to his birthright, and the youngest
according to his youth: and the men marvelled one with
another. And 1 he took and sent messes unto them from 34
before him : but Benjamin's mess was five times so much
as any of theirs. And they drank, and 2 were merry with
him.
And he commanded the steward of his house, saying, 44
1 Or, messes were taken 2 Heb. drank largely.

anything that had come from a foreign country (Porph. iv. 7).
Herodotus (ii. 41) mentions that no Egyptian would use any utensil
belonging to a Greek. It is noticeable in this passage that Joseph did
not eat with the Egyptians. The natural reason for this is not, as some
have supposed, because Joseph was a member of the family of a priest
{xii. 45), or even because he was a Hebrew, but on a~count of his
position as the Grand Vizier.
an abomination] The technical term expressing that which was
abhorrent and a source of ceremonial pollution. Ct. xlvi. 34; Ex. viii.
26. LXX fJoD.u-yµ.a; Lat. profanum.
33, marvelled] The men were mystified by their arrangement in
order of birth. It suggested magic. It was one of the uncanny things
that they could not account for.
34. he took and sent messes] R.V. marg. messes were taken. The
word "mess " is used here in the sense of " portion " of food. Cf.
2 Sam. xi. 8, "and there followed him a mess 1, meat from [marg.
present from] the king." The word "messmate ' preserves the Old
English use. Mess, food, Old Fr. mes (mets), Lat. missum, e.g.:
"At their savoury dinner set
Of herbs and other country messes."
Milton, L'Al!egi·o, 85.
five times] Lit. "five hands"; cf. xlvii. 24. Attention has been
called to the frequent use of the number ''five" in Egyptian matters
recorded in the O.T. Cf. xii. 34, xlv. 22, xlvii. 1, 24; Isa. xix. 18.
Some have connected it with the five Egyptian planets.
If an explanation is at all required, counting on one's fingers is
presumably the origin of a natural preference for the use of the numbers
"five ,, and " ten.,,
were merry] Heb. drank largely. This expression need not be
interpreted too literally. The men were "festive," not necessarily
"intoxicated," as LXX lµ.,061i8rJ<1av; Lat. inebriati sunt.
Compare Song of Songs v. r, "drink abundantly" ; Hag. i. 6, "ye
drink, but ye are not filled with drink."
For a special dish for the most honoured gue~t, cf, r Sam. ix. 23, 24.
 GENESIS XLIV. 1-5
J Fill the men's sacks with food, as much as they can carry,
2 and put every man's money in his sack's mouth. And put
my cup, the silver cup, in the sack's mouth of the youngest,
and his corn money. And he did according to the word
3 that Joseph had spoken. As soon as the morning was
4 light, the men were sent away, they and their asses. And
when they were gone out of the city, and were not yet far
off, Joseph said unto his steward, Up, follow after the men ;
and when thou dost overtake them, say unto them, Where-
S fore have ye rewarded evil for good? Is not this it in which
my lord drinketh, and whereby he indeed divineth? ye have

CH. XLIV. {J.) JOSEPH AND HIS BRETHREN,

1-17. The divining cup.

18-34. Judah's intercession.

1-17. THE DIVINING CUP.

1. with food, as much as they can carry] The "food" means corn;
and by special favour the corn is not given them by price, but on a
more generous scale; as much as they could carry.
every man's money] This detail is not again referred to. It is over-
shadowed by the incident of the cup. .
ll. the silver cup] i.e. a well-known, or favourite, goblet. The word
for "cup," the same as in Ex. xxv. 31, Jer. xxxv. 5 (where it is ren•
dered "bowl"), seems to denote a vessel shaped like the calyx of a
flower. LXX renders K6vli11; Lat. scyphum.
Observe that Joseph does not reveal his intention to the steward.
He plays upon his brethren the same trick as in chap. xiii.; but brings
matters to a point by associating Benjamin with the Joss of the cup.
4. the city] The name of the city is most unfortunately not given.
Memphis would be suitable: cf. xiv. 10. The moment of the men's
arrest is well timed. Everything had gone off well. They had got
their corn; they had been acquitted of any complicity in the return
of the money; they had been hospitably treated by the "lord"; they
were well on their way homeward.
Wherefore have ye rewarded] The guilt of Joseph's brethren is
presented in an ascending scale of enormity: ( r) it :was theft; (2) by
guests from their host's table; (3) of an article of special sanctity. The
LXX, in order to supply the connexion between vv. 4 and 5, inserts at
the end of v. 4, "Iva Tl <KM,Pare µ,ov To K6vov To anvpofiv; ="Wherefore
have ye stolen my silver cup?"
IS. whereby he indeed divineth] "Divineth," Heh. nalfash : see
xxx. 27; Dent. xviii. 10, "useth divination"; r Kings xx. 33 marg.
The word shews that the silver cup was a sacred one, by means of
 GENESIS XLIV. 5-13 397
done evil in so doing. And he overtook them, and he 6 J
spake unto them these words.· And they said unto him, 7
Wherefore speaketh my lord such words as these? God
forbid that thy servants should do such a thing. Behold, 8
the money, which we found in our sacks' mouths, we brought
again unto thee out of the land of Canaan: how then should
we steal out of thy lord's house silver ·or gold? With 9
whomsoever of thy servants it be found, let him die, and we
also will be my lord's bondmen. And he said, Now also 10
let it be according unto your words : he with whom it is
found shall be my• bond man ; and ye shall be blameless.
Then they hasted, and took down every man his sack to 11
the ground, and opened every man his sack. And he 12
searched, and began at the eldest, and left at the youngest :
and the cup was found in Benjamin's sack. Then they 13
which Joseph sought and obtained oracles. Some have inferred that
he must have been admitted into the priests' guild, in order to be able
to practise divination. It appears that water having been poured
into a vessel or cup, gold or silver or precious stones were thrown
into it, and the oracle or divination was derived from the rings,
ripples, or sparkles, which ar,peared. The name given to this class of
magic was "hydromancy," vlipoµa.n<la., or KVNKoµa.,,rela. Uamblichus,
De Myst. iii. 14; Varro in August., De Civ. Dei, vii. 35). LXX renders
O.VTOS lie olwv,uµ,i, olwvlseTa.L e, a.vT<ji.
Driver quotes from the Travels of Norden (circ. 1750 A.D.) a passage
in which a Nubian Sheikh says: "I have consulted my cup, and I find
that you are Franks in disguise, who have come to spy out the land."
'1. God forbid] Lit. " far be it"= µr, -yevo,To. The Heb. has no
appeal to the Deity; cf. Jos. xxii. 19.
They are convinced of their innocence, and indignantly repel the
insinuation that they have rewarded the "lord's" hospitality so basely.
9. With whomsoever] Joseph's brethren propose the harshest pos-
sible penalty, death for the thief, and slavery for all the company. Cf.
Jacob's proposal in :cxxi. 31.
10. my bondman] Joseph's steward, while accepting the terms,
mitigates their severity. He proposes that the offender, if apprehended,
shall alone be punished, not with death, but with slavery. Joseph's
brethren readily accept the terms.
12. searcked] There is no mention of the money in the sacks' mouths
(v. 1). The interest centres on the cup. That the search is made in
order of age is a dramatic touch adding to the excitement of the scene
described, and probably carried out by the directions of Joseph himself,
as if it might be assumed that the youngest was the least likely to be
·the thief. Cf. xliii. 33.
 GENESIS XLIV. 13-18
J - rent their clothes, and laded every man his ass, and
14 returned to the city. And Judah and his brethren came
to J oseph's house ; and he was yet there : and they fell
15 before him on the ground. And Joseph said unto them,
What deed is this that ye have done? know ye not that
16 such a man as I can indeed divine? And Judah said,
What shall we say unto my lord? what shall we speak?
or how shall we clear ourselves? God bath found out the
iniquity of thy servants : behold, we are my lord's bondmen,
17 both we, and he also in whose hand the cup is found. And
he said, God forbid that I should do so : the man in whose
hand the cup is found, he shall be my bondman ; but as for
you, get you up in peace unto your father.
18 Then Judah came near unto him, and said, Oh my lord,

13. rent their clothes] See xxxvii. 29.

14. he was yet there] Joseph had not yet left his official dwelling.
fell before him] The third and last fulfilment of the dreams (xxxvii.
7, 9, 10). See v. 26.
15. such a man as I] The Grand Vizier, second only to Pharaoh
(see v. 18), married into the family of the Priest of On, and one "in
whom the spirit of God is" (xii. 38).
16. God hath found tJut] Judah confesses the wrong-doing of him•
self and his brothers (xiii. 21). So mysterious a misfoltune could only
be explained as a Divine recompense for secret guilt. Cf. Num.
xxxii. 23, "be sure your sin will find you out."
"God," Elohim, is spoken of in address to a foreigner, as Judah
supposes Joseph to be. See notes on xxxix. 9, xliii. 29.
17. God forbid] As v. 7. Joseph deprecates Judah's proposal,
and insists on the milder sentence already proposed by his steward.
Benjamin should be kept as a slave.

18-34. JUDAH's INTERCESSION.

This is one of the most beautiful and pathetic passages in Hebrew
narrative. Judah's speech falls into two unequal divisions: (1) vv. 18-
31 a simple recapitulation of the story, ( 2) vv. 31-34 his self-sacrificing
offer of himself as a substitute for Benjamin. The points emphasized
are (a) J oseph's previous demand to see Benjamin, (b) the aged father's
unwillingness to let him go, (c) the certainty that the loss of Benjamin
would be Jacob's death, (d) the offer to stay in Benjamin's place.
18. Then Judah] The prominence of Judah has been noticeable in
xliii. 3, 8 and in vv. q, 16 of this chapter. Benjamin, though present,
is silent; Reuben takes no part.
Oh my lord] See xliii. 20.
 GENESIS XLIV. 18-29 399
let thy servant, I pray thee, speak a word in my lord's ears, J
and let riot thine anger burn against thy servant: for thou
art even as Pharaoh. My lord asked his servants, saying, 19
Have ye a father, or a brother? And we said unto my 20
lord, We have a father, an old man, and a child of his old
age, a little one; and his brother is dead, and he alone is
left of his mother, and his father loveth him. And thou 21
saidst unto thy servants, Bring him down unto me, that
I may set mine eyes upon him. And we said unto my lord, 22
The lad cannot leave his father: for if he should leave his
father, his father would die. And thou saidst unto thy 23
servants, Except your youngest brother come down with
you, ye shall see my face no more. And it came to pass 24
when we came up unto thy servant my father, we toU him
the words of my lord. And our father said, Go again, buy 25
us a little food. And we said, We cannot go down: if our 26
youngest brother be with us, then will we go down : for we
may not see the man's face, except our youngest brother be
with us. And thy servant my father said unto us, Ye know 27
that my wife bare me two sons : and the one went out from 28
me, and I said, Surely he is torn in pieces; and I have not
seen him since: and if ye take this one also from me, and 29
mischief befall him, ye shall bring down my gray hairs with
thou art even as Pharaoh] Judah's opening words are those of
graceful deference, referring to Joseph's enquiry in v. 15.
19, My lord asked] Cf. xliii. 7.
20. a child of his old age] Cf. xxxvii. 3, where the words are
applied to Joseph,
his brother is dead] See v. 18, xlii. 38 (J). According to the J narra-
tive, his brothers thought him dead. In xiii. 13 (E) Joseph's fate is
referred to in vaguer terms, "one is not." This allusion to the "dead"
brother in addressing Joseph adds a most effective touch to the story.
of his mother] Lit. " to his mother," i.e. of Rachel's children.
21. that I may ... upon him] The phrase probably means something
more than merely seeing Benjamin. It may indicate favourable pro-
tection, as in Ps. xxxiii. 18, xxxiv. 15.
22. And we said, &c.] The substance of this verse expresses
more than xiii. 10 (E). The expostulation here mentioned is not there
recorded.
28. and I have not seen him since] The unconscious pathos in the
words which Judah uses must have struck Joseph to the heart.
29. mischief befall him] Cf. xiii. 4, 38.
 400 GENESIS XLIV. 29-34
J 30 1
sqrrow to • the grave. Now therefore when I come to thy
servant my father, and the lad be not with us ; seeing that
31 "his life is bound up in the lad's life; it shall come to pass,
when he seeth that the lad is not with us, that he will die~
and thy servants shall bring down the gray hairs of thy
32 servant our father with sorrow to 2 the grave. For thy
servant became surety for the lad unto my father, saying,
If I bring him not unto thee, then shall I bear the blame to
33 my father for ever. Now therefore, let thy servant, I pray
thee, abide instead of the lad a bond man to my lord; and
34 let the lad go up with his brethren. For how shall I go up
to my father, and the lad be not with me? lest I see the
evil that shall come on my father.
1 Heh. evil. 1 Heh. Sheol. See eh. xxxvii. 35.
8 Or, his soul is knit with the lad's soul See I Sam. xviii. I,

with sorrow] Heh. evil. "Evil" in the sense of "trouble," as in

Ps. cvii. '26, or "calamity," as in Prov. xxiv. 16, a different word from
"sorrow" in xlii. 38.
Ike grave] Heh. Skeol. See eh. xxxvii. 35, xlii. 38.
30. kis life ... tke lad's life] Better, as R.V. marg., kis soul is knit
with the lad's soul. See I Sam. xviii. 1, "the soul of Jonathan was
knit with the soul of David, and Jonathan loved him as his own soul."
It is the affections, not the lives, of two loving persons which are inter-
twined.
31. with us] These words, which are not in the Heh., are added
in the Sam., LXX, and Pesh. versions as essential to the meaning.
with sorrow] i.e. "with grief," as in xiii. 38; not" with evil," as in
v. 29.
32. surery] Cf. xliii. 9.
33. instead of the lad] This offer on the part of Judah to remain in
Egypt in the bond-service of Joseph, as substitute for Benjamin (LXX
dvrl .-oil 1ra,a£00), forms the noble climax of the generous appeal to
J oseph's feelings. The unconscious irony of the situation is heightened
by the fact that Judah is unaware of Joseph's personality, and yet has
succeeded in making his appeal hinge upon the reference (a) to the old
age and affectionate feelings of Jacob, and (b) to the loss which he has
already sustained in the death of Benjamin's elder brother.

CH. XLV. (E (J).) JOSEPH REVEALS HIMSELF,

1-15. Joseph makes himself known to his brethren.

16-28. Joseph's brethren bring the news to Jacob.
The chapter, except for harmonizing insertions, e.g. in vv. 4, 5, is
f10m E.
 GENESIS XLV. 1-6 401

Then Joseph could not refrain himself before all them 45 E

that stood by him; and he cried, Cause every man to go out
from me. And there stood no man with him, while Joseph
made himself known unto his brethren. And he 1 wept 2
aloud: and the Egyptians heard, and the house of Pharaoh
heard. And Joseph said unto his brethren, I am Joseph ; 3
doth my father yet live? And his brethren could not
answer him; for they were troubled at his presence. And 4
Joseph said unto his brethren, Come near to me, I pray
you. And they came near. And he said, I am Joseph
your brother, I whom ye sold into Egypt. I And now be not 5 (R)E
grieved, nor angry with yourselves, I that ye sold me hither: I (R)
for God did send me before you to preserve life. For these 6 E
two years hath the famine been in the land: and there are
1 Heb. gave forth kis voice in weeping;

1-111. JOSEPH MAKES HIMSELF KNOWN TO HIS BRETHREN.

1. refrain himself] As in xliii. 31. The vehemence of Joseph's

emotion forms a trait in his character and a feature in the narrative.
Cf. vv. 2, 14, 1S; xlii. 24; xliii. 30; xlvi. '29·
2. wept aloud] Heh. gave forth kis voice in weeping.
heard] We must make allowance for an Oriental hyperbole of speech,
by which it is intended to convey the rapidity with which the sound of
Joseph's broken exclamations, and the news of the recognition of his
brethren, were heard and reported.
3. doth my father yet live?] This question has seemed to some a
strange one after the interviews which Joseph has already had (llliii.
'27, '28). But the thought of his father is uppermost in his mind, and
in the agitation of the moment the turn which he gives to this first
question seems to imply a desire to forget the last occasion on which
they had met as brothers. He does not wait for an answer, or expect one.
they were troubled, &c.] Cf. I. 15-21. No wonder that confusion
and consternation made them speechless.
4. whom ye sold] The narrative of J is here, as in v. 5, followed,
according to which Joseph was sold by his brethren.
Ii. nor angry with yourselves] The Heb. is '' let there not be bum•
ing in your eyes," "do not look angry, or vexed," i.e. with yourselves.
to preserve lije] i.e. to preserve the life both of his brethren and
father, and also of the people of Egypt. The word is rendered
"reviving" in Ezra ix. 8, 9. LXX ds ,1w17•; Lat. pro salute vestra.
Joseph, with warm-hearted impetuosity, urges them not to take to
heart their share in the past. God had overruled it all for good.
,Cf. Ps. cv. 1 7, " he sent a man before them."
GENESIS
 402 GENESIS XLV. 6-10

E yet five years, in the which there shall be neither plowing

7 nor harvest. And God sent me before you to preserve you
a remnant in the earth, and to save you alive 1 by a great
s deliveran·ce. So now it was not you that sent me hither,
but God: and he hath made me a father to Pharaoh, and
lord of all his house, and ruler over all the land of Egypt.
9 Haste ye, and go up to my father, and say unto him, Thus
saith thy son Joseph, God hath made me lord of all Egypt :
J 10 come down unto me, tarry not: I and thou shalt dwell in the
E land of Goshen, I and thou shalt be near unto me, thou, and
1 Or, .to be a great company_that escape
· 8. yet jive years] Cf. xii. 30.
neither p!owing nor harvest] A general phrase for agricultural
operations, as in Ex. xxxiv. 21; Deut. xxi. 4; I Sam. viii. 12. There
was not even corn enough for sowing purposes. The drought made
the ground too hard for ploughing.. A.V. has the Old English "ear-
ing" =" plowing." Cf. A.V. Ex. xxxiv. 21, "in earing time and in
harvest." "Let them go to ear the land," Shakespeare, Rich. II, III. 2.
1. to preserve you a remnant] Lit. "to set for you a remnant,"
i.e. descendants; cf. Jer. xliv. 7.
by a great deliverance] R. V. marg. to be a great company that
escape. The two clauses are very nearly identical. In the first the
emphasis is on the fact of survival; in the second, on the act of
preservation.
8. not you ... but God] Notice how Joseph here for the third time
ascribes his presence in Egypt to the act of God; cf. vv. 5 and 7.
a father to Pharaoh] According to some scholars, the word "father"
was in use among Egyptians as a technical title of honour and position;
cf. the use of the word in a more general sense, 2 Kings ii. 12 ;
r Mace. xi, 32; and Add. Esth. xvi. 1 I. Observe the three phrases,
"father," "lord," and "ruler," corresponding to Joseph's position,
personal, social, and national, i.e. towards Pharaoh, towards the people,
towards the kingdom.
10. the land ef Goshen] Goshen mentioned only in J, xlvi. 28, 29,
34; xlvii. I, 4, 6, 27; I. 8; Ex. viii. 22; ix. 26. By this term seems
to be understood a district corresponding to the present Wady-e!-
Tumilat, a stretch of low ground extending from the eastern arm of
the Delta to the Valley of Suez and the Salt Lakes. To the north and
south of this district the country was barren and desert. Its identifica-
tion with "Goshen" was the result of the researches carried out by
M. Naville. The region has become more familiar in modern times as
the country of the brief campaign terminated by the battle of Tel el-
Kebir (1882). LX_X here and xlvi. 34 translates Goshen, reo-eµ'Apaflla.s
=" Gesem of Arabia." "Arabia" was one of the 23 "nomes" into
which the Delta was divided; and the capital of the "nome" Arabia,
 GENESIS XLV. 10-19

thy children, and thy children's children, and thy flocks, E

and thy herds, and all that thou hast: and there will I
nourish thee; for there are yet five years of famine; lest 11
thon come to poverty, thou, and thy household, and all
that thou hast. And, behold, your eyes see, and the eyes lli
of my brother Benjamin, that it is my mouth that speaketh
unto you. And ye shall tell my father of all my glory in 13
Egypt, and of all that ye have seen; and ye shall haste and
bring down my father hither. And he fell upon his brother 14
Benjamin's neck, and wept; and Benjamin wept upon his
neck. And he kissed all his brethren, and wept upon them: 15
and after that his brethren talked with him.
And the fame thereof was heard in Pharaoh's house, I6
saying, Joseph's brethren are come: and it pleased Pharaoh
well, and his servants. Arid Pharaoh said unto Joseph, Say 17
unto thy brethren, This do ye; lade your beasts, and go,
get you unto the land of Canaan; and take }'.OUr father and 18
your households, and come unto me: and I will give you
the good of the land of Egypt, and ye shall eat the fat of
the land. Now thou art commanded, this do ye; take you 19
wagons out of the land of Egypt for your little ones, and for:
called Phakussa, has been conjecturally identified with the ancient
locality, Kes, with the article pa prefixed.
near unto me] If Joseph lived at On (xli. 45) or at Memphis,
Goshen would be near at hand.
111. kissed] See note on v. 2. ,
after that] Joseph's brethren were evidently slow to believe that
they might rely upon his sincerity.

16-28. JOSEPH'S BRETHREN BRING THE NEWS TO JACOB,

16, the fame] Lit. "the voice." It is not the sound of Joseph's
weeping, but the news of the discovery of his brethren. ,
18. the good of the land] Cf. vv. zo and 23; z Kings viii. 9, with
the meaning of '' the best produce." The second clause repeats the
s~me though~, in different im~i:;ery. Joseph,.prom)~es the,.best,, that
Egypt can give. Cf. Num. xvm. 12, 30, 32, best, Heh. fat.
19. thou art commanded] The versions render "Command thou
them" ; and this rendering avoids the awkwardness of the sudden
transition from sing. to plural, "Thou art commanded, this do ye."
As it stands, Pharaoh turns from Joseph to Joseph's brethren ; but
they would hardly be present at such an interview.
, wagons] Wheeled conveyances for carrying baggage : a .different
26-2
 GENESIS XLV. 19-25

E 20 your wives, and bring your father, and come. Also regard
not your stuff; for the good of all the land of Egypt is
21 yours. And the sons of Israel did so: and Joseph gave
them wagons, according to the commandment of Pharaohl
22 and gave. them provision for the way. To all of them he
gave each man changes of raiment; but to Benjamin he
gave three hundred pieces of silver, and five changes of
23 rajment. And to his father he sent aner this manner; ten
asses laden with the good things of Egypt, and ten she-
asses laden with corn and bread and victual for his father
24 by the way. So he sent his brethren away, and they
departed : and he said unto them, See that ye fall not out
25 by the way. And they went up out of Egypt, and came
word from that which is rendered "chariots." The wagon is for
transport, the chariot for purposes of war or state. The Egyptian
wagon 'agolt'e is called by a Semitic name, possibly derived from the
same form as the. Hebrew 'agtiJak. See I Sam. vi. 7 ff.; 2 Sam. vi. 3.
20. regard not] Lit. "let not your eye be sparing," i.e. have no
compunction at leaving things behind
your stuff] Lit. "your vessels." LXX <TK<V7J; Lat. supellex. For
the word "stuff," cf. I Sam. x. 22. It is Old English for" baggage";
cf. Shakespeare, Com. of Errors, IV. 4: "Therefore away, to get our
stuff on board."
22. ckanges ef raiment] i.e. costly robes which would be worn
instead of workday apparel on special occasions. Cf. xxvii. 15; J udg.
xiv. 12, 13, 19; 2 Kings v. 5, 22 1 23. The versions LXX 01<T<Ta.s
uroM.s= "double robes," and Lat. binas stolas, have misunderstotid
the meaning.
three kundred pieces of silver] i.e. 300 shekels. See notes on xx. 16,
and xxiii. 16.
jive ckanges] See note on xliii. 34.
24. See that ye .fall not out] The precise meaning of Joseph's
parting words has sometimes been misunderstood. The Heb. word
which he uses is not common. It occurs in Ps. iv. 4 1 "Stand in awe"
(R. V. marg. be ye angry). So here, LXX µ.71 onl(,uOe; Lat. ne
irascamini. The meaning then will be, "do not get excited, (lUarrel
not, and dispute not" with one another about the degree of your
guilt in your treatment of me. Cf. Reuben's reproaches in xiii. 22.
The ,suggestic.n that he warns them against being indignant at the
especial favours and gifts lavished upon Benjamin is not probable. A
different rendering, "be not alarmed," in the sense of '' do not give
way to the fear that I am nursing my revenge and am meditating an out•
break of wrath against you at a later time," is hardly warranted, either
by the use of the verb or by the context. But see 1. r 5-u.
 GENESIS XLV. 25-XLVI. 2

into the land of Canaan unto Jacob their father. And they 26 E
told him, saying, Joseph is yet a.live, and he is ruler over all
the land of Egypt. And his heart fainted, for he believed
them not. And they told him all the words of Joseph, 27
which he had said unto them: and when he saw the wagons
which Joseph had sent to carry him, the spirit of Jacob
their father revived : and Israel said, It is enough ; Joseph 28
my son is yet alive: I will go and see him before I die.
And Israel took his journey with all that he had, and 46
came to Beer-sheba, and off~red sacrifices unto the God of
his father Isaac. And God spake unto Israel in the visions 2
26. his heart fainted] Lit. " became numb or cold"; as we should
say, '' his heart stood still ' at the news. It was too good to be true.
27. and when he saw tke wagons] He did not believe, until he had
some ocular proof of the truth of the statement. ,
the spi'rit of Jaco/J.. .revived] '' The spirit" (ruaM here,' as in
Isa. lvii. 15, "to revive the spirit of the humble," simply denotes the
vital powers. Cf. I Kings x. 5, "there was no more spirit in her," i.e.
the Queen of Sheba, on seeing the glory of Solomon.
28. It is enough] Lat. sujficit mini. Jacob's conviction is expressed
in brief simple words.
It is left to our imagination to consider how his sons succeeded in
satisfactorily explaining to Jacob J oseph's return to life. Did they
confess all? or did they keep back part of the truth?

CH. XLVI. (J, E, P,) JACOB'S DESCENT INTO EGYPT, AND

THE GENEALOGY OF HIS FAMILY,
1-5. Jacob at Beer-sheba (E).
6, 'I.Jacob's entry into Eiypt (P).
8-2'1. The genealogy of Jacob (probably according to a list
preserved by P),
28-34. Jacob's meeting with Joseph (J, E).
1-5, JACOB AT BEER·SHEBA,
1, Beer-sheba] Cf. xxi. 31, 33; xxvi. 33; xxviii. 10. Jacob, in
xxxvii. 14 (J), is described as dwelling at Hebron.
the God of kis father Isaac] For this reference to the God of .the
father, cf. xxvi. '24; xxviii. 13; xxxi. 53·
It is natural that Jacob would not leave his home without sacri·
ficing to his God. He offers sacrifices at Beer-sheba, with which
sanctuary Isaac had been especially connected; cf. xxvi, z3-25.
Either, therefore, according to E, Jacob resided :it Beer-sheba, or. he
had left his home at Hebron (J) and was now on his way so~th, seekmg
.at Beer-sheba to obtain Divine approval for the descent mto Egypt.
 GENESIS XLVI. 2-5
E 3 of the riight, and said, Jacob, Jacob. And he said, Here
am I. And he said, I am God, the God of thy father: fear
not to go down into Egypt; for I will there make of thee
\ 4 a great nation: I will go down with thee into Egypt; and I
will also surely bring thee up again : and Joseph shall put
5 his hand upon thine eyes. And Jacob rose up from Beer-
sheba: and the sons of Israel carried Jacob their father, and
Jsaac· had been forbidden to go down into Egypt (xxvi. 2). Other
reasons have been suggested, e.g. thanksgiving for the life of Joseph,
and fear of Joseph's anger against his brethren.; cf. 1. 15.
2. in the visions o.f the night] A generic plural for the phenomena
of dreams. The versions give the sing. For the word, cf. Num. xii. 6;
1 Sam. iii. 15; Dan. x. 7, 8. For revelations granted at night, cf.
xx. 3, xxviii. 12 ff.
Jacob, Jacob] The sentence, as it stands, is striking: "God said
to Israel, 'Jacob, Jacob.'" The juxtaposition of the two names
"Israel-" and ''Jacob" may indicate the fusion of the two narratives-
], which vrefers "Israel," and E, which prefers "Jacob."
3. I am God] Lit." I am the El," the name occurring in xxxi. 13;
;xxxiii. 20; xxxv. 1 ; cf.. xvi. 13. LXX does not translate it. The
Lat. gives fortissimus. It seems especially to be used of the Divine
Being, the true God of Revelation, who had manifested Himself to
Abraham and to Isaac.
fear not] These and the following words seem to indicate the reason
of Jacob's prayer and sacrifice at Beer-sheba. He needed reassurance
at the thought of leaving his h.ome and settling in Egypt in his old age.
there} Jacob's family was to grow into a great people while they
were still in Egypt (cf. xv. 13-16).
f:. I will go down] The promise of the Divine presence is the
assurance of safety and blessing. God is no mere local god of Canaan.
He will be with His people, where they are; whether in Mesopotamia
(xxxi. 13), in Palestine (xxxv. 3), or in Egypt.
bring thee uf again] i.e. from Egypt back into Canaan. The
pronoun "thee' must surely be understood of the people descended
from, and personified by, Jacob, and identified with his name. It does
not predict his burial in Canaanite land. The words may best be
'illustrated from 1. 24, and not from I. 13. They "foretell the Exodus
of the Israelites, not the burial of Jacob. .
put his hand... eyes] The last tender office performed by the nearest
relative. The promise is fulfilled; see 1. 1. · ·
I!. Beer-sheba] Jacob's home, as of his fathers, according to E
(xxi. 31, xxii. 19).
thesonso.f Israel .. Jacob theirfather] It is not often that the two names
are found in such close collocation in the same clause; see note on v. 2.
In allJrobability it betokens the work of editing and compiling the
parall narratives, of which J uses "Israel," and E and P prefer" Jacob."
 GENESIS :XLVI. 5-10

their little ones, and their wives, in the wagons which E

Pharaoh had sent to carry him. I And they took their cattle, 6 p
and their goods, which they' had gotten in the land of
Canaan, and came into Egypt, Jacob, and all his seed with
him: his sons, and his sons' sons' with him, his daughters, 7
and his sons' daughters, and all his seed brought he with
him into Egypt.
And these are the names of the children of Israel, 8
which came into Egypt, Jacob and his sons: Reuben,
Jacob's firstborn. And the sons of Reuben; Hanoch, 9
and Pallu, and Hezrori, and Carmi. And the sons of 10
6, 7 (P). P's summarized account of the descent into Egypt.
Observe the characteristic words ''their goods which they had gotten";
" his seed"; "sons' sons" and "sons' daughters"; and the marked
redundancy in style, similar to what is found in xii. 5; xxxi. 18;
xxxvi. 6; which are all from the P narrative.
8-27 (P). We have here a list of "the names of the children of
Israel which came into Egypt."
(a) With certain variations and expansions, the list appears also in
Num. xxvi. 5-51 (with the omission of Levi), and in 1 Chron. ii.-viii.
Moreover in Ex. vi. 14-r6 we find the same list, so· far as relates to
Reuben, Simeon, and Levi (vv. 9-rr).
(b) It cannot accurately be described either as a .list of J acob's
descendants, for it includes Jacob himself: or as a list of those who
went down into Egypt, for it includes the names of Joseph and his
sons, and the names of Benjamin's sons.
(c) There is an element of artificiality in the computation of the list.
Thus the names of Er and Onan are only mentioned to be excluded
from the total (v. 12). Dinah, the daughter of Jacob, is included in
the list of thirty and three " souls of his sons and his daughters," her
name being the only female name up to that point. And Jacob himself
is reckoned in the thirty-three,
(d) It should be noted, in the same connexion, that Leah's sons
are 32, and Zilpah's r6; Rachel's are 14, and Bilhah's 7. Each con-
cubine thus is credited with just half the number of sons that the
real wife has. This arrangement is probably designed to assist the
memory.
(e) The order which is followed in the list is that of the wives :
(1) the sons of Leah (vv. 8-15); (z) the sons of Zilpah (vv. 16-18);
(3) the sons of Rachel (vv. 19-,-22); (4) the sons ofBilhah (vv. -z3-25).
9. =Ex. vi. 14; Num. xxvi. 5, 6.
Hanock] See xxv. 4, the name of a Midianite. Reuben took pos-
session of Midianite land ; see Jos. xiii. z 1.
Hez,·on, and Carmi] The name of Hezron ( = '' enclosure ") occurs
again v. 12. The town of Hezron is in S. Judah, Jos, ¥V, 3, 25 (?).
 GENESIS XL VI. 10-13

P Simeon; 1 Jemuel, and Jamin, and Ohad, and 2 Jachin,

and 3 Zohar, and Shaul the son of a Canaanitish woman.
:: And the sons of Levi; 'Gershon, Kohath, and Merari. And
the sons of Judah; Er, and Onan, and Shelah, and Perez,
and Zerah : but Er and Onan died in the land of Canaan.
13 And the sons of Perez were Hezron and Hamul. And the
sons of Issachar; Tola, and 6 Puvah, and lob, and Shimron.
1 In Num. xxvi. n, r Chr. iv. 24, Nemuel. 2 In I Chr. iv. 24,
Jarib. 3 In Num. xxvi. 13, 1 Chr. iv. 24, Zerah. 4 In I Chr.
vi. 16, Gershom. 1 In I Chr. vii, 1, Puah,Jashub. See Num.
xxvi. 23, 24,

Hezron as grandson of Judah, 1 Chron. ii. 5. Carmi (cerem= "vine-

yard"), the name of a clan; note termination in -i. "Beth-haccherem"
occurs in Neh. iii. 14, Jer. vi. I as the name of a district in Judah.
Compare LXX in Jos. xv. 59, where Carem is one of several names
added by LXX. Carmi as (?) grandson of Judah, 1 Chron. ii. 7.
10. The same as Ex. vi. 15, In Num. xxvi. 12 ff., and in I Chron.,
Ohad is omitted, possibly through similarity to Zohar.
famin] In I Chron. ii. 27 Jamin is a descendant of Hezron, the
son of Judah. "Jamin"="right hand" (cf. xxxv. 18), and the name
indicates a Simeonite clan in the south of Judah.
Zohar] In Num. xxvi. 13, 1 Chron. iv. 24, Zerah. See xxiii. 8,
the father of Ephron, and xxxvi. 17.
the son ef a Canaanitish woman] A note recording the tradition of
a well-known case, in which the tribe of Simeon had assimilated
a Canaanite clan. See xxxvi. 37.
11. Gershon] In 1 Chron. vi. 16, Gershom. In Ex. ii. zz Gershom
is the son of Moses. In Num. iii. 17, 38, the family of Gershon, and
the families of Kohath and Merari, were entrusted with the care of
the sanctuary.
12. As Num. xxvi. 2of.
Er ... Onan] See xxxviii; 3-10. The note, in this verse, on their
death is probably a later insertion for the purpose of harmonizing the
numerical computation in v. 15.
Shelah] See xxxviii. 5.
Perez ... Zerah] See xxxviii. 29, 30.
Hezron] See note on v. 9.
13. As in Num. xxvi. zof.
Tola] The judge of this name in Judg. x. 1 · is also "the son of
Puah," and of the tribe of Issachar, a resemblance which can hardly be
accidental.
Puvah .. .Iob] In I Chron. vii. 1, Puah, fashub. See Num. xxvi.
23, 24. Observe that lob (= Yob) is a different name from Job
(='IyyJb) in Job i. 1 ff.
 GENESIS XLVI. 14-20 409
And the sons of Zebulun; Sered, and Elon, and J ahleel. 14 P
These are the sons of Leah, which she bare unto Jacob in 15
Paddan-aram, with his daughter Dinah: all the souls of his
sons and his daughters were thirty and three. And the 16
sons of Gad; 1 Ziphion, and Haggi, Shuni, and 2 Ezbon, Eri,
and 3 Arodi, and Areli. And the sons of Asher ; lmnah, 17
and Ishvah, and Ishvi, and Beriah, and Serah their sister:
and the sons of Beriah; Heber, and Malchiel. These are 18
the sons of Zilpah, which Laban gave to Leah his daughter,
and these she bare unto Jacob, even sixteen soul.s. The 19
sons of Rachel Jacob's wife; Joseph and Benjamin. And 20
unto Joseph in the land of Egypt were born Manasseh and

l In Num. xxvi. 15, Zephon. 2 In Num. xxvi. 16, Ozni.

8 In Num. xxvi. 17, Arod.

14 As in Num. xxvi. 26.

Elon] The judge of this name in Judg. xii. II is also of the tribe of
Zebulon.
15. in Paddan-aram] The statement that the foregoing were the
names of those born in Paddan-aram (i.e. before Jacob's return into
Canaan) cannot be understood literally. It illustrates the artificial
lines upon which the genealogies were drawn up in the P narrative.
his daughter Dinah] The mention of Dinah is very probably due to
an interpolation.
thirty and three] The names of the male descendants in vv. 9-14
give a total of thirty-three, in which apparently Er and Onan were, at
first, reckoned, but not Dinah. The mention of "his daughters" is
therefore superfluous, and possibly a gloss. Later, however, Er and
Onan were excluded, and the names of Jacob himself and Dinah added,
in order to make up the figure.
16. sons ef Gad] A different enumeration is found in I Chron. v.
Il-17,
Z,phion] In Num. xxvi. 15, Zepho11. Zaphon a Gaditecity, Jos. xiii.
?.7•
17, lshvil This name, omitted in Num., is probably due to the
erroneous repetition of '' Ishvah."
Serah their sister] Notice the solitary mention of a female descen-
dant in the younger generation.
Heber, and Ma!chiel] It is tempting to compare Qeber= "con-
federate" (1 Chron. iv. 18), with the .lfabiri, and Malchiel with
Milkili, the name of a prince of Southern Canaan in the Tel-el-
Amarna tablets.
20, unto .Joseph] Cf. xli. 50-5,z, LXX adds to this verse "and
 410 GENESIS XLVI. 20-25

P · Ephraim, which Asenath the daughter of Poti-phera priest of

21 On bare unto him. And the sons of Benjamin; Bela, and
Becher, and Ashbel, Gera, and Naaman, 1 Ehi, and Rosh,
22 'Muppim, and 3 Huppim, and Ard. These are the sons of
Rachel, which were born to Jacob: all the souls were
:! fourteen. And5 the sons of Dan ; 4 Hushim. And6 the sons
of Naphtali; Jahzeel, and Guni, and Jezer, and Shillem.
25 These are the sons of Bilhah, which Laban gave unto
Rachel his daughter, and these she bare unto Jacob: all
1 In Num. xxvi. 38, Ahiram. 2 In Num. xxvi. 39, Shephupham
in I Chr. vii. 12, Shuppim. 3 In Num. xxvi. 39, Hupham. 4 In
Num. xxvi. 42, Shuham. 5 In I Chr. vii. 13,Jahziel. 6 In
1 Chr. vii. 13, Shallum.

there were born the sons of Manasseh which the concubine, the Syrian,
bare unto him, Machir; and Machir begat Gilead. And the sons of
Ephraim the brother of Manasseh were Soutalaam and Taam, and the
sons of Soutalaam Eldem." LXX, therefore, here records five additional
names.
21. the sons of Benjamin] The mention of Benjamin's sons in a
list purporting to be a record of those who came with Jacob into
Egypt is of course irreconcilable with the narrative. But it illus-
trates the separate origin of these lists of names (connected with P)
from the general narrative preserved by J and E. The difficulty
experienced by the ordinary reader was possibly felt in very early
times. The LXX gives Benjamin three sons, Bela, Chobor, and
Ashbel; six grandsons, sons of Bela, viz. Gera, Naaman, Ehi, Rosh,
Muppim, and Huppim; and one great-grandson, Ard, the son of Gera.
If this list was the original form of the genealogy, it may have been
modified, in order to get rid of the strange statement, that Benjamin's
grandsons and great-grandsons went down with Jacob into Egypt.
Another version is given in Num. xxvi. 38-40.
Becher] In LXX X6{Jwp. Cf. 2 Sam. xx. 1, Sheba, the Bichrite,
Gera] Omitted in Num, xxvi. In Judg. iii. 15 the "judge" Ehud,
the Benjamite, is the son of Gera; and in 2 Sam. xvi. 5 Shimei, of
the family of Saul, the Benjamite, is the son of Gera.
Eht] In Num. xxvi. 38, Ahiram, omitting Rosh.
Muppim] In Num. xxvi. 39, Shephupham; in 1 Chron. vii. 12,
Shuppim, Ehi, Rosh, Muppim are probably textual variations of
Ahiram and Shephupham.
Ard] = 1 Chron. viii. 3, Addar. In Num. icxvi. 40 Naaman and
Ard are " sons of Bela."
23. sons]· Only one name is given. No list of Danites appears in
1 Chron. ii.-viii.
Hushim] In Num. xxvi. 42, Shuham. Hushim in I Chron. viii. 8
belongs to Benjamin.
 GENESIS XLVI. 25-28 411
1
the souls were seven. All the souls that came with Jacob 26 P
into Egypt, which came out, of his loins, besides Jacob's
sons' wives, all the souls were threescore and six; and the 27
sons of Joseph, which were born to him in Egypt, were two
souls : all the souls of the house of Jacob, which came into
Egypt, were threescore and ten. .
And he sent Judah before him unto Joseph, to shew the 28 J
way before him unto Goshen; and they came into the land
1 Or, souls belonging to Jacob that came
26. souls that came with Jacob] The rendering of the margin, souls
belonging to Jacub that came, is preferab,e. " With Jacob" (as LXX
and Lat.) follows v. 7, but does not translate the Heb.
threescore and six] These and the words in the following verse
before " threescore and ten " have the appearance of a gloss. In
the preceding list the son~ and daughters of Leah were thirty-three
(v. 15), the sons of Zilpah.sixteen (v. 18), the sons of Rachel fourteen
(v. 22), and the sons of Bilhah seven (v. 25}; the total of these is
seventy. The number, therefore, of sixty-six. must .be regarded. as
the result of deducting four persons, presumably Er and Onan, and
the "two souls born to Joseph in Egypt" (v. zo).
Note that "sixty-six" is just double that of Leah's children, thirty-
three, Another computation, excluding Er and Onan, and including
Dinah, would make Leah's children "thirty-two," just double Zilpah's.
27. threescore and ten] LXX gives "threescore and fifteen,"
which is followed in Acts vii. r 4. The additional five persons were
the three grandsons and two great-grandsons born to Joseph in Egypt,
Cf. 1. 23; Num. xxvi. 28 ff,
The number "seventy" being a sacred number is secured, though
at the cost of some adjustment.
28-34. JACOB's MEETING WITH JOSEPH (J, E).
This passage follows upon vv. 1-5.
28. Judah] Jacob selects Judah as the brother who would be most
certain to have secured the affection of Joseph.
to shew the way ..• Goshen] The meaning is obscure. According to
the English version, Judah was to act as an outrider, or advanced
guard, to shew Jacob the route into Goshen. Another interpretation
is "that he, Joseph, might give instructions to him, Judah," before
J acob's arrival. The versions represent a slightly different reading :
Judah is sent ahead to arrange "that he (Joseph) should appear
before (Sam., Syr. Pesh.), or 'come to meet' (LXX cr11111111Tij<Ta1)
him" Gacob).
Goshen] See note on xiv. ro. The LXX here expands "Goshen"
into "at Heroopolis into the land of Rameses" (Kall' 'Hpwwv 1ro°}\w els
-yijv 'PaJLE<T<Tij), probably a duplicate rendering;_ cf. xlvii. 11.
 412 GENESIS XLVI. 28-34
J 29 of Goshen. And Joseph made ready his chariot, and went
up to meet Israel his father, to Goshen ; and he presented
himself unto him, and fell on his neck, and wept on his
30 neck a good while. And Israel said unto Joseph, Now let
me die, since I have seen thy face, that thou art yet alive.
31 And Joseph said unto his brethren, and unto his father's
house, I will go up, and tell Pharaoh, and will say unto him,
My brethren, and my father's house, which were in the land
32 of Canaan, are come unto me; and the men are shepherds,
for they have been keepers of cattle; and they have brought
33 their flocks, and their herds, and all that they have. And
it shall come to pass, when Pharaoh shall call you, and shall
34 say, What is your occupation? that ye shall say, Thy
servants have been keepers of cattle from our youth even
until now, both we, and our fathers : that ye may dwell in
the land of Goshen; for every shepherd is an abomination
unto the Egyptians.
Heroopolis (modern Tel el-Maskhuta) is the same as" Pithom," a
town at the eastern extremity of the Wady-el- Tumilat, built by the
Israelites (Ex. i. II) for the Pharaoh of the oppression, Rameses II.
29. wept] The description of the meeting between Joseph and
Jacob is in accord with the general representation of Joseph's warm
and emotional nature. Cf. xlv. 1, 14. "A good while," i.e. at first neither
of them can speak.
31. go up] Joseph speaks of the residence of Pharaoh as a place
to which he must "go up." The metaphor is probably taken from
the idea of ascent to the residence of royalty ; cf. " high station,"
" people of eminence.'' The words contain no geographical significance
in the sense of " up the Nile."
32, the men are shepherds] These words are followed by what may
be a gloss, "for they have been keepers of cattle " (probably drawn
from v. 34). If not a gloss, "shepherds" must include herdsmen, and
''cattle" be used here quite generally of flocks and herds. In xlvii. 3
"thy servants arc shepherds" : but in xlvii. 6 Pharaoh makes them
"rulers over my cattle."
34. that ye may dwell] J oseph's purpose is thus somewhat elaborately
explained in these verses (31-34), in order to place on record how the
Israelites came to occupy the fertile district on the eastern frontier of
Egypt, most suitable for their own development, and most favourable
to them at the crisis of the Exodus. The shrewdness and wisdom of
Joseph are made to account for their occupation of Goshen.
Goshen] LXX iv YU ri<Teµ 'Apa{Jlq., as in xiv. 10.
every shepherd is an abomination ... EgyjJtians] This statement seems
 GENESIS XLVII. 1-4 413
Then Joseph went in and told Pharaoh, and said, My 47 J
father and my brethren, and their flocks, and their herds,
and all that they have, are come out of the land of Canaan;
and, behold, they are in the land of Goshen. And from 2
among his brethren he took five men, and presented them
unto Pharaoh. And Pharaoh said unto his brethren, What 3
is your occupation? And they said unto Pharaoh, Thy 4
servants are shepherds, both we, and our fathers. And
they said unto Pharaoh, To sojourn in the land are we come;
hardly to be justified by what we know of the ancient Egyptians. Prob-
ably the word "shepherd" here, as in v. 3 2, is used loosely so as to
include "herdsman." Moreover, the strong dislike of the Egyptians
for the Asiatic nomads on their eastern frontier may well have con-
tributed to this feeling. The tending of cattle and swine in Egypt
was associated with a low class of people dwelling in the swampy
northern regions of the Delta. For the word "abomination," cf. xliii.
32 and Ex. viii. z6. The writer's note, contained in this verse, may
have been inaccurate, and yet have faithfully recorded his impression as
to the cause which would account for the sons of Jacob being assigned
to a fertile region on the east of the Delta.

CH. XLVII,
1-11. JOSEPH'S BRETHREN AND JACOB BEFORE PHARAOH,
12-27. THE FAMINE IN EGYPT AND JOSEPH'S POLICY,
28-31. JACOB'S DEATHBED,

1-12. vv. 1-4, 6b, 12-27•, 29-31 J; 5, 6a, 7-u, 27b, 28 P.

1, Then Joseph went in] Joseph seems to address Pharaoh as if the
latter had been unaware of the coming of Joseph's family. The passage
(vv. 1-4) seems to ignore, or to be independent of, xiv. 17-20 (E), in
which Pharaoh himself offers a home in Egypt to Joseph's brethren.
the land of Goshen] Cf. xiv. 10. Joseph reports of their arrival at
Goshen, as if his brothers had reached that place accidentally.
2 . .five men] How the five were selected we are not told. On the
number "5" in connexion with Egypt, see note on xliii. 34. Cf. v. 24,
xii. 34, xliii. 34, xiv. 22; Isa. xix. 18,
3. And Pharaoh said] Pharaoh's question and the men's answer
follow the outline given by Joseph in xlvi. 34, but, instead of saying,
"thy servants have been keepers of cattle," they say, "thy servants
are shepherds."
4, And they said unto Pharaoh] J oseph's brethren were the speakers
in the last clause of v. 3 : it is natural to suppose that a question from
Pharaoh has dropped out, to which they now give answer. They would
, hardly make the request in this verse without s9me invitation.
 GENESIS XLVII. 4-9
J for there is no pasture for thy servants' flocks; for the
famine is sore in the land of Canaan : now therefore, we
pray thee, let thy servants dwell in the land of Goshen. I
P 5 And Pharaoh spake unto Joseph, saying, Thy father and
6 thy brethren are come unto thee: the land of Egypt is
before thee; in the best of the land make thy father and
J thy brethren to dwell ; I in the land of Goshen let them
dwell : and if thou knowest any 1 able men among them,
P 7 then make them rulers over my cattle. I And Joseph
brought in Jacob his father, and set him before Pharaoh:
8 and Jacob blessed Pharaoh. And Pharaoh said unto Jacob,
9 How many are the days of the years of thy life? And
Jacob said unto Pharaoh, The days of the years of my
2
pilgrimage are an hundred and thirty years : few and evil
1 Or, men of activity 2 Or, sqjournings
IS, 6 (P). These verses interrupt the sequence of the narrative. They
represent the account in P of the occupation of Goshen. The structure
of the verses is a little differen~ in LXX, where 5a is followed by 6b.
5a (J) "And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, Let them dwell in the land of
Goshen, 6b and if thou knowest any able men among them, then make
them rulers over my cattle. 5b (P) And Jacob and his sons came into
Egypt unto Joseph. And Pharaoh king of Egypt heard of it. And
Pharaoh spake unto Joseph, saying, Thy father and thy brethren are
come unto thee ... to dwell. 7 And Joseph brought in Jacob, &c."
This probably represents an earlier text, combining J and P; and the
obvious discrepancy between the accounts was subsequently modified.
6. in the best] Cf. Ex. xxii. 4. The land of Goshen was fertile and
good for grazing : but only by Oriental courtesy could it be called " the
best" land in Egypt.
able men] So LXX ll.vopes owarol. Cf. Ex. xviii. 21, 25. R.V.
marg. men ef actt"vity as Lat. viri industrii.
rulers over my cattle] Pharaoh is ready to confer positions of
authority, without further enquiry, upon the most capable of Joseph's
brothers. The mention of the royal herds shews us that the position of
herdsmen was fully recognized among the Egyptians: see note on xlvi. 34.
7. Jacob blessed Pharaoh] Here and in v. 10 Jacob is said to
'.'bless" Pharaoh. We should understand by this the solemn and
benevolent benediction which is the privilege of aged persons in
addressing those of much higher rank. According to another inter·
pretation, the word should be rendered ''saluted" ; cf. r Sam. xiii. 10 ;
2 Kings iv. 29.
9. pilgrimage] R. V. marg. sojournings. See xvii. 8, xxviii. 4,
xxxvi. 7, xxxvii. 1 (P). The two renderings depend upon the meta-
phorical, or literal, explanation of J acob's words. Is it the metaphorical
 GENESIS XLVII. 9-13 415
have been the days of the years of my life, and they have p
not attained unto the days of, the years of the life of my
fathers in the days of their 1 pilgrimage. And Jacob blessed 10
Pharaoh, and went out from the presence of Pharaoh. And 11
Joseph placed his father and his brethren, and gave them a
possession in the land of Egypt, in the best of the land, in
the land of Rameses, as Pharaoh had commanded. I And 12 J
Joseph nourished his father, and his brethren, and all his
father's household, with bread, 2 according to their families.
And there was no bread in all the land; for the famine 13
1 Or, sojournings s Or, according to the number of their little ones
pilgrimage of life? or is it the frequent change of J acob's abode to which
he makes reference? The latter is perhaps preferable, (1) on account of
the allusion to the lives of his fathers, and (2) because this metaphor in
the Bible seems to be based on the experience of the patriarchs them-
selves. Cf. 1 Chron. xxix. 15; Ps. xxxix. 12, cxix. 19, 54; Heb. xi. 9, 13.
few] i.e. by comparison with the traditional days of old (v. 1 ff.,
xi. 10 ff.) according to P.
evil] Alluding to the flight from home, the hardships of the service
in Haran, the loss of Joseph, the death of Rachel, the violence of
Simeon and Levi (chap. xxxiv.).
they have not attained] J acob's life of 130 years at this juncture
seemed short in comparison with the 175 years of Abraham (xxv. 7)
and the 180 years of Isaac (xxxv. 28).
11. placed] Lit. "caused to dwell "; as we should say, " settled."
the land of Rameses] This description of the land of Goshen appears
only here, and in the LXX of eh. xlvi. 28. A town named Rameses
is mentioned in Ex. i. 11, xii. 37; Num. xxxiii. 3, 5. In Ex. i. 11
Rameses is the name of one of the two store cities built by the children
of Israel on the east of the Delta, according to Petrie= Tel er-Refabeh.
The name given to it was probably that of the Pharaoh of the oppres-
sion, Rameses II. If so, the description of this region, where J oseph's
brethren are settled, by the name of " the land of Rameses,' is,
strictly speaking, an anachronism, i.e. a chronological anticipation of
facts, the country being denoted by a name which it came to bear two
centuries later. It is a very natural thing for the Israelite writer to do;
and can hardly be regarded in the light of a literary error.
12, according to their families] The margin, according to the num-
ber of their li'ttle ones, gives the literal rendering. Delitzsch comments,
'' little children being mentioned because they would require much food,
and also because people would be Jess willing to see them in want."
Cf. xiv. 11.
13-27• (J (?)). THE FAMINE IN EGYPT, AND JosEPH'S POLICY.
13. in all the land] or " in all the earth.", LXX 1rdu17 7"fi -yfi ;
 416 GENESIS XLVII. 13-17
J was very sore, so that the land of Egypt and the land of
14 Canaan fainted by reason of the famine. And Joseph
gathered up all the money that was found in the land
of Egypt, and in the land of Canaan, for the corn which
they bought : and Joseph brought the money into Pharaoh's
15 house. And when the money was all spent in the land
of Egypt, and in the land of Canaan, all the Egyptians
came unto Joseph, and said, Give us bread : for why
should we die in thy presence? for our money faileth.
16 And Joseph said, Give your cattle ; and I will give you for
17 your cattle, if money fail. And they brought their cattle
unto Joseph: and Joseph gave them bread in exchange for
the horses, and for the 1 flocks, and for the herds, and for
1 Heb. cattle ef the flocks, andfor (he cattle of the herds.
Lat. in toto orbe. Cf. xii. 54, 57; Acts xi. 28, "a great famine over all
the world." "Very sore": cf. xii. 10, xii. 31, 56, xliii. 1.
fainted] A striking metaphor (the Heb. word not occurring again in
O.T.) to express the complete collapse of the inhabitants of Egypt and
Canaan: LXX t!~D,,1re. Notice the association of Canaan with Egypt
in these three verses 13, 14, 15. Afterwards only Egypt is spoken of.
14. gathered up] Joseph's policy of State granaries was completely
successful. He accumulated vast wealth for his master, the King of
Egypt.
Pharaoh' s house] i.e. the royal treasury, "the White House," as it
was known in Egypt. Cf. xii. 40.
15. And when the money] The inhabitants of Egypt, finding that
their money was expended, voluntarily proposed the surrender, firstly,
of their cattle, and secondly, in the following year (vv. 18, 19), of their
persons and their land. There is no mention of murmuring or uprising
among the people. Private ownership, except in the case of the priests
(v. 22), was surrendered. The whole people became Pharaoh's servants,
practically serfs, paying him a land tax of 20 per cent. annually (v. 26).
16. I wilt give you] The word " bread" is evidently understood;
and is found supplied in the Sam., LXX and Vulg. versions.
17. horses .. jlocks, and for the herdr] Heb. cattle ef the .flocks, and
for the cattle of the herds. Observe here the mention of horses first in
the list, followed by sheep, cattle, and asses. Compare the list of the
live stock belonging to the nomad Abraham in xii. 16, "sheep, oxen,
he-asses, men-servants, maid-servants, she-asses, camels." Camels are
not mentioned here. Egyptologists inform us that the inscriptions
do not record the mention of horses before the New Monarchy, circa
1530 B.C.: see note on xii. 16. The Egyptians owed to the Hyksos
the introduction of horses and chariots.
 GENESIS XLVII. 17-21 417
1
the asses: and he fed them with bread in exchange for all J
their cattle for that year. And when that year was ended, 18
they came unto him the second year, and said unto him,
We will not hide from my lord, how that our money is all
spent; and the herds of cattle are my lord's ; there is
nought left in the sight of my lord, but our bodies, and our
lands : wherefore should we die before thine eyes, both we 19
and our land? buy us and our land for bread, and we and
our land will be servants unto Pharaoh: and give us seed,
that we may .live, and not die, and that the land be not
desolate. So Joseph bought all the land of Egypt for 20
Pharaoh; for the Egyptians sold every man his field,
because the famine was sore upon them : and the land
became Pharaoh's. And as for the people, 2 he removed 21
them 3 to the cities from one end of the border of Egypt
1 Heh. led them as a shepherd. 2 According to Samar., Sept.

and Vulg., he made bondmen of them,from &c. 3 Or, according

to their cities
fed them] Heb. led them as a shepherd. The same word as in
xxxiii. 14, "lead on softly," and in Ps. xxiii. 2, "he leadeth me beside
the still waters."
18. We will not hiile] The LXX µfi ,rore eKrpt{Jwµev= "lest we be
utterly ruined," misunderstood the Hebrew.
our bodies, and our lands] The inhabitants propose that Pharaoh
should become the feudal lord of all Egypt, with complete possession
of the land and absolute control over the lives of the people. The
proposal is represented as emanating from the people themselves.
J oseph's authority is unquestioned; his popularity never in doubt.
20. Joseph bought all the land] This transaction, by which, at a
single stroke of business, Joseph, the Hebrew, was said to have purchased
for Pharaoh the whole land of Egypt, and all the people to be Pharaoh's
slaves, as the price of seed corn (cf. 23), probably sounded in the ears of
an ancient Oriental people a masterpiece of cleverness. In our days it
would rank as an outrageous piece of tyranny, that the king's Grand
Vizier, taking advantage of his own monopoly in corn and of the
people's destitution, should deprive them of the last shreds of their
independence.
21. he removed them] ~etter, as Samar., Sept. and Vulg., he
made bondmen of them, Jronl &c. The reading in the text, followed
by the R.V., in all probability is due to the recollection of Joseph's
policy of storing the grain in the cities, xii. 35, 48. The reading
of R.V. marg., which is that of the versions, differs extremely slightly
from that of the Massoretic text. The verb "he removed " only
differs from the verb "he enslaved" by one letjer; the former having
GENESIS 27
 GENESIS XLVII. 21-26

J 22 even to the other end thereof. Only the land of the priests
bought he not: for the priests had a portion from Pharaoh,
and did eat their portion which Pharaoh gave them;
23 wherefore they sold not their land. Then Joseph said unto
the people, Behold, I have bought you this day and your
land for Pharaoh : lo, here is seed for you, and ye shall sow
24 the land. And it shall come to pass at the ingatherings,
that ye shall give a fifth unto Pharaoh, and four parts shall
be your own, for seed of the field, and for your food, and
for them of your households, and for food for your little
25 ones. And they said, Thou hast saved our lives : let us
find grace in the sight of my lord, and we will be Pharaoh's
26 servants. And Joseph made it a statute concerning the
"R" ('1) and the latter "D" (1); cf. x. 3, 4. The latter gives a
distinctly better sense. Verse 20 has already described the sale of the
land, and now v. 21 describes how the people became servants, or serfs,
to Pharaoh. Thus vv. 20 and u describe the carrying out of both parts
of the people's proposal in v. 19.
to the cities] R. V. marg. according to their dties. The rendering
"to the cities" agrees with the verb "he removed." But, with the
preferable reading " he made bondmen," we should here read " for
slaves or serfs," as LXX els ,raWas. The difference in the Hebrew
text, between " to the cities" and '' for slaves," is very slight.
There would have been no advantage to be derived from the redis-
tribution of the people in the cities except for convenience in feeding
them. They were needed to work the soil which now belonged to
Pharaoh.
22. Only the land efthe priests] The priests of Egypt enjoyed specia,
privileges. They were greatly enriched by the kings of the 18th Dynasty
(B.c. 1587-1328). It is doubtful whether their position was so favourable
under the Hyksos (see Appendix E). But they were not under the neces-
sity of selling their land. Em1an quotes an inscription from which it
appears that 185,000 sacks of corn were given annually by Rameses III
(B.c. 1202-rr71) to the Egyptian temples(LifeinAncient Egypt,p.129).
a portion] Cf. the use of this word in the sense of a fixed rate or
"due," Lev. x. 13; Prov. xxx. 8 (marg.).
24. a fifth] Cf. xli. 34. This seems an immense impost. But it
is said to compare favourably with the ruthless standard of taxation by
Oriental governments, in which corruption was rife and liberty did not
exist : cf. the letter of King Demetrius, r Mace. x. 30, " the third part of
the seed,"" the halfof the fruit of the trees which falleth to me to receive."
26. a statute] The Israelites preserved this tradition concerning the
origin of the system of land-tenure which prevailed in Egypt at a later
time. For the expression "unto this day," cf. xxii. 14. Unfortunately
it does not supply us with the date at which this section was written.
 GENESIS XLVII. 26-3}'
land of Egypt unto this day, that Pharaoh should have the J
fifth; only the land of the priests alone became not
P.baraoh's. And Israel dwelt in the land of Egypt, in the 27
land of Goshen ; I and they gat them possessions therein, p
and were fruitful, and multiplied exceedingly.
And Jacob lived in the land of Egypt seventeen years: 28
so the days of Jacob, the years of his life, were an hundred
forty and seven years. I And the time drew near that Israel 29 J
must die: and he called his son Joseph, and said unto him,
If now I have found grace in thy sight, put, I pray thee,
thy hand under my thigh, and deal kindly and truly with
me; bury me not, I pray thee, in Egypt: but when I sleep 30
with my fathers, thou shalt carry me out of Egypt, and bury
me in their buryingplace. And he said, I will do as thou 31
hast said. And he said, Swear unto me: and he sware
unto him. And Israel bowed himself upon the bed's head.
27, and they gat them, &c.] This clause concludes P's narrative of
the settlement of Jacob and his sons in Egypt.
28, seventeen years] This verse, giving the years of J acob's life,
=
comes from P: see v. 9. Note that 147 7 x 7 x 3, sacred numbers.

29-31 (J). JACOB MAKES JOSEPH SWEAR TO BURY HIM IN

CANAAN,
29. And the time drew near] The description of Jacob's dying
moments may be compared with those of Moses (Deut. xxxi.-xxxiv.)
and of David (1 Kings ii. 1).
I have found grace] Cf. vi. 9, xv iii. 3, xxxii. 5, xxxiii. 8, 15 (J).
put ... thy hand... thigh] See note on xxiv. 2 (J).
30. when I sleep with my fathers] See note on xxv. 8. When his
spirit is in Sheol, his body is to rest at Machpelah.
bury me in their buryingplace] This charge of Jacob that he should
be carried out of Egypt and buried in the burying-place of his fathers,
viz. in the cave of Machpelah, is repeated in xlix. 29, 30 (P). See for
its execution 1. 13 (P). For the burial of Isaac, see xxxv. 29 (P);
and of Abraham, xxv. 9 (P).
In I. 5 Jacob speaks of the grave he liad digged for himself: see note.
31, Israel bowed himself] Cf. 1 Kings i. 47, "and the king
(David) bowed himself upon the bed." Here Jacob" bows himself"
upon the bed's head, presumably in silent thanksgiving to God for
the promise made to him by Joseph. So the Lat. adoravit Israel
Deum conversus ad lectuli caput. Joseph's promise was no slight
undertaking (see chap. 1. ). Jacob is full of gratitude.
, the bed's head] The LXX following a differ_ent vocalization of the
27-2
 420 GENESIS XLVIII. 1-3
E 48 And it came to pass after these things, that one said to
Joseph, Behold, thy father is sick : and he took with him
2 his two sons, Manasseh and Ephraim. And one told Jacob,
and said, Behold, thy son Joseph cometh unto thee : and
P 3 Israel strengthened himself, and sat upon the bed. I And
Jacob said unto Joseph, 1 God Almighty appeared unto me
at Luz in the land of Canaan, and blessed me, and said
1 Heh. El Shaddai.
same Hebrew consonants, and reading hammatteh instead of hammittah,
gives the rendering followed in Heb. xi. 2 r, "and worshipped leaning
upon the top of his staff," ,,,., ro ILKpo, rijs pd{3oov avrou. The staff would
be his own staff, not as some have suggested, Joseph's staff of office.
This reading is found also in the Vetus ltala and in Syr. Pesh. But the
reading of the Hebrew text, "qpon the bed's head," is probably the
original one. The obscurity of the words led to the reading of the
LXX. How should we explain "upon the bed's head"? The simplest
explanation seems the most probable. The words should be connected
closely with the verb "bowed himself." Ordinarily, the phrase "to bow
oneself" was followed by some such expression as "to the ground,"
cf. xviii. 2, xxiv. 52, xxxii'i. 3, xiii .. 6, xliii. 26. The prostration was
then made by those who were standing. Here, Jacob is rec11mbent.
He bows himself in worship ; and it was natural to express the inclina-
tion of his obeisance by some such word, as in David's case, '' upon the
bed" (r Kings i. 47); or, more picturesquely, as here, "upon the bed's
head." He was too weak to move much.
The suggestion that a figure of the household god, or Teraphim
(cf. xxxi. 19), was at the bed's head, and that Jacob in worship turned
towards it, has been ingeniously supported from the narrative of r Sam.
xix. 13. But, except as an example of conjectural ingenuity, it can
hardly be considered worthy of more than a passing mention.

CH. XLVIII. (E (J, P).) JACOB's BLESSING OF EPHRAIM AND

MANASSEH,

This narrative is chiefly taken from E; but vv. 3-7 are from P.
1, after these things] A vague description of time, as in xv. 1,
xxii. 1, xxxix. 7, xl. I.
Manasseh and Ephraim] Observe the order of the names. Manasseh
is put first as the elder.
3. God Almighty] Heb. El Shaddai: see note on xvii. r. This
title for the Deity and the phrases "make fruitful and multiply" (cf.
i. 28), "a company of peoples" (cf. xxviii. 3, xxxv. r I), "an everlasting
possession" {cf. xvii. 8), are characteristic of the style of P. "Ap-
peared" : the appearance referred to is that of xxxv. 9-r 3.
Luz] See xxviii. 19, xxxv. 6, 9.
 GENESIS XLVIII. 3__:__7 421

unto me, Behold, I will make thee fruitful, and multiply 4 P

thee, and I will make of thee a company of peoples; and
will give this land to thy seed after thee for an everlasting
possession. And now thy two sons, which were born unto 5
thee in the land of Egypt before I came unto thee into
Egypt, are mine; Ephraim and Manasseh, even as Reuben
and Simeon, shall be mine. And thy issue, which thou 6
1 begettest after them, shall be thine ; they shall be called

after the name of their brethren in their inheritance. And 7

as for me, when I came from Paddan, Rachel died 'by me
in the land of Canaan· in the way, when there was still some
way to come unto Ephrath : and I buried her there in the
1 Or, /iast begotten 2 Or, t, my sorrow

G. are mine] J oseph's sons are adopted' into the family of Jacob
(cf. Josh. xiv. 4); and the account records their acknowledgment to be
full tribes in the parent stock of Israel.
Epkraim and Manassek] Observe the change in order. The writer
of P here, as E in v. zo, gives the precedent to the recipient of the
greater blessing. But, while this order is found in Num. i. 10, Josh.
xvii. 17, the other is the more usual; cf. Josh. xiv. 4, xvi. 4.
6. begettest] Better, as R.V. marg., kast begotten.
tkey skall be called] The meaning is that any other children of Joseph,
and their descendants, shall be attached to the tribes of Ephraim and
Manasseh, and shall be called Ephraimites or Manassites.
7. And as for me] This verse, with its reference to xxxv. 16-19, is
introduced very abruptly. The mention of Rachel's grave is not followed
by any further statement, and, standing by itself, it comes in strangely.
It hardly admits of explanation as an old man's wandering soliloquy.
Such an explanation is too modern in character. Possibly the passage
originally contained the tradition of J acob's request, that he might be
buried in the same grave with his beloved wife, Rachel. But the
entreaty to be buried at Machpelah having already (xlvii. 30) been
inserted from J, it was necessary to drop the concluding portion of
Jacob's utterance, i.e. the request to be buried with Rachel, to which
the allusion to Rachel's death and burial at Ephrath was leading up.
This theory accounts for the introduction of the touching allusion to
Rachel and her burial-place, and for the sudden dropping of the subject.
Paddan] For "Paddan-aram," as in LXX. See xxv. zo.
by me] R.V. marg. to my sorrow, lit. "upon me," expresses the full
meaning. Compare "against me" in xiii. 36; see note.
wken tkere was still some way] See note on xxxv. 16. The Heb.
gives a measure of distance; cf. z Kings v. 19; and the LXX gives the
· strange rendering 1<a.rl,, rl:,11 hr1roopoµo11 xa.fJpa.!Ja. •r,js -yijs, where xa.fJpa.!Jl,,
 422 GENESIS XLVIII. 7-13
PE 8 way to Ephrath · (the same is Beth-lehem). I And Israel
9 beheld Joseph's sons, and said, Who are these ? And
Joseph said unto his father, They are my sons, whom God
hath given me here. And he said, Bring them, I pray thee,
10 unto me, and I will bless them. Now the eyes of Israel
were dim for age, so that he could not see. And he brought
them near unto him ; and he kissed them, and embraced
11 them. And Israel said unto Joseph, I had not thought to
see thy face: and, lo, God bath let me see thy seed also.
12 And Joseph brought them out from between his knees; and
13 he bowed himself with his face to the earth. And Joseph
transliterates the Heb., and Kem\ Tov l7nr6lipoµov, "according to the
race-course," reproduces the tradition that the race-course at Alexandria
was the length of this Hebrew measure; cf. Schleusner, s.v. The Vulg.
has eratque vernum tempus (!). "On the way to Ephrath," LXX iv
ri, olici) TOV l,r,rolip6µov. •
8. And Israe!J The narrative resumes the thread which was inter•
rupted at v. 3 by the insertion of the P version. The incident about
to be described was regarded as of national significance. Of the two
divisions of Joseph, the younger one became the more powerful. The
blessing of Jacob implies the ratification of the relation of the two
new tribes to the older ones and to each other.
beheld... Who are these?] Jacob enquires as if he had not before seen
the sons of Joseph. Jacob was in Goshen: Joseph and his sons lived
not far off. It is possible the question is due to the old man's blindness
(v. 10). He discerned faintly that there were two other persons with
Joseph. But it is more probable that this story stands by itself, and
that it assumes that Jacob had not before met Joseph's sons.
10. the eyes of Israel] Cf. the similar account of Isaac, xxvii. r.
11. thy seed also] This expression, like the question in v. 8, seems
to imply that Jacob had not before set eyes upon the sons of Joseph.
12. Joseph brought ... his knees] To set a child upon the knees was
to symbolize reception or adoption into the family: see note on xxx. 3.
From this passage it would appear that Joseph had set Ephraim and
Manasseh upon, or against, the knees of their grandfather, .so that they
might receive the formal symbol (not here described) of adoption. This
being done, he then removes them from between the knees of Jacob.
he bowed himself] For "bowed himself," see note on xlvii. 31.
Who bowed himself? ( 1) Either Joseph, who th11s threw himself on the
ground to receive the blessing described in v. 15. (2) Or Jacob, who
thus rendered thanks to God for enabling him to adopt into his family the
children of Joseph. According to ( 2 ), Jacob would be represented as able
to prostrate himself with his face to the earth (see note on xlvii. 31).
According to (1), vv. 13, 14 are interposed between Joseph's prostra-
tion in v. 12 and the imposition of Jacob's blessing in v. 15. But, it
 GENESIS XLVIII. 13-16
took them both, Ephraim in his right hand toward Israel's E
left hand, and Manasseh in his left hand toward Israel's
right hand, and brought them near unto him. And Israel 14
stretched out his right hand, and laid it upon Ephraim's
head, who was the younger, and his left hand upon Manas-
seh's head, 1 guiding his hands wittingly; for Manasseh was
the firstborn. And he blessed Joseph, and said, The God 15
before whom my fathers Abraham and Isaac did walk, the
God which bath fed me all my life long unto this day, the 16
angel which bath redeemed me from all evil, bless the lads;
1 Or, crossing his hands

we may regard this story as independent of xlvii. 29-31 (J), it seems

simplest to refer the act to Jacob.
13. Epfzraim in ht's right hand] i.e. so that the right hand of
Jacob might rest on Manasseh the elder. The gesture of benediction,
by the laying on of hands, signified the communication of rights and
privileges. As in the story of Isaac (eh. xxvii. ), the blessing by the
head of the house, on his deathbed, was irrevocable, The person who
received it could not be deprived of it.
14, guiding his hands wittingly] Better, as R.V. marg., crossing
his hands. So LXX iva>.M~ ras X€<pas ="the hands crosswise";
Lat. commutans manus.
The aged Jacob is moved by a supernatural impulse to cross his
hands as he blesses the two boys ; and their destinies are determined
accordingly.
15, And he blessed Joseph] While his hands were resting on the
lads' heads, Jacob blessed Joseph by uttering his benediction upon
Ephraim and Manasseh. LXX fvM-yriufv avrovs="blessed them,"
and Vulg. benedixit .filiis Joseph, avoid the difficulty.
The God] Observe the threefold invocation: (1) ancestral-" the
God of the fathers" ; (2) personal-" the Shepherd of Israel";
(3) redemptive-" the angel of deliverance." Compare the threefold
Aaronic benediction of Num. vi. 24 ff,
before whom ... did walk] See xvii, 1, xxiv. 40.
fed me] Lit. "who shepherded me," Lat. qui pascit me, For the
metaphor of the shepherd as applied to the God of Jacob, cf, xlix.
24 ; Ps. lxxvii. 20, lxxx, 1, The metaphor is more applicable to the
leading of a multitude, or of a nation, than of an individual. But the~e
is, as we know from Ps. xxiii. 1 and St John x. 11-16, a pathetic
tenderness in the simile, even as applied to personal experience; and
Jacob himself had from early times led the life of a shepherd.
The English rendering "fed " fails to reproduce the metaphor : see
Isa. xl. u, "feed like a shepherd," and compare John xxi. 15-17,
' 16, the angel] " The angel" is here indistinguishable from the
 424 GENESIS XLVIII. 16-20

E and let my name be named on them, and the name of my

fathers Abraham and Isaac; and let them grow into a
17 multitude in the midst of the earth. And when Joseph saw
that his father laid his right hand upon the head of Ephraim,
it displeased him : and he held up his father's hand, to
remove it from Ephraim'i, head :.into Manasseh's head.
18 And Joseph said unto his father, Not so, my father : for
this is the firstborn ; put thy right hand upon his head.
19 And his father refused, and said, I know it, my'1;,on, I know
it: he also shall become a people, and he also shall be
great: howbeit his younger brother shall be greater than he,
ao and his seed shall become 1 a multitude of nations. And
1 Heb.falness.

"God of Jacob." As in xvi. 7, 10, 13, it was the impersonation of the

Divine Being as an Angel, whom Jacob had met and acknowledged as
his God in the crises of his life, xxviii. 12-16, xxxi. r 1, 13, 24, xxxii. 1,
24-31. The reference here is to the manifestation at Peniel (xxxii. 30,
where see note).
kath redeemed meJ "To redeem" is to play the kinsman's part,
Lev. xxv. 48, 49; Ruth iii. 13, iv. 6. Jacob acknowledges that the
manifestations of the Angel had been the fulfilment of a Divine
goodness of purpose towards him. The idea of "redemption," the
deliverance by the Goel, or kinsman-Redeemer, is a favourite one in
the religious teaching of the O.T., e.g. Ps. ciii. 4. Cf. Isa. xliv. 22,
23, xlix. 7, and !xiii. 9. Here the deliverance is from calamity, as
in 2 Sam. iv. 9; 1 Kings i. 29. It is different from the more common
word for "redeem," plidah= "deliver," "ransom," e.g. in Ps. xxv. 22.
16. let my name be named on them] This is the formula of adoption
according to E, corresponding to that in v. 5 according to P. The
meaning seems to be, " let my name be given to them," in other
words, "let them be counted as the children of Israel."
grow into a multitude] For the fulfilment of the blessing, see the
numbers of the tribes, Ephraim and Manasseh, in Num. i. 33, 35,
xxvi. 34, 37. Compare Deut. xxxiii. 17, "they are the ten thousands
of Ephraim, and they are the thousands of Manasseh."
19. his younger ... greater] The preference given to the younger
reminds us of the blessing of Jacob himself. er; xxv. 23, xxvii. 29, 40.
See also .the story of Perez and Zerah in xxxviii. 29, 30. For the
superiority of Ephraim over Manasseh, the history of Israel affords
the fullest testimony. Cf. Num. i. 33, 35, ii. 19, 21.
a multitude] Lit. fulness, as Isai. xxxi. 4, "a multitude (lit. fulness)
of shepherds." To become "the fulness of the nations" is to be as full
of population as all the nations of the world ; a strong hyperbole.
 GENESIS XLVIII. 20--22 425
------------------------ 1
he blessed them that day, saying, In thee shall Israel bless, E
saying, God make thee as Ephraim and as Manasseh: and
he set Ephraim before Manasseh. And Israel said unto 21
Joseph, Behold, I die : but God shall be with you, and
bring you again unto the land of your fathers. Moreover 22
I have given to thee one 2 portion above thy brethren,
which I took out of the hand of the Amorite with my sword
and with my bow.

1 Or, By
2 Or, mountain slope Heb . • hechem, shoulder.

20. In] Better, as marg., By. The meaning is that the blessing
upon Ephraim and Manasseh shall be quoted as a formula for the
invocation of Divine favour. Compare the blessing in Ruth iv. II, rz.
bless] The versions, LXX, Vulg., and Syriac, give the passive "shall
be blessed."
21. bring you again] Jacob predicts the restoration of his descen•
dants to Canaan. This was the Divine promise. Cf. xv. r6, xlvi. 4,
1. 24.
22. portion] Heb. shechem, "shoulder," i.e. mountain slope. This
unusual 9xpression (not elsewhere used in O.T.) for a" ridge," "saddle,"
or "shoulder," of a hill, is here employed as a play upon the proper
name" Shechem." LXX <J'lKiµ,a. l~a.lperov; Lat. unam partem. The
allusion may no longer be clear; but it evidently refers to the city of
Shechem, and has some bearing upon its subsequent position as a
principal city in the tribe of Ephraim, and as the site of Joseph's burial•
place.
above thy brethren] As if the distribution of other portions had
already been made.
which 1 took ... Amorite] This allusion to a conquest of Shechem by
Jacob has nothing to correspond with it in the earlier narrative. In
xxxiii. 19 Jacob purchases a parcel of ground at Shechem. In eh. xxxiv.
his sons massacre the Shechemites; but on that occasion Jacob con-
demns their action (cf. xxxiv. 30), and departs to dwell elsewhere.
Probably we have here some quite distinct tradition of a conquest of
Shechem by Jacob, which is connected with a feat of arms. In Josh.
xxiv. 32 it is combined with the purchase of ground in xxxiii. 19. The
survival of that tradition appears in St John iv. 5.
with my sword and with my bow] In order to avoid the appearance
of warlike activity on the part of the peaceful patriarchs, Targ. Onkelos
renders "with my prayer and entreaty." We may compa~e the ~trai:ge
paraphrase of Jerome, "dabo tibi Sicimam quam emi m fortitu~1?~
mea, hoe est, in pecunia quam multo labore et :'udore quaes1v~
(Quaest. ed. Lagarde, p. 66). For Abraham as ;i warnor, see chap. xiv.
 GENESIS XLIX. 1-3
PJ 49 And Jacob called unto his ~ons, I and said: Gather your-
selves together, that I may tell you that which shall befall
you in the latter days.
2 Assemble yourselves, and hear, ye sons of Jacob;
And hearken unto Israel your father.
3 Reuben, thou art my firstborn, my might, and the
1 beginning of my strength;

1 Or, first.fruits
CH. XLIX. THE BLESSING OF JACOB, THE DEATH OF JACOB.

The chapter falls into two divisions:

1-27 G). The blessing of Jacob, pronounced upon his twelve
sons ; derived, probably, from a very early source
previous to J and E, and incorporated in J's narrative.
28-33 (P). The death of Jacob.

1-27. THE BLESSING OF JACOB.

1, And Jacob called] It is possible that this first clause may be
from P, and is continued in the last clause of v. 28. Notice that the
name" Israel," used eight times in the course of the previous 15 verses
(xlviii. 8-22), here makes way for "Jacob."
in the latter days] Lit. "in the after part of days," denoting the
period which is present to the vision of the Prophet. Cf. Num. xxiv.
14, "I will advertise thee what this people shall do to thy people in
the latter days"; Isai. ii. 2; Mic. iv. 1. See Deut. iv. 30, xxxi. 29;
Jer. xxiii. 20; Hos. iii. 5; Dan. ii. 28, x. 14. Cf. Heb. i. 2, "at the
end of these days"; r Pet. i. 20, "at the end of the times"; 2 Esdr. ii.
34, "at the end of the world."
2, Assenzble yourselves] This verse forms a kind of introduction to
the main subject of the song.
and hear] The occurrence of the same Hebrew word for "hear" in
the first clause, and for "hearken" in the second, is metrically a viola-
tion of the parallelism of Hebrew poetry. In English it is not apparent,
as our rendering "hearken" avoids the repetition. Either "and hear"
is a gloss, or another Hebrew word stood for "hearken." Cf. Deut.
xxxii. 1 ; Isa. i. ro.
Jacob .. .lsrae!J The use of these proper names concurrently is
frequent in Israelite poetry. Here it is evidence of the somewhat
forn,al poetical prelude to the main song. Cf. Ps. cv. 23. The names
emphasize the national character of the oracle, which is put into
the mouth of the patriarch, and has reference to the fortunes of the
twelve tribes.
3. Reuben] Reuben's early pre-eminence is forfeited. The tribe's
loss of power is here ascribed to the curse of Jacob for an act of incest
(see xxxv. 22; I Chron. v. 1). The territory of the tribe of Reuben
 GENESIS XLIX. 3-5 427
The excellency of dignity, and the excellency of power. J
1Unstable as water, 2 thou sh~lt not have the excellency; 4
Because thou wentest up to thy father's bed :
Then defiledst thou it : he went up to my couch.
Simeon and Levi are brethren ; s
1 Or, BubbUng over II Or, ltave not tltou
lay on the east side of the Dead Sea. In Biblical history, the Reubenites
are practically unknown, except for one successful campaign against the
Hagarenes (1 Chron. v. 8-10). In the Song of Deborah (Jud. v. 16),
Reuben is denounced for apathy.
beginning] Better, as R.V. marg., first.fruits. The fustbom was
expected to inherit the full strength of the parent. Cf. Deut. xxi. 17;
Ps. lxxviii. 51. cv. 36. The versions follow a different text. LXX
a.px11 -rlKvwv µov; Lat. princifium doloris mei; Aquila 1mf,aJ,.o.,ov M11"11s
µov; Symmachus a.px11 oavv71s.
Tlte excellency] This word in Early English had the meaning of
"superiority," owing to its derivation from "excel" But this has now
been lost sight of.
Vulg. major in donis, major in imperio; Targ. Onk. paraphrases
"for thee it was provided to receive three portions, the right of first-
born, the priesthood, and the kingdom."
LXX must here follow a different text, cTKX71pos ,PepEcr8o., Ko.f <TKX71pcls
a68c£li71s.
4. Unstable] The metaphor from water, bubbling over, is intended
to express wanton or reckless vehemence. Reuben is as water without
restraint pouring down in a foaming torrent. This is the thought of
the renderings of LXX e(6[3p«ras; Lat. ejfusus es.
tltou sltalt not ltave] Read as R.V. marg. the imperative of de-
nunciation, ltave not thou. Observe the recurrence of the note of
"excelling." LXX µ'IJ iKflcrns,
lte went up] Notice the change from the second to the third person,
as if the speaker had turned away in loathing (LXX, however, a.ve/371s)
from Reuben. In the Song of Moses (Deut. xxxiii. 6) the denunciation
of Reuben is brief and stern, but unexplained; " let Reuben live, and
not die; yc;t let his men be few."
It is a possible conjecture that the legend (cf. xxxv. '2'2) concerning
Reuben embodied a cause of ancient Israelite prejudice against
the Reubenites. Conceivably some marriage custom, like that of the
heir receiving the concubines of his deceased father, may have been
abandoned by the rest of Israel and been maintained by Reuben. (See
Robertson Smith, Kinship and Marriage, p. 109, n. z).
Another conjecture is that Reuben, in some treacherous way, en-
croached upon the rights of the Bilhah clans, and in an isolated position
wasted his strength in fierce and futile conflict with the neighbouring
nomads.
5. Simeon and Levi] These two brothers _were associated in the
 GENESIS XLIX. 5-7

J Weapons of violence are their 1 swords.

6 0 my soul, come not thou into their 2 council;
Unto their assembly, my glory, be not thou united;
For in their anger they slew 3 a man,
And in their selfwill they houghed 4 an ox.
7 Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce;
And their wrath, for it was cruel :
1 Or, compacts 2 Or, secret
3 Or, men 4
Or, oxen
massacre of the Shechemites, to which reference is possibly here made
in language of indignation. (See eh. xxxiv. 25, 30.)
swords] The Hebrew word (m'khi?n2h) occurs only here. Its simi-
larity in sound to the Greek µaxa,pa, "a sword," has suggested the
English rendering. If it be rightly derived from a root meaning "to
dig," possibly the traditional rendering denoting "a weapon" is cor-
rect. The R. V. marg., compacts, gives another conjecture. Driver
(Add. XL.) says the word "must come from karar, prob. to turn
round; hence Dillm. suggests a curved knife, or sabre." The obscurity
accounts for the following variant renderings: LXX <Tv11eriXe<To.v ao,Klav
•~ alpt<Tews avrwv ; Lat. vasa iniquitatis be!!antia; Targ. Onkelos,
"mighty men in the land they dwelled in, they did a mighty deed";
Spurrell, "weapons of violence are their shepherds' staves" ; Gunkel,
"deceit and violence are their pitfalls."
6. council] or, as R. V. marg., secret. The word means either a
secret confederacy, or its secret purpose. The parallelism of the clauses
rather favours the former rendering.
The true spirit of Israel will have nothing to do with the savage
policy hatched in the secret conclaves of these two tribes.
my glory] The word ''glory" is used to denote the '' soul," or the
" spirit," as man's most glorious possession. Cf. Ps. xvi. 9, "my heart
is glad and my glory rejoiceth ''; Ps. xxx. 12, !vii. 8, cviii. 2. The LXX,
reading the same Hebrew consonants with different vowels, translates
"my liver"=" my affections," and, instead of "united," renders a
slightly different text "contend," µ71 lpla-a, ra. ~1rara µov.
a man] or, as R.V. marg., men.
houghed] i.e. "mutilated," by cutting the sinews of the leg. Cf.
Josh. xi. 6, 9; 2 Sam. viii. 4. LXX gives an exact rendering i11evpo-
K61r71<Ta11. The Old English "hox" is the form found in Shakespeare:
Wint. Tale, r. 2, "thou art a coward, Which hoxes honesty behind."
an ox] or, as R.V. marg., oxen: so A.V. Instead of the Heh.
shor, another reading, shur, "a wall," is followed by Lat. sujfoderunt
murum, and by Targ. Onk., Syr. Pesh., Symmachus, and Jerome;
probably on account of the apparent contradiction in xxxiv. 28, 29,
where the sheep and oxen are not mutilated, but carried off as booty.
T. In the curse here pronounced upon Simeon and Levi, no mention
 GENESIS XLIX. 7-9
I will divide them in Jacob, J
And scatter them in Israel.
Judah, thee shall thy brethren praise: 8
Thy hand shall be on the neck of thine enemies;
Thy father's sons shall bow down before thee.
Judah is a lion's whelp; 9
From the prey, my son, thou art gone up :
He stooped down, he couched as a lion,

is made of the Levitical priesthood. Nevertheless, the patriarch's curse

is evidently assumed to have produced its effect upon the two tribes.
One (Levi) was scattered up and down Palestine without territorial
possession; and the other (Simeon) occupied territory in a limited area,
enclosed within the tribe of Judah. Cf. Josh. xix. 1--9; 1 Chron.
iv. 24-39. In the Song of Moses, Simeon is not even mentioned.
Levi, on the other hand, is blessed, as the tribe of the priesthood,
Deut, xxxiii. 8-u.
in Jacob .. .Israel] See note on v. 2,
8-lll. Judah is the recipient of a special blessing, which is dis-
tributed as follows: (r) he is the object of national eulogy, v. 8; (2) he
is strong as a lion, and has won success, v. 9; (3) to him belong the
monarchy and the ideal king, v. 10; (4) his territory is blessed with
fertility, vv. II and 12.
8. praise] The word contains a play on the name Judah, which
cannot be reproduced in a translation. See note on xxix. 35.
The transition from the sombre oracles concerning the previous three
tribes to the outburst of the eulogy upon Judah is very marked.
Thy hand... neck] i.e. as Judah pursues the fleeing foe, he shall grasp
them by the neck (cf. Job xvi. 12). The point of this clause lies in the
geographical position of the tribe of Judah. Their territory was beset
on the west and south-west by the Philistines, and on the south and
south-east by the Edomites and the Amalekites. The Philistines and
the Edomites were the bitterest and most persistent of Israel's foes.
But they were within reach ; and in their flight and retreat they are
overtaken and smitten down by the victorious tribe. .
bow down before thee] A reference to the Davidic monarchy which
united the tribes of Israel.
9. a lion's whe¥] For the comparison of Judah with a lion, which
through this verse became its historic symbol, cf. 2 Esdras xii. 31, 32;
Rev. v. 5. The metaphor of a lion is applied to Gad (Deut. xxxiii. 20)
and to Dan (Deut. xxxiii. 22). For its use in poetical description,
cf. Num, xxiii. 24, xxiv. 9; Micah v. 8; I Mace. iii. 4-
gone up] The lion, having seized and devoured its prey, returns to
its fastness in the hills, secure and inaccessible.
stooped down ... couched] A description of the movements of a lion
(cf. Num. xxiv. 9) stalking its prey, running swjftly and secretly, and
 430 GENESIS XLIX. 9, 10

J And as a lioness; who shall rouse him up?

IO The sceptre shall not depart from Judah,
Nor 1 the ruler's staff from between his feet,
2
Until Shiloh come;
1 Or, a lawgiver 2 Or, Till he come to Shiloh, having the

obedience of the peoples Or, as read by the Sept., Until that which is
kis shall come ,&,c. Another ancient rendering is, Till he come whose
it is &c.

gathering itself for a final spring. The verb describes the habitual
swiftness and force in the movements of the tribe.
10. The sceptre] Lit. "rod," Either a king's sceptre, or a general's
baton. LXX /J,pxw11 = ''ruler"; Lat. sceptrum. The rendering of
the LXX, which gives a personal explanation, is unsupported by any
evidence.
tke ruler's staff] R. V. marg., as A.V., a lawgiver. The same word
is found in Num. xxi. 18 (" the sceptre," marg. "the lawgiver") and
Ps. Ix. 7, "Judah is my sceptre" (marg. "lawgiver"). LXX 7J"(OU•
µE11os= "leader"; Lat. dux; Syr. Pesh. "an interpreter"; Targ.
Jerus. "scribe." The parallelism of the clauses makes it almost
certain, that we have in this clause "the lawgiver's staff" correspond-
ing to "the ruler's sceptre" in the previous clause.
Whether the • • sceptre " and the "staff" are the insignia of national
monarchy or tribal government, has been much debated. The picture
of a person bearing these emblems is most suitable to the Oriental
conception of a king,
from between kis feet] The literal explanation is the simplest and
the most picturesque. The lawgiver seated on his throne holds the
wand emblematical of his office between his feet. Another explanation,
illustrated by Deut. xxviii. 57, makes the expression refer to the descen-
dants of Judah. So LXX iK Twv µ7Jpw11 aurnv; Lat. defemore ejus.
Until Shiloh come] These are among the most difficult and con-
troverted words in the book. The. alternative renderings in the R. V.
text and marg, represent the different lines of interpretation which
have been followed. (1) "Until Shiloh come." This rendering was
not known until A,D, 1534, when it was first suggested by Sebastian
Munster, possibly on the strength of a Talmudic tradition. There is
no allusion elsewhere in the Q.T. to "Shiloh" either as a personal
name, or as a Messianic title. Except for this passage, the use of
"Shiloh" as indicating a person would be devoid of meaning to the
Hebrew reader. True, the song is full of obscurities. But the im-
probability of this late interpretation is so great, that it may be dis-
missed from consideration. (2) "Till he come to Shiloh," i.e. "till
he, Judah, comes to Shiloh." Shiloh was the resting-place of the
Ark, in the centre of the tribe of Ephraim, e.g. 1 Sam. i. 24. It was
destroyed by the Philistines, and its sanctuary desolated ; see Jer. vii.
 GENESIS XLIX. w, 11 431

And unto him shall the obedience of the peoples be. J

Binding his foal unto the vin.e; · 11
And his ass's colt unto the choice vine ;
He bath washed his garments in wine,
And his vesture in the blood of grapes :

rz-15. The theory, that the prediction in this verse received its
fulfilment in Josh. xviii. r, 8-ro, is difficult to comprehend. The
Davidic monarchy began after the days of Shiloh. The reference to
a place in the tribe of Ephraim is quite unsuitable in this context.
(3) LXX lwt av lMv ra. a1r0Kelµ,va avr(p, until that which is his shall
come, and Old Latin donec veniant quae reposita sunt ei. This render-
ing gets rid of the difficulty of a proper name. It assumes that the
disputed word represents a dialect form of· Hebrew words meaning
"that which to him." The sense may then be Messianic. The rule
of Judah shall continue until "that which is reserved for him," i.e. the
age of perfect prosperity, shall come to him. (4) "Till he comes whose
it is" (so Syr. Pesh.). This is also supported by Targ. On!<.," Until
Messiah comes, whose is the kingdom" ; cf. Symmachus ~ a1roK<<ra,
=" he for whom it is reserved." This rendering may be illustrated
from Ezek. xxi. 27, "Until he come whose right it is." This last
seems the most probable interpretation. Like many other passages
in the song, the clause is obscure and oracular. No proper name
is given 1 • The objection, that in such early days the Messianic hope
did not exist, is a petitio principii. If this rendering be correct, the
Messianic hope is here indicated in its earliest and simplest form,
although its primary application may be to the dynasty of David.
Many scholars, in perplexity as to the right meaning of the words, are
of opinion that there is some corruption of the original Hebrew text,
and that the restoration of the true text cannot be expected. There
have been many emendations proposed, e.g. m/Jsh'l/Jh, "his ruler"
(Giesebrecht). Lat. qui mittendus est follows another reading(?).
the obedience of the peoples] The domination over foreign nations
was to be the sign of Judah's ideal sovereignty. LXX 1rpouo0Kla,
Lat. expectatio, have missed the meaning.
11. Binding... vine] Judah is represented as having so fruitful a soil
that the vines grew richly by the wayside. The vine stem which would
usually be protected from animals is used by Judah for fastening up the
animal on which he rides.
The "ass" is the universal beast of burden in the East for all classes.
See Judg. v. ro, x. 4; 2 Sam. xvi. r, 2; Zech. ix. 9.
washed] The same hyperbolical description is maintained in this
and the following couplet. Grapes in the land of Judah are to be so
plentiful that he will wash garments in their juice.

l The suggestion that "Shelah,'' Judah's third son (xxxviii 5), is intended
oJJscurely to indicate the future hope, is most improbabl4:.
 432 GENESIS XLIX. 12-14

J 12 His eyes shall be red with wine,

And his teeth white with milk.
13 Zebulun shall dwell at the 1 haven ofthe sea:
And he shall be for an 1 haven of ships;
And his border shall be 2 upon Zidon.
14 Issachar is a strong ass,
Couching down between the sheepfolds:
1 Heh. beach. 2 Or, by
12. His ryes] It may be doubted whether our rendering "red"
gives the right meaning. The passage is usually illustrated from
Prov. xxiii. 29, "who bath redness of eyes?" But, surely, the poet
would hardly eulogize Judah by attributing to his eyes the redness
of continuous drinking! It will be better to assume that the writer
meant "sparkling." The versions, LXX and Vulg., give another
rendering, which is probably to be preferred, "his eyes are more
sparkling 'than wine, and his teeth whiter than milk." In this case,
the verse will symbolically describe the beauty of his personal appear-
ance, rather than the productiveness of his territory.
13. shall dwell] For the play probably intended on one of the
meanings of Zebulun, see note on xxx. 20.
haven] Rather, as R.V. marg., Heh. beach or shore. The same
word is used to describe the beach washed by the sea (Josh. ix. 1 ), and
the shore which is sought by the ships. Zebulun's territory evidently
at one time included the· coast line. .In Josh. xix. 10-16 the tribe of
Asher comes in between Zebulun and the Mediterranean. In Jud. v.
17 it is Asher who is abiding by "the haven of the sea." But, in
Deut. xxxiii. 18, 19, Zebulun is joined with Issachar in sucking "the
treasure of the seas and the hidden treasures of the sand."
upon] or, by. See note on xlviii. 7. Delitzsch understood the
preposition to mean "towards." The versions, Sam., LXX, Vulg.,
Syr. Pesh., render "up to," "as far as," following a different reading
('ad, for 'al). "Border," better "flank," or "further side."
Zidon] The famous Phoenician capital whose neighbourhood must
have been a source of wealth to the nearest Israelite tribe. See note
on x. 15.
14. a strong ass] Lit. "a bony ass," as Aquila llvos o/J'TWO'T/S; Lat.
asinus fortis. Issachar is compared, not to the wild ass, high spirited
and swift, but to the strong domestic beast of burden. The territory of
Issachar included the southern part of Galilee an!l the Valley of J ezreel.
Slightly different readings are represented by the Sam. g!rim (instead
of gerem), i.e. "the ass of strangers," "bearing the burdens imposed
by foreigners,"" a tributary." The LXX To KaMv e1re8vµ.'T//J'EV=" he
desired the beautiful," gives an entirely different turn to the sense.
between the sheepfolds] For this word, see Jud. v. 16, "why satest thou
among the sheepfo!ds ?," and Ps. lxviii. 13. Issachar is represented
 GENESIS XLIX. 15, 16 433
1
And he saw a resting place that it was good, 15 1
And the land that it was pleasant;
And he bowed his shoulder to bear,
And became a servant under taskwork.
Dan shall judge his people, 16
As one of the tribes of Israel.
1 Or, rest
as lying contentedly among his flocks, Fegardless of his brethren.
Instead of " sheepfolds," the versions give " boundaries." Thus
LXX civa. µltTov rwv KAr,pwv =" between the lots "; Lat. inter terminus.
Another proposed rendering is "dung-heaps" or "ash-heaps." Skinner
conjectures "panniers," which would be more appropriate to the
metaphor. ·
15. a resting place] Better, as R.V. marg., rest. "Rest," as op-
posed to the wandering life of nomads. Cf. Deut. xii. 9; Ps. xcv. 11.
pleasant] Vulg. optima. LXX wlwv=" fat," possibly following a
slightly different reading.
bowed his shoulder] Issachar was ready to kneel, and bear any heavy
burden, for the sake of a quiet life in a fertile land.
a servant under taskwork] Cf. Josh. xvi. 10, "became servants to
do taskwork." Issachar is reproached for being ready to undertake
forced labour, and so to acknowledge the Canaanites as his overlords.
The phrase is the regular one for becoming tributary; cf. Dent. xx. 11 ;
J ud. i. 30; Isa. xxxi. 8. In all probability there is a play upon the
name "Issachar" and its derivation in the sense of "a man of hire,"
zsh and sr1char; cf. xxx. 18. LXX, apparently seeking to mitigate the
severity of the reproach, f"f<>~0'Y/ civ'l)p -yewp-yos = " became a labourer."
Targ. Onk. "he will subdue the provinces of the peoples, destroy their
inhabitants, and those who are left among them shall be servants unto
him and bringers of tribute."
16. Dan] In this and the following verse we have two independent
oracles concerning the tribe of Dan. ( r) v. 16 deals with its position
in Israel; (z) v. 17, with its attitude towards its foes.
judge] For the play on the name Dan, see xxx. 6. The word
"judge" carries with it the sense of "pleading the cause of" and
"helping." Cf. J er. xxii. 16, "he judged the cause of the poor and
needy." Targum of Onkelos u11derstood a reference to Samso11 to be
contained in the word "judge" (Judg. xiii.-xvi.).
his people] The people of his tribe ; not the people of Israel
generally. The tribe possessed independence, not supremacy.
As one of the tribes] Dan, though smaller than other tribes (cf. Josh.
xix. 47, 48; Jud. i. 34, 35, xviii. II), will not be inferior in position
and power, within its own domains, to the other tribes. It seems
probable that Dan, standing here after Zebulun and Issachar, represents
only the sma 11 northern portion of the tribe. Cf.. Jud. xviii. I, 29.
GENESIS 28
 434 GENESIS XLIX. 17-20

J 17 Dan shall be a serpent in the way,

An 1 adder in the path,
That biteth the horse's heels,
So that his rider falleth backward.
18 I have waited for thy salvation, 0 LORD.
19 Gad, •a troop 8 shall press upon him :
But he shall press upon their heel.
20
4
Out of Asher his bread shall be fat,
I Or, horned snake 2 Heb. gedud, a marauding band. 8 Heb,
gad, to press. 4 According to some ancient versions, Asher, his
bread &c.

17, shall be] Rather, "let Dan become."·

adder] or, horned snake. The horned snake, or Kepaur11s, is a small,
dangerous, and venomous serpent. The simile is that of a small serpent
disturbed, and suddenly with deadly fangs striking a horse from behind.
Dan is dangerous to his foes by ambuscades, secret raids, and guerilla
warfare; cf. Judg. xviii. 27. The mention of the horse and horseman
indicates the more wealthy, warrior class of the enemy.
18. I have waited] This parenthetical ejaculation of prayer is
thought by many scholars to be a gloss. But all authorities contain
the verse. There is no obvious reason for inserting such a gloss at
this particular point. (a) The ejaculation has by some been thought
to shew that, at the time of the composition of this song, Dan was
engaged in a long conflict with his foes, and the issue was still doubtful.
(b) By others it has been explained as a cry of physical weakness by
Jacob. It is very possible that the verse is intended to mark the
point at which the song is half finished ; but it is not necessarily,
therefore, an interpolation.
thy salvation] i.e. deliverance wrought by Thee. For the thought
of the prayer, cf. Ps. xxv. 5, xxvii. 14, cxix. 81, 166, 174; Isa. xxv. 9.
19. a troop] Heb. gedud, "a marauding band."
shall press] Heb. gad, to press. These words furnish a double
_play upon the name of the tribe Gad. Gad ...gedud ye,gudennu ...ya,gud
'ekebam =" Gad, raiders shall raid him, but he shall raid their rear (lit,
heel)." LXX 1re,parfip,ov 1rELpareuuEL ain-6v· aorbs /5e 1retpanuuet aor,ij
Kara 1r68as. This warlike and independent tribe seem to have been
successful in repelling the bands of marauders, Ammonites, Moabites,
and Aramaeans, who threatened the eastern horder of Gilead. Cf.
Jud, x. 7-12; 1 Chron. v. 18-22. Later on, however, the tribe
seems to have succumbed. Jer. xlix. 1.
upon their heel] i.e. he will repulse and pursue them closely, and
hang upon their rear.
20, Out o.f Aslzer] Almost certainly the marg. gives the right
reading, Asher, his bread &c, The preposition rendered "out of"
 GENESIS XLIX. 20-22 435
And he shall yield royal dainties. J
N aphtali is a hind let loose, 21
He giveth goodly words.
Joseph is 1 a fruitful bough, 22

1 Heh. tke son of a fruitful tree.

is the letter m, which is superflu9us here, but is required for the

pronoun "their," in the words "their heel" at the close of the pre-
ceding verse. The name of the tribe will then open the verse as
a kind of nominativus pendens, i.e. "As for Asher, his bread, &c."
Cf. Deut. xxxii. 4, "The Rock, his work is perfect." So the versions,
LXX, Lat., Syr.
bread skall be/at] Cf. Deut. xxxiii. -24, "Blessed be Asher ... and let
him dip his foot in oil."
yield royal dainties] The fertility of Asher's land will supply the
wants of the kings of Tyre and Sidon. In Judg. v. 17 Asher rests on
the sea coast. There is a play intended on the name of the tribe Asher,
and the Hebrew word for "happy" (cf. xxx. 13), referring to the
"happiness" of its fertility. Cf. Arabia Felix.
21. Napktalt] It is doubtful whether the simile applied to this
tribe is that of '' a hind" or " a terebinth tree." The comparisons in
the song are for the most part taken from animals, e.g. the lion of
Judah, the ass of Issachar, the serpent of Dan, the wolf of Benjamin.
On the other hand, Joseph is compared to a vine.
a kind let loose] Lat. cervus emissus, an image of swiftness_ and
grace in movement, associated with the thought of open and extensive
country. For the idea of freedom expressed in "let loose," cf. Job
xxxix. 5, '' who hath sent out the wild ass free, or who hath loosed the
bands of the wild ass?"
He givetk goodly words] A sudden change in the description, re-
ferring apparently to the tribe's reputation for eloquence; but the
transition to such a subject seems scarcely probable. The rendering
"goodly lambs" is suggested, but the translation "lambs" cannot be
supported from the 0. T., and gives, at the best, a very prosaic sense.
By a different vocalization an entirely different turn is given to the
verse. "Naphtali is a tall shoot of terebinth, one that putteth forth
goodly topmost branches." "Topmost branches" would then be meta-
phorical for "leaders" like Barak (J udg. iv. 5), but this rendering is
very questionable; though it may explain LXX Neq,/Ja'/1.El <fr{}\exos
ave,µ.lvov €7rt0t00US iv rci, "f€VVf,µ,aTL Ka'/l.'/1.os.
22. Josepk] The blessing of Joseph extends over vv. -zz-26. Its
subject matter falls into four divisions: ( 1) J oseph's prosperity under
the simile of a vine (v. -22); (z) his contest with bitter foes (v. 23);
(3) the invocation for aid from the God of Jacob (vv. -24, z5•); (4) the
blessing from heaven, sea, and earth, pronounced upon Joseph (-z5b, 26).
The elaborate eulogy pronounced on Joseph reflects the predominance
28-2
 436 GENESIS XLIX. 22-24

J A fruitful bough by a fountain ;

His 1 branches run over the wall.
23 The archers have sorely grieved him,
And shot at him, and persecuted him:
24 But his bow abode in strength,
1 Heh. dau1;hters.

of Ephraim and Manasseh among the tribes of Israel, in virtue both of

their central position in Canaan and of their power and wealth. The
impression we derive from this description of Joseph is that of I Chron.
v. 1, 2, "his (Reuben's) birthright was given unto the sons of Joseph ...
Judah prevailed above his brethren, and of him came the prince; but
the birthright was J oseph's."
The text in the following verses has in several places suffered from
corruption. The meaning is often very obscure, and no certainty of
translation is to be looked for.
A .fruitfitl bough] Heh. the son o.f a .fruiiful tree. The word '' fruit-
ful" in the original contains a play upon the name " Ephraim" ; see
note on xii. 52; cf..Josh. xvii. 14 ff. "Bough" is probably that of. a
vine. Cf. Ps. cxxviii. 3; Isa. xxxii. 12, "the fruitful vine." The
simile is that of a young fruitful tree, planted near a spring, whose
tendrils trail down over the wall.
by a .fountain] i.e. in a fertile spot. In Canaan, wherever there
was moisture, there was fertility.
The versions give an entirely different rendering.
run over the wall] The branches and tendrils of the strongly
growing vine throw themselves over the wall, which has been built
for their protection and training. They hang down in graceful
luxuriance, a pretty metaphor from nature.
23. The archers] The simile changes. Joseph's prosperity has
attracted the attacks of jealous foes. He is beset by the archers.
This verse used to be explained as containing a reference to the perse-
cution of Joseph by his brethren. But, apart from the question whether
such a topic would here be suitably introduced, the allusions throughout
the song are tribal, and not personal. The enemies of Ephraim and
Manasseh may have been the Canaanites (Josh. xvii. 16), or the
Midianites (Jud. vi.), or the nomad Arab tribes (r Chron. v. 19). Or,
if Joseph be identified with the tribes of the northern kingdom, and a
later date be possible, the reference may be to the attacks delivered
from the north by the Syrians, e.g. I Kings xx: "Grieved"=Old
English for "harassed by hostile action."
24. his bow abode in strength] Cf. Job xxix. 20, " my bow is
renewed in my hand." Joseph was able by God's help to resist. He
overthrew his assailants. His strength was unshaken. LXX Kai
{J'VVETpl/311 µera Kp&.rovs Ta T6~a avrwp ="and their bows with might
were broken," follows a variety of reading.
 GENESIS XLIX. 24, 25 437
And the arms of his hands were made strong, 1
J
By the hands of the Mighty.One of Jacob,
('From thence is the shepherd, the stone of Israel,)
Even by the God of thy father, who shall help thee, 25
1 Or, active 2 Or, From thence, from the shepherd Or, as
otherwise read, By the name ef the shepherd
the arms ef his hands] Probably meaning "the strength of his
hands," which held and drew the bow.
were made strong] Better, as R.V. marg., active. The idea is
nimbleness rather than strength.
By the hands] More lit. "from the hands." The sonrce of the
deliverance of Joseph, rather than the instrumentality of it, is expressed.
the Mighty One ef Jacob] A Divine title, 'abfr=" the Strong One,"
which appears elsewhere, Ps. cxxxii. 2, 5; Isa. i. 24, xlix. 26, Ix. 10.
From thence] No rendering gives an entirely satisfactory sense.
The text is probably corrupt. (1) According to the R.V. text, the
clause is a parenthesis; "from thence" means "from the Mighty One
of Jacob." "The shepherd,'' and "the stone of Israel," are appella-
tions of Joseph. (2) According to the R.V. marg. "from thence from
the shepherd," the clause continues the thought of the previous words,
and expands "by the hands of." "The shepherd," and "the stone
of Israel," are then Divine titles, in apposition to "the Mighty One of
Jacob." (3) "By the name of the shepherd." This is a variety of the last
rendering, with the reading shem= ''name," instead of sham= ''there."
The rendering (1) seems to be improbable, since it applies to Joseph
the titles of "shepherd" and "stone of Israel," which certainly we should
not expect to see applied to the son of Jacob. Between ( 2) and (3) it is
difficult to make a selection, and the text cannot be relied on. But
the word mis-sham ( = " from thence ") seems more prosaic and less
impressive than mt"s-shb1t (="from the Name") ; and on the whole
(3) seems more probable. For the "Shepherd," as a Divine title,
cf. xlviii. 15; Ps. xxiii. 1, lxxx. I.
Prof. G. F. Moore conjectures "By the arms of the stone of Israel,"
which would supply a parallel tu "By the hands of the Mighty One
of Jacob," and would expand the thought of the previous clause ("the
arms of his hands"). Encycl. Bib!. III. 297'7, n. 14.
the stone of Israel] If used as a Divine title, the "stone" ('eben) is
here substituted for the more usual "rock" (/'t1r). Cf. Dent. xxxii. 4;
1 Sam. ii. 2; 2 Sam. xxii. 2 ; Ps. xviii. 2, 31. It is very possible that
the allusion may be to the stone ('eben) of Bethel (xxviii. 18), or even to
the great stone of Shechem (Jos. xxiv. 26, 27), the sanctuary of the tribe
and the burial-place of Joseph.
"The Name of the Shepherd of the Stone of Israel" is thus a pos-
sible, though a cumbrous title with a reference to the stone of Bethel
(xxxi. 13).
2G. Even by the God ef thy father] This verse continues the subject
 GENESIS XLIX. 25, 26

J And by the Almighty, who shall bless thee,

With blessings of heaven above,
Blessings of the deep that coucheth beneath,
Blessings of the breasts, and of the womb.
26 The blessings of thy father
Have prevailed above 1 the blessings of my progenitors
1 According to some ancient authorities, tke blessings of tke ancient
mountains, tke desire (or, desirable things) oftke everlasting kills.
of the two .previous clauses, the Divine source of help for Joseph. For
"the God of thy father," cf, xxxi. 5, I. 17.
AndbytkeAlmighty] Lit. "and with (e'tk='with the help of,' see
iv. 2) the Almighty." The Hebrew, however, for "by" is most prob-
ably due to an error in the transcription of one letter (eth for e'l). Read
"and God Almighty." "El" was read by LXX, Sam., and Syr. Pesh.
"Almighty,'' i.e. Shaddai, see note on xvii. I, xxxv. II.
who shall bless tkee] Rather a prayer,=" and may he bless thee."
The next words should be compared with the blessing of Joseph in
Deut. xxxiii. I 3, "blessed of the LORD be his land; for the precious
things of heaven, for the dew, and for the deep that coucheth beneath,
&c." Here three types of blessing are invoked, those of the sky, the
waters, and the human race, as three sources of fruitfulness.
blessings of] Either continuing the sentence, "May he bless thee
with blessings,'' or beginning a new sentence, "May there be to thee,
&c."
heaven above] The blessings ofrain and dew. Cf. xxvii. 28.
the deep that coucketh beneath] Cf. the identical words of Deut.
quoted above. For "the deep that coucheth beneath" (Lat. abyssi
iacentis deorsttm), see note on i. 9. "The deep," Heb. teh8m (i. 2),
the great subterranean reservoir of water from which, according to
Israelite ideas, the springs, fountains, and rivers welled up, and gave
fertility to the soil. ·
the breasts] For the cop.verse of this blessing, see Hos. ix. 14. The
fruitfulness of a family was deemed a proof of Divine blessing.
26. The blessings of thy father] i.e. the blessings invoked by Jacob,
thy father, when fulfilled in the greatness and influence of the people
that shall spring from thee.
Have prevailed above] i.e. have ranked higher, are of greater ex-
cellence, than the material blessings of the fair country assigned to
Joseph.
tke blessings of my progenitors] Better, as R.V. marg., according to
some ancient authorities, tke blessings of the ancient mountains, tke
desire (or desirable things) of tke everlasting hills. The rendering of
the R. V. text in this difficult passage depends upon a practically
impossible translation, i.e. "my progenitors" (Lat. patrum ejus),
where the Hebrew literally means "my coaceivers." It is better to
 GENESIS XLIX. 26, 27 439
Unto the utmost bound of the everlasting hills: J
They shall be on the head 0£ Joseph,
And on the crown of the head of him I that was separate
from his brethren.
Benjamin is a wolf that ravineth: 27
1 Or, that is prince among

follow the rendering in the marg., which requires a very slight change
in the text. Instead of "my progenitors," read "the mountains of";
and, instead of"unto," read "eternity." This has the support of LXX,
opiwv µ,ovlµ.wv ; and it is supported also by the parallelism of the clauses.
" The everlasting hills," in the next clause, will then balance "the
ancient mountains" of this clause; as is the case in the blessing of
Joseph, Dent. xxxiii. 15, "and for the chief things of the ancient
mountains, and for the precious things of the everlasting hills." Cf.
also Hab. iii. 6.
Unto the utmost bound] A donbtfnl rendering, reqnired by the trans-
lation of the previous word, 'ad= "unto." According to the better
reading, tjiis word, 'ad, should be rendered "eternity." Instead of
"bound," we should render "desire" (which is the ordinary translation
of the Heh. word), in the sense of "the desirable things," thus balancing
the words "the blessings " in the previous clause.
They shall be] Better, "may they be," a prayer, as in the very
similar passage in Dent. xxxiii. 16, with which these two clauses
should be compared ; " let the blessing come upon the head of Joseph,
and upon the crown of the head of him that was separate from his
brethren."
on the head... crown] Words implying a benediction, with the hand
resting upon the head.
that was separate from] In Hebrew the Nazir is "one set apart,"
or "consecrated," by a vow, or otherwise, for high duties. Thus
Samson was a "Nazirite," separated to be the champion of his people's
liberties. Perhaps, but not probably, the mention of "the crown of
the head" has an allusion to the Naziritic vow. Lat. Nazaraei inter
frotres suos. Some connect nazir with nezer= "a diadem," and render
by "prince"; so R. V. marg. that is prince among (cf. LXX wv -/ry~<Ta.ro
ci.liiX,Pwv}, a possible allusion to the Ephraimite kingdom.
27. Benjamin] The fierce and warlike qualities of Benjamin, here
described under the simile .of a wolf, appear in Judg. v. 14, xix., xx.
n-25.
a wolf that ravineth] i.e. a wolf that seizes and rends his prey.
Cf. Ezek. xxii. 27. Elsewhere in the O.T. the simile of a wolf is used
only in a bad sense.
To "ravin" is Old English for "to prey with rapacity" : cf.
Shakespeare, Cymb., I. 6, "The cloy'd will, ... ravening first The
·lamb."
 GENES1S XLIX. 27-33

J In the morning he shall devour the prey,

And at even he shall divide the spoil.

28 All these are the twelve tribes of Israel : and this is it

p that their father spake unto them I and blessed them; every
29 one according to his blessing he blessed them. And he
charged them, and said unto them, I am to be gathered
unto my people: bury me with my fathers in the cave that
30 is in the field of Ephron the Hittite, in the cave that is in
the field of Machpelah, which is before Mamre, in the land
of Canaan, which Abraham bought with the field from
31 Ephron the Hittite for a possession of a buryingplace: there
they buried Abraham and Sarah his wife ; there they buried
32 Isaac and Rebekah his wife ; and there I buried Leah : the
field and the cave that is therein, which was purchased from
33 the children of Heth. And when Jacob made an end of
charging his sons, he gathered up his feet into the bed, and
yielded up the ghost, and was gathered unto his people.
at even] Compare the expression "evening wolves," i.e. those which
"at even" are most terrible and savage; Jer. v. 6; Hab. i. 8; Zeph,
iii. 3. It is noteworthy that there is no certain reference to the reign
of Saul as conferring distinction upon the tribe. But "shall divide the
spoil" recalls the description of the Benjamite monarch, who "clothed
the daughters of Israel in scarlet, and put ornaments of gold on their
apparel" (2 Sam. i. 24).
28-33. Verse 28• is the editorial conclusion to J acob's blessing.
Vv. 28b-33 resume from v. 1•, and record Jacob's death according to P.
28. All these are the twelve tribes of Israel] In the enumeration of
the twelve tribes, in this song, Joseph is reckoned as one; in Deut.
xxxiii., Simeon is omitted, and Ephraim and Manasseh take the place
of Joseph. In Num. ii., Simeon is retained; Levi is omitted; Ephraim
and Manasseh replace Joseph.
29, gathered unto my people] See note on xxv. 8 (P).
bury me] Cf. xlvii. 29-31 (J).
SO. the cave, &c.] See xxiii. r6-r8.
31, there they ,(Juried, &c.] See, for the burial of Sarah, xxiii. 19 ;
of Abraham, xxv. 9, ro; of Isaac, xxxv. 29. The burials of Rebekah
and Leah are not recorded.
83, gathered up his feet] Jacob now lay down; he had been sitting.
See xlviii. 2 (E).
yielded up the ghost] Cf. xxv. 8 (P). The phrase is an English one.
The Hebrew has simply "and expired." LXX i~D,m<; Lat. obiit.
unto his people] See note on xxv. 8. The present passage shews
 GENESIS L. 1-4 · 441
And Joseph fell upon his father's face, and wept upon 50 J
him, and kissed him. And Joseph commanded his servants 2
the physicians to embalm his father: and the physicians
embalmed Israel. And forty days were fulfilled for him; 3
for so are fulfilled the days of embalming: and the Egyptians
wept for him threescore and ten days.
And when the days of weeping for him were past, Joseph 4
spake unto the house of Pharaoh, saying, If now I have
clearly that '' to be gathered unto one's people" is not burial in
the ancestral place of sepulture (for the account of J acob's burial
seventy days later comes in the next chapter); but the soul's departure
to the gathering-place of the deceased members of the family, i.e.
Sheo!.
CH, L. (J, P, E.)
1-13. The mourning for Jacob and his burial.
14-21. Joseph and his brethren.
22-26. J oseph's death.
With the exception of vv. 12, 13, which are from P, this chapter
contains the narrative of J and E. Vv. r-II, and 14 (J) follow upon
xlvii. 29-31 (Joseph being the prominent person); vv. 12, 1;1 (P)
follow upon xlix. 29-33 (J acob's sons collectively acting together) ;
vv. 15-26, from E.
1. And foseph] For Joseph's strong affection for his father, cf.
xiv. 3, xlvi. 29.
2. the physicians] LXX o! lvracpia,nal; Lat. medici. By this
expression we should probably understand "the guild of embalmers"
(rap,x<vral, Herod. II, 86), a large and influential class in Egypt, who,
with an expert knowledge of the body and of drugs, practised embalm-
ing almost as a fine art.
to embalm] Embalming was carried out to great perfection in Egypt.
It was supposed that the soul, or ka, would return to inhabit the body.
The mummy was the body ready for occupation. See Budge, The
Mummy (1893).
s. forty days] Herod. II. 86 mentions 70 clays, and Diodorus (r. 72)
mentions 72 days as the time required for the process of embalming.
threescore and ten days] It is here specially mentioned in honour
of Jacob, that the Egyptian nation mourned him for 70 days.
The period of mourning for Aaron and for Moses was 30 days
(Num. xx. 29; Deut. xxxiv. 8). In later historic ti~es the per!?d of
mourning for the dead was seven days (cf. r Sam. xxxr. 13; Job 11. 13;
Ecclus. xxii. r 2 ; Judith xvi. 24).
4. unto the house of Pharaoh] Joseph does not speak to Pharaoh
personally, but to the court officials. As a mourner, he is unclean and
would not be permitted to approach Pharaoh.
 44 2 GENESIS L. 4-9
J found grace in your eyes, speak, I pray you, in the ears of
5 Pharaoh, saying, My father made me swear, saying, Lo, I
die: in my grave which I 1 have digged for me in the land
of Canaan, there shalt thou bury me. Now therefore let me
go up, I pray thee, and bury my father, and I will come
6 again. And Pharaoh said, Go up, and bury thy father,
7 according as he made thee swea_r. And Joseph went up to
bury his father: and with him went up all the servants of
Pharaoh, the elders of his house, and all the elders of the
8 land of Egypt, and all the house of Joseph, and his brethren,
and his father's house: only their little ones, and their flocks,
9 and their herds, they left in the land of Goshen. And there
went up with him both chariots and horsemen: and it was a
1 Or, bought

5. have d(f[ged] or, bought. Both meanings are possible. LXX

and Lat. favour "digged." Syr. Pesh. and Targ. Onk. favour
"bought." The word in the Hebrew appears for "to buy" in Dent.
ii. 6, and for "to dig" in Gen. xxvi. 25. It has been objected that,
in the case of Jacob, neither meaning is appropriate to Machpelah
(xlvii. 30), and that this passage refers to some other grave, e.g. that
of Rachel (see note on xlviii. 7). But it is unreasonable to press
this objection. Joseph's report of Jacob's words might well imply,
that either Jacob or his forefathers had thus provided a burial-place.
Moreover, he might possibly have hewn out a burial-place for him-
self in the rock of the cave. On the whole, "digged" seems more
appropriate than "bought." The language is not explicit enough to
throw light upon the possibly independent legend of a burial-place,
where Rachel was buried (xlviii. 7). The tradition of a "purchase"
of ground by Jacob is connected with Shechem (see xxxiii. 19; cf.
Acts vii. 16), but not with a burial-place.
I will come again] Joseph is anxious to assure his master, Pharaoh,
that he is not going treacherously to leave the Egyptian service.
7. all the servants '!I Pharaoh] The very ample description of the
Egyptian attendants at the funeral of Jacob is evidently intended
(cf. v. 3) to impress the Israelite reader with the thought that Jacob,
the father of their people, had been buried with royal honours by the
Egyptians. "Went up," cf. vv. 5, 6, 9. See xii. 6, xiii. 38, "go
down " to Egypt.
9. chariots and horsemen] A strange element in a burial procession,
and one which it would be hard to illustrate from the records of
Egypt. Possibly, we are intended to consider them in the light of
a guard for the protection of the procession travelling into Canaan.
On "chariots" and "horses" in Egypt, see xlvii. 17.
 G~NESIS L. 9-13 443
very great company. And they came to the threshing-floor 10 J
of Atad, which is beyond Jordan, and there they lamented
with a very great and sore lamentation : and he made a
mourning for his father seven days. And when the inhabit- II
ants of the larid, the Canaanites, saw the mourning in the
floor of Atad, they said, This is a grievous 1 mourning to the
Egyptians : wherefore the name of it was called Abel-
mizraim, which is beyond Jordan. \ And his sons did unto 12 P
him according as he commanded them : for his sons carried 13
1 Heb. ebel.
10. the threshing-floor if Atad] Goren-ha-Atad, a threshing-floor of
"the thornbush," or "bramble" (Judg. ix. 14, 15). The place is
nowhere else referred to.
beyond Jordan] By this expression is generally meant "on the east
side of Jordan." If so, we must suppose that for some reason the burial
company leaving Egypt travelled round the southern extremity of the
Dead Sea. But this appears extremely improbable. The traditional
burial-place of Jacob was at Machpelah. No Israelite could suppose
that, even for the purpose of doing honour to Jacob, it would have
been necessary to go round into trans-Jordanic territory. Winckler
conjectures that the original reading was "on the other side of tbe
river" (viz. "the River of Egypt," or 'El-Artsh, the boundary of
Egypt and Canaan, cf. Num. xxxiv. 5; I Kings viii. 65), and that this
was careless! y altered by the error of a scribe to the more familiar
phrase "beyond Jordan." Whether this conjecture be accepted or not,
the present text is unintelligible. It is very unlikely that any legend
would have arisen connecting Jacob's burial-place with the eastern
bank of the Jordan.
seven days] See note on v. 3. "Lamentation" {cf. xxiii.z), i.e. the
Oriental custom of" wailing" for the dead.
11. Abel-mizraim] This was popularly rendered "Egypt mourns,"
cf. LXX 1revOos Al-y-{nr-rov; Lat. planctus Egypti, but its true meaning
would be "the meadow of Egypt, or "of the Egyptians.'' In all
probability, this name recalled some incident in the days of the Egyptian
sovereignty over Palestine; and, when that had faded out of recollection,
the name was popularly connected with the traditional mourning of the
Egyptians for Jacob, on account of the similarity in sound between
'dbel="field" and 'ebel="mourning." For other place-names be-
ginning with Abel, cf. Abel-cheramim (Judg. xi. 33), Abel of Beth-
maacah (z Sam. xx. 15).
beyond Jordan] The place was identified by Jerome with " Beth-
Hoglah," the modern Ain Haglah, so1;1th of Jericho. But th': ident_ifi-
cation rests on no proof. The mention of the trans-Jordamc region
presents the same difficulty here as in v. 10.
. 12, 13 {P). And his sons] The account of J~cob's bu_rial, according
 444 GENESIS L. 13:-19
P him into the land of Canaan, and buried him in the cave of
the field of Machpelah, which Abraham bought with the
field, for a possession of a buryingplace, of Ephron the
Hittite, before Mamre.
J 14 And Joseph returned into Egypt, he, and his brethren,
and all that went up with him to bury his father, after he
E 15 had buried his father. I And when Joseph's brethren saw
that their father was dead, they said, It may be that Joseph
will hate us, and will fully requite us all the evil which we
16 did unto him. And they sent a message unto Joseph,
saying, Thy father did command before he died, saying,
17 So shall ye say unto Joseph, Forgive, I pray thee now, the
transgression of thy brethren, and their sin, for that they
did unto thee evil: and now, we pray thee, forgive the
transgression of the servants of the God of thy father. And
18 Joseph wept when they spake unto him. And his brethren
also went and fell down before his face; and they said,
19 Behold, we be thy servants. And Joseph said unto them,
to P, is given in these two verses. They are quite distinct from the
preceding narrative, and follow directly upon xlix. 33. Observe that, in
P, no Egyptians, but only Jacob's sons, carried him to the burying-place
of Machpelah.
14-21, JOSEPH AND HIS BRETHREN,
15. It may be... hate us] Lit. "supposing Joseph were to hate us."
LXX µfi 1rore µv71<r1KaKTJ<T'J +,µZv 'Iw<rfiq:,, Joseph's brethren fear lest,
Jacob being dead, Joseph will no longer restrain his desire for revenge.
requite] Their conscience cannot leave them alone. Cf. their fear
in xiii. 28, xliv. 16, xiv. 3.
16. sent a message] Lit. "charged" (Lat. mandaverunt), the same
word as in xlix. 29, in the sense of" commissioned," persons to go to
Joseph. LXX 1rape-ylvovTo and Syr. Pesh. follow a different read-
ing, "they drew near unto." Perhaps the original text contained the
delegation of two or three brothers to go unto Joseph.
Thy father did command] An unrecorded dying charge.
17. the God ef thy father] Cf. xlix. 26. They call themselves
"the servants of the God of thy father," as if it constituted a stronger
appeal than "the sons of thy father." They and Joseph serve one God.
Joseph wept] Cf. note on xiv. I.
18, his brethren also went] These words agree with the sending
of a message_ (v;,16), but hardly with the words of v. 17, "when they
spake unto him.
fall down] A final reminiscence of Joseph's dreams, xxxvii. 7, 10.
 GENESIS L. 19-23 · 445
Fear not: for am I in the place of God? And as for you, 20 E
ye meant evil against me; but God meant it for good, to
bring to pass, as it is this day, to save much people alive.
Now therefore fear ye not : I will nourish you, and your 21
little ones. And he comforted them, and spake 1 kindly
unto them.
And Joseph dwelt in Egypt, he, and his father's house: 22
and Joseph lived an hundred and ten years. And Joseph 23
saw Ephraim's children of the third generation : the children
also of Machir the son of Manasseh were born upon
1 Heb. to their heart.
19, am I in the place ef God] i.e. "am I the person to punish for
wrongdoing? God alone knows the hearts." LXX mistakes the
meaning, roO "'fUP OeoO <"YW elµ,l =" for do I belong to God"; Lat.
num Dei possumus resistere voluntati. Symmachus is correct, /J,7/ "'fUP
a.vr! OeoO elµ., ryw. Cf. the occnrnmce of the same words in xxx. 2
and 2 Kings v. 7.
20. meant] i.e. devised or purposed. Joseph here, as in xiv. 7,
points to the Divine purpose behind the petty schemes and wrong-
doings of men.
as it is this day] According to P's chronology (xlvii. 28) the famine
was long past. Here, however, in E's narrative, it is evidently still
raging; as is shewn also, in the next verse, by the words '' I will
nourish you." The E narrative, therefore, must have recorded Jacob's
death as occurring not long after his arrival in Egypt.
21. nourish you] Cf. xiv. II, xlvii. 12.
kindt'.Y] Heb. to their heart. So LXX: cf. xxxiv. 3. The Latin
gives the sense blande ac leniter.

22-26. DEATH OF JOSEPH,

22. an hundred and ten years] See Josh. xxiv. 29. Attention has
been• called to passages in Egyptian records, in which this age is
described as the ideal span of life. '
23. of the third generation] Ephraim's children "of the third
generation" might mean his great-grandchildren; cf. Ex. xxxiv. 7.
But in Ex. xx. 5, Num. xiv. 18, the third generation are the grand-
children, the grandparents being reckoned as the first. If this way of
reckoning be here followed, Ephraim represents the first generation,
and his grandchildren the third. This is also favoured by the next
clause, which mentions Manasseh's grand-children. Joseph, therefore,
lived to see his great-grandchildren. On this token of blessing, see
Ps. cxxviii. 6; Prov. xiii. 22, xvii. 6.
Machir] The name of one of the leading branches of the tribe
·of Manasseh; cf. Num. xxxii. 39; Deut. iii. 15;· Josh. xiii. 31, xvii. I;
 GENESIS L. 23-26
E 24 Joseph's knees. And Joseph said unto his brethren, I die:
but God will surely visit you, and bring you up out of this
land unto the land which he sware to Abraham, to Isaac,
25 and to Jacob. And Joseph took an oath of the children of
Israel, saying, God will surely visit you, and ye shall carry
26 up my bones from hence. So Joseph died, being an
hundred and ten years old : and they embalmed him, and
he was put in a coffin in Egypt.

1 Chron. vii. 14. From these passages it appears that the family of
Machir occupied Gilead: while in Judg. v. 14 Machir takes rank with
the tribes of Israel.
uponJoseph's knees] A phrase denoting that Joseph, as head of the
family, acknowledged and adopted the children. See note on xxx. 3,
and cf. Job iii. 12, Isai. !xvi. 12, and Homer, Od. xrx. 4or.
24. will surely visit you] The visitation of God in a gracious and
merciful sense, as in Ex. iii. 16, iv. 31; cf. Luke i. 68, "Hr hath
visited and redeemed his people.'' "Bring you up," cf. xv. 16,
xxviii. 15, xlvi. 4.
which he sware, &c.] Cf. xxii. 16, xxvi. 3, xxviii. 13.
Observe how the patriarchal narrative is closing with the promise of
redemption, and with the renewal of the oath to Abraham, Isaac, and
Jacob.
25. Joseph took an oath] The fulfilment of this oath and Joseph's
burial at Shechem, in the land of Ephraim, are duly recorded in
Ex. xiii. 19; Josh. xxiv. 32. For these dying worcls of Joseph, cf.
Heb. xi. 22, "by faith Joseph, when his end was nigh, made mention
of the departure of the children of Israel; and gave commandment
concerning his bones." As Jacob, his father, had done, Joseph fore-
warns his kindred that the day of the Exodus would come.
26, they embalmed him] See v. z. Lat. conditus aroJJ1atibus.
in a ciJffin] LXX lv -rfj ,;opcp; Lat. in /oculo. The Hebrew word
ar&n is the same as that rendered "ark" (of the covenant). Here it
undoubtedly means the mummy case, or sarcophagus, in which the
body, having been embalmed, was deposited. Joseph's mummy was
carried up out of Egypt by Moses, Ex. xiii. 19.
The peaceful death of Joseph and the preparation of his body for
removal to Canaan close the Narrative of the Patriarchs.
 APPENDIX
A
BABYLONIAN MYTHS OF CREATION

(from Gordon's Early Traditions of Genesis, pp. 325 ff.)

r. The Version of Damascius (De prinzis Principiis, ed. Kopp,
cap. 125).
" Of the barbarians, the Babylonians have chosen to disregard the
idea of one principial origin of all things, and assume two, Tauthe
and Apason, representing Apason as the husband of Tauthe, and
calling her 'the mother of the gods.' Of these two, they relate,
was born an only son, Moysis, whom I conceive to be the intelligible
universe, which is composed of two principal elements. Of the same
parents arose another generation, Lache and Lachos ; then of the
same a third generation, Kissare and Asoros, of whom were born
three sons, Anos, Illinos, and Aos. The son of Aos and Dauke was
Belos, who, they say, was the creator of the world."
2. The Version of Berosus (Miiller, Frag. Hist. Grae. II. 497).
" There was a time, he says, when all was darkness and water,
in which existed living creatures of monstrous kinds and wondrous
shapes : for men were brought to birth with two wings, and some
even with four wings and two faces, some also with one body but
two heads, a man's and a woman's, and double secret parts, male
and female. There were other men with goats' legs and horns,
, others with horses' feet, and others with the hinder parts of a horse,
but the fore parts those of a man, like centaurs. Bulls also were
generated with the heads of men, and dogs with four bodies ending
in fishes' tails, and horses and men with dogs' heads ; other living
creatures with horses' heads and bodies but fishes' tails, and others
with the shapes of all sorts of animals. Besides these were fishes
and creeping things, and snakes and other wonderful creatures with
strangely intermingled shapes, representations of which are found in
the temple of Bel. And over all these reigned a woman named
Omorka, i.e. in Chaldean Thamte1, which translated into Greek is
1/cl.Xao-o-a (the sea), in numerical value equivalent to <T<Ar)VrJ,
" When all things were in this condition, Bel came and split the
woman through the middle, and of the one half made earth and of
the other heaven, and destroyed the creatures that were within her.
l Read 80/o'TC for 8UAD.'Til (Robertso11 Smith).
 APPENDIX
"And this, he says, is an allegorical account of the processes of
Nature. For when all was a watery mass, and living creatures of
shapes like these were brought to life in it, Bel, as they call Zeus,
split the darkness in two, and thus divided earth and heaven from
one another, and put the (',,smos in order. The living creatures,
being unable to endure the power of the light, were destroyed.
"Then Bel, seeing the ground waste, though capable of bearing fruit 1,
bade one of the gods cut off his head 2, and then mix earth with the
flowing blood, and so fashion men and animals that should be able
to endure the air 3. Bel 9.Jso made the stars, and the sun and moon,
and the five planets.
"This is the account which, according to Alexander Polyhistor,
Berosus gives in his first book."
3. The Seven Tables of Creation (KB. VI. 3 ff. ; King, Seven
Tables, &c.).
i. r. When above the heaven had· not received its name',
11. And the solid earth below was not yet called by name 4,
3. While Apsu, the primordial, that begat them,
4. And Chaos 5 Tiamat, that bare them all,
5. Had their waters mingled together,
6. When as yet no field was formed, nor marsh was to be
seen 6,
7. When none of the gods had yet come into being,
8. And none bare a name\ and no destinies (were fixed),
9. Then were created the first gods in the midst (of heaven):
ro. Lachmu and Lachamu came into being ...
1 r. Ages increased ...
12. Then Anshar and Kishar were created ...
13. Long days passed, then came forth ...
14. Anu their son ... 7.
Lines 211 ff. describe the hatred of Apsu and Mummu, his son,
against the "new gods," and their plot to destroy them ; the frag-
mentary ll. 60 ff. seem to shew how the plot was circumvented by
the cunning god Ea, who laid waste Apsu and took Mummu captive
(97 ff.). Tiamat resolves on vengeance.
Lines 109 ff. describe the battle-array of monstrous beings that
followed her to the fight, the deadly serpents, vipers and dragons,
'' the hurricanes, and raging hounds, and scorpion-men, and mighty
1 But Gunkel proposes a.Kaprro<f,6pov, i.e. "seeing the ground waste and barren,''
which yields a better sense.
2 i.e. Rel's own head (cf. Seven Tables, vi. 5).
3 We have omitted from the body of the text the sentence which has long been
recognized as an intrusion, and was originally a marginal gloss or variant, viz. "This
god cut off his head, and the other gods mixed the flowing blood with earth, and
fashioned men. Therefore men are possessed of wisdom and Di vine understanding."
4 i.e. "was not yet in existence,"
5 The meaning of 1-Iummu here is much disputed. Usually it is understood as
"Chaos." Jeremias, however, omits the word, as falsely inserted from ll. 30 ff. (Das
A. T. &c. p. 52, n. 3).
6 Others, however, render" reed'' and" thicket of reeds."
7 The Version of Damascius helps to supply the missing links; Bel and Ea.
 Marduk and Tiamat.
From Mr P. S. Handcock 's Latest Light on Bible Lands, by kind pe rmission of the S. P.C.K.
 APPENDIX 449
tempests, and fish-men and rams," spawned and armed by Ummu•
Chubur1," who formed all things," ,with Kiagu as leader. Tablet ii.
relates how Ea learned of their array and reported to Anshar, his
father, who sent first Anu and then Ea to appease Tiamat's wrath.
They are afraid, and return to Anshar. Then Marduk volunteers
to go and subdue the enemy. Tablet iii. describes the gathering of
the great gods in council. The first part of Tablet iv. describes the
elevation of Marduk to supremacy over the gods, his army for the
battle, his going forth to meet Tiamat, and the fight, ending in
Marduk's complete victory.
95. The lord spread out his net, and enclosed her,
96. And the tempest that was behind him he let loose ;
97. As Tiamat opened her mouth to its full extent,
98. He drove in the tempest, ere she could close her lips.
99. With terrible winds hi:_ filled her belly.
100. Her courage was taken from her, and her mouth she
open~d wide.
101. He seized the spear, and burst her belly,
102. Severed her inward parts, and pierced her heart.
103. He overpowered her, and cut off her life,
104. Threw down her corpse, and stood upon it.
The next lines describe the conquest of Tiamat's army. This
accomplished,
128. He returned to Tiamat, whom he had conquered.
129. The lord stood upon Tiamat's body,
130. And with his merciless club he crushed her skull.
r 3 1. He cut through the channels of her blood,
132. And he made the north wind to bear it away to secret
places.
And his fathers saw it, they rejoiced and were glad;
Gifts and presents they brought him.
Then the lord rested, and eagerly examined her corpse.
Then with cunning art he divided her trunk (?).
He split her like a flat (?) fish into two halves.
One half of her he set up, and made a covering for the
heavens;
He drove in a bolt, and stationed a watch,
And bade them not allow her waters to issue forth.
Then he established the heavens as counterpart to the
world below,
142. And set it over against the Ocean, the dwelling of
Nudimmud.
Then the lord measured the shape of the Ocean',
And as a palace after its model he built Esharra,
The great palace Esharra, which he built as a dome of
heaven,
1 U mmu-Chabur (perhaps the Omorka of Berosus): another title for Tia mat.
2 i.e. "of the palace of the Deep," the dwelling of Nud1mmud (Ea).

GENESIS 29
450 APPENDIX
146. And made Anu, Bel, and Ea take up their several abodes 1.
v. I. He prepared also the stations for the great gods;
2. The Stars, their images, he set up as signs.
3• He arranged the year, and divided off its quarters.
4· For the twelve months he assigned each three stars.
5. After he had (distinguished) the days of the year by their
images,
6. He founded the station of Nibir (Jupiter) to determine
their bounds,
7. That none might fail, or go astray.
. . . .
In the midst he fixed the zenith of heaven.
II.
. .
He made the moon-god to shine forth, setting the night
12.
under him.
13. He marked him out as a body of light, to determine the
days.
14. Every month, perpetually, he crowned him with a royal
crown, and said : '·
15. "At the beginninng of the month, when thou shinest on
the land,
16. Shine out with thy horns, determining six days;
17. And on the seventh day halve the crown."
18. On the fourteenth day... .
(The broken lines evidently explain the connexion of
the moon-god with Shamash, the sun-god.)
vi. 1. When Marduk heard the speech of the gods,
2. His heart moved him, and he devised a cunning plan.
3. He opened his mouth, and spake to Ea,
4. Even that which he had devised in his heart, he imparted
to him:
5. My blood will I take, and bone will I (fashion),
6. I will make man, that ...
7. I will create man, who shall inhabit the earth,
8. That the service of the gods may be established, and their
shrines (be built).
9. But I will alter the ways of the gods, and l will change
the paths.
10. Together shall they be oppressed, and unto evil shall
they ....
Another Myth of Creation (KB, VI. 39 ff.).
1. A holy house, a house of the gods, on holy ground had not
yet been made ;
2. No reed had yet sprung up, nor tree been fashioned;
3. No brick had been laid, nor brick foundation built ;
4. No house erected, nor city built;

1 We have here followed Jeremias' rendering (Das A.T. &c. p. 55), which
preserves the usual significance of Esharra (the palace of heaven), while securing a
satisfactory relation of the three spheres.
 APPENDIX 451
5. No city had been made, nor population placed therein;
6. Nippur not made, nor Ekur (the sanctuary of Bel) built,
7. Uruk not made, nor Eana (the sanctuary of Anu) built;
8. The deep (Apsu) not made, nor Eridu (the sanctuary of
Ea) built.
9. ·For a holy house, the house of the gods, the site had not
been made.
10. The lands were altogether sea,
1 r. The soil of the islands was overflowing waters.
11. Then was Eridu made, and Esagila built,
13. Esagila, where in mid-deep the god Lugal-dul-azaga
(Marduk) dwelleth,
[14. Babel was made, and Esagil was finished.]
15. And the gods, the Anunnaki, were created all together.
16. The holy city, the dwelling that delights their heart, they
proclaimed on high.
17. Then Marduk laid a tress-work of reeds on the surface of
the waters,
18. He made a heap of earth, and poured it out ·beside the
reeds.
19. In order that the gods might dwell with pleasure in their
house,
10. He built man :
11. With him the goddess Arum built mankind.
21. The beasts of the field also, and the living creatures in
the field he built.
'23· The Tigris and the Euphrates he built, and set them in
their place.
'24. Their names he named in goodly style.
'25, The grass, the rush of the marsh, the reed and the shrubs
he built,
26. The green herb of the field he built,
'27- The lands, the marshes, and the swamps,
'28. The wild cow and her young, the wild calf, the ewe and
her young, the lamb of the fold,
19. Plantations and forests ;
30. The he-goat and the mountain-goat ...
31. Marduk, the lord, filled up a dam on the margin of the
sea,
31. He ... a swamp, and made a bed of marsh.
33. He made ... to come.
34. He built (reeds and) trees,
35. He built ... on the place.
36. (He laid brick), and built a structure of brick;
37. (Houses he made), cities he built.
38. (Cities he made), a population he placed in them.
39. (Nippur he made), Ekur he built.
+o. (Uruk he made), Eana he built.
45 2 APPENDIX

APPENDIX B
A LEGEND OF LAMECH
A good illustration of Jewish Haggadah, i.e. Tradition which employs
legend or story to interpret or supplement passages of Scripture,
is furnished by the narrative explanatory of Gen. iv. 23.
"I have slain a man to my wounding, a young man to my hurt."
"Nothing is said in explanation of this ; we are not told whom
Lamech had killed. So a story was made up lby Jewish Tradition]
-no-one knows when-which gives this explanation; Lamech was.
blind, and he used to amuse himself by shooting birds and beasts
with a bow and arrow. When he went out shooting, he used to
take with him his young nephew Tuba!; and Tuba! used to spy the
game for him and guide his hands that he might aim his arrow
right. One day, when they were out together, Tuba! saw, as he
thought, a beast moving in the thicket, and he told Lamech, and
made aim at it, and Lamech's arrow smote the beast and killed it.
But when Tuba! ran to see what kind of beast it was, he found that
it was not a wild beast at all. It was his ancestor Cain. For after
Cain had killed Abel, and God had pronounced the curse upon him,
he wandered about the earth, never able to remain in one place; and
a great horn grew out of his head, and his body was covered with
hair ; so that Tuba! seeing him in the distance among the branches
of the trees and the brushwood, was deceived, and mistook him for
a beast of chase. But when Tuba! saw what had happened, he was
terrified, and ran back to Lamech, crying out, ' You have slain our
forefather Cain ! ' · And Lamech also was struck with horror, and
raised his hands and smote them together with a mighty blow. And
in so doing he struck the head of Tuba! with his full strength, and
Tuba! fell down dead. Then Lamech returned to his house, and
spoke to his wives the words that are written in the Book of
Genesis. This story, a very ancient one, as I said, was invented by
the Jews to explain the difficult passage in Genesis ; and the early
Christian writers learnt it from the Jews, and it passed into many
commentaries which were written in later time: so that you may
still see representations of it carved in stone in churches both in
England and elsewhere. In England it may be seen on the inside
of the stone roof of Norwich Cathedral, and on the west front of
Wells Cathedral; but you have to look carefully before you can
find it."
(Old Testament Legends (1913), pp. xii-xiv.
By M. R. JAMES, Litt.D.)
 APPENDIX 453

APPENDIX C
THE DUPLICATE ACCOUNT OF THE FLOOD
(From Chapman's Introduction to the Pentateuck, pp. 74-81)
Gen. vi. 5-ix. 17

Comparing vi. 5-8 and 9-13, it will be noticed that the same facts
are recorded in both passages. There is a favourable notice about
Noah, a statement that God saw the wickedness that was in the earth,
and announced His determination to destroy all that was therein. This
1·epetition of facts is made in very different language. Though in the
English versions the word destroy occurs in both passages two different
Hebrew words are used. The one in vi. 7, vii. 4, 23 may be rendered
literally as in R.V. marg. blot out. The other in vi. 13, 17, ix. II, 15
is a common word for destroy.
In vv. 5-8 it is twice stated that the Lord repented that He had
made man: but in vv. 9-13 this is not recorded.
In vv. 5-8 Jehovah, in vv. 9-13 Elohim is the name employed to
denote the Divine Being. Verse 9 commences with the words "These
are the generations of Noah " ... this is one of P's phrases, as also are
"perfect," "Noah walked with God" (cf. Gen. v. 24; and xvii. 1,
"walk before me and be thou perfect"). The same phenomena which
have been observed in the accounts of Creation again present them-
selves in these verses which serve as an introduction to the story of the
Flood. Two versions of the same facts follow one after the other ; the
first, by using Jehovah 1, and representing the Lord as "repenting,"
recalls the characteristics of Gen. ii. 4-25 ; the second uses God, and
expressions found in eh. v. and eh. xvii. (parts of the document which
has been <1 enoted by the symbol P). The first has blot out, the second
destroy. The words '' from the face of the ground," following '' blot out"
in vi. 7, vii. 4 R. V., are like ii. 5, 6, 7, 9, 19 (J). P uses generally
"earth." These two versions are clearly from different sources.
Do these two sources furnish material for the rest of the narrative?
Further examination will shew that they do, and will also supply
additional tests for distinguishing between the two sources. It will
assist the reader if the results are given in a tabular form.
In the central column Ca summary of the narrative is given; those
facts and statements which are repeated are in ordinary type, those
which are recorded only once are in italics. The columns on either
side contain the Scripture references; the outer columns to the right
and left contain selections from the passages-words and expressions
which serve to distinguish between the sources. The portions in
italics are placed on that side of C which is nearer to the column to
which they are assigned. Italics in the outer columns indicate words
and expressions characteristic of J and P respectively.
l Note that "Gon" in vi. s (A. V.) should be "the J..ORD" U ehovah) as in R. V.
 J C p

Noah found grace in the eyes of vi. 8 Noah approved by God. vi. 9 These ·are the generations of Noah.
the Lord. Noah was a righteous man and
j>eifect in his generations: Noah
walked with God.
Yi. 5 God saw the wickedness vi. 11. 12

of man,
vi. 6 and repented that
he had made man,
And the Lord said, I will blot out vi. 7 and said, I will destroy all vi. 13 And God said unto Noah, The end
man .. ./rom eff the face ef the flesh. of all flesh is come before me ; ...
grt1u11-d. I will destroy them ...
[command to make an ark.] Noah is vi. t4-t6
commanded to
make an ark,
For yet seven days and I will vii, 4 for a flood will come and vi. r.7 I bring a flood of waters upon the
cause it to -rain ... will I blot out destroy everything, earth to destroy all flesh ... and
from efftheface efthe ground. everything that is in the earth
shall expire.
Come thou and all thy house. Of vii. 1-3 but Noah and his family must vi. 18-21 I will establish my covenant with
every clean beast thou shalt come into the ark with pairs thee, thou and thy sons ... ; of
take to thee seven and seven .•• every living thing two o.f every
and of beasts that are not clean of all Ii ving creatures. sort ...they shall be male and
two .•. each and his mate. female.
And Noah did according to all vii. 5 Noah was obedient. vi. 22 Thus did Noah, according to all
that the Lord commanded him. that God commanded him, so
Noah's age did he.
at the .flood. vii. 6 600 years.
After the seven days ... the waters vii. IO The flood came. vii.:n In the 600th yr. 2nd mo. t7th d.,
of the flood were upon the earth. on the same day were all the foun-
tains of the great deep broken up
and the windows of heaven were
opened.
Of clean beasts, and of beasts that (vii. 7-g) . Noah went into the ark with vii. 13-16 In the selfsame day entered Noah
are not clean... his family, and all Ii ving ••• two and two of all flesh as God
had commanded him.
creatures.
•.and the Lord shut him in. vii. 16
-And the waters increased, and vii. 17 The waters increase and vii. 18-ao And the waters prevailed antl were
bare up the ark... bear up the ark. increased greatly upon the earth ;
and the ark went upon the face of
the waters. Fifteen cubit• uj-
All...thatwas in the dry land died, ward did the waters prevail,
and every living thing was vii, 122, 23 And all flesh died. vii. 21 and all flesh expired.
blotted out which was upon the
.face o.f the ground ... and they
were blotted out ..•
And the rain was upon the earth vii. 12 Duration of the flood. And the waters prevailed upon the
40 days and 40 nights. eatth , 50 days,
And the flood was 40 days upon vii. 17
the earth.
The rain from heaven was re• viii. 2 The flood abated. viii.1-3 And God remembered Noah ...the
strained. fountains of the deet and the
windows of heaven were stopped
... and after the end of 150 days
the waters decreased.
Ylii. 4 7th m. 17th day, the ark rested.
At the end of 40 days Noah Yiii. 6-12 Noak sends out viii. s 10th m. 1st day, tops of the moun..
opened the window ... yet other the raven and tains were seen.
seven days and again he sent
forth the dove ... and he stayed the dove.
yet other seven days ...
And Noah removed the covering viii. 13 The waters were dried up, viii. 13 601st yr. ISt m. ut day, the waters
of the ark and looked, and, be- were dried up,
hold, the .face o.f the ground viii. 14 and in 2nd m. 27th day was the
was dry. · At
God's command viii. 15-19 eattb dry.
[departure from the ark.) Noah went forth
from tke ark,
viii. 20 Noak builds an
altar and offers
sacrifice.
God blesses ix. l-'1
Noak
I wnt not curse tlu ground... viii. ~u, 22 and promises not to destroy ix. 8-17 Be fruiifwl and multiply and
neither will I again smite. all living things again. fill the earth, as i. 28. J
establish my cwenant .•• neither
shall all flesh he cut off... a flood
to destroy the earth... the token
of the covenant.
 APPENDIX
A glance at column C of the table is sufficient to shew the great
preponderance of matter in ordinary type, i.e. of incidents which are
repeated in these chapters. Nearly the whole of the narrative is
duplicated. If the passages contained in each of the columns P and
J be read consecutively, it will be seen that each of them furnishes
an almost complete story. Where repetition is the rule and single
record the exception (as column C shews), it will be necessary to
examine the latter more closely, to see whether a reason can be
given why only one account has been preserved.
Two Hebrew words occur in the narrative, which are both translated
"die." In vii. 22 (J) the ordinary Heh. word is used; in vi. 17,
vii. 21 a less common word (like "expire" in English), which
outside the Hexateuch is found only in poetry, and in the Hexateuch
is found only in P.
According to one account the flood is the result of prolonged rain
(vii. 4; where note "blot out from off the face of the ground," R.V.
[marg.]; vii. 12. Cf. "the rain from heaven was restrained," viii. 2).
According to the other account waters from beneath, "the fountains
of the great deep" ("deep" as in Gen. i. 2), join with those from above
to produce the catastrophe (vii. I I ; viii. 2).
A distinction is made between clean and unclean animals in vii. 2, 8.
Seven pairs of the former but only one pair of the latter are to be
taken. No such distinction is made in vi. 19, 20, vii. 15.
Two expressions are used to denote male and female: (1) ziikhiir
un•lfebhiih, vi. 19, vii. 16, as in Gen. i. 27 (P). (2) 'ish v•ishto (lit.
"a man and his wife1," here it might be rendered, "each and his
mate"), vii. 2 (twice) (J).
From vii. 7 compared with vii. 10 it seems that Noah and his family
came into the ark before the flood; in vii. 13 they entered "on the
selfsameday." ... Noah'sfamilyaredescribedas "all thy house" in vii. 1:
but in vi. 18, vii. 7, 13, viii. 15, 18 a more detailed description," thou
and thy sons and thy wife and thy sons' wives with thee," is given
after the manner of P.
The indications of time are different in the two narratives. Seven
days and 40 days are mentioned in vii. 4, 10, 12, 17, viii. 6, 10, 12.
A complete chronology is supplied as follows :
Year Month Day
vii. 6 6ooth of Noah
II 2 17
viii. 4 7 17
5 10 I
13 601st of Noah I
14 2 27
According to this the complete duration was a lunar year and
10 days, i.e. a solar year, and the period of the waters prevailing
11
l In Hebrew, ''man and ''woman" are used in the sense of ''each''; of animals,
and even of inanimate objects: see Gen. xv. IO; Zech. xi. 9.
 APPENDIX 457
was 5 months, i.e. the 150 days of vii. z4 and viii. 3. This dating
by the year, month and day is a chaiacteristic of P (cf. Exod. xl. 17;
Num. i. 1 ; ix. 1 ; x. 11 ; xxxiii. 3, 38). Other indications of his style
are "in the selfsame day," vii. 13 ; "I will establish my covenant,"
vi. 18, ix. 9, rr; "the token of the covenant," ix. rz, 17.
The words and expressions which have been noted in the preceding
p:1.ragraphs appear in the outer columns of the table in italics. The
table may serve to remind the reader of the arguments, and help him to
estimate their force .... An account which is in form single indicates
diversity of source in the same manner as the separate accounts of the
Creation in the first two chapters of Genesis.
One more point remains to be considered : Does the narrative in its
present form afford any evidence of the manner in which it has been
put together ?
The table shews that the portions which are found in J only are:
(1) The Lord repented that He had made man.
z) The distinction between clean and unclean.
3) The story of the raven and the dove.
{4) Noah's sacrifice.
The omission of (z) and (4) by P is in accord with his treatment
of the whole patriarchal history. He abstains from recording any act
of sacrifice or ceremonial distinction between clean and unclean before
the establishment of a priesthood in the time of Moses.
The representation of God in P is less anthropomorphic ... than
those in other writers. This explains why the expression " the Lord
repented that He had made man" finds no place in his narrative.
It appears then that P omits designedly; and this accounts for his
omission of (1), (z), and (4). As regards (3), P may have mentioned
the sending forth of the raven and the dove ; a compiler would not
relate an incident like this in duplicate. The account of P supplies the
framework of the whole narrative, and has been preserved almost, if
not altogether, entire.
The portions found in P only are :
1!z
The command to build the ark.
The exact dates-year, month and day.
3 The departure from the ark.
1 4 The blessing of Noah.
Now (z) is quite in P's style; he alone gives the exact dates which
are found in the Pentateuch. Also (4) is very similar to Gen. i. z8....
These are probably given by P only, but J's account is sufficiently
complete and independent to justify the conjecture that some notices
corresponding to ( r) and (3) were originally contained in it. The probable
position of these presumed original contents of J are indicated in the
table in brackets.
Some parts of J have been expanded by a redactor (or editor) who
incorporated phrases from P. The evidence in favour of this statement
is most clearly furnished by vii. 7-9. Here we should expect to find
J's version of the entry into the ark, parallel to .l;"s account in vii. r 3-
 APPENDIX
16. The distinction between clean and unclean points to J, but there
is much in these verses that resembles P, e.g. "his sons and his wife
and his sons' wives with him," vii. 7 (cf. vi. 18 and vii. 1~), P's expres-
sion for "male and female" (cf. p. 78), "two and two ' of all sorts,
and "God" (vii. 9).
Other probable additions to the J narrative are "whom I have
created" (vi. 7), "male and female," as in P (vii. 3). The preceding
remarks render the following statement probable :
The material in J has been expanded by a redactor who has combined
the sources. He shews affinity with P, and not with J.

APPENDIX D

(I) THE TEL EL-AMARNA TABLETS

In the year 1887, several hundred clay tablets, covered with cunei-
form inscriptions, were discovered during excavations near the modem
Tel el-Amarna, a place about 170 miles south of Cairo. It was the
site of the new capital selected by Amenophis IV, when he abandoned
Thebes and set up the worship of the Sun-god.
These tablets proved to consist of a mass of official correspondence
received at the Egyptian court during the reigns of Amenophis III
and his son Amenophis IV. The majority belong to the latter reign,
and consist of letters addressed to the Egyptian king by foreign kings,
vassal princes, and provincial governors. The importance of this
correspondence can hardly be exaggerated. It throws unexpected
light upon the condition of Western Asia during the two reigns of
Amenophis III (14u-1375 B.c.) and Amenophis IV (1375-
1358 B.c.)l. It includes interesting letters addressed by Bumaburiash,
king of Babylonia, and by the king of Alashia (Cyprus) to Amen-
hotep IV. But, unquestionably, the most valuable part of the whole
collection is represented by the letters and despatches sent by the
vassal princes and the Egyptian provincial governors in Phoenicia
and Palestine. Thus there are letters from Yapakhi, governor of
Gezer; Widya, governor of Askelon; Abdi-I;Iiba, king of Jeru-
salem; Rib-Adda, governor of Byblos ; and Abi-Milki, governor
of Tyre. From Rib-Adda, who seems to have been a faithful
official, no less than sixty-two letters are preserved. There are· six
from the king of Jerusalem.
The general tenour of these letters from governors in Palestine is
the same. The Egyptian king is losing his control over Palestine
and Phoenicia. His rule, for some reason, is no longer forcible and

1 So Breasted: Petrie's dates are for Amenophis III, 1414-1383, and for Amen.
ophis IV, 1383-1365. N.B. Amenophis is often transliterated as Amenhotep.
 APPENDIX 459
efficient. He is either indifferent, or he is not able to part with
troops out of Egypt for the purpose, of assisting the provinces. The
Hittites are pressing from the North. A people, called by the king
of Jerusalem the .E;Iabiri and by others "robbers," are a formidable
meuace. The governors themselves are untrustworthy and are in-
triguing against one another. What with foreign foes and disloyal
princes and a disaffected population, the prospect is evidently as
unsatisfactory as possible. We are. not surprised to learn that the
Egyptian government not long afterwards lost the whole of its
Phoenician and Palestinian provinces.
Abdi-.l;Iiba, king of Jerusalem, seems to have maintained his loyalty
as long as it was possible. The following passages illustrate his
appeals for assistance, his protestations of fidelity, and the growing
power of the enemy :
{a) "To the king, my lord, say also thus: It is Abdi-I;Iiba, thy
servant. At the feet of my lord, the king, twice seven times, and thrice
seven times I fall. What have I done against the king, my lord?
They backbite-they slander me before the king, my lord, saying :
Abdi-l;Iiba has fallen away from the king his lord."
(b) "Let the king take,counsel with regard to his land-the land
of the king, all of it, has revolted; it has set itself against me.
Behold, (as for) the lands of Sheri (Seir), as far as Guti-Kirmil
{Gath-Carmel), the governors have allied themselves, and there is
hostility against me. Even though one be a seer, one wishes not to
see the tears of the king, my lord ; open enmity exists against me.
As long as ships were in the midst of the sea, the power of the
mighty took Nakhrina (Naharaim) and the land of Kashsi, but now
the I;Iabiri have taken the cities of the king. There is not one
governor for the king, my lord-all have rebelled."
(c) " The men of the city of Gazri, the men of the city of Gimti,
and the men of the city of Kilti have been captured. The land of
the city of Rnbute has revolted. The land of the king (belongs to)
the 1,Iabiri, and now, moreover, a city of the land of Jerusalem,
the city Beth-Ninip-(this is) its name-has revolted to the people of
Ktlti. Let the king ... send hired soldiers.... And if there be no
hired soldiers, the land of the king will go over to the men, the
l;Iabiri. This deed (is the deed of) Suardatnm (and) Milki-ili."
(d) "The I;Iabiri are capturing the fortresses of the king. Not a
single governor remains among them to the king, my lord : all have
perished. May the king, my lord, send help to his country. If no
troops come this year, all the countries of the king, my lord, will
be utterly destroyed."
Besides other political information which the Tel el-Amarna corre-
spondence furnishes, we learn from it what from other sources could
not have been expected :
(r) that Palestine, between 1420 and 1360 B,C., was an Egyptian
province;
, (z) that not only the kings of Babylol)ia, but the Egyptian
 APPENDIX
governors in Palestine, corresponded with the court of Egypt, using
the Babylonian language and cuneiform writing;
(3) that the scribes, in order to avoid misunderstanding, often in-
serted Canaanite words to explain or interpret the Babylonian ; and,
that, as these Canaanite words are generally indistinguishable from later
Hebrew words, we may infer that the Canaanite language, before
the Exodus, was practically identical with the Hebrew ;
(,d that Jerusalem (Urusalim) was the original name of that city,
which was already an important place in the 14th century B.C. (The
name "Jebus" was probably erroneously ascribed to it on account of
its being occupied by the J ebusite tribe at the time of the Israelite
invasion, cf. Jos. xv. 8, 63; xviii. 28; Judg. xix. 10; 1 Chron.
xi. 4.)
On the Tel el-Amarna Tablets, see Driver's Schweich Lectures,
Chap. 2 ; Professor Flinders Petrie's Syria and Egypt from the Tell
el-Amarna Letters (1898); Pinches' Old Testament, pp. 249-300;
Handcock's Latest Light on Bible Lands (1913); Jeremias' O.T. in
the light of the Ancient East, 1. pp. 335 ff.

(II) THE J:IABIRI

"There maybe some connexion," says Driver, "between the 'l;Iabiri'

and the • Hebrews' : the two cannot be identical, but the Hebrews
may, for instance, have been a branch of them" (Schweich Lectures,
p. 34, n. 2). "The names are certainly identical," says Jeremias. "It
is, however, quite another question what relation the I;Iabiri of the
Amarna letters bear to the Biblical 'Hebrews'" (O. T. in the light
of the Ancient East, I. p. 341).
The student may be pardoned, if he finds himself somewhat at a
loss, when he reads these apparently conflicting statements by eminent
. authorities.
There are in reality two questions ; and it is important they should
be kept distinct. (a) The one is philological: are the words "Hebrew"
and "I:[abiri" identical? (b) The other is historical : are the l;Iabiri,
mentioned in the Tel el-Amarna Tablets, to be identified with the
Israelites who conquered Canaan?
(a) Philological. This side of the problem has been carefully
discussed by scholars who arrive at very different conclusions. Thus
we find Ed. Meyer asserting : "the name 'ibrim cannot be repro-
duced in cuneiform in any other way" (der Name 'ibrim kann in
Keilschrift gar nicht anders wiedergegeben werden), Die Israeliten u.
ihre N. p. 225. Skinner, referring to "the still disputed, but now
widely accepted, theory that I;Iabiri in the T.A. letters is the cuneiform
equivalent of the O.T. tl''11P ['ibrim]," contends that "The equation
presents no philological difficulty : Ass. ?, often represents a foreign ll;
=
and Efa-za-fi-ya-u li1 1j?IIJ shows that Ass. a may become O.T. i"
(p. 218).
 APPENDIX 461
The opposite view is very carefully stated by Handcock in a
passage which, for its clear and simple q:planation, may here be
quoted in extenso : "The crucial point is whether the initial guttural
in the Hebrew word for ' Hebrew' can be equated with the ' Kh'
in the Assyrian 'Khabiri.' Ayin, the guttural with which the word
'Hebrew' commences, has two distinct sounds, differentiated in Arabic
writing, but not in Hebrew writing. Fortunately, the Septuagint,
or Greek Version of the Old Testament, made by order of Ptolemy II,
Philadelphus, king of Egypt from 287 B.C. or 286 to 246 B.C., generally
preserves this distinction. Now the ayin in 'Hebrew' is represented
in the Septuagint by a smooth breathing, which indicates that in this
word it had a soft sound. It is perfectly true that the Hebrew ayin
sometimes corresponds to the Assyrian kh, but in the cases cited by
Schrader (The Cuneiform Inscription:, and the O. T. I, p. 179, 2nd ed.)
and Professor Cla.y (Light on the 0. T. from Babel, pp. 265 ff.) the
ayin (from a comparison with the Septuagint) probably had a hard,
and not a soft, sound, as in the word ' Hebrew 1,'
'' Probably the best example that can be cited in support of the theory
that the Assyrian kh can correspond with a soft Hebrew ayin is
afforded by the proper name Canaan, which, in Assyrian, is Kinnakhkhi.
The ayin in the Hebrew word for Canaan would appear to be soft,
as it is not represented in the Septuagint at all, only the vowel which
accompanied it being represented in the Greek. The possibility of
such an interchange may therefore be fairly argued, but not its prob-
ability, especially at the beginning of a word.
"But admitting the possibility of such an interchange, there is another
consideration which renders it highly improbable in the present in-
stance. As stated above, Sayce associates the Khabin'-ki of the Tell
el-Amama Letters with the Biblical Hebron. Unlike the word
' Hebrew,' the initial guttural of the Biblical word ' Hebron' is a
heth, or hard 'h,' and the Assyrian equivalent for the Hebrew heth
is ' kh.' It is therefore probable that the Biblical ' Hebron' and
the Assyrian ' Khabiri ' are philologically related. But the words
' Hebron' and ' Hebrew ' are entirely distinct, and can under no
conceivable circumstances be brought into relationship. It therefore
follows that if we identify the 'Khabiri' with the ' Hebrews,' we
must ipso facto entirely dissociate 'Khabiri' from 'Hebron.' In
short, such an identification involves the rejection of a proposition
which strictly conforms to the ordinary rules of philological transmu-
tation in favour of one which is totally at variance with those rules,
but at the same time it should be noted that though the words
'Khabiri' and ' Hebron ' are radically connected, the identification
of the place 'Khabiri-ki' with 'Hebron' is entirely hypothetical."
(The Latest Light on Bible Lands, pp. 79-81.)
(b) Historical. "The historical objections vanish," says Skinner,
1 The two cases cited are Gaza and Omri; in the former the initial Hebrew ayin
is rep.resented by "G" in the Greek, while the initial guttural of "Omri" is repre.
tJented by a "Z" [ = Za.µ,flpet], which implies that the ayin !i3-d a hard sound.
 APPENDIX
"if the Habiri be identified, not with the Israelitish invaders after the
Exodus, · but with an i;arlier immigration of Semitic nomads into
Palestine, among whom the ancestors of Israel were included. The
chief uncertainty arises from the fact that the phonetic writing
Qa-bi-ri occurs only in a limited group of letters, those of 'Abd-
l_ziba of Jerusalem .... The ideogram SA·GAS ('robbers') in other
letters is conjectu'red to have the same value, but this is not abso-
lutely demonstrated. Assuming that Winckler and others are right
in equating the two, the f:[abiri are in evidence over the whole
country, occasionally as auxiliaries of the Egyptian government, but
chiefly as its foes. The inference is very plausible that they were
the roving Bedouin element of the population, as opposed to the
settled inhabitants,-presumably a branch of the great Aramaean in-
vasion which was then overflowing Mesopotamia and Syria. There
is thus a strong probability that C11:JV ['ibrim] ,was originally the
name of a group of tribes which invaded Palestine in the 15th century
B.c., and that it was afterwards applied to the Israelites as the sole
historic survivors of the immigrants. Etymologically, the word has
usually been interpreted as meaning 'those from beyond' the river
(cf. Jos. xxiv. 2f., r4f.); and, on that assumption, the river is cer-
tainly not the Tigris, and almost certainly not the Jordan, but the
im [nahar] of the O.T., the Euphrates, 'beyond' which lay J:Iarran
whence Abraham set out" (p. 218).
The foregoing explanation is far more probable than that which
supposes the J:Iabiri, mentioned in the letters of 'Abdi-J:Iiba, king
of Jerusalem, to have been the invading Israelites led by Joshua.
But there seems to be no sufficient reason to call in question the
statement of Ex. i. II that the store cities of Pithom and Raamses
were built by the Hebrews, or the conclusion drawn from Naville's
excavations that these cities were built in the reign of Ramses II
(1292-1225 B.c.). For the present, we may conclude that the Exodus
occurred during the reign of Merenptah (1225-1215 B.c.), and that
the J:Iabiri who were attacking the towns of Palestine in the reign
of Amenophis IV (1375-1358) may racially have been members of
the same Semitic wave of invasion, Hebrew forerunners of the
Israelite movement led a century and a half later by Moses and
Joshua.

(III) THE APURIU

The French Egyptologist, M. Chabas, maintained half a century

ago, that a foreign people, denoted Apuriu, or Aperu, or Apriu,
and mentioned in the Inscriptions of Thothmes III (1501-1447 B.c.),
Ramses II (1292-1225 B.c.) and Ramses IV (u67-1161)1, could
1 So Breasted: Petrie's dates are Thothmes III, ,503-,449; Ramses II
1300-123.4; Merenptah, 1234-1214; Seti II, 1214-r2og; Ramses III, 1202-n71 ~
Ramses IV, u71-u65. See Breasted's Hlst. OJ Ancient Egyptians (19o8), and
Petrie's Hist. ef Eg-. vol. m.
 APPENDIX
be no other than the Israelites in Egypt. This view, which was
at first discredited, has recently been revived. And there is to be
said in favour of it (1) that, philologically, the Egyptian 'Apuriu
and the Hebrew '/brim ("Hebrews") may reasonably be held to be
identical names: and (2) that the Apuriu are spoken of as engaged
in forced labour in the quarries, &c. Those mentioned in the reign of
Ramses IV must then be regarded as the descendants of those Israelites,
who for one reason or another had been unable to make their escape
from Egypt with the main body (see Driver's Exodus, pp. xli f.).

APPENDIX E
ISRAELITES IN EGYPT

I
Chronology
The Book of Genesis makes no mention of person, place, or event
which enables us to say for certain under what king, or in what dynasty,
Joseph was carried into Egypt, and after his elevation to be Vizier of
the country was joined by his father and his brethren.
Two questions of chronology are raised: (1) what was the date of the
descent into Egypt? (2) what was the date of the Exodus from Egypt?
A. Archaeological data.
In order to answer these questions, we are compelled, in the absence
of any more direct evidence, to employ conjectures based upon archaeo-
logical data.
{a) It is a quite probable conjecture that the Amraphel of Gen. xiv. I
is to be identified with I;Iammurabi, king of Babylon (circ. 2100 B.c.).
Assuming the historicity of Gen. xiv., the period of Abraham, sub-
sequent to his call, thus synchronizes with the reign of I;Iammurabi.
(b) M. Naville's excavations at Tel el-Maskhuta have shewn that a
town of Pithom (P'etom) was founded by Ramses II (1300-1234 B.c.,
Petrie; 1292-1225 B.c., Breasted). It is a reasonable conjecture that
this was one of the two towns Pithom and Raamses which the Israelites
"built for ·Pharaoh" as store cities (Ex. i. u) ; that Ramses II was
the Pharaoh of the Oppression ; and that the Pharaoh of the Exodus
was his son and successor (cf. Ex. ii. 23), Merenptah, or Memeptah
(1234-1214 B.c., Petrie; 1225-1215 B.c., Breasted).
(c) As the Tel el-Amarna letters shew that in the 15th cent. B.c.
Canaan was subject to Egyptian rule, it is a reasonable conjecture that
the invasion of the land by the Israelites under Joshua did not take
place before 1400 B.C.; in other words, that the Exodus was later than
that date.
 APPENDIX
According to these conjectures, based upon archaeological data, the
conclusions are
(1) that the whole period from the call of Abraham to the Exodus
extends from circ. 2100 B.c. to circ. 1230 B. c. ;
(2) that the Exodus took place in the reign of Merenptah, or
Merneptah, about 1230-1220 B.C.
Moreover, there is fair ground for assuming that the elevation of a
young Hebrew to be Vizier of Egypt and the donation of the pasture-
lands of Goshen to Hebrew clans would be less likely to have occurred
under a native dynasty than under the Semitic Hyksos kings; and that
"the new king over Egypt which knew not Joseph" (Ex. i. 8) may
possibly represent the change from the Hyksos to the xvurth dynasty.
Accordingly, as the expulsion of the Hyksos occurred in 1587 B.c., it
has been conjectured
(3) that the elevation of Joseph and the descent of the Israelites into
Egypt took place before circ. 1600 B.C.
The approximate dates, according to these conjectures, are as follows:
(1) The Call of Abraham, 2100 B.c.
(2) The Descent into Egypt, 1600 B.c.
(3) The Exodus, 1230 B.c.
B. Biblical dates.
In juxtaposition with these dates it will be convenient to put the
traditional Biblical dates:
Heb. Satn. and LXX
(1) The Call of Abraham 2136 B.C. 1921 B.C.
(2) The Descent into Egypt 1921 " 1706 "
(3) The Exodus 1491 " 1491
(4) The Foundation of the Temple
(4th year of Solomon) IOII 1011
(4) There are 480 years from the Exodus to the Foundation of the
Temple; cf. 1 Kings vi. J.
(3) There are 430 years' sojourn in Egypt; cf. Ex. xii. 40 1 (Sam. and
LXX by adding "and in the land of Canaan" halve this period; cf.
Gal. iii. 17; Jos. Ant. ii. 15. 2).
(1), (2) There are 215 years of the Patriarchs' sojourn in Canaan:
From the Call of Abraham (xii. 4) to the birth of
Isaac (xxi. 5), 25 years
From the birth oflsaac to the birth of Jacob and
Esau (xxv. 26), 60 yeats
From the birth of Jacob to his descent into
Egypt (xlvii. 9), 130 years
215 years

I The sojourn in Egypt appears as 400 yean. in Gen. xv. 13 U), cf. Acts vii. 6 ·
"four generations'' in Gen. xv. 16 (J), cf. Ex. ii. 13 (E), vi. 16, 18, 20 (P). •
 APPENDIX
It will be seen that the traditional Biblical dates are not in agreement
with those which are derived from A_rchaeology. The discrepancy is in
respect of (a) the interval between the Call of Abraham and the Exodus;
(b) the interval between the Exodus and the age of Solomon.
(A) Archaeological (B) Biblical
(1) The Call of Abraham circ. 2100 B.c. 2136 B,C.
(2) The Descent into Egypt circ. 1600 ,, 1921 ,.
(3) The Exodus circ. 1230 ,, 1491 ,,
(4) The 4th year of Solomon circ. 965 ,, ron ,,
According to A, the Exodus took place 870 years after the Call of
Abraham, and 265 years before the founding of Solomon's Temple.
According to B, it took place 645 years after the Call of Abraham,
and 480 years before the founding of Solomon's Temple.
According to A there are 500, according to B 215, years between
the Call of Abraham and the Descent into Egypt.
At present, there seems to be no prospect of harmonizing the two
groups of figures.
There is little reason to doub(that the P chronology, as incorporated
in the books of Genesis and Exodus, and represented in I Kings vi. 1,
is at the best an artificial system; and one to which too much im-
portance ought not to be attached. For instance, it is probable that
the 480 years between the Exodus and the building of the Temple
represent a conventional period, symbolized by 12 generations of
40 years each. ,
On the other hand, it may well be considered doubtful whether the
interval between Abraham and the Exodus extended over so long a
period as 870 years (from 2100 B.c. to 1230 B.c.). (See Driver's
Genesis, pp. xxvi-xxx; Exodus, pp. xxx f., xiv f.; Skinner's Genesis,
pp. xiv-xvii; cf. article on "Chronology" in Hastings' D.B.)
NOTE. The P chronology, which reckoned the period from the Creation to the
Exodus as 2666 years, was probably based on the tradition that 4000 years were to
ela:pse between the Creation and the coming of the Messiah, and two-thirds of this
penod, i.e. 2666 years, were completed at the Exodus.
Heh. text Sam. LXX
(t) From the Creation to the Flood (Gen. v., vii. n) t656 1307 2262
(2) From the Flood to the Call of Abraham (Gen. xi.
10-26, xii. 4) 365 1015 n.45
(3) From the Call of Abraham to the Exodus (as above) 645 430 430
12666 2752 3837

GENKS1!1 30
 II
Chronology of principal Egyptian Kings from the Thirteenth to the Ni'neteenth Dynasty
( With the dates given by Petrie and Breasted)
Egyptian Kings Petrie Breasted Summary of events based on Breasted's Tables

Thirteenth to
Seventeenth Dynasty 2565-1587 1788-1580

Hyksos kings 2098-1587 1680-1580 Conquest and domination of Egypt by Semitic invaders

Eighteenth Dynasty 1587-1328 1580-1350 Expulsion of Hyksos : restoration of native Monarchy

Thothmes I 1541-1516 1547?-r501 Conquest of Cush, and of all Syria and Canaan
Thothmes III 1503-1449 1501-1447 Frequent Asiatic campaigns· Egyptian Empire extends
to Euphrates
Amenophis III 1414-1383 14u-1375 Alliance with kings of Mitanni and Babylon : gigantic
commercial connexions. Commencement of Semitic
migration into Syria
Amenophis IV 1383-1365 1375-1358 Religious reform or revolution: Thebes forsaken ; new
(lkhnaton, or capital: Amarna correspondence : Canaan threatened
Khu-n-aten) by Habiri hordes on E. and by Hittites on N. Asiatic
vassal princes, some conquered by Hittites, others regain
Nineteenth Dynasty 1328-1202 1350-1205 independence

Seti I 1326-1300 1313-1292 Canaan recovered by Egypt : great war with Hittites.
Ramses II 1300--'-1234 1292-1225 Great Egyptian prosperity. War in Asia. Oppression of.
Hebrews
lderenptah I2,{4-I2I4 r22.~-r2r5 Repulse of Libyans. Probable period of Exodus. First
(or Merneptah) mention oflsrael on monuments
 APPENDIX

- III
The Hyksos
Assuming that the Pharaoh in the days of Joseph was one of the
Hyksos, we have next to enquire what is known about these foreign
conquerors of Egypt. ·
The Twelfth Dynasty had closed with a period of weakness and
confusion. There swept into the Delta a horde of Asiatic invaders,
apparently of Semitic origin, who overcame all resistance and took
possession of the entire country of Egypt. Their capital was a strong-
hold in the Delta named Avaris, the site of which has not yet been
discovered.
A Fragment of the History of Manetho, quoted by Josephus in his
Contra Apionem (1. 14) has preserved the tradition of later times. "Its
statements may be summarized as follows: In the reign of a king
named Timaios the gods were angry with Egypt, and there came up
from the East a race of ignoble men who conquered the country with-
out a battle. They treated the native population with great cruelty,
burned the cities, and demolished the temples. Thereafter they made
one Salatis their king, and he established a great fortified camp at a
place called Avaris (l;[et-uiirt) on an arm of the Nile near Bubastis.
i:Iere he kept a garrison of 240,000 men. The Hyksos domination
lasted for 511 years. Six kings are named-Salatis, 19 years; Beon,
44; Apakhnas, 36; Apophis, 61; lannas, 50; Assis, 49. Eventually
the kings of the Thebaid made insurrection against the oppressors, and
under a king named Misfragmouthosis drove them into A varis, and
blockaded them there. Finally an arrangement was reached whereby
the Hyksos were allowed to depart from Egypt into Syria, where they
built the fortress called Jerusalem. They were called Hyksos, or
' Shepherd kings,' because Hyk in the sacred language of Egypt
signifies a 'king,' and sos in the vulgar dialect a 'shepherd.' Some
say that they were Arabians ....
" An Inscription of Queen Hatshepsut, dating from only two genera-
tions after the expulsion .if the invaders, says:
• I have restored that which was in ruins,
I have raised up that which was unfinished,
Since the Asiatics were in the midst of A varis of the North land,
And the barbarians were in the midst of them,
Overthrowing that which had been made,
While they ruled in ignorance of Ra.'

"As to the duration of the period of oppression there is no certainty.

Manetho's six named kings account for 260 years, and he states that
these were the .first kings, leaving others unnamed to fill up the
~II years. Petrie accepts the estimate of ManetJio, allowing a century

30-2
 APPENDIX
for the period of invasion and gradual conquest-260 years of more or
less stable rule under the named kings, and the remaining century and
a half for the struggle ending in the expulsion of the invaders. Breasted,
on the other hand, who, following Meyer, allows only 208 years for the
dvnasties from the xnth to l:he xvnrth, maintains that roo years is
ample for the Hyksos period.... Material relics of the Hyksos kings are
scanty.... Two Apepas can be identified.... One or other of these Apepas
may be the 'Apophis' of the Manethonian fragment .... More important
are the relics of Khyan who may, perhaps, be identified with the
'Iannas' of the fragment. Traces of his rule have been found in both
Upper and Lower Egypt, while a granite lion bearing his cartouche
was found at Baghdad, and an alabastron with his name was discovered
by Evans at Knossos. One of the titles used by Khyan upon his scarabs
and cylinders is anq adebu, 'embracer of the lands.' These facts have
inspired Breasted's imagination to the reconstruction of a vanished
Hyksos empire, embracing all the territory from the Euphrates to the
first cataract of the Nile, and governed during part of its history by a
ruler of the Jacob tribes of Israel in the person of that Pharaoh whose
scarabs give his name as Jacob-her or J acob-el. ...
"As to the name of the invaders, the first syllable is obviously the
Egyptian Qeq, 'ruler,' the second may conceivably be Shastt, which
was the generic Egyptian title for the pastoral races of the Eastern
deserts. Khyan names himself Qeq Setu, 'chief of the deserts,' and
perhaps the derivation may lie here ... there is no reason to doubt the
tradition that they were of Arabian, or at least of Semitic, origin. Their
existing relics suggest that, while the beginning of their rule may have
been marked by harshness and oppression, the tradition of their un-
bounded cruelty and destructiveness is exaggerated. As in so many
other cases, the land conquered its conquerors, and the Apepas and
Khyans became in all essentials Egyptian Pharaohs. Their influence
upon the native Egyptian race was probably beneficial, and its results
may be traced in the wider outlook and renewed vigour of the nation
under the xvmth dynasty. In all probability the introduction of the
horse and chariot as instruments of warfare was due to them, and may
have been the chief cause of their easy conquest of the land.''.
James Baikie in Hastings' Encycl. Religifn and Ethics, vol. VI.
(1913), s.v. Hyksos.
See also Flinders Petrie, History ef Egypt, I. 233 ff., II, 1-24 ;
Breasted's History of the Ancient Egyptians (1908), chap. xii.

IV
Illustrations of Narratives in Genesis from Egyptian
A ntiquitzes ' ·
(a) The Patriarchs' entrance into Egypt; cf. Gen. xiii., xlii., xlvii.
In the Tombs at Beni-Hassan in Upper Egypt, about midway be-
_tween Memphis and Thebes, there is preserved a vivid representation
 APPENDIX
of a family of the Aamu going down into Egypt. The monument on
which this scene is depicted belongs to the· reign of U sertesen II of
the xnth dynasty, circ. 2684-2660 B,C, (Petrie). Aamu is probably a
general word for nomad Asiatics. The type of face is Semitic. The
family consists of thirty-seven persons. Their possessions are fastened
upon the backs of asses. The leader of the party is lfeq setu Absha
(or Absha, prince of the deserts), and he is bringing a present to the
king of Egypt. The scene illustrates the reception of Asiatics, and
affords a representation of the influx into Egypt which had already
begun in the 3rd millennium B,C, (Petrie, Hist. Eg. I, 172).
(b) Seven years' famine in Egypt ; cf. Gen. xii.
On a rock upon an island in the Nile, between Elephantine and the
first Cataract, there is a hieroglyphic inscription dating from the reign
of Ptolemy Soter II which relates how certain lands in the neighbour-
hood had been given as an offering to Chnum the god of Elephantine
by the king Zoser (circ. 2800 B.c.) because of a seven years' famine:
" my heart is in sore grief because of misfortune ; seeing that, in my
time, for the space of seven years the Nile has failed to come (i.e. there
has been no proper Nile flood). The fruits of the field are lacking:
there is a scarcity of herbage ; there is nothing to eat ; the children are
crying, the young people can only just creep about."
Hugo Gressmann, Altorientalische Texte u. Bilder, Bd I. p. 233.
(c) The king's Vizier interrogates a messenger; cf. Gen. xiii. 9.
Assuming that Joseph was raised to be Vizier under one of the ,H yksos
kings, there is especial interest in the following extract from the Sallier II
papyrus describing the relations between Apepa (Apophis). and the
vassal king of Thebes, Seqenen-Ra: "Egypt was in the hands of
enemies, and nobody was lord in that day. There was indeed a king,
Seqenen-Ra; but he was a chief in the City of the South (Thebes),
while enemies abode in the Town of the Aamu, and Apepa was king in
Avaris .... The messenger of king Apepa betook him to the governor of
the city of the;_ South, and was brought before the governor of the city
of the South country. He spoke thus, when he spoke to the messenger
of king Apepa: 'Who hath sent thee hither to the city of the South?
art thou come in order to spy out.? '" (See Ball, Light from the Eas!i
p. 81; and Petrie, Hist. Eg. II. pp. 19-21.)
The eminent Orientalist, C. J. Ball, is strongly of opinion that the
Hyksos king, Apepa I, is to be identified with the Pharaoh of the
·Book of Genesis. Cf. Gen. xiii. 23, xliii. 32, xliv. 5. "The Sallier
papyrus also records that the court of Apepa was fam011,s for its
magicians .... The tradition preserved by the Byzantine writer George
Syncellus or Chancellor (fl. A,D, 800), that the Pharaoh of Joseph's
days was named Aphophis, is one which is now found to agree exactly
with the testimony of the monuments. There were two Hyksos kings
named Apepa or Aphophis; but it was probably during the reign of
Apepa I of the 15th dynasty that J osi,ph rose to power. During this
period the court of Lower Egypt was _at Zoan, in the field of Zoan."
See Ps. lxxviii. 12, 43,
470 APPENDIX
(a') The Tale of the Two Brothers, in the d'Orbiney papyrus, which
was written for Seti II, of the xrxth dynasty (circ. 1214-1209 B.c.,
Petrie), i!lustrates Gen. xxxix. The following is a brief epitome from
Petrie's Egyptian Tales (ii. 36 ff.).
There were two brothers, Anpu and Bata, living together in one
house. The elder one, Anpu, one day sends Bata back from the field,
in which they are working, to fetch some seed from the house. In the
house Anpu's wife makes an immoral proposal to Bata, which Bata rejects.
Itt the evening, on Anpu's return to the house, his wife accuses Bata on
the false charge of wrongful advances. Anpu in rage seeks out his
brother to slay him. But the story ends with Anpu's being persuaded
of his brother's innocency: and he puts his wife to death for her wicked·
ness.
V
The Egyptian Grand- Vizier
(From Breasted's History of the Ancient Egyptians,
chap. xiii.)
"§ 184. The supreme position occupied by the Pharaoh meant a
very active participation in the affairs of government. He was ac
customed every morning to meet the vizier ... to consult with him on
all the interests of the country, and all the current business which
necessarily came under his eye.... Early in the Eighteenth Dynasty ... the
business of government and the duties of the Pharaoh had so increased
that he appointed a second vizier. One resided at Thebes, for the
administration of the South, from the cataract as far as the nome of
Siut; VI hile the other, who had charge of all the region north of the
latter point, lived at Heliopolis. For administrative purposes the
country was divided into irregular districts, of which there were at
least twenty-seven between Siut and the cataract, and the country as
a whole must have been divided into over twice that number. The
head of the government in the old towns still bore the feudal title
'count,' but it now indicated solely administrative duties and might
better be translated 'mayor' or 'governor.' Each of the smaller towns
had a ' town-ruler,' but in the other districts there were only recorders
and scribes, with one of their number at their head.
"§ 185. . .. For purposes of taxation all lands and other property of
the crown, except that held by the temples, were recorded in the tax•
registers of the White House, as the treasury was still called .... On the
basis of these, taxes were assessed. They were still collected in
naturalia: cattle, grain, wine, oil, honey, textiles and the like. Besides
the cattle-yards, the 'granary' was the chief sub-department of the
White House, and there were innumerable other magazines for the
storage of its receipts. If we may accept Hebrew tradition as trans-
mitted in the story of Joseph, such taxes comprised one-fifth of the
 APPENDIX 471
produce of the land (Gen. xlvii. 23-27). The chief treasurer, through
~he local officials above noticed, collected all such taxes; he was, how-
ever, under the authority of the vizier, to whom he made a report every
morning, after which he received permission to open the offices and
magazines for the day's business ....
"§ 186. In the administration of justice the southern vizier played
even a greater r6le than in the treasury. Here he was supreme.... Every
morning the people crowded into the ' hall of the vizier,' where the
ushers and bailiffs jostled them into line that they might 'be heard,' in
order of arrival, one after another. All crimes in the capital city were
denounced and tried before him, and he maintained a criminal docket
of prisoners awaiting trial or punishment, which strikingly suggests
modern documents of the same sort ....
"§ 188. The southern vizier was the motive power behind the
organization and operation of this ancient state. We recall that he
went in every morning and took counsel with the Pharaoh on the
affairs of the country; and the only other check upon his untrammelled
control of the state was a law constraining him to report the condition
of his office to the chief treasurer. His office was the Pharaoh's means
of communication with the local authorities, who reported to him in
writing on the first day of each season, that is, three times a year. It
is in his office that we discern with unmistakable clearness the complete
centralization of all local government in all its functions. He was
minister of war for both army and navy, and in the Eighteenth Dynasty
at least, 'when the king was with the army,' he conducted the ad-
ministration at home. He had legal control of the temples throughout
the country, or, as the Egyptian put it, 'he established laws in the
temples of the gods of the South and the North,' so that he was
minister of ecclesiastical affairs. He exercised advisory functions in
all the offices of the state ; so long as his office was undivided with
a vizier of the North he was grand steward of all Egypt, and there was
no prime function of the state which did not operate immediately or
secondarily through his office. He was a veritable Joseph and it must
have been this office which the Hebrew narrator had in mind as rhat to
which Joseph was appointed. He was regarded by the people as their
great protector, and no higher praise could be proffered to Amon when
addressed by a worshipper than to call him ' the poor man's vizier who
does not accept the bribe of the guilty.' ... Several of [the viziers of the
Eighteenth Dynasty] have left a record of their installation, with a long
list of the duties of the office, engraved and painted upon the walls of
their Theban tombs, and it is from these that we have drawn our
account of the vizier."
472 APPENDIX

VI
Special Note on the Egyptians t'n the Time ofJoseph
The Hyksos: Joseph as Grand Vizier, etc.
I. We have no certain means of deciding the period of Egyptian
History to which is to be assigned the Episode of Joseph and of the
descent of Jacob into Egypt.
In all probability, it belongs to the time at which Egypt was overrun
and subjugated by Asiatic invaders who are known by the name of the
Hyksos.
According to Flinders Petrie, "the whole duration of the foreign
dominion of this people and their descendants was 5n years" (Hist. ef
Eg. 1. p. 236, 1895), from the Fifteenth to the Seventeenth Dynasty,
about 2098-1587 B.C. Unfortunately there is great uncertainty con-
cerning the length of this period. The available materials relating to
it are scanty in the extreme. More recently, Professor J. H. Breasted
has given reasons for assigning a much shorter duration to the domina-
tion of the Asiatics. His Chronological Summary is as follows:
"Thirteenth to Seventeenth Dynasties, 208 years (1788-1580). Great
confusion, usurpation, civil war. Hyksos rule about 100 years (1675-
1575 B.c. ?) " (A Hist. of tlte Ancient Egyptians, p. 425, 1908).
Unquestionably, it is natural to assume that the time of an Asiatic
domination over Egypt would have been most favourable (1) to the
advancement of a Semite, like Joseph, to the position of Vizier; and
(2) to the generous reception of nomad Asiatics, like Jacob and his sons,
by the Pharaoh. It is also natural to assume, that the ac~ession of an
Egyptian king "which knew not Joseph" (Ex. i. 8) denoted the expul-
sion of the Hyksos, and the renewal of a native Egyptian monarchy.
{See Driver's Exodus.)
II. The data which have been employed for calculating this period
are as follows :
1. The identification of Amraphel in Gen. xiv. I with Hammurabi,
King of Babylon. If this be correct, it determines the date of Abraham
as about 2100 B.C.
2. The store-cities Pithom and Raamses were built in the reign of
the Pharaoh of the Oppression (Ex. i. rr). The builder of Pithom
was Ramses II, as has been shewn by the excavations of Pithom (Tell
et Masltk11ta) by M. Naville. The reign of Ramses II lasted either
from 1300 to 1234 (Petrie), or from 1292 to 1225 (Breasted).
3. The successor of Ramses II was Merenptah (or Mernephtah), to
whose reign the Exodus has generally been assigned; and in whose
Inscriptions occurs the first mention of Israel in the Ancient Monn•
ments: "Ysirraal is desolated, its seed (or fruit) is not."
4. According to the tradition preserved in Ex. xii. 40, 41 (Heb.
 APPENDIX 473
text), the Israelites were 430 years in Egypt; compare the mention of
400 years in Gen. xv. r3. ' .
5. Assuming that the Exodus occurred about r230 B.C., the Israel-
ites arrival in Egypt, 430 years previously, would have been about
1660 B.C., which synchronizes with the period of the dominion of the
Hyksos.
6. In general agreement with this conclusion would be the evidence
furnished by the Tel el-Amarna Letters, according to which at the
time of Amenhotep III (1414-1383) an<l Amenhotep IV of Egypt (1383-
-1365), Canaan was a province, held by vassal-kings under the rule
of the Egyptian king. The Exodus could not well have taken place
previous to that date.
These data are not in agreement with the Chronology of the Hebrew
tradition, acccording to which the Exodus occurred in 149r (1 Kings vi. 1),
the descent of Jacob into Egypt 1921, and the call of Abraham 2136.
The Hebrew tradition (P), however, in assigning only 215 years to
the lives of the Patriarchs in Canaan, is following a highly artificial
system of chronology.
From the call of Abraham (xii. 4) to the birth of
Isaac (xxi. 5) • . . • • = 25 years
From the birth of Isaac to the birth of Jacob
(xxv. 26) . . . . . = 6o ,,
From the birth of Jacob to J acob's descent into
Egypt (xlvii. 9, 28) = 130 ,,

= 215 years
III. The Hyksos. Professor Breasted gives the following summary
of the history of the Hyksos:
"About 1657 B. c., before the close of the Thirteenth Dynasty, there
now poured into the Delta from Asia a possibly Semitic invasion such
as that which in prehistoric times had stamped the language with its
unmistakable form; and again in our own era, under the influence
of Mohammed's teaching, had overwhelmed the land .... These in-
vaders, now generally called the Hyksos, after the designation applied
to them \iy Josephus (quoting Manetho), themselves left so few monu-
ments in Egypt that even their nationality is still the subject of much
difference of opinion ; while the exact length and character of their
supremacy, for the same reason, a.re equally obscure matters .....
The late tradition regarding the Hyksos, recorded by Manetho and
preserved to us in the essay of Josephus against Apion, is but the sub-
stance of a folk-tale .... " (Breasted, A Hist. of Ike Anc. Egyptians,
PP· 1 74f.).
"Two generations after the Hyksos had been expelled from the
country, the great queen Hatshepsut, narrating her restoration of the
temples they had desecrated, calls them 'Asiatics' and 'barbarians'
dwelling in Avaris and ruling 'in ignorance of Re.'
GENESIS
3o-5
·474 APPENDIX
" The still earlier evidence of a soldier in the Egyptian army that
expelled the Hyksos shows that a siege of Avaris was necessary to
drive them from the country ; and, further, that the pursuit of them
was continued into southern Palestine, and ultimately into Phoenicia
or Coelesyria.... From these earlier documents it is evident that
the Hyksos were an Asiatic people who ruled Egypt from their strong-
hold of Avaris in the Delta. The exact site is still undetermined ....
The later tradition as quoted from Manetho by Josephus is as follows :
"' There was a king of ours whose name was Timaios, in whose
reign it came to pass, I know not why, that God was displeased with
us, and there came unexpectedly men of ignoble birth out of the
eastern parts, who had boldness enough to make an expedition into
our country, and easily subdued it by force without a battle. And
when they had got our rulers under their power, they afterwards
savagely burnt down our cities and demolished the temples of the gods,
and used all the inhabitants in a most hostile manner, for they slew
some and led the children and wives of others into slavery. At length
they made one of themselves king, whose name was Salatis, and he
lived at Memphis and made both Upper and Lower Egypt pay tribute,
and left garrisons in places that were most suitable for them. And he
made the eastern part especially strong, as he foresaw that the
Assyrians who had then the greatest power, would covet their
kingdom and invade them. And as he found in the Saile [read
Sethroite] name a city very fit for his purpose-which lay east of the
arm of the Nile near Bubastis, and with regard to a certain theological
notion was called Avaris-he rebuilt it and made it very strong by the
walls he built around it and by a numerous garrison of two hundred and
forty thousand armed men, whom he put into it to k~ep it' (Contr.
Apion. i. 14).
"If we eliminate the absurd reference to the Assyrians and the
preposterous number of the garrison at Avaris, the tale may be credited
as in general a probable narrative .... Still quoting from Manetho,
Josephus says: 'All this nation was styled Hyksos, that is, Shepherd
Kings : for the first syllable '' hyk" in the sacred dialect denotes a
king, and "sos" signifies a shepherd, but this is only according to the
vulgar tongue: and of these was compounded the term Hyksos.
Some say, they were Arabians.' According to his epitomizers, Manetho
also called them Phoenicians.
"Turning to the designations of Asiatic rulers as preserved on the
Middle Kingdom and Hyksos monuments, there is no such term to be
found as 'ruler of shepherds,' and Manetho wisely adds that the word
'sos' only means shepherd in the late vulgar dialect. There is no
such word known in the older language of the monuments. ' Hyk '
(Egyptianl;Il,;; '), however, is a common word for ruler, as Manetho
says, and Khian, one of the Hyksos kings, often gives himself this
title upon his monuments, followed by a word for ' countries' which
by slight and very common phonetic changes might become 'sos' ;
 APPENDIX
so that 'Hyksos' is a not improbable Greek spelling for the Egyptian
title 'Ruler of Countries"' (Breasted, pp. 176-178).
. . . " The influence upon Egypt of such a foreign dominion,
including both Syria-Palestine and the lower Nile valley, was epoch-
making .... It brought the horse into the Nile valley and taught the
Egyptians warfare on a large scale. Whatever they may have suffered,
the Egyptians owed an incalculable debt to their conquerors " (ibid.
p. 184).
"After the expulsion of the Hyksos from the Delta frontier, the
victorious Egyptian king Ahmose reigned supreme. The old landed
nobility had almost become extinct. 'All Egypt was now the
personal estate of the Pharaoh just as it was after the destruction of
the Mamlukes by Mohammed Ali early in the nineteenth century. It
is this state of affairs which in Hebrew tradition was represented as
the direct result of J oseph's sagacity' (Gen. xlvii. 19, 20)" (ibid. p.
189).
"The supreme position occupied by the Phar:wh meant a very
active participation in the affairs of government. He was accustomed
every morning to meet the vizier, still the mainspring of the adminis-
tration .... Early in the Eighteenth Dynasty ... the business of govern-
ment and the duties of the Pharaoh had so increased that he
appointed a second vizier. One resided at Thebes, for the adminis-
tration of the South, from the cataract as far as the nome of Siut ;
while the other, who had charge of all the region north of the latter
point, lived at Heliopolis.... For purposes of taxation all lands and
other property of the Crown, except that held by the temples, were
recorded in the tax-registers of the White House, as the treasury
was still called .... On the ba~is of these taxes were assesed. They were
still collected in naturalia : cattle, grain, wine, oil, honey, textiles, and
the like. Besides the cattle-yards, the 'granary' was the chief sub-
department of the White Honse, and there were innumerable other
magazines for the storage of its receipts. If we may accept Hebrew
tradition as transmitted in the story of Joseph, such taxes comprised one-
fifth of the produce of the land (Gen. xlvii. 23-27)" (£bid. pp. 196, 197).
V. The position of Joseph as Vizier. "The southern vizier was
the motive power behind the organization and operation of this ancient
state. We recall that he went in every morning and took council
with the Pharaoh on the affairs of the country ; and the only other
check upon his untrammelled control of the state was a law constrain-
ing him to report the condition of his office to the chief treasurer.
His office was the Pharaoh's means of communication with the local
authorities, who reported to him in writing on the first day of each
season, that is, three times a year. It is in his office that we discern
with unmistakeable clearness the complete centralization of all local
government in all its functions. He was minister of war for both
army and navy, and in the Eighteenth Dynasty at least, 'when the
King was with the army,' he conducted the -a,clministration at home,
476 APPENDIX
He had legal control of the temples throughout the country, or, as the
Egyptian put it 'he established laws in the temples of the gods of the
South and the North,' so that he was minister of ecclesiastical affairs.
He exercised advisory functions in all the offices of the state; so long
as his office was undivided with a vizier of the North he was grand
steward of all Egypt, and there was no prime function of the state
which did not operate immediately or secondarily through his office.
He was a veritable Joseph, and it must have been this office which
the Hebrew narrator had in mind as that to which Joseph was
appointed. He was regarded by the people as their great protector,
and no higher praise could be proffered to Amon when addressed by
a worshipper than 19 call him 'the poor man's vizier who does not
accept the bribe of the guilty'" (Breasted, pp. 200 f.).

VI. SUMMARY OF EGYPTIAN HISTORY FROM THIRTEENTH

TO NINETEENTH DYNASTY (1788-1215 C,).

(Based on Breasted, History of Anc. Egypt, pp. 425-430.)

Tltirteentk to Seventeenth D_;masties 1788-158o Hyksos consolidate Syrian

Great confusion, usurpE!,tion, civil war. power, probably at Kadesh,
Hyksos rule about 100 years and absorb Egypt.

EMPIRE, FIRST PBRIOD 158o-1350 Assyrian and Babylonian power

in decline.
Eigkteentk Dynasty Tkebes
1 Ahmose I 1580-1557 Expulsion of Hyksos: Syria-
Palestine tributary to Egypt.
2 Amenhotep I }
3 Thutmose I
4 Thutmose II } All states of Syria-Palestine
5 Hatshepsut 1501-1447 Egyptian vassals.
6 Thutmose III Power of Kadesh, leading
Syrian state, centre of Hyk-
sos power, now broken.
7 Amenhotep II 1448-1420
8 Thutmose IV 1420-1411
9 Amenhotep II I 14u-1375 Greatest splendour ofEmpire. ...
Kheta (Hittites) begin ab-
sorption of Syria, Amarna
letters.
ro Ikhnaton (Amenhotep IV) •• 1375-1358 Khabiri Semites begin migra.
tion into Syria and Palestine
Monotheist : religiouS revolu-
tion. Thebes fOrsaken.
Amarna Letters. Hittites seize
Syria to Amor: Khabiri Se-
mites invade Palestine, He-
brews with them.
Complete dissolution of Egypt-
tian Empire in Asia.
 APPENDIX 477
EMPIRE SECOND PERIOD 13501-150 Former Asiatic vassal-kingdoms
of Egypt gain independence,
or are absorbed by Hittites.
Nineteenth Dynasty 1350-1205
I Harmhab •• 1350-131 S Reorganization : Thebes re-
stored.
2 Ramses I 1315-I3I4
3 Seti I 1313-1292 Palestine recovered : first con-
flict with Hittites.
4 Ramses II War with Hittites, 16 years:
treaty with Hittites 1271.
Oppression of Hebrews(?)
s Merenptah •• Asiatic campaign ; " Israel 11
among defeated. "Israel"
first mentioned on the monu.
meats " Exodus " of Israel-
ites(?)
 INDEX
Abel 69 'bakemeats' 370
Abel-mizraim 443 'bdellium ' 33
'abtr 437 'beasts' 17
Abraham, Abram (names). xliv, 'bed's head' 420
151, 198 be'b- 277
abreck 379 Beer-lahai-roi 196
'abyss' 5, 438 Beer-sheba 232, 279
Accad 137 'before the LORD' 136
Adam, adam 29, 3 7, 84, 98 be/fa 255
'adder' 434 Bela 168, 348
agriculture xiv, 56, 58 'believe' 187
'alffdak 243 Benjamin xvii, 340, 380, 439
alliteration 4, 75, 2 u Berossus xxxvi, 101, u8, 447
altar II4, 158, 236, 337 Bethel 295, 336
Amalek 171, 345 • Bethlehem 340
Amorites 139, 190 'betimes' 279
Amraphel xiii, 167, 170, 179,463 Birs Nimrud 147
angel 230, 293 bitumen 146, 172
'angel of the LORD' 194 'bless oneself' 156, ·Jo8, 239,274;
anthropomorphisms xx, 98, ro8, 'blessing' 16, 155, 423; of
II4 Isaac 283; of Jacob 426
'aprons' 52 blood 74f., 122,354
'Apuriu 462 f. blood-revenge 77, 289
Aquinas, St Thomas 24, 44, 65 'bottle' 229
Arabia 143 'bowels' 394
Aram 141 f. 'brass' 80
Ararat rrr 'brother' = relative 163, 173,
archaeology xliii 313
ark ror f. Browning, Robert 29
Asher xliii, 304, 434 f. ' butler' 36 7
astral myth xii, 1 74 ' butter' 206
astronomy 12, 46, 352
Augustine, St 65, 245 Cain 68
'call upon' xxi, 83
Babel r 36, I 44 ff. Calneh 137
Babylon xxv, 136 Calvin 235, 236, 242, 259
Babylonian legends, &c. xxxviii, 'camels' 253, 255
60 ff., II,S ff., 447 If. Canaanite, the 158
 INDEX 479
------------------------
'cattle' 17,103 Driver, Dr xxvii, !xiii, 53, 139,
Chaldees 152 f. 167, 273, 288, 397, 428
Chapman's Pentateuch x, xiv, xvi,
453 ff. 'E' xix, xxif.
chariots 378£ 'east, children of the' 296; 'east
Charles, Dr 63, 183 country ' 264
Chedorlaomer 167 'eastward' 30, 146
Cherubim 59 'eat bread' 319,355, 393
'choice' 246 Eber 141
' choice frnits ' ~90 Eden 30 f., 47
chronology xxvii f., 90 f., 463 f., Eder, tower of 341
circumcision 199 f., 334 [476 f. Edom 271, 344 ff.
'clean,' 'unclean' 104 E!!)'pt II9, r 34, 159, 365, 371,
'coat of many colours' 35 I 379f., 395,413,416,418, 472ff.
'coffin' 446 Egyptian Kings 466
'comfort' 87, 205, 289 'El !viii
'commune' 2u, 247 El Elyon lix, 176 f.
Cook, Dr S. A. 193, 228
Cosmogonies of Genesis 42 ff. El Shaddai lix, 197,290,391,
covenant 103,124,126, 188f., 199 438
'covering of the eyes' 225 El 'Ola,n 233
'create' 2, 15 Elam 141, 167
Creation, Babylonian myths of Elath 171
447 ff. election xlvi, xlix f.
'cursed' 53, 56, 156, 285 Elohim lvi
Cush 134 f. embalming 441
'cut off' 201 Engedi 171
Enoch 78, 86
•D' xix 'entreat' 161
Damascus 175, 186 ephah 206
Dan (place) xv, xiv, 174; (tribe) Ephraim and Manasseh xxxiv,
303, 433 f. 381, 420 ff.
Davidson, Prof. A. B. 23, 59, 98, Erech 136
2II, 362, 365 Erman 380, 418
'days' 7 f. Esau 270; Esau's wives 279, 343
Dead Sea 209, 217 etymology, popular 38, 68, 82
'deep, the' 5, 107, 438 Euphrates 35, 191
'deep sleep ' 38, 189 Eve 57
Delitzsch, Prof. F. 47
development 16 faith, Abraham's Iii, 155 f., 242
Dillmann x, 288, 338 Fall, Note on the 60 ff.
Dinah xxxiv, 305, 331 f. famine 159, 273, 381, 469
' divine ' 3o6, 396 'father's kin' 201
Documents (J, E, P) xviii ff. 'find grace, favour, &c.' xxi, 99,,
Dothan 353 321
'dowry' 333 'firmament' 8 f.
'dreadful ' 294 F-lood, the 96 ff., 453 ff. ; date of,
, dreams xxii, 351, 369 xxxvi
 INDEX
folk-lore xxiii, xxxii, xxxviii horses 416
'folly' xv, 333 hospitality 205
'forasmuch as' xxi, 206, 213, 328 'hough' 428
'Fortunate' 304 · human sacrifice 241
'fountain' 254 ' hundredfold ' 2 76
Frazer, J. G. 162 Hyksos 379,416,418,467 ff., 474
'furniture' 315
'image of God' zo, 84, 123
Gad 304,434 'imagination' 98
'gate' 212 1 248 individual, rights of liv, 243
'gathered to one's people' 265 inspiration xlvi f.
Genealogies xxxvff., 79, 89, 132 ff., intercession 21 I
149 ff., 152, 154, 239, 265, 407 ' interpreter' 386
'generations' xi, xxviii, 26, 83 Isaac Iii, 202, 207, 227
Genesis, Book of, name ix 'isles' 133 f.
geology 4, ro Israel 325, 339
Gerar 222, 276 Issachar 305, 432
'gift' 328
Gihon 33 •J' xix ff.
Gilead 304, 313, 446 Jabbok 323£.
'glory'= soul 428 Jacob, name of 2 70, 2 72 f. ; charac-
God, Names of lvi ff. ter Iii
'God forbid' 397 f. Japheth 129
'good' 22 Jastrow, Dr 61 f.
Gordon 75, 82, 44 7 ff. Javan 132
Goshen 402, 4II Jehovah !vii
'governor' 383 'Jehovah-jireh' 237
'grain overseers ' 3 76 J eremias, Prof. xii, 120
'grave'=She6! 357, 400 Jerome, St 184, 370
'grisled' 3II 'jewels' 260
'guard, captain of the' 358 'Jordan, beyond' 443
Joseph 306, 350 ff., 435 ff.
Qabiri 173, 370, 46off. Jubilees, Book of xiii, 342
Hadad 348 Judah 302, 359 ff., 429 ff.
Hagar 192 f., 227 ff, 266 'judge' 210
haggadah 243, 452
Ham 126ff. Kedar 266
Hamath r40 lfed!shah 360 f.
l:Iammurabi xliii, r36, 167, 179 f. 1,esitah 330
Havilah 33, 135, 267 Keturah 263
Hebrew 173, 366, 370, 461 f. Kikkar, the 164
Hebron 166, 245, 461 Kiriath-arba 245, 342
' help meet ' 36 'knees, to bear upon the' 303,
Heth 139; children of, 246 446
Hiddekel 34
historical value of Genesislxxxviii ff. ' ladder' 292
'honey' 391 Lamech, Songs of xxxv, 81 f.;
Horites 171, 346 Legend of 452
 INDEX
languages, diversity of 145 f. nabt xv, 223
Lankester, Ray 21 'nakedness of the land ' 384
'latter days' 426 names 37, 301
'lentils' 272 Names of God xviii, lvi ff.
Levi 302, 331 ff., 427 f. Naphtali 303, 435
levirate marriage 359 f. Natural Religion 177
light 7 Negeb, the xv, 158, 162
'lightly' 275 nephesk 15, 30, 124, 340
'lights' 12 Nephilim 95
' linen, fine ' 3 78 nezem 255
lion 429 Nile, River 372
longevity of patriarchs 91 Nimrod 135 f.
Lot 151,172, 212ff.; Lot's wife Noah 87 ff.; Song of 130 f.
'Jl8 Nod, land of 78
Macalister I 38 'oak of Moreb' 157
Machir 445 f. 'oaks of Mamre' 173
Machpelah 24 7 f. 'officer' 358
'magicians' 373 'olive-leaf' II2
Mahanaim 320 On 379
'male and female' 20, 103 'onyx' 33
Mamre 166, 173, 249 Ophir 143
man, nature of xlviii, io, 29 ; Origen n7
prehistoric xxxviii
' mandrakes' 304 'P' xxvi ff.
marriage customs 300 Paddan-aram 268, 290
Martensen 62 Paradise 30, 4 7
'meat' 22, 257 ' parcel' 330
'meditate' 262 Patriarchal Narratives xiii, xxxix ff.
Melchizedek xlvi, 175, 181 ff. Patriarchs, antediluvian 88 f.
'mercy and truth' 256 Peniel, Penuel 325 f.
Meredith, Geo. 73 Pentateuch ix, xiv; compilation
Merenptah lxviii, 463, 466 of xvi
'merry' 395 Perez 363
'mess of pottage' 271 ; 'messes' Perizzite 163, 191
395 Peters 293
Messiah 1, 55, 156, 430 f. Pharaoh 160, 384
Midianites 263, 356 Phicol 231, 278
Milton 6, 94, 395 Philistines xv, 138, 233, 273
'mist' 29 Philo 183
Mizpah 318 'pilgrimage' 414
Mizraim 134, 138, 192 'pillar' xxvi, 295,317,339
Moab and Ammon xxxiv, 220 'place' 10,157,235,292
moral difficulties !iii ff. 'plague' 161
'Moriah, Jann of' 234 'Plain, the' (of Jordan) 164
mourning 44 'plain man' 270
mummy 441 'plane' 308
mytb xxxii polytheis~ xi~ 1, 18
 INDEX
' poplar• 308 'signs' 13
Potiphar xxxi, 358, 363 sin xlviii
'princes' 266 'sinew' 326
promises, the xlix, 155 Six Days, the 44
Prophets, Hebrew xiii, xxiv Skinner, Dr 116, 164, 332
Protevangelium 54 Sodom and Gomorrah 209, 217f.
'sojourner' 246; 'sojoumings'
races, dispersion of 13 2 ff., 144 f. 199, 4 14
Rachel's grave 340 ' sons of God ' 93
rainbow, the 125 'souls' 157
Rameses _415 South, the 158
Ramses II lxviii, 412, 463 'spicery' 355
Rashi 24 'spies' 384, 387
'ravin' 439 spirit, the 5; 'spirit of God' 377
'red' 269,271 'sporting' 27 5
'reed-grass' 3 73 'stink, make to ' 336
religious teaching of Gen. xlvi ff. 'straitly' 390
Reuben xxiv, 301, 341,354,388, 'stranger' 246
426 'stuff' 404
'ring' 255 Succoth 329
River, the 313 'supplant' 286
'river of Egypt' 191 'sweet savour' II4
' Sword, Song of the' 81
Sabbath, the xxvii, 25, 40 f. 'Syrian' 291
sacrifice 57, 70; of Cain 7I; of
Isaac 240 ff. 'tabret' 314
'saith the LORD' 238 'Tale of Two Brothers' 365,
Salem 175 47°
Sanday and Headlam 66 Talmud 64
Sarah xvii, 152, 160, 201 'tamarisk tree ' 233
Sayce, Prof. 33 f., 47, 143, 340 Targum 24, 69, 327, 353, 431
science 45 f. Tarshish 133
'sea'=West xv, 158 Tel el-Amama Tablets xliii, 139,
Sea, the Salt 169 458 ff.
'sea-monsters' 15 'tell' 187
'self-same day' 108, 203 ' tender ' 299
Seir 320, 344 Tennant, Dr F. R. 66
'set' 14 Tennyson 73
Sethites, the 83 f., 89 f. tenth, tithe 177, 296
Shakespeare 207, 309, 324, 368, Terah xxxvi
404 teraphim xiii, 313
Sheba 135, 264 terebinth 157, 166, 337
Shechem 425 'to this day' xiv, 238
shekel 248 Tiamat 5, 43, 448 f.
Shem 129, 141 f., 154 Tigris 34
shepherds xiv, 413 t6ht2 va-bhohu 4
Shiloh I, 430 f. Torah ix, xlvi
Shinar 137, 146 ' tree of life,' the 3 1
 INDEX
'unawares' 335 'west' 158
Ur of the Chaldees 152, 188 ,Westcott, Bp xxxii, 184
Uru-sa!im (=Jerusalem) 176 Wiclif, 345
Uz 142 'wild ass' 195
'windows of heaven' 107
' vessels ' 391 word of God 6, 155
vizier 383, 470 f.
vow 295 Xisuthros xxxvi

'walk with God, to,' 85, 197 Zaphenath-paneah 379

'ward' 368 Zebulun 305, 432
' weigh, to ' 249 Ziggurat 145 f.
'well-stricken' 207, 250 Zoar 164, 217
Wesley, Charles 323
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