SPECIAL SECTION ON KEY ENABLING

TECHNOLOGIES FOR PROSUMER ENERGY MANAGEMENT

Received September 10, 2020, accepted September 27, 2020, date of publication October 22, 2020,
date of current version December 3, 2020.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3033058

Comparative Study of SVC and STATCOM

Reactive Power Compensation for Prosumer
Microgrids With DFIG-Based
Wind Farm Integration
JUN QI1 , WENBIN ZHAO2 , AND XIAOYAN BIAN1 , (Senior Member, IEEE)
1 Dispatch and Control Center, Inner Mongolia Power (Group) Company Ltd., Hohhot 010051, China
2 College of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
Corresponding author: Wenbin Zhao ([email protected])
This work was supported by the Shanghai Science and Technology Project under Grant 16020501000.

ABSTRACT Uncertainties of renewable energy sources like wind power are one of the considerable
challenges of prosumer microgrids. To meet the grid codes requirements regarding the voltage stability of
wind farm integration, finding the balance between providing the demanding dynamic performance of the
voltage and reactive power, and at the same time decreasing the investment on centralized reactive power
compensation device, becomes an important research topic. This article compares the effects of the static
synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and static VAR compensator (SVC) on transient voltage stability at
the point of common coupling (PCC) of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)–based wind farm. And
a new fast coordinated control scheme of STATCOM and DFIG is proposed for minimizing the capacity
of centralized reactive power compensation device and making the best use of the reactive power control
capability of DFIG. The simulation results based on test system show that STATCOM, even with less
capacity, can contribute more reactive power than SVC for voltage stability, especially during the serious
voltage drop transient stage, and perform a faster voltage recovery time after fault than SVC, proved to be a
more economic choice; The proposed coordinated control scheme can not only improve the transient voltage
stability, but also help reducing the capacity of STATCOM, so that the cost of investments in wind farms
would be reduced.

INDEX TERMS DFIG, STATCOM, SVC, coordinated control.

I. INTRODUCTION Currently, installing dynamic compensation devices at the

Recently, renewable wind energy has been developed rapidly point of common coupling (PCC) is an important way for
and it becomes the third electricity source of China. However, wind farms to achieve dynamic reactive power compen-
a lot of large-scale wind farms integrate to power grid brings sation [3]–[5]. Centralized dynamic compensation devices
great influence on voltage stability of main network [1], [2]. mainly include static VAR compensator (SVC) and static
To reduce this negative influence, the grid codes always synchronous compensator (STATCOM) [3]–[11]. The per-
require that wind farm provides the capability of dynamic formance of these two devices has its own pros and cons,
voltage control by continuously adjusting reactive power and a number of research has been conducted in the past few
supplied to the power system. Consequently, the dynamic years. The comparison study of SVC and STATCOM at the
reactive power compensation capability becomes an essential performance and the contribution to the stability of the wind
requirement for wind farm. How to achieve the goal with the farm has been shown in [10]–[12], in which, SVC and STAT-
most efficient manner becomes an important research topic. COM with same rating are applied to wind farm based on
fixed-speed induction generators (FSIG). Literatures [7]–[9]
show that STATCOM providing dynamic reactive power sup-
The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and port, the system voltage can be established shortly after grid
approving it for publication was Bin Zhou . fault, and the transient voltage stability will be improved.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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Literatures [13], [14] show that the rotor-side converter (RSC)

of DFIG possesses obvious superiority in improving transient
voltage stability of wind power system with voltage control
mode than unity power factor control operation during a slight
voltage drop.
Considering the cost of centralized reactive power com-
pensation device, making the best use of the reactive power
control capability of DFIG is a feasible solution to minimize
the capacity of these expensive devices. To eliminate the dete-
rioration and to make best use of both STATCOM and DFIG FIGURE 1. DFIG wind power system.
reactive power ability, the coordination method between
them is desirable. Very few researchers presents coordinated
control strategy for DFIG and STATCOM. Researches [15]
and [16] only consider the coordination between the RSC
and GSC of DFIG for voltage regulation and reactive power
support. However, in case of serious grid faults, the RSC is
blocked, the DFIG starts to absorb reactive power from the
system, and GSC cannot guarantee the grid reactive power
demand. For solving above problems, [17], [18] utilizes
STATCOM to provide dynamic voltage support, the tran- FIGURE 2. Control block diagram of RSC.
sient voltage stability is improved. Unfortunately, the GSC
contribution is not taken into account, which would result value, a bypass single is immediately inserted to RSC and
in a higher capacity of STATCOM installed, so does the then the RSC will be blocked.
investment still high.
In this article, the performance of SVC and STATCOM is A. WIND POWER MODEL
compared by simulation test firstly. Then a new coordination A wind turbine is a device which extracts energy from
method is proposed for reactive power control of DFIG and the wind and then the energy is transformed into mechan-
STATCOM, the RSC, the GSC and STATCOM supplying ical energy driving the generator. According to Betz,
reactive power to the grid coordinately, and the DFIG is the theoretical power extracted from the wind is calculated
fully utilized and prior to activating the STATCOM. To ver- by:
ify the effectiveness of the proposed control method, it is
also applied to different working conditions for simulation 1
Pm = ρCp (λ, β)AV 3 (1)
testing. 2
This article is structured as follows. The model of wind
farm turbine is described in Section II. The comparison of where, ρ (kg·m−3 ) is the density of air, A(m2 ) is the area
SVC and STATCOM is described in Section III, which con- covered by the wind turbine rotor blades, V (m/s) is the wind
sists of the models of SVC, STATCOM and the studied case. speed, Cp is the power efficiency of a wind turbine, which is a
Section IV presents a new coordination control scheme and nonlinear function of the tip speed ratio λ and the blade pitch
case study. The advantage of the proposed coordination con- angle β. λ is the ratio between blade tip speed, vt (m/s), and
trol has been analysed and verified based on several scenarios wind speed at hub height upstream of the rotor, vw (m/s).
of system short circuit faults. The conclusions are stated in
Section V. B. CONTROL MODEL OF DFIG
The DFIG control system mainly consists of two parts, i.e, the
II. MODELING OF WIND GENERATOR control of RSC and GSC. Using vector control can realize
The topology of DFIG system is shown in Figure 1. The decoupling control of active power and reactive power of
wind turbine is connected to the DFIG through a drive train DFIG wind power system.
composed of a low-speed shaft and a high-speed shaft. The The RSC controller is used to regulate the stator reactive
stator windings of the DFIG are directly connected to the power and reactive power. Figure 2 illustrates the vector
low-voltage side of the step-up transformer. The rotor wind- control scheme of the RSC. A double-loop control method
ings of the DFIG are connected to the grid via a back-to-back has been used, which consists of outer power loop and inner
converter which controls the rotor frequency and speed. The current loop. The power control loops generate the refer-
back-to-back PWM converter consists of two pulse-width ence values of the d- and q-axes rotor currents for the cur-
modulated voltage source converters, the RSC and the GSC, rent control loops. Here, the optimal active power reference
linked by a DC bus. The Crow-Bar is used to protect DFIG Pref is obtained from specific maximum power point track-
and RSC, including voltage limitation and over current pro- ing (MPPT) control. When the DFIG feeds into a weak power
tection. If the rotor current exceeds the maximum allowed system, the Qref can set to a non-zero value so that RSC can

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FIGURE 4. Control block diagram of pitch angle.

FIGURE 3. Control block diagram of GSC.

provide reactive power to support the voltage. idref and iqref

can be used to obtain udref and uqref , respectively.
Grid side converter control diagram is shown in Figure 3.
The main purpose of GSC is used to regulate the dc-link
voltage. The GSC control system can independently control
the active power (DC voltage) and reactive power by control-
ling the q-axis and d-axis currents, respectively. In order to
decrease the current and losses in DFIG, the reactive refer- FIGURE 5. STATCOM control model.
ence Qref is usually set at zero. However, the GSC control
can also be designed to rapidly respond to the reactive power
required by the grid for voltage supporting. Even if the fault
becomes so heavy that the RSC has been blocked, the GSC
can also supply reactive power.

C. PITCH ANGLE CONTROLLER

The pitch angle control is triggered to limit the increase of
rotor speed when the wind speed exceeds its rated value,
the control block diagram of which is shown in Figure 4.
The pitch controller is employed in the system using a FIGURE 6. SVC control structure diagram.
PI controller. When wind speed is below the rated speed,
β = 0◦ . When the wind speed is higher than the rated wind
speed, the actual rotor speed signal is compared with the
reference signal to form the error signal, which is passed SVC control structure is shown in Figure 6, where K , T1 ,
through a PI controller. Then the pitch angle will increase to T2 , Tc , Tj , Tj are the gain and time constants of the voltage
prevent the rotor from overspeeding. controller, respectively. After comparison of the PCC voltage
and reference voltage, the error signal is the input of the
III. COMPARISON OF SVC AND STATCOM voltage controller to generate the trigger signal of the signal
A. MODELING AND CONTROL OF STATCOM generator, i.e., PSVC . According to the trigger signal, the
STATCOM is a fast-compensating reactive power source SVC signal generator decides to switch TSC and calculate
that can provide real-time voltage control, and improve firing angle to adjust the SVC output reactive power. Thus
both power factor and system voltage stability, which can the PCC bus voltage can be controlled by SVC in the desired
also assist in quick recovery after contingency events. range.
A STATCOM is built with a type of voltage-source con-
verter (VSC), a dc capacitor, and a coupling transformer C. TEST SYSTEM SIMULATION AND DISCUSSION
which connects the VSC in shunt to the power network. 1) SYSTEM SIMULATION
The structure and control model is shown in Figure 5. The The test power system is the IEEE 3-machine 9-bus system,
STATCOM is used for controlling the voltage at the PCC as shown in Figure 7. In these simulation, the synchronous
in the desired range, to which the STATCOM is connected. generator (SG) G3 is replaced by a large wind farm. It consists
The reactive power supplied to the power grid can be con- of ten individual wind turbine generators (WTGs). Each indi-
trolled, by controlling the ac output voltage magnitude of the vidual wind turbine is equipped with a 5 MW DFIG whose
STATCOM, Vstat . parameters are shown in Table 1. For each WTG, the capacity
of GSC is 2MVA. The rated voltage of the three-winding
B. MODELING AND CONTROL OF SVC transformers is 30kV, 3.3kV, 0.69kV, respectively. The STAT-
A thruster controlled reactor (TCR) and thruster switched COM or SVC would be separately connected to PCC point
capacitors (TSC) configuration of the SVC is used in this through step-up transformer for voltage regulation and reac-
analysis. The SVC works in voltage control mode, and an tive power support during wind speed variation and grid

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FIGURE 7. Configuration of the test power system.

TABLE 1. DFIG parameters.

FIGURE 9. Performance of the wind: (a) PCC bus voltage; (b) Reactive
power of compensations.

STATCOM performs better. This is because STATCOM

responses faster and can provide more reactive power
than SVC at the same capacity, as shown in Figure 9(b).
Although it does not cause any system transient instability
in this case study, system can becomes the scale of wind
farms.

3) CASE TWO: GRID FAULT

In this study, a momentary three-phase fault happens at the
FIGURE 8. Combined wind speed. bus 8 in Figure7 at the time of 1s for 0.15s. In order to
prevent the rotor protection Crowbar device from repeated
movements for the rotor winding current, the Crowbar will
fault. The DFIGs are assumed to be operated at unity power be set out of operation 0.5s later.
factor (UPF) control mode. (1) Three distinctive reactive power control strategies are
simulate; namely, system voltage control with SVC, with
2) CASE ONE: WIND SPEED VARIATION STATCOM and without any compensation. A STATCOM
As shown in Figure 8, the combination of constant wind, and SVC rated at 10Mvar are separately installed at PCC.
gradient wind, gust wind and dry wind are used to evaluate As shown in Figure 10(a), STATCOM performs the better
the performance of SVC and STATCOM. The constant wind compensation to bring the system voltage back to normal.
is set as 10m/s. The gust wind starts at the time of 5s and And the STATCOM can provide approximately 26Mvar of
lasts for 5 seconds, with the wind peak at 16m/s. The gradient reactive power after the fault is cleared while SVC can
wind at the speed of 1m/s begins to rise at the time of 15s only provide 9Mvar reactive power and fail to reestablish
for 5 seconds, then the wind speed drops to 10m/s suddenly. the system voltage recovery. It is because STATCOM can
A STATCOM and SVC rated at 15Mvar are respec- provide up to 264% of the rated output for 2 seconds-rapidly
tively installed on PCC bus for comparison. For simplicity, restoring transmission system voltage [11]. In this case,
the DFIG operates at almost unity power factor. the installed capacity of SVC is not enough for voltage
With the prescribed wind speed variation, the dynamic recovery.
performance of the voltage at PCC is shown in Figure 9(a). (2) In this case, A STATCOM rated 10Mvar and SVC rated
Without any reactive current injection by reactive power 20Mvar are separately installed on PCC bus. Figure 11 shows
compensation devises, the voltage at the PCC voltage fluc- that, with the increased rating for the SVC capacity, the volt-
tuates when wind speed varies. Though both FACTS devices age sags do not change significantly during the fault, but the
can improve the stability condition of the grid voltage, voltage recovery process is considerably shortened. The volt-

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FIGURE 10. Dynamic performance of SVC and STATCOM with same

capacity: (a). PCC bus voltage; (b). Reactive power provided by SVC and
STATCOM.

age recovery time and reactive power generation for both the
20MVar SVC and 10MVar STATCOM are comparable. This
indicates that, for the same transient stability, the capacity
of STATCOM is generally smaller than SVC. In this case,
the percentage of installed capacity of STATCOM and SVC
is 1:2.
FIGURE 11. Performance of different compensation capacity: (a) PCC bus
voltage; (b) Reactive power of compensations; (c) Reactive current of
IV. COORDINATED CONTROL APPROACH OF STATCOM compensations.
AND DFIG
The main purpose of coordinated control of DFIG and
STATCOM is to give full play of the DFIG’s reactive abil-
ity, and to reduce the reactive power compensation devices
equipped. The reactive power coordinated control model is
shown in Figure 12. Measurement model measure the PCC
bus voltage in real-time, and the voltage controller which
is formulated based on a proportional and integral (PI) con-
troller generates the reference of the reactive power, Q. If the FIGURE 12. Coordinated control mode.

capacity of the GSCs is insufficient for the command of the

reactive power, Q-Qg_max >0, the reactive power reference
value of GSC, Qg_ref = Q, reactive power distribution A. COORDINATION CONTROL SIMULATION RESULTS
will be sto; If Q- Qg_max <0, Qg_ref = Qg_max , then start In this study, simulation results for the operation of the
the second layer assignment. First, determine whether the induction generators and the stabilization by the coordinated
crowbar is act or not, if failure is very serious, leading to control under different degrees of voltage drop and voltage
crowbar act, RSC will be blocked, DFIG will be lost reactive rise are presented and discussed. STATCOM rated 7.5Mvar
power regulation capabilities, the reactive power reference of is installed on PCC bus.
STATCOM, Qs_max = Q-Qg_max ; If the crowbar is not act, For comparisons, the wind farm has been simulated with
judge the difference between 1Q = Q-Qg_max and stator 3 different control strategies considering possible scenarios
side capacity of reactive powe Qr_max , if it is greater than with different voltage dips swells. Strategy A: the DFIG
zero, Qr_ref = Qr_max , STATCOM bear the remaining of operate in unity power factor; Strategy B: the DFIG operate in
reactive powe; If the difference is less than zero, that is mean, unity power factor, and a 15 MVA STATCOM is installed at
the stator side can bear all the remaining reactive power, the PCC bus to support the grid voltage; Strategy C: the wind
so Qr_ref = Q-Qg_max . farm adopts the proposed coordinated control strategy which

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FIGURE 13. PCC bus voltage. FIGURE 15. PCC bus voltage.

FIGURE 14. Reactive power of reactive resources:(a) Reactive power of

GS;(b) Reactive power of DFIG stato;(c)Reactive power of STATCOM.

is described in Section 5, with 7.5Mvar STATCOM installed FIGURE 16. Reactive power of reactive resources: (a) Reactive power of
on PCC bus. GS; (b) Reactive power of DFIG stator;(c) Reactive power of STATCOM.

B. SCENARIOS WITH 40%∼1s VOLTAGE DIPS

In this study, the symmetrical voltage sagging of 40 % is 0.65pu, an increase of 11.21% during the grid fault, compared
created by a temporary three-phase circuit fault at t=1 sec- to unity power factor operation. What is more, when the fault
ond, and the fault is cleared after 1 second. Figure13 plots is cleared, and the PCC voltage can be reestablished more
transient time-response curves of the PCC voltage with shorten. During this grid fault, the crowbar does not act, but
Strategies A and C. By adopting coordinated control strategy, reactive power demands are relatively large. Figure 14 can
the converters are assumed to be sufficiently robust to provide be illustrated that GSC provide 13MVar and the DFIG stator
all the reactive power demands of the grid, as shown in Fig- side issued about 18MVar reactive power; STATCOM does
ure 14. As a result, the voltage is increased from 0.58pu to not provide any reactive.

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15Mvar, as shown in Figure 16. What is more, with the coor-

dination, the installation capacity of STATCOM is reduced
to 10Mvar. From our simulation analyses, we can conclude
that the proposed controller not only can reduce voltage sag
and assist voltage in quick recovery, but also can reduce the
installed capacity of dynamic compensation devices. In this
case, the RSC is blocked; DFIG has the same behavior as a
typical induction generator at this moment.

FIGURE 17. PCC bus voltage. D. SCENARIOS WITH 30%∼0.3s VOLTAGE SWELLS
This scenario has a 30% voltage rise, fault duration of 0.3s.
Figure17 plots transient time-response curves of the PCC
voltage with Strategies A and C. As shown in Figure17, the
GSC loses stability when adopting Strategy A during normal
operation, which causes the DC bus voltage to rise. Then the
wind turbine is disconnected from the grid. While adopting
Strategies C, nearly 40MVar of inductive reactive power is
sent out by STATCOM, as shown in Figure 18. Besides,
GSC sends 11MVar of inductive reactive power to the grid
to support the fast recovery of grid voltage due to excessive
grid reactive power surplus.

V. CONCLUSION
This article has investigated different reactive compensation
equipment to enhance the PCC voltage regulation in both
steady state conditions and grid faults. Then a novel coordi-
nated control model about reactive power is presented. The
conclusions are drawn as follows:
Compared to the SVC, the STATCOM can provide more
reactive power under the same compensation position and
capacity, as well as faster voltage recovery. In order to achieve
the same effect, SVC is required to install with much larger
capacity than STATCOM. STATCOM is perhaps a more eco-
nomic choice.
The reactive power coordinated control strategy can pro-
vide enough reactive power effectively to ensure system tran-
sient voltage stability for different degrees of voltage dips.
Moreover, the capacity of STATCOM will be reduced which
saves the cost of investment significantly.

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