Basic

Occupational
Safety and Health
(BOSH) Manual

1
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
MODULE TOPIC PAGE
Company Profile 4
Course Details 10
Course Outline 11
1 Introduction to Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) 14
Global OSH Conditions 15
Philippine OSH Conditions 19
Introduction to HIRAC (Hazard Identification, Risk 29
Assessment and Control)/ Role of Safety Officers
Unsafe Acts and Unsafe Conditions 32
Basic Work Accident Causation 30
2 Workplace Hazards - Hazards Identification
Safety Hazards 36
Health Hazards 51
Evaluation of Risks and Hazards 74
Work Environment Measurement
Medical Surveillance 82
Risk Assessment – Hazard Identification, Risk 105
Assessment and Control (HIRAC)
Control Measures of Health Hazards 112
Control Measures of Safety Hazards 123
Housekeeping
Fire Safety
Machine Safety
Materials Handling and Storage
Electrical Safety
Job Hazard Analysis
3 Accident Investigation 140
4 Safety Inspection 147
Workshop on HIRAC
5 Communicating Occupational Safety and Health 154
6 Response to OSH Issues and Concerns
1. Workplace Emergency Preparedness 161
2. Employees Compensation Program 169
3. OSH Legislations 174

2
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 RA 11058 – An Act Strengthening Compliance
with Occupational Safety and Health Standards
and Providing Penalties for Violations Thereof
DOLE Department Order No. 198 – 18
4. Development of an OSH Program 187
Roles of Supervisor in Safety
Re-entry Planning 206

REFERENCES
The Occupational Safety and Health Standards (Philippines)
Republic Act 11058 – Strengthening Compliance with Occupational Safety and Health
Standards and Providing Penalties for Violations – July 24, 2017
Department Order no. 198 Series of 2018 – Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic
Act No. 11058 Entitled “An Act Strengthening Compliance with Occupational Safety and
Department Order no. 183 Series of 2017 – Revised Rules on the Administration and
Enforcement of Labor Laws
Labor Advisory No. 4, series of 2019
DTI and DOLE Interim Guidelines on Workplace Prevention and Control of COVID-19
RA 9514- “Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008”
Employee Compensation Program
OSHC BOSH Manual

3
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 COMPANY PROFILE

“ We must be the change we wish to see in the world.”

—Mahatma Mohandas Gandhi
There’ is enough for everyone’s need but not enough for everyone’s
greed.
—Mahatma Mohandas Gandhi

Armed with this guiding principle and responding to the Challenges that confronted many organizations
during the Asian Financial Crisis in 90’s, a group of multi-talented social entrepreneurs led by Ms. Ma.
Luisa (Elo) Lopez answered the call to be the “change agents”. The basic problems were how to keep
business afloat and how to sustain employment as a result of re -engineering and downsizing in almost all
of the industries. Upon recognizing these, was the realization that the ideal strategy was to equip
institutions with the competitive and fresh knowledge and new skills to enhance business sustainability
and growth. Hence, the Business Enterprise and Career Mentors, Inc. (BECMI) was born.

BECMI is a pool of creative and socially oriented consultants and trainers who possess expertise in such
areas as organizational management, human resource management, financial management, and
marketing management, as well as corporate and cooperative governance.

BECMI, founded as a social enterprise, continues to service the needs of over Eighty five (85) social
enterprises and business organizations with a labor force of over 150,000, it is anchored on the basic
precept that companies are the business drivers and job generators so a balance must be created between
human resource and business stability. As such, BECMI is one of the few, if not the only one of its kind.

We have previously worked with the International Labor Organization (ILO), and actively participate d in
the Bishops-Businessmen Conference for Human Development-Cluster on Labor and Employment (BBC-
CoLE), as well as in the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) Quick Response Team.

Purpose
• To improve the quality of the local workforce both at the corporate and commun ity level
employment and eventually contribute to the increase in local employment
• To facilitate the improvement of and provide guidance to business enterprises in the ultimate of
creating more jobs.
• To provide career and business mentoring services to Filipino Overseas and the local workforce.

4
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
Approach
We run various values-based, market-driven, culture-sensitive, and strategic programs that focus on the
development and management of human resources in order to achieve cost effectiveness, high
productivity, and industrial peace.

We create, design, and implement programs which will address current issues related to career and
employment. All these are innovative, non-traditional, and “out of the box” solutions. Utilizing a holistic
perspective, it centers on developing self-driven motivation and core skills training required of an
individual for his marketability in the job market retention. The basic thrust is behavioral competency in
all interventions.

Mentoring Programs & Services

These are carried out through the following services:

CAREER COACHING:

This covers the philosophy and perspective of a career to enable the participant to understand the concept
of a career and it’s relevance in his life. It covers the areas of:

•Preparedness – which will prevent mismatching of a person and a job requirement;

•Retention – which covers value formation and skills upgrading to improve the chances of the
employee being retained in his job/ company;
• Transition – which prepares the employees for an eventual transfer, retirement, or moving out of
the company;
• Outplacement – which assists those who have retired or who are out of jobs to find new
employment or develop their entrepreneurial skills.
ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: This achieved through

• Organization Profiling – wherein culture sensitive programs are designed and developed to
simplify work processes and structures;
• Change Orientation – applied through effective mentoring of decision makers in leadership,
management, and organizational skills;
• Mentoring for Work – whereby the community and the company is involved in creating a highly
motivated and productive (market driven and skilled) workforce;
• Risk Management Program – This is specifically on job contracting and outsourcing arrangement.
• Design customized OD Programs that will suit the requirements of the company/ institution and
are innovative, indigenous and practical. Companies are assisted in simplifying processes,
systems, and structures through training and mentoring of personnel on change management at
all levels within the company. This culture sensitive OD Programs are given to companies who are
in the direction of re-inventing, streamlining, and re-engineering their organizational processes.

5
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
Our current service offerings, the highlights of which follow, fall under three broad categories. These are:
(1) Career discovery and learning programs; (2) Corporate management consultancy; and (3) Cooperative
development and management consultancy.

Career Discovery and Learning Programs

We believe that true learning and genuine self-improvement begin only when one has knowledge of the
self, and design our programs accordingly. These programs are intended to motivate participants to strive
for excellence, enhance their efficiency, and develop a strong work ethic.

For supervisors and managers

• Effective mentoring in the workplace

• Creating your value in the workplace
• Leadership and team-building
For rank-and-file workers

• Discovering fulfillment in life and in work

• Managing your needs and simplifying lifestyle
• Discovering a career that fits your passion and core values
• Discovering the entrepreneur in you
• Discovering your value in the workplace
• Work appreciation and employees right / Labor standards education
• Financial wellness
Corporate Management Consultancy

These programs aim to assist both managers and workers to develop strategic thinking and to deal
effectively with both day-to-day and long-term organizational changes in a manner that is consistent with
their corporate philosophy, their business objectives, and rapidly changing industrial and economic
realities.

• Leadership and workplace synergy-building

• Career development programs for active employees
• Career outplacement program for retiring and retrenched employees
• Career option after- Local & Overseas Work
• Organizational transition management
• Community relations management program
Cooperative Development and Consultancy

The alarming failure rate of cooperatives prompted the company to share our expertise in developing
nontraditional, mainstream culture sensitive cooperatives so as to promote collective entrepreneurship
and equitable wealth distribution among ordinary workers, as we hope to see more Filipinos become self-
reliant and successful entrepreneurs.

6
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 • Development of cooperatives as nontraditional, mainstream businesses
• Cooperative governance training for members and officers
• Cooperative restructuring and rehabilitation
Management of Job Contracting & Subcontracting arrangements with Non
Traditional Social Enterprise Contractors
BECMI pioneered the concept of social enterprise engage in service/ job contracting so as part of its
advocacy to secure jobs for workers who would otherwise be subject to five -month term limits due to
operational constraints on the part of companies. We have mentored several cooperatives that have since
become competitive and reputable players in the job contracting sector & social entrepreneurs in the
form of private and corporately owned.

Years after our trailblazing efforts, job contracting and subcontracting arrangements with have steadily
risen in the country, as more and more companies have to deal with changing industry -wide realities. Our
extensive experience in the field tells us, however, that contracting can only be a viable, successful
solution to the extent that all parties involved—namely the principal, the cooperative contractor, and the
workers—are cognizant of and compliant with the regulatory framework governing job contracting
arrangements and adherence to the trilateral principle of equal protection to labor, contractor and
principal. Developed contractor be a responsible employer.

Anything less than full observance of the law, as existing jurisprudence shows, can be perilously costly for
the principal, because it will be held jointly and solidarily liable with the cooperatives should the
arrangement between them be deemed an instance of labor-only contracting.

Many job contracting and subcontracting arrangements have failed and will continue to fail because those
who enter into such arrangements need to be equipped with the right knowledge to delineate roles and
responsibilities, and to ensure compliance with all requirements.

BECMI offers risk assessment, retraining, and strategy-building programs in order to help companies and
contractors safeguard themselves from any legal dangers and to develop the best practices for handling
job contracting and subcontracting arrangements with preferably developed enterprises driven
contractors.

Our Clients
Partial List of Corporate clients:

• Abensons Group of Companies

(Waltermart, Asti, Aserco, Electroworld, Homeplus, Abea, etc.)
• Alcantara Group of Companies (Lima Land, Sarangani, Eagle Ridge, etc.)
• C.C. Unson Corporation and Ramcar, Inc. (now Oriental and Motolite Corporation)
• Café France

7
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 • Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc.
• San Miguel Group of Companies
• Dole-fil
• Kimberly-Clark Philippines, Inc.
• Don Bosco / Mapua
• Miriam College
• Forever Flawless Face and Body Center, Inc.
• LBC Hari ng Padala
• California Manufacturing Corporation
• Jollibee Group of Companies
o Jollibee
o Jollibee Worldwide Services
o Chowking
o Greenwich
o Red Ribbon Bakeshop, Inc.
o Zenith Foods
o Mang Inasal
o Burger King
Social Enterprise driven
• Jobcon Worx, Inc.
• Williams & William Human Resource Specialists Corp.
• Mentoring for Work Services, Inc.
• Integrated Community Workforce Solutions, Inc.
• Jolly Management Solutions, Inc.

Cooperative clients
• Blue and Gold Ventures Multi-Purpose Cooperative / Miriam College Retirees
• Cannery Multipurpose Cooperative
• Darbci
• Dole-fil Pinesavers Cooperative
• Fusion Service Cooperative
• Genesis Transport Cooperative
• JFC Employees’ Multi-Purpose Cooperative
• Philippine Army Finance Center Producers Integrated Cooperative
• Piandré Salon Employees’ Cooperative
• Progressive Skills Multi-Purpose Cooperative
• Staff Search Asia Service Cooperative
• Unified Engineering Coop, Partner of Dole Fil
• Alcantara Group Employees Cooperative
• San Miguel Plastic Employees Coop

8
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
Training Programs
• Discovering Fulfillment in Life and in Work
• Managing your needs and simplifying your Lifestyle
• Creating your Value in the Work place
• Building synergy among employees
• Effective Mentoring in the Workplace
• Effective Internal and External Customer Relations Management
• Non-violent communication and effective conflict resolution in the workplace
• Labor Relations Management for Coop Job Contracting Personnel
• Developing and Implementing, a Culture Sensitive Recruitment Program
• Managing Career Outplacement Program
• Understanding Regulatory Context of Cooperative Job Contracting
• Understanding Cooperative as an effective mechanism for employee relations program
• Output based Performance Appraisal System
• Occupational Safety and Health Training
o Basic Occupational Safety and Health Training
o Construction Safety and Health Training
o Loss Control Management
o Safety Program Audit Training
o 8 Hour Basic Occupational Safety and Health Training
o 2 Hour Trainer's Training
o Behavioural Based Safety Program Training

Contact Person:
Ms. Ma. Luisa T. Lopez Mr. Nestor C. Lopez
President and Managing Director Finance Director and
0917 833 2305 Business Consultant
0917 821 2672
Atty. Danilo Patron Atty. Romeo Montefalco
Legal & Finance Consultant Legal Consultant on Labor Relations
0917-326 2283 0917-6225714
Mr. Jimmy Ryan Garcia Ms. Nenita Fernando
Training Consultant Training Consultant
0917 809 3430/ 0932 961 3354 0917 314 9829

Ms. Kathrina Paula T. Lopez- White

Training Consultant
US based
__________________
Resident OHS Consultant
Accreditation Number : ________________________
Validity : ____________________

9
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 COURSE DETAILS

COURSE TITLE: BASIC OCUPATIONAL SAFETYAND HEALTH TRAINING

TYPE OF COURSE: Prescribed/ Mandatory; Basic

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

The Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Course is the mandatory 40-hour
course for Safety Officers 2 whc are involved in the implementation of the company’s
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Program as required by Republic Act 11058 and
Department Order (DO) No. 198-18. It aims to equip participants with the basic knowledge and
skills on identifying safety, health workplave interventions aligned to the company’s mission,
vision and OSH policies and programs.

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
GENERAL OBJECTIVE: Provide the particicants with the basic knowledge, skills, concepts and
principles of occupational safety and Health (OSH) in order for them as safety officers to formulate
and implement with other members of the Safety and Health Committee their company’s
Occupational Safety and Health Program as required by RA 11058.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the 40-hour training, the participants will be able to;
- Identify the existing and potential OSH hazards and determine their effects on workplaces,
workers, their families, and communities;
- Determine the responsive control masures or specific hazards;
- Explain the roles of safety officers in effective implementation and management of the
companies’ OSH programs;
- Highlight the relevance of communicating OSH through various platforms;
- Understand the different components of an OSH program; and
- Develop a re-entry plan specific to their workplaces

COURSE OUTLINE:
• Introduction and the need for OSH;
• Workplace risk assessment;
• Accident causation and investigation;
• Integrating activity;
• Communicating OSH
• Responses to OSH issues and concerns
METHODOLOGY:
• Lecture series, Safety Workshops. Blended Learning Options include Instructor Led
Content, Videos Showing, Group Discussions, Problem Solving/analysis and Group
presentation or re-entry plan grouping discussions.
TARGET PARTICIANTS: Safety Officers 2, members of Safety and Health Committee,
managers and owners

DURATION: 40 hours ( 4 or 5 days)

10
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
BASIC OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH TRAINING
COURSE OUTLINE

TIME DURATION TOPICS

AM-DAY 1
8:00 – 8:30 0.5 Registration
8:30 – 9:00 Opening Ceremony
- Invocation
0.5 - National Anthem
- Welcome Message
9:00 – 10:30 Introductory Session: BOSH Framework
- Intro of Participants Expectations
1.5 - House Rules
- General Course Objectives
- Training Design
10:30 – 10:45 0.25 Break
10:45 – 12:00 Module 1: Why the need for OSH?
A. OSH Situationer
B. Roles of Safety Officers
1.25 C. Intro to HIRAC (Overview of the Risk
Assessment as basis of training
design)
D. Difference between Safety and
Health Hazards
E. Unsafe Acts / Unsafe Conditions
PM-DAY 1
12:00 – 1:00 Lunch Break
1:00 – 3:30 Module 2: Workplace Risk Assessment
1 – Hazards Identification
A. Hazards Identification – Safety
Hazards
2.5 1. Hazards due to poor housekeeping
2. Fire Hazards
3. Electrical Hazards
4. Machine Hazards
5. Hazards from improper materials
handling
3:30 – 3:45 0.25 Break
3:45 – 5:00 Module 2 I 1 – B: Hazards Identification –
Health
1.25 Hazards (Industrial Hygiene)
1. Physical
2. Chemical
3. Biological
4. Ergonomics

TIME DURATION TOPICS

AM-DAY 2
11
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 8:00 – 8:15 0.25 Unfreezing Activity
8:15 – 10:15 Review
2 Workshop 1 – Hazard Identification
(Based on Video)
10:15 – 10:30 0.25 Break
10:15 – 12:00 1.5 Module 2 I 2 – Evaluation of Risks and
Hazards
A: Work Environment Measurement
PM-DAY 2
12:00 – 1:00 Lunch Break
1:00 – 3:15 2.25 Module 2 I 2 B – Medical Surveillance
- Biological Monitoring
3:15 – 3:30 Break
3:30 – 5:00 Module 2 I 2 – C: Workplace Risk
1.5 Assessment
Workshop 2 – Risk Assessment
(Continuation of Workshop 1)
TIME DURATION TOPICS
AM-DAY 3
8:00 – 8:15 0.25 Unfreezing / Review
8:15 – 10:00 1.75 Module 2 I 3 – Development of Control
Measures
A. Control Measures of Health Hazards
1. Engineering
2. Administrative
3. Personal Protective Equipment
10:00 – 10:15 0.25 Break
10:15 – 12:00 1.75 Module 2 I 3 – B: Control Measure of Safety
Hazards (with JHA)
I. Engineering
II. Administrative
III. Personal Protective Equipment

PM-DAY 3
12:00 – 1:00 Lunch Break
1:00 – 2:00 1 Workshop 3 – Control Measures
(Continuation of Workshop 1-2)
2:00 – 5:00 2.75 Module 3: Accident Causation: Risky
Workplace and Risky Workers I Accident
Investigation
- Accident Causation (review)
(including - Dangerous Occurrences, Imminent
break-15 mins) Danger, Work Stoppage Order
0.25 - Accident Investigation (Computation
of FR/SR; accident documentation to
EC logbook)

TIME DURATION TOPICS

AM-DAY 4
12
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 8:00 – 8:30 0.5 Unfreezing Activity / Review
8:30 – 9:00 3.25 Module 4: Integrating Activity
- Conduct of OSH Inspection (Video)
(Including - Workshop on HIRAC
break-15 mins) - Presentation of workshop output
- Analysis and Feedback
PM-DAY 4
12:00 – 1:00 Lunch Break
1:00 – 3:00 2 Module 5: Communicating OSH
- Training of Trainers
- Facilitation of Toolbox Meeting
and OSH Committee Meetings
3:00 – 3:15 0.25 Break
3:00 – 5:00 1.75 Module 6: Responses to OSH Issues and
Concerns
1 – Workplace Emergency Preparedness
TIME DURATION TOPICS
AM-DAY 5
8:00 – 8:30 Unfreezing Activity / Review
8:30-10:00 Module 6 I 2 – Employees Compensation
Program
10:00 – 10:15 0.25 Break
10:15 – 12:00 1.75 Module 6 I 3 – OSH Legislations (RA 11058,
DO 198 – 18, Other OSH issuances, Rule
1960, rights of workers)
PM-DAY 5
12:00 – 1:00 Lunch Break
1:00 – 3:30 2.5 Module 6 I 4 – OSH Program Development
- OSH Program Template
- OSH Program Development
workshop with DOLE reportorial
requirements
3:30 – 3:45 0.25 Break
3:45 – 5:00 1.25 Post Test
Re-Entry Planning
OSH Realization and Learnings
General Evaluation
Closing Program

13
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
MODULE 1 – INTRODUCTION TO OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY AND HEALTH/ WHY THE NEED FOR OSH

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the session, the participants will be able to;

- Understand the importance of OSH
- Be aware of the current OSH situation and furtue direction in the national scene
and globally;
- Understand the concept of risk assessment and its three main processes -
identifying workplace hazards, evaluating risks to workers’ safety and health
and controlling the risk at an acceptable level; and
- Understand the basic work accident causation theories.

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (OSH) is a discipline with a broad scope

involving three major fields – Occupational Safety, Occupational Health and Industrial
Hygiene. OSH encompasses the social, mental and physical well-being of workers, that
is, the “whole person.” (ILO ITC)

THE MAIN FOCUS OF OSH ARE THE FOLLOWING:

1. People
2. Environment
3. Materials
4. Equipment
5. System

BOSH FRAMEWORK

1. WHY THE NEED FOR OSH?

• OSH Situationer
• Roles of Safety Officers
2. WORKPLACE RISK ASSESSMENT
• Hazards identification
• Evaluation of Risks and Hazards
• Control Measures
3. ACCIDENT CAUSATION: Risky Workplace and Risky Workers
• Dangerous occurrences, imminent danger situations
• Accident Investigation
4. OSH INSPECTION
• Conduct of OSH Inspection
5. COMMUNICATING OSH
• Training of Trainers (TOT)
6. RESPONSES TO OSH ISSUES AND CONCERNS
• OSH Programming and Legislations

14
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
THE BOSH TRAINING LEARNING ROAD MAP:

1. Day 1 BOSH Framework Why the need for OSH Workplace Risk Assessment:
Hazards Identification
2. Day 2 Workplace Risk Assessment: Evaluation of Risk and Hazard
3. Day 3 Workplace Risk Assessment: Control Measures Accident Causation
4. Day 4 OSH Inspection Integrating Activity (Plant Visit) Communicating OSH
5. Day 5 Responses to OSH issues and concerns: OSH Programming & Legislations;
Emergency Preparedness; EC Program; Re-Entry Planning

THE TRAINING RULES ARE THE FOLLOWING:

1. Be punctual (start time - consensus of the participants).

2. Certificates of Completion for participants with complete attendance and
participation for five (5) days as well as submission of ALL training requirements
and output
3. Sign the AM and PM Attendance Sheets.
4. Smoking is not allowed inside the training room, smoke at designated smoking
area.
5. Keep cellular phones on silent or vibrate mode.
6. As much as possible, avoid eating while session is going on.
7. In cases of emergencies, always inform the training staff when you need to leave

TRAINING METHODOLOGIES ARE THE FOLLOWING:

1. Lectures
2. Discussions
3. Video showing
4. Actual OSH inspection (Integrating Activity)
5. Sharing of knowledge, skills and experiences
6. Group work / workshops with outputs
7. Presentation of outputs
8. Icebreakers / Energizers

OSH SITUATIONER

OSH Situationer International and National OSH Data

Session Objectives:

At the end of the session, the participants will be able to:

1. Explain the current Philippine OSH situation;
2. Describe the OSH situation in their own workplaces;
3. Enumerate the roles of safety officers play in OSH implementation.
4. Identify the risk assessment steps/processes and
5. Define unsafe / unhealthy acts and conditions.
15
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
The need for occupational safety and health (OSH) are the following:
• Moral Obligation – “Duty of Care”.
• Economic Impact – Economic gain or loss.
• Societal Expectation – Society expects that any undertakings will not affect
adversely the health and safety of the community.
• Legal Requirement – OSH is mandated by law
• Every worker has the right to a SAFE and HEALTHY workplace!

The GLOBAL OSH DATA shows that: (Source: International Labor Organization)

1. There are 270 million work-related accidents 160 million occupational diseases
(causing more than 4 days absence)
2. Average of 5,000 people die everyday due to work-related accidents every year
3. 355,000 fatal work-related accidents every year (half occur in agriculture; other
high-risk sectors: mining, construction and commercial fishing)
4. 4% (or over 1.2 million USD) of the world’s GDP is lost due to occu pational
diseases and accidents
5. 12,000 children are killed on the job annually

The practical approach of the Global OSH Coalition is demonstrated by its immediate
continuation of the Task Group (TG), which produced the update of the global estimates
of occupational accidents, diseases and costs presented at the Congress in Singapore.
The figures announced by the ILO in Singapore were a result of research by Finland,
Singapore, the EU, and the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH),
with the support of ILO (1) (see figure below). This TG will develop more detailed data
and evidence, as well as indicators to allow for knowledge-based and unified focusing of
resources to implement existing strategies, such as the EU.

OSH strategic framework and modernization programme.If the imbalances of work life
are not eliminated, the SDGs will not be achieved.Most of the means, research
knowledge, information, methods, skills, and human and financial resources to reach the
ambitious objectives are available somewhere in the world. They need to be taken into
use and shared with all, particularly
those with the greatest need. In addition to the challenges of global governance and
adoption of international OSH standards, this is also the challenge of global information
collection and aring that is needed in order to learn from good practices that are
necessary to achieve the required balance.

16
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
ILO osh statistics

According to estimates, the burden of occupational mortality and morbidity is not equally
distributed across the world. About two-thirds (65 per cent) of global work-related mortality
is estimated to occur in Asia, followed by Africa (11.8 per cent), Europe (11.7 per cent),
America (10.9 per cent) and Oceania (0.6 per cent). This reflects the distribution of both
the world’s working population and hazardous work, as well as differing levels of national
economic development. The rates of fatal occupational accidents per 100,000 workers
also show stark regional differences (Figure 1), with those in Africa and Asia between 4
and 5 times higher than those in Europe (Hämäläinen et al, 2017).
Figure 1: Accident fatality rates per 100,000 persons in the labor force, by region, 2014

20.00
18.00
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
17
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 EUROPE AMERICA OCEANIA
TOTAL ASIA AFRICA

There are also differences in relative contributions of various causes of work-related

mortality by region (Figure 2), though this is also affected by differences in reporting and
recording. Developed countries appear to have a higher proportion of work-related
mortality from cancers (over 50 per cent) and a much smaller proportion from
occupational accidents and infectious conditions (under 5 per cent). Africa has the highest
relative share of work-related communicable diseases (over a third) and occupational
accidents (over 20 per cent) and lowest for cancers (less than 15 per cent) (Takala et al,
2017).

These regional differences in work-related deaths and diseases reflect the multiple and
multi-faceted national, social, political, demographic and occupational differences
between countries and regions globally. They also reflect different capacities to manage
health and safety issues in workplaces and different capacities of national governments
to effectively put in place and enforce health and safety rules. While there has been a
long-term fall in occupational accidents, in global terms this has been offset by the
increase in occupational injury fatalities as a result of the growing share of production to
rapidly industrially progressing countries, particularly in Asia (Takala et al, 2014).
Occupational accidents and work-related diseases have a substantial global impact.
While underreporting of OSH data often undermines its reliability, the data here suggests
that this impact varies according to where workers live and work, reflecting inequalities in
their exposure to risks.
To see more readings on Global OSH Conditions, do the needful to see the following;
https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/ed_protect/protrav/safework/documents/publication/wcms_687610.pdf

https://www.ilo.org/legacy/english/osh/en/story_content/external_files/fs_st_1-ILO_5_en.pdf
18
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
The Philippine Situation
2017/2018 Integrated Survey on Labor and Employment(ISLE) - Part 5 Occupational
Safety and Health Practices: 2017
TOP FIVE PREVENTIVE & CONTROL MEASURES/ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY
ESTABLISHMENTS

• Among the total 32,288 establishments employing 20 or more workers covered by

the survey in 2017, 98.1 percent had conducted various preventive and control
measures/activities to protect workers from unnecessary danger and harm in their
workplaces.
• Posting of safety signages or warnings was the most common measure/activity
practiced among all establishments at 86.4 percent.
• Other top measures/activities commonly conducted were: smoke-free workplace
(85.4%); emergency preparedness and response activities for earthquake, fire,
chemical spills, etc. (84.2%); appointed safety/health officers and/or first-aiders
(81.3%); and regular inspection and maintenance of equipment (80.4%).

TOP 5 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (OSH) POLICIES/PROGRAMS

IMPLEMENTED IN ESTABLISHMENTS

• To ensure occupational safety and good health conditions among the employees in
establishments, 95.3 percent of the total establishments had implemented various
OSH policies/programs in 2017.
• Fire prevention and control program was the topmost OSH policies and programs
conducted in 82.6 percent of the total 32,288 establishments.
• Other top OSH policies/programs include drug-free workplace policy/program
(77.0%); emergency response preparedness program (75.1%); accident prevention
program (68.4%); and monitoring/surveillance of occupational and work-related
injuries and illnesses (63.5%).

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH–RELATED TRAININGS/SEMINARS

• By conducting agency, the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) conducted 45.1 percent
of the recorded OSH-related trainings/seminars. (Figure 1)
• 39.2 percent OSH–related trainings/seminars were also conducted by the company
itself; and by the Occupational Safety and Health Center/OSH Net with 24.5 percent.
• About two out of three establishments (69.1%) in 2017 had conducted various OSH-
related trainings/seminars. Fire safety training was the most common among the
trainings/seminars which accounted in 51.9 percent of the establishments. This was
followed by 40-Hour Basic OSH Training and Emergency Preparedness with 41.9
percent and 32.3 percent of establishments, respectively.

19
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
ESTABLISHMENTS WITH DESIGNATED HEALTH AND SAFETY PERSONNEL

• Establishments have designated different health and safety officers in the

implementation of their OSH preventive/control measures and OSH policies and
programs. For all industries in 2017, 85.7 percent of the total establishments have a
designated health and safety personnel.
1. Across industries, wholesale and retail trade industry had the highest share of
establishments with designated health and safety personnel in 2017 with 20.3
percent; followed by manufacturing at 16.1 percent and accommodation and food
service activities at 11.4 percent.
• Trained first-aiders were the most designated health and safety personnel among
establishments with 81.3 percent. This was followed by safety officers with 46.2
percent and occupational health nurses with 25.0 percent. (Figure 2)

20
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 21
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 22
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
Scenarios in the Philippines over 41.5 million+ employed Filipinos (January 2018) both
in the formal and informal sectors, 57% services sector; 25% agriculture; 18% industry
sector (mining, manufacturing, construction etc.) 3.5 million government employees

On August 17, 2018 President Rodrigo Roa Duterte signs the law (RA 11058)
protecting the Filipino workers from the danger of his / her employment through the
provision of a safe working environment, safe procedures, materials and equipment and
the maintenance of a healthy workforce.

On the other hand, the OSHC launches the VISION 1 MILLION: BE AND OSH
CHAMPION
PROGRAM

It is a dynamic, holistic, and sustainable program that aims to develop OSH Champions
(advocates) beginning in 2018 until 2022.
The Program to continue create and raise awareness, understanding and passion for
OSH among Filipinos and increase the number of OSH advocates will help achieve
decent work and accident and illness free workplaces in the Philippines

GOALS OF THE PROGRAM

1. Develop OSH Champions (advocates) from all sectors.
2. Increase the level of recognition and respect for OSH as essential to the
productivity & sustainability of any enterprise.

KEY LOCAL OSH DATA SOURCES:

(Source: https://psa.gov.ph/tags/integrated-survey-labor-and-employment)
• 2017-2018 Integrated Survey on Labor and Employment (ISLE)
• Work Accidents/Illnesses Report (WAIR) Summary – mandatory reports of
companies
• NSO Household Survey Data
• OSHC Database

LABOR INSPECTION DATA: (OSH INSPECTION RESULT BY BWC)

CY 2016 Inspection Results CY 2017 Inspection Results

1. 24, 589 Est. = 40.72% OSH Deficiency 1. 22,555 Est.= 37.13% OSH
Deficiency
2. 41, 995 Est. = 69.55% OSH Overall compliance 2. 40,574 Est.=60.80% Overall
Compliance

THE 2017/2018 INTEGRATED SURVEY ON LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT (ISLE)

(Source: https://psa.gov.ph/tags/integrated-survey-labor-and-employment)

23
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
A total of 38,235 occupational accidents occurred in 2017. These work-related accidents
were reported by about 16.3 percent of the total 32,288 establishments employing 20 or
more workers in 2017.

As a result of workplace accidents, about 46,283 cases of occupational injuries were

recorded in 2017. Both cases of occupational accidents and cases of occupational injuries
in 2017 were comparatively lower by 14.5 percent and 9.2 percent, respectively from
2015. (Figure 1)

Among cases of occupational injuries, about 43.9 percent were non -fatal cases with lost
workdays while about 1 percent were fatal cases. More than half of all occupational
injuries (55.1%) were accounted to cases of injuries without lost workdays.

By industry, manufacturing accounted for the highest share of occupational injuries at

49.7 percent of the total cases. Far second was wholesale and retail trade; repair of
motorcycles at 11.4 percent, followed by administrative and support service activities at
7.2 percent share.

MEASURES OF SAFETY PERFOMANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES

The frequency rate in 2017 was registered at 1.75 percent. Approximately, there were 2
cases of occupational injuries with workdays lost reported per 1,000,000 employee-hours
of exposure.

24
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
The incidence rate in 2017 was posted at 4.27 percent which indicates that there were
around 4 cases of occupational injuries with workdays lost per 1,000 workers.

The severity rate was recorded at 9.68. This means that about 10 workdays were lost in
cases of occupational injuries resulting to temporary incapacity per 1,000,000 employee-
hours of exposure.

CASES OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES WITH WORKDAYS LOST BY

CLASSIFICATION

TYPE OF INJURY

Superficial injuries and open wounds were the most common type of occupational injuries
with more than half or 50.8 percent of the total cases reported. This was followed by
dislocations, sprains and strains with 12.0 percent and fractures with 10.7 percent.

PART OF BODY INJURED

Wrist and hand were collectively recorded as the most injured part of body accounting for
35.9 percent. Lower extremities and arm and shoulder came next with 18.7 percent and
17.6 percent, respectively.

CAUSE OF INJURY

The leading cause of work-related injury in establishments was stepping on, striking
against or struck by objects, excluding falling objects (36.3%). Other causes of injury
include caught in or between objects (21.0%) and falls of persons (10.5%).

AGENT OF INJURY
25
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
The top three (3) agents of injuries in 2017 were machines and equipment (26.2%);
materials and objects (24.4%); and hand tools (18.3%).

MAJOR OCCUPATION GROUP

By major occupation group, 30.2 percent of the total 20,797 cases of occupational injuries
with workdays lost in 2017 affected plant and machine operators and assemblers. Injuries
to service and sales workers; and elementary occupations followed at 19.3 percent and
18.7 percent, respectively.

OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES

Occurrences of occupational diseases in establishments employing 20 or more workers

accounted to 101,851 cases in 2017. This was a decrease of 19.1 percent from 125,973
reported cases in 2015. (Figure 3)

Topmost work-related diseases suffered by workers was back pains with 31.3 percent.
Other most prevalent occupational diseases experienced were essential hypertension
(15.5%) and neck-shoulder pains (11.4%).

26
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
Workers engaged in administrative and support service activities reported the highest
share of cases with occupational diseases with 31.8 percent. Followed by manufacturing
industry (28.9%) and wholesale and retail trade; repair of motorcycles (9.6%).
DATA ON OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES (BWC)

Indicator 2003 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015

Superficial Injuries and 11, 609 10,517 9,045 11,140 12,765 10,042
Open Wounds
Fractures 1,927 1,839 1,356 2,082 1,497 1,572
dislocations, Sprains 3,336 2,366 2,085 2,460 2,004 2,254
and Strains
Traumatic Amputations 547 234 194 220 317 228
Concussions and 1,048 694 589 953 576 880
Internal Injuries
Burns, Corrosions, 2,300 2,065 1,781 2,073 1,538 1,509
Scalds and Frostbites
Acute poisonings and 221 750 665 229 242 245
Infections
Foreign Body in the Eye 1,848 1,565 1,558 1,471 1,253 1,101
Others 430 356 451 7 510 28
TOTAL CASES 23, 265 20,386 17,713 48,957 49,118 50,961

DATA ON OSH - WORK-ALERT ACCIDENT REPORT

Indicator 2003 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015

Work-Related 20,603 13,296 28,574 45,572 88,454 78,716
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Occupational 5,028 5,965 5,644 4,374 9,381 6,196
Dermatitis
Occupational Asthma 6,742 8,759 4,906 3,652 8,914 8,363
Infections 7,825 6,517 3,482 3,773 6,395 3,559
27
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 Tuberculosis - - 2,921 4,505 3,670 3,320
Heat stroke, cramps, 631 577 633 1,044 1,792 1,078
exhaustion
Cardiovascular 1,454 854 767 2,030 1,679 1,567
Diseases
Deafness 510 172 320 868 296 309
Chilblain, frostbite 150 112 37 99 268 321
Cataract 634 284 140 309 218 314
Acute Poisoning 202 189 192 91 125 -
TOTAL CASES 55,143 47,235 71,894 85,483 171,78 127,973
7

RISK ASSESSMENT CONCEPTS & PROCESS

A careful and systematic examination of what can cause harm in the workplace. It involves
three main processes; identifying workplace hazards, evaluating risks to workers’ safety
and health and controlling the risk at an acceptable level.

HAZARD AND RISK

Hazard: Any source of potential damage, harm, or adverse health effect on people.
Risk: A combination of the probability of occurrence of a hazardous event and the
severity of injury or damage to the health of people caused by this event.

RISK ASSESSMENT STEPS

EUROPEAN AGENCY OF SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORK
1. Identifying hazards and those at risk
2. Evaluating, prioritizing risks
3. Deciding on preventive action
4. Taking action
5. Monitoring and reviewing

ROLE OF HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVES

1. Identify hazards
2. Decide who might be harmed and how
3. Evaluate the risks and decide on precautions
4. Record your significant findings
5. Review your assessment and update if necessary

ROLES OF SAFETY OFFICERS (AS PER SECTION 14 OF DOLE DO 198 S18)

a) Oversee the overall management of the OSH program in coordination with the
OSH committee;
b) Frequently monitor and inspect any health or safety aspect of the operation being
undertaken with the participation of supervisors and workers;
c) Assist government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection at any
time whenever work is being performed or during the conduct of an accident

28
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 investigation by providing necessary information and OSH reports as required by
the OSH standards; an
d) Issue Work Stoppage Order (WSO) when necessary based on the requirements
and procedures provided by the OSH standards.

HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
Process of finding and identifying: - hazardous agents (situations, products etc.)
that could contribute or lead to an occupational accident or/and disease and the
group of workers and others (non-employees, visitors, clients etc.) who might be
affected by these hazards.
A risk assessment must be carried out before the start of work (routine and non-
routine), covering hazards and risk factors related to:
1. Equipment: workplace lay-out, machines, hand tools, software and
hardware, tables or chairs;
2. Product: dangerous substances, heavy loads and sharp or warm objects;
3. Environment: temperature, light, noise, climate, vibrations, air quality or
dust;
4. Organization: procedures, tasks, working hours, breaks, shift systems,
communication, team work, contact with visitors, social support or
autonomy;
5. Human: attitude, knowledge, training, experience and skills.

WORKPLACE HAZARDS
1. The harm results in some kind of injury to the worker.
2. Working conditions where harm to the workers is of an immediate & violent
nature.
3. Result in broken bones, cuts, bruises, sprains, loss of limbs, etc.
4. Associated with poorly guarded or dangerous equipment & machinery.

HEALTH HAZARDS
1. Working conditions which result in an illness
2. Often, latency between exposure & disease
3. Exposure to dangerous substances or conditions such as chemicals, gases,
dusts, noise, etc.

EVALUATION OF RISK
RISK ＝ PROBABILITY or LIKELIHOOD OF EVENT × SEVERITY or IMPACT OF HARM

29
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 Data Source: OSHC BOSH Manual

Probability or Likelihood – the chance that the foreseeable hazard event will happen.
Usually quantified by a numerical value.

Severity or Impact – the degree or level of harm. Usually qualified by a descriptive value.

HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS – the systematic application of suitable controls to

effectively eliminate the hazard from the source or to minimize its effect to an acceptable
level.

Data Source: OSHC BOSH Manual

30
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
UNSAFE AND UNHEALTHY ACTS AND CONDITIONS

THE UNDERLYING CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS

1. Lack of Safety Awareness
2. Lack of Skill
3. Shortcut or Deviation from the Standard & Procedures
4. Complacency or Over Confidence
5. Negligence

WORKSHOP

GROUP EXERCISE: IDENTIFICATION OF UNSAFE/UNHEALTHY ACTS AND

UNSAFE/UNHEALTHY CONDITIONS
1. Each group will designate a facilitator and reporter
2. Each member will identify unsafe acts/conditions in own workplace
3. Workshop: 10 minutes
4. Presentation: 5 minutes / group
5. Comments from other groups: 5 minutes

ACCIDENT-An unintended or unplanned event that may or may result in property

damage, personal injury, work process stoppage or interference or any combination of
these conditions.

TWO TYPES OF ACCIDENT COSTS:

1. INDIRECT COSTS

▪ Lost Time: Injured Worker,

Supervisor
▪ Spoiled Product
▪ Unhappy customers
▪ Cleanup Time
▪ Schedule Delays
▪ Training New Employees
31
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 ▪ Overhead Costs
▪ Legal Fees
▪ Increase in Insurance Cost

2. DIRECT COSTS

▪ Medical Costs
▪ Compensation
▪ Wasted raw materials
▪ Damaged property / equipment

THE COMMON REASONS FOR THE CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS

Lay man’s version :

▪ ‘Oras na kasi niya, hayaan na siyang mamahinga!’

▪ ‘Ang malas naman niya!’
▪ ‘Tanga kasi niya!’
▪ ‘Kasama sa trabaho yan!’

These are not real causes - - -

only EXCUSES

Accidents are caused they don’t just happen

Let’s check this:

32
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 ACCIDENT CAUSES
IMMEDIATE CAUSES BASIC CAUSES
SUBSTANDARD SUBSTANDARD PERSONAL JOB FACTORS
PRACTICES CONDITIONS FACTORS -Inadequate
-Operating -Inadequate guards or -Inadequate leadership or
equipment without barriers capability supervision
authority -Inadequate or improper - Physical/physi -Inadequate
-Failure to warn protective equipment ological engineering and
-Failure to secure -Defective tools, - Mental/psycho planning
-Operating at equipment or materials logical -Inadequate
improper speed -Congestion or -Lack of purchasing
-Disabling safety restricted action knowledge -Inadequate
devices -Inadequate warning -Lack of skill maintenance
-Removing safety system -Stress -Inadequate tools /
devices -Fire & explosion - Physical/physi equipment/materia
-Using defective hazards ological ls
equipment -Poor housekeeping / - Mental/psycho -Inadequate work
-Failing to use PPE disorder logical standards
ANALYSIS

properly -Noise exposure -Improper -Abuse or misuse

-Improper loading -Radiation exposure motivation -Wear and tear
-Improper -Temperature extremes -Others: -Lack of
placement -Inadequate or excess coordination
-Improper lifting illumination -Others:
-Improper position -Inadequate ventilation
for task -Others:
-Horseplay
-Under influence of
alcohol and/or other
drugs
-Negligence
towards instruction
-Failure to
accomplish Permit
to Work
-Failure to
accomplish Safety
Checklist
-Others:

UNSAFE / UNHEALTHY ACT -Is any act that deviates from a generally recognized safe
way or specified method of doing a job and which increases the probabilities for an
accident? It must contain an element of unsatisfactory behavior immediately before an
accident that was significant in initiating the event.

33
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO UNSAFE ACTS:
1. Improper Attitude
2. Physical Limitations
3. Lack of Knowledge or Skills

EXAMPLES OF IMPROPER ATTITUDES:

1. Operating equipment without authority
2. Disregard of SOP or instructions
3. Removing safety devices
4. Not using PPE issued for the job
5. Using defective equipment
6. Horse playing
7. Willful intent to injure
8. Working while under the influence of alcohol or drugs

LACK OF KNOWLEDGE OR SKILL

1. Failure to understand instruction
2. Unaware of safe practices
3. Safe practices are not understood
4. Unskilled or unpracticed

UNSAFE CONDITION-The physical or chemical property of a material, machine or the

environment that may result in injury to a person, damage or destruction to property and
other losses;

EXAMPLES OF UNSAFE CONDITIONS:

1. Inadequate guards/protection
2. Defective tools, equipment
3. Congested / blocked exits
4. Inadequate warning systems
5. Slippery floors
6. Hazardous atmospheric condition
7. Excessive noise
8. Extreme temperature
9. Inadequate illumination/ ventilation
10. Congested / blocked exits
11. Inadequate warning systems
PHYSICAL LIMITATIONS:
1. Defective eyesight
2. Muscular weakness due to fatigue
3. Impaired hearing
4. Short in height
5. Too tall in height
6. Slow reactions
34
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
LACK OF KNOWLEDGE OR SKILLS
1. Failure to understand instruction
2. Unaware of safe practices
3. Safe practices are not understood
4. Unskilled or unpracticed

A FATAL ACCIDENT IS JUST THE TIP OF THE ICEBERG

1 death
10 serious accidents
100 minor injuries
1,000 hazardous occurrences
10,000 unsafe acts or conditions

CAN ACCIDENTS BE PREVENTED?

US / UH
Acts 88%

H. W. Heinrich, Domino Theory

Study of Accidents
• 98 – Preventable
➢ 88% - Unsafe Acts
➢ 10% - Unsafe Conditions
• 2% - Non-Preventable

Domino Theory, “Accident” is one factor in a sequence that may lead to injury

CLEAR POINTS:
1. Accidents and injuries result to losses of lives, limbs, time and property
2. Most accidents at work could have been prevented
3. Every workplace has different hazards, risk, levels of exposure. Tailor fit
your OSH response.
4. Conduct workplace risk assessment th rough hazards identification,
evaluation and control.

35
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
CONCLUSION

1. Both the human and the technical factors of accident causation should be
addressed.
2. A comprehensive OSH program is needed to prevent accidents from happening.

METHOLODOLOGY: Powerpoint presentation, group discussion and video presentation

MODULE 2 – 1A: WORKPLACE SAFETY and HEALTH HAZARDS

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the session, the participants will be able to;

- Determine and understand the existing and potential safety hazards brought
about by housekeeping, fire, electrical, mechanical and materials handing
issues; and
- Determine and understand the health issues and concerns attributable to
exposure to physical, chemical, biological and ergonomic hazards.

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY WORKPLACE HAZARDS

SAFETY HAZARDS -are unsafe working conditions that can cause injury, illness, death
and it is the common workplace hazards
HEALTH HAZARDS -any effective agent, substance situation or condition that directly
attacks the body tissues causing occupational illness
Source: https://www.slideshare.net/safereps/workplace-hazards

HAZARDS ARE IDENTIFIED THROUGH:

1. RISK Assessments, Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)
This is important to conduct when necessary to ensure that all existing and
potential risks are evaluated to determine the probability and severiry outcomes of
these risks.
2. Planned Inspections / Audit
Planned inspections and auditd should be conducted on a regular basis to
determine current safety and health programs need to be revised/ modified to in
order to prevent accidents, injuries and illnesses.
3. Safety Data Sheets
It is important to understand the value SDS of chemicals and substances to be
aware of the precautions that one need to take in the handling and storge of the
chemical and substances.
4. Product Labelling

36
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 The Globally Harmonized System of labelling of products such as chemicals and
subtances shall be carried out consistently even in situations when chemicals and
substances are transferred from one container to another.
5. Class of Hazards, Information and Packaging (CHIP)
CHIP purpose is to protect people and the environment from the effects of
chemicals by requiring suppliers to give information and to package them safely.
6. Workforce Interviews
The concerns of workers on their safety and health can best be extracted by
interviewing workers, who normally will not volunteer information, issues or
concerns on their safety and health,
7. Incident records and statistics
Updating of records and information including statistics need to be updated to be
more useful in making decisions and strategizing for better safety and health
implementation.

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY HAZARDS INCLUDES:

1. Anything that can cause spills or tripping such as cords running across the floor.
Uneven surfaces caused by tripping hazards, abrupt changes in floor elevation and
slippery floors because of spills
2. Unguarded machinery parts that worker can accidentally touch
There should not be any instance that any part of the worker’s body will reach the
point of operation. Machine guards should be in place at all times.
3. Electrical hazards like frayed cords, missing ground pins and improper wiring
Electrical installations need to be maintained as they tend to be deteroriate over
time.
4. Poor Housekeeping
A significant percentage of accidebts that happen is attributable to poor
housekeeping. An effective 5S program will solve a lot of poor housekeeping
issues.
5. Fire
A fire prevenyion program should ensure that at no time will source of heat and
fuel will merge, other fire will definitely start, and the steady supply of heat and fuel
will cause the fire to become bigger.
6. Use of Machine
Preventive maintenance of machines is important to avoid breakdown and
production woes at the safe time ensure safe use of machines and accident-free
workers.
7. Material Handling
Material handling is very much associated with housekeeping. Many accidents are
caused bi inappropriate handling and storage of materials.
8. Electricity
Workers need to have more respect for electricity in order to avoid electrical –
relared accidents and injuries.
9. Confined spaces

37
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 Confined spaces need to be monitored to ensure that safe oxygen leven is present
ang detect possible emission of inert gasses.

HOUSEKEEPING
The 5S, a Japanese concept that aims to optimize time for production, is a very practical,
simple and proven approach to improving housekeeping in the workplace. Housekeeping
is important because it lessens accidents and related injuries and illnesses. It therefore
improves productivity and minimizes direct/indirect costs of accidents/illnesses.
Housekeeping means putting everything in its proper place. It is everybody’s business to
observe it in the workplace.
DEFINING HOUSEKEEPING keeping everything in order and in proper place.

5S is a systematized approach towards organizing work areas every item has its proper
place. Ir is important to have rules and standards so everyone is obiged to obey the 5S
requirements. Maintaining the status quo requires disciplne and a culture of safety and
health, otherwise there will be tendencies to revert to old and unsafe practices.

5S employes workplace organization, whereby processes are reviewed to allow efficient

materials inventory and more effective production flow. At times, work simplification is
carried out by harmonizing operations having more practical production layout. The aims
of 5S is to develop positive attitude among workers and cultivate an environment of
efficiency, effectiveness and economy

5S Philosophy posits that productivity comes from the elimination of waste. It is

necessary to attack the root cause of a problem, not just symptoms. 5S requires that
everybody participates and acknowledge that the everyone is not infallible.

SIGNS OF POOR HOUSEKEEPING

1. Cluttered and poorly arranged areas

2. Materials gathering dust and dirt from disuse
3. Blocked aisleways
4. Material stuffed in corners and out-of-the way places
5. Untidy or dangerous storage of materials
6. Overflow storage areas and shelves
7. Broken containers and damaged materials
8. Presence of items no longer needed or in excess
9. Dusty, dirty floors and work surfaces
10. Tools and equipment left in work areas
11. No waste bins and containers
12. Presence of spills and leaks

38
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
OUTOCMES OF POOR HOUSEKEEPING:

The possible outcomes of poor housekeeping would include a worker being hit by falling
objects and the obstruction on the shopfloor, stairs and platforms can also serve as
tripping hazards. Deposits of dirt, oil, grease and other liquids can cause slipping.

Striking against projecting, poorly stacked items or misplaced material may also happen
because of poor housekeeping. At times, the worsening problem can lead to cutting,
puncturing, or tearing the skin of hands or other parts of the worker’s body on projecting
nails, wire or steel strapping. The possibility of fire and electrocution can never be
disregarded.

DETERIORATING HOUSEKEEPING MAY BE THE FIRST EVIDENCE OF A

DETERIORATING SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM.

UNDER RULE 1060 OSHS

PREMISES OF ESTABLISHMENTS

Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all times thru cleanliness of building, yards,
machines and equipment, regular waste disposal and orderly processes, operations,
storage and filling of materials

THE 5S OF GOOD HOUSEKEEPING

1. Seiri (Sort/eliminate)
2. Seiton (Systematize/organize)
3. Seiso (Sweep/clean/polish)
4. Seiketsu (Sanitize/standardize)
5. Shitsuke (Self-discipline/training

5S PRACTICES IMPROVES THE FOLLOWING:

1. Safety
2. Quality Improvement
3. Efficiency
4. Productivity Improvement
5. Workers feel good in their second home
6. Easy knowledge of process abnormalities
7. Work Improvement
8. Company Image – cleanliness/orderliness/beautification

SEIRI - “Take out unnecessary items and dispose”

Step 1
Look around your workplace and dispose all unnecessary items
Step 2
Set aside items with Disposal Notice decide if they are necessary or not
SEITON - “Arrange necessary items in good order for use”
Step 1
39
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 Eliminate unnecessary items from your workplace
Think of what things should remain in the workplace, taking into account the
flow of work, from the point of view of safe and efficient operation
Step 2
Decide with your colleagues where to put things. The principle is to put most
frequently needed items close to the user.
Step 3
Make a list of things with their location and put it on locker/cabinets and inform
everyone in the workplace.
Step 4
Indicate the places where fire extinguishers are located, passages of
forklifts/carts, and wherever necessary, warnings signs for safety precautions,
etc

SEISO- “Clean your workplace”

The following are suggested for Seiso (Sweep) operation:
1. Do not wait until things get dirty.
2. Clean your workplace, including machines and equipment tools and furnitures,
regularly so that they do not have a chance to get dirty
3. Put aside 3 minutes every day for Seiso (Sweep)

SEIKETSU- “Maintain high standard of housekeeping”

Maintain a workplace that is free from germs and stains. Make a schedule for
thorough cleaning of your workplace.

SEIKETSU is significant for works with food products, pharmaceutical products,

electronic components, etc.

SHITSUKE- “Do things spontaneously w/o being told or ordered”

Make every one practice 4S’s spontaneously and willingly as a habit or a way of life
Practice 4S’s regularly until such time when everyone becomes fond of 5S

5S IS IMPLEMENTED THROUGH:
1. Training
2. Committees
3. Planning
4. Self-diagnosis and objective setting
5. Monitoring
6. Evaluation

5S is sustained through complementing programs such as continuous promotion, us of

mascot, logo, slogan contests. Important safety announcements and dissemination of
best practices can be done through publicity boards, newsletters and during staff
meetings. Having monthly themes will make efforts on safety and health more directed
and focused, e.g. March is fire prevention month, June is school safety, and others.
Perodic safey and health competitions can be held to encourage everyone’s participation
40
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
Companies can also benchmark with other companies in the same industry to have an
idea as to their good housekeeping performance vis-avis other companies or the industry
as a whole. The visist from safety consultants and even form the DOLE’s labor inspectors
is an opportunity to evaluate from a third party perpeftive the effectivnes of the company’s
safety and health policy and program. The recommendations of the Safety and Health
Committee and those of the third party can be plotted by the company in their safety and
health improvements implementation plan.

BENEFITS OF 5S (PQCDSM):
P - Increase Productivity and efficiency
Q - Improve product Quality.
C - Reduce manufacturing Costs.
D - Ensure on-time Delivery.
S - Provide a Safe working environment
M - High Morale. Employees feel good in their second home. Improve company
image.

Any 5S program can only be successful in the presence of management commitment and
employee support. The housekeeping and 5S policy, program and procedures should be
prepared though a consultative process with active participation of workers. Program
implementors and the workers in general need to be trained as to their roles and
responsibilities in implementing the program.

The 5S program has to be evaluated on a regular basis based on objectives and tragets
and if necessary, be modified accordingly. To make the program more exciting, an awards
could be in place.

MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT AND EMPLOYEE SUPPORT:

MANAGEMENT’S ROLE
1. Providing adequate equipment
2. Including housekeeping in the planning of all operations
3. Including maintenance of good housekeeping as part of individual’s job
responsibility
4. Providing clean-up schedule and personnel
5. Maintaining executive supervisory an d interest

THE SUPERVISOR’S ROLE:

1. Maintaining constant check on housekeeping conditions
2. Seeing that employees maintain good housekeeping
3. Having unusual situations corrected or cleaned up immediately
4. Planning for orderliness in all operations
5. Issuing definite instructions to employees
6. Insisting on clean-up after every job

41
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
THE WORKER’S ROLE
1. Follow housekeeping procedures
2. Maintain an orderly workplace
3. Report to supervisors any unsafe condition

CONCLUSION:
As an individual, you can make your work area more pleasant and conducive to working,
thus creating and improving work efficiency, safety and quality of work and products. As
a company,
5S is an integrated approach for production, quality, lower costs, on time delivery, safety,
and morale.
In conclusion, it is not a matter of memorizing Japanese words pertaining to a system of
housekeeping. Wholehearted practice and observance of good housekeeping is what is
important. Surely after reading about this, you will realize the value of good housekeeping
as the most basic step in preventing accidents and avoiding various degrees of losses to
productivity, property, materials and equipment, notwithstanding its human elements.

FIRE HAZARDS

INTRODUCTION

BUREAU OF FIRE PROTECTION (BFP) is the agency responsible for implementing

national policies related to Firefighting and fire prevention as well as implementation of
the Philippine Fire Code (PD 1185), which has been repealed and replaced by the New
Fire Code of the Philippines (RA 9514).BFP is in charge of the administration and
management of municipal and city fire and emergency services all over the country.

Fire hazards are workplace hazards that involve the presence of flame or the risk of an
uncontrolled fire.(source: https://www.safeopedia.com/definition/739/fire-hazards)
Fire hazards includes:

1. Live flames
2. Sparks
3. Hot objects
4. Flammable chemicals
5. Chemicals that can aggravate a fire

Another category of fire hazard are situations and events that impede fire protection and
prevention methods. This can include impediments to firefighting, compromised built-in
fire safety systems, and situations that restrict the escape of people from an affected
building or area in the event of a fire.

42
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
FIRE - is a chemical reaction between a flammable or combustible substance and
oxygen.
It is frequently referred to as “rapid oxidation with the evolution of light and heat.” To
produce fire, three things must be present at the time: Fuel, Heat and Oxygen.

THE ELEMENTS OF FIRE

The Fire Triangle actually, it’s a tetrahedron, because there are four elements that must
be present for a fire to exist. There must be OXYGEN, to sustain combustion, HEAT to
raise the material to its ignition temperature, FUEL to support the combustion and the
CHEMICAL REACTION between the other three elements

THE ELEMENTS OF FIRE

Source: Image from http://jyotifireservices.in/Introduction.aspx

FORMS OF FUEL
• Gas has neither definite shape nor volume and tends to expand indefinitely
(e.g., methane, butane, LPG)
• Liquid assumes the shape of the container in which it is placed (e.g.,
gasoline, kerosene, solvents)
• Solid have a definite shape (e.g., wood, paper, plastic, cloth)
IMPORTANT POINT TO REMEMBER ABOUT LIQUID FUELS
• FLASH POINT – the lowest temperature at which liquid fuel gives off
flammable vapors
• FLAMMABLE LIQUID – a liquid having a flash point below 100°F (37.8°C)
• COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID – a liquid having a flash point at or above 100°F
(37.8°C)

FLAMMABLE LIQUID FLASHPOINT IN°C

1. Gasoline - -42.8
2. Acetone - 20
3. Isopropyl Alcohol - 12
4. Combustible Liquid Kerosene - 37.8
5. Corn Oil - 254

43
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
Note: The lower the flashpoint, the more dangerous a substance is.
The common sources of heat that can lead to fire are electrical system, open flames,
smoking/cigarette butts, hot surface, friction, cutting/welding and electrical sparks.

SOME FACTS ABOUT OXYGEN

Data Source: OSHC BOSH Manual

FIRES CAN BE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE FUEL IT CONSUMES

Data Source: OSHC BOSH Manual

44
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
MODE OF FIRE PROPAGATION (HEAT TRANSFER)

Data Source: OSHC BOSH Manual

THE BURNING PROCESS (STAGES OF FIRE DEVELOPMENT)

Data Source: OSHC BOSH Manual

Fire often leads to deaths because of inhalation of toxic fumes in the form of carbon
monoxide (CO) and hydrogen cyanide (HCn), deprivation of oxygen and backdraft or
smoke explosion.

TOP CAUSES OF FIRE IN THE PHILIPPINES (Source: BFP)

1. Faulty/Overloaded Electrical System
2. Open flames and candles
3. Neglected Electrical Devices/Appliances
4. Liquified Petroleum Gases
5. Smoking and matches
6. Lightning
7. Spontaneous combustion
8. Friction
9. Spark
45
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
TRAGIC FIRE INCIDENTS IN THE PHILIPPINES (Source: BFP)

1. OZONE DISCO FIRE

2. 162 DEATHS plus INJURIES LUNG CENTER FIRE
3. 25 DEATHS plus INJURIES DAMAS de ISLAS de FILIPNAS FIRE
4. 23 DEATHS plus INJURIES QC MANOR HOTEL FIRE
5. 75 DEATHS plus INJURIES NOVO JEANS AND SHIRTS CLOTHING STORE
FIRE
6. 17 DEATHS plus INJURIES KENTEX MANUFACTURING FACTORY FIRE
7. 72 DEATHS plus INJURIES

CONCLUSION

The best way to fight a fire is to prevent it in the first place through education and training,
regular inspection and audit. For equipment and lectrical installations, preventive
maintenance should be a priority. The 5S program should be inclusive of the appropriate
storage of chemicals and flammable substances. Where applicable, permit to work
system, e.g. hot works permit need to be in place and adhered to. If possible, the entire
workplace should be covered by “No Smoking Policy”, otherwise a designated smoking
area is set up.

It is important to use standard electrical parts and reminders such as suitable fuse and
breakers, cable with appropriate resistance level, use of protective device such as
flashback arrestor, GFCI and ELCB and suitable signage at strategic location (e.g. Hot
Work Strictly Prohibited in this Area).

MACHINE HAZARDS

MACHINE- An assembly fitted with, or intended to be fitted with, a driver system other
than one using only directly applied human or animal effort, consisting of linked parts or
components, at least one of which moves, and which are joined together for a specific
application.

Source; https://www.slideshare.net/gauravhtandon1/machine-safety

46
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
WHERE MECHANICAL HAZARDS OCCUR

Data Source: OSHC BOSH Manual

Machines are necessary part of production. The use of machines when unsafely done
can result to serious physical injury and at times, fatality. Hazards associated with
machines include exposed machine parts, work environment, noise and flying items or
parts known as projectile hazards.

Machine operators should be conscious of the different mevhanical motions of machines

and their related hazards. The mechanical motions are rotating or turning around on an
axis or center which produces nip points, e.g. gears which move at opposite direction,
their tangent points are known as nip points.

There is also the reciprocating mortion, whereby there is back and forth movements of
mahine parts. If a work items get loose from a worker’s hand, the backward motions may
cause the item to hit the operator or a nearby worker. Transversing is the continuous
straight-line motion of a machine element in either direction . The little space between the
transversing motion should be guarded at all times.

CONCLUSION

Accidents in the use of machines happen when an individual makes an unwanted contact
with a moving part of a machine, something flies from the machine, machine malfunction,
including mechanical and electrical energy sources failure and inadvertent workpiece
movement during a forming or cutting process.

Accidents due to use unsafe use of machines can result to severe injuries, loss of trained
and skilled employee, loss in productivity and damaged equipment. Prevention of these
accidents can be achieved through training and education, preventive maintenance, use
of standard operating procedures, use of machine guarding, effective supervision, and if
so requires, use suitable PPE.

47
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
MATERIALS HANDLING

MATERIALS HANDLING- A technique which includes the art of lifting, placing, storing or
moving of materials through the use of appropriate handling equipment and men.
➢ Manual Handling ▪ is the of lifting, transporting and packaging of
products using own physical strength. ▪ Hand operated handling,
transporting and packaging of products.
➢ Mechanical Handling ▪ pertains to more rigid, powered and non-
powered mechanics mainly for handling bulky and heavy items
The common hazards associated with materials handling are failure of the lifting
equipment, falling load, collision and being trapped between objects.

As a general rule, manual handling and lifting should be avoided. If this is not possible,
these mistakes should be avoided - bending back, twisting with load, attempting to lift too
much weight (load too heavy), reaching too far, lifting to one side, off – balance shifting,
and failure to use personal PPE, such as gloves, safety shoes.
If precations on manual handling and lifting are not observed, the resulting injuries are
back Injury/ slip disc, hernia, crushed foot / limbs and cuts and abrasions.
CONSIDERATIONS FOR SAFE MANUAL HANDLING

Manual handling and lifting is a function of the load (size, shape, weight and volume),
individual (physical built, training, age and gender), task (pulling, pushing, raising,
lowering and carrying at long distance), environment (floor condition, light condition,
station lay-out) and organization (policy, support system and provision of lifting aid)

The prevention of accidents and injuries when it comes to manual handling and liftng can
be achieved through training and education (manual handling techniques), use of lifting
belt, tandem lifting, use of mechanical lifting aid, use of handle for appropriate grip, and
use of suitable PPE (rubber gloves, safety boots).

INDUSTRIAL TRUCK SAFETY POPULAR MISCONCEPTIONS

1. “Anyone can drive a lift truck.”
2. “They handle just like a car.”
3. “They are easier to drive than a car.”
4. “You don’t need any training to safely drive a fork lift.

PREVENTION OF FORKLIFT TRUCKS RELATED ACCIDENTS

1. Complete inspection of FLT before use.
2. Only trained and competent driver shall operate FLT.
3. Maintain limbs within the confines of the FLT.
4. Maintain suitable speed.
5. Beware of potholes.
48
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 6. A loaded fork goes uphill while on ramp.
7. Lower the fork while not in use.
8. DO NOT raise empty fork while travelling.
9. DO NOT travel forward and backward while load is in elevated position.
10. DO NOT carry passenger.
11. DO NOT obstruct vision.
12. DO NOT carry unsecured load.
13. DO NOT use FLT as elevated work platform
CONCLUSION

Manual handling and lifting of items should be avoided. If manual lifting is inevitable, there
are proper ways of manual lifting to avoid accidents and injuries.

Having more power at times lead to more serious accidents and injuries. The use of
mechanical lifting and handling appliances such as forklift can be doubly hazardous,
hence, the operator would need to follow safe operating procedures in the use of forklifts
and other mechanical means.

ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
ELECTRICITY-A form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles.
Electricity is the flow of moving electrons. When the electrons flow it is called an electrical
current.
ELECTRICAL ACCIDENTS
There are three direct and two indirect types of electrical accidents:
i. DIRECT:
1. Electrocution or death due to electrical shock
2. Electrical shock
3. Burns
ii. INDIRECT:
1. Falls
2. Fire

The causes of electrical accidents in most cases are due to contact with live conductors,
short circuiting, arcs and sparks, overloading, inadequate grounding, non-usage of
standard replacement for electrical items and conducting electrical works in wet
environment.

ELECTRICAL HAZARDS - Electricity is one of the most common causes of fires both in
the home and in the workplace. Electric short circuiting, arcing, sparks, overloading, use
of defective or misused electrical equipment are major causes of electrical fires.

One would be able to surmise if electrical hazards exist with the presence or occurrence
of tripped circuit breakers or blown fuses, warm tools, wires, cords, connections, or
49
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
junction boxes, circuit breaker that shuts off a circuit and worn or frayed insulation around
wire or connection.

Fatalities borne out of electrical hazards happen because of contact with overhead power
lines, not following Lockout/Tagout procedures, contact with live circuits, poorly
maintained extension cords and defective power tools.
Electricity and water don not mix together. Water conducts electric current. The likelihood
of being shock is greatly multiplied in damp locations, and people are also excellent
conductors. Never use electrical equipment in damp or wet areas and Do Not spray water
around any electrical source.

IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES
1. Current (Amperes) is the amount of electricity flow in a conductor.
2. Voltage (volts) is the force which causes electrons to flow in a conductor.
3. Resistance (ohms) is the opposition of a material to the flow of electricity.
4. High Voltage 660 volts or more Low Voltage less than 660 volt

Electrical related accidents more frequently happen in low voltage areas because most
employees work and move around in this area, not all workers have the proper trainings
and experience and low voltage areas are mistakenly treated as less dangerous.

ELECTRICAL SHOCK - An electrical shock is received when electrical current passes

through the body. Electric shock normally occurs in one of three ways. Individuals must
come in contact with both wires of the electric circuit, must come in contact with one wire
of an energized circuit and the ground, and must come in contact with a metal part that
accidentally becomes energized and the ground.

The shock severity for indivuduals would depend on the path of current through the body,
amount of current flowing through the body (amps and duration of the shocking current
through the body. Always remember - LOW VOLTAGE DOES NOT MEAN LOW
HAZARD.

CONCLUSION:

In order to prevent electrical related incidents, information, training, instruction and

supervision (ITIS) collectively, is a frontline approach. Subsequent to this would be the
use of Residual Current Device (g.g. ELCB, GFCI), use of suitable fuse, use of
appropriate cable size and resistance rating, use of double insulated cables and standard
operating procedures.

These approaches should be supported by consistent preventive maintenance and

inspection, requirement for permit systems (LOTO, hot works), and the use of suitable
PPE.

50
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
CLEAR POINTS :
1. Housekeeping is not just keeping your workplace clean and safe but it is an
effective workplace organization.
2. Housekeeping means there is a place for everything and everything is in place.
It is everybody’s business to observe it in the workplace.
3. Housekeeping is important because it lessens accidents and related injuries
and illnesses; it therefore improves productivity, and minimizes direct and
indirect costs of accidents/illnesses.
4. A deteriorating housekeeping may be the first evidence of a deteriorating safety
and health program
5. Lifting and moving things at work is something you probably do every day.
Unfortunately, it’s also an everyday cause of disabling injuries and even deaths!
6. To produce fire, three things must be present at the time: Fuel, Heat and
Oxygen.
7. Mechanical hazards occur:
– at the point of operation,
– power transmission components and
– other exposed moving parts of the machine.
8. Failure to ensure a safe design, proper work procedures, proper servicing and
maintenance of electrical equipment often result in bodily harm or death,
property damage or both

MODULE 2 – 1B: HEALTH HAZARD IDENTIFICATION (INDUSTRIAL

HYGIENE)

SESSION OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the session, the participants will be able to:
1. Explain the principles of Industrial Hygiene
2. Identify health hazards in their workplace
3. To reduce the incidence and mortality of occupational disease.
4. To provide a logical and systematic method to evaluate objectively the problems
as they are recognized.
5. To develop methods of control.
6. To improve working conditions and ensure the safety and health of workers.

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE -is the science and art devoted to identification, evaluation and
control of environmental factors and stresses arising in or from the workplace, which may
cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort among workers
or among citizens of the community. (Source: American Industrial Hygiene Association-
AIHA)

HEALTH HAZARDS- is a condition of a premises, substance, thing, plant or animal other

than man, or a solid, liquid, gas or combination of any of them, that has or that is likely to
have adverse effect on the health of any person. (source: swpublichealth.ca)
51
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
CLASSIFICATION OF HEALTH HAZARDS
1. Chemical
2. Physical
3. Biological
4. Ergonomics

CHEMICAL HAZARDS

A chemical hazard is a type of occupational hazard caused by exposure to chemicals in

the workplace. Exposure to chemicals in the workplace can cause acute or long-term
detrimental health effects.

There are many types of hazardous chemicals, including neurotoxins, immune agents,
dermatologic agents, carcinogens, reproductive toxins, systemic toxins, asthmagens,
pneumoconiotic agents, and sensitizers.

Types of airborne contaminants

• Vapours
• Fumes
• Mists
• Dust
• Gases
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_hazard

Four major routes by which a chemical may enter the body:

• Inhalation (breathing)
• Skin (or eye) contact
• Swallowing (ingestion or eating)
• Injection

Breathing of contaminated air is the most common way that workplace chemicals enter
the body. Some chemicals, when contacted, can pass through the skin into the blood
stream. The eyes may also be a route of entry. Usually, however, only very small
quantities of chemicals in the workplace enter the body through the eyes. Workplace
chemicals may be swallowed accidentally if food, hands, or cigarettes are contaminated.
For this reason, workers should not drink, eat, or smoke in areas where they may be
exposed to chemicals.

Injection is the fourth way chemicals may enter the body. While uncommon in most
workplaces, it can occur when a sharp object (e.g., needle) punctures the skin and injects
a chemical (or virus) directly into the bloodstream.

GHS - an acronym for Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of

Chemicals. The GHS is a system for standardizing and harmonizing the lassificationand
labeling of chemicals. It is a logical and comprehensive approach in:
52
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 1. Defining health, physical and environmental hazards of chemicals
2. Creating classification processes that use available data on chemicals for
comparison with the defined hazard criteria; and
3. Communicating hazard information, as well as protective measures, on labels
and Safety Data Sheets (SDS).

Safety Data Sheet (SDS) - is a document that must accompany all chemicals and is
supplied by the distributor which provides important physical characteristics, ecological,
health, safety and toxicological information on chemical substances or mixture ingredients
used at the workplace, transported, and utilized by consumer

A. Industrial chemicals shall be classified according to the following criteria for

GHS Hazard Classifications:

1. GHS Physical Hazards

a. Explosives
b. Flammable Gases
c. Flammable Aerosols
d. Oxidizing Gases
e. Gases Under Pressure
f. Flammable Liquids
g. Flammable Solids
h. Self-Reactive Substances
i. Pyrophoric Liquids
j. Pyrophoric Solids
k. Self-Heating Substances
l. Substances Which in Contact with Water Emit Flammable Gases
m. Oxidizing Liquids
n. Oxidizing Solids
o. Organic Peroxides
p. Corrosive to Metal

2. GHS Health Hazards

a. Acute Toxicity
b. Skin Corrosion
c. Skin Irritation
d. Eye Effects
e. Sensitization

Environmental Hazards
a. Hazardous to the Aquatic Environment
b. Hazardous to the Ozone Layer

All industrial chemicals shall be labeled with the following GHS label elements:
1. Product Identifier
2. Supplier Identifier
53
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
3. Chemical Identity
4. Pictograms
5. Signal Words
6. Hazard Statement
7. Precautionary Statement

The Safety Data Sheet (SDS) shall be well-communicated and made available
to the workers. It shall have 16 sections containing the following minimum
information:
1. Identification of the substance or mixture and of the supplier
2. Hazards identification
3. Composition/information on ingredients
4. First aid measures
5. Firefighting measures
6. Accidental release measures
7. Handling and storage
54
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 8. Exposure controls/personal protection
9. Physical and chemical properties
10. Stability and reactivity
11. Toxicological information
12. Ecological information
13. Disposal considerations
14. Transport information
15. Regulatory information
16. Other information including information on preparation and revision of the SDS

SECTION 6 B. WORKERS’ RIGHT TO KNOW -This shall cover information on the

hazards in their workplaces, access to training and education on chemical safety and
orientation on safety data sheet of a chemical.

The worker has the right of refusal to work if an imminent danger situation exists in the
workplace that may result to illness, injury or death and until the corrective actions to
eliminate the danger is taken by the employer.
Department Order no. 136-14 series of 2014
guidelines for the implementation of globally harmonized system (ghs) in chemical safety
program in the workplace/oshs

AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS

Airborne contaminants are those materials that are part of the air mixture but are foreign
to the normal state of the mixture. ... These contaminants include gases, vapors, and
particulate matters including dusts, fumes, and mists, which are dispersed as solid
particles in the air.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978081551175550011X

VAPORS
1. Gases formed when liquid evaporates
2. Associated with solvents, adhesives, alcohols, etc.
3. The common organic solvents can be classified as hydrocarbons (toluene),
ketones (methyl ethyl ketone), esters (ethyl acetate), ether (ethyl ether), alcohols
(ethyl alcohol)

Occupational Exposure
1. Degreasing of metals
2. Printing
3. Dry-cleaning
4. Painting
5. Laboratory Analysis

MISTS

55
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 1. Dispersion of liquid particles in the air
2. Suspended liquid droplets when vapor condenses back to liquid
3. Associated with acids, chlorine, formaldehyde, phenols, etc. & processes like
electroplating and spraying
4. Common acids are hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric and phosphoric acids.
Occupational Exposure
1. Wastewater treatment
2. Acids from electroplating
3. Oil mists from cutting & grinding operation
4. Mist from Spray painting operation

FUMES
1. Volatilized solid that condenses when they contact air
2. Very small, solid particles created when hot vapor reacts with air to form an oxide
3. Associated with molten metals & processes like welding, metalizing and coating.
Examples: Lead, Iron, Chromium, Tin and Zinc Fumes

Occupational Exposure
1. Soldering operation
2. Welding
3. Lead-battery making
4. Mining operation

GASES
1. Substances in the gaseous state at room temperature and pressure.
2. They do not have a warning odor at a dangerous concentration.

Occupational Exposure
1. By-product of incomplete combustion (carbon monoxide)
2. Wastewater treatment plant (hydrogen sulfide & chlorine gas)
3. Refrigeration & fertilizer plants (ammonia)
4. Machinery using diesel engine (nitrogen dioxide)

DUST
1. Refers to the suspension of solid particles in air.
2. Dust are classified according to size:
3. Total dust – all dust particles in the area
4. Respirable dust – fraction of total dust which passes through a selector which can
be inhaled and deposited in the lungs

56
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
Occupational Exposure

These dust particles are generated by physical processes such as handling, grinding,
drilling, milling and crushing operations where solid materials are broken down.

Dusts/Particulates
Silica Dust Metal Dust Asbestos Dust

• Building materials such Grinded metal Thermal and acoustic

as stone, bricks & Leaded Paint insulation
concrete
• Fire resistant walls &
Wood Dust partitions
• Asbestos cement sheets &
• Flooring flooring
• Wood fixtures
Data Source: OSHC BOSH Manual

Clear Points
1. Industrial Hygiene is the science and art devoted to the identification, evaluation
and control of hazards.
2. Safety Officer has the role to classify his establishment through proper
identification of the different health hazards as part of the risk assessment process.
3. There are various ways or strategies to identify different health hazards in the
workplace.

PHYSICAL HAZARDS is an agent, factor or circumstance that can cause harm with or
without contact. They can be classified as type of occupational hazard or environmental
hazard. Physical hazards include noise, radiation, extreme temperature, vibration,
extreme pressure and inadequate illumination.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_hazard
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
1. Noise
2. Vibration
3. Illumination
4. Extreme temperature
5. Extreme pressure
6. Radiation

NOISE-unwanted and excessive sound, a form of energy cau sed by the vibration of air

57
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
ARM’S LENGTH RULE- “If two (2) people with no hearing impairment have to raise their
voices or shout to be heard in a distance of less than arm’s length from each other,
thesoundlevelispotentiallyhazardous.”

NOISE LEVELS PREVAILING IN DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES IN THE PHILIPPINES

Manufacturing:
1. Textile Weaving 102-104 dBA
2. Iron and Steel Rolling Mills 94-99 dBA
3. Car Grinding 94-96 dBA
4. Stamping 95-97 dBA
5. Cement Mill Area 100-102 dBA
6. Wire and Cable Stranding 100-102 dBA

Noise Hazard - Anything or activity that has the potential to cause hearing loss and
deafness.

Unwanted sound (noise) can damage physiological health. Noise pollution can cause
hypertension, high stress levels, tinnitus, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other
harmful and disturbing effects.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollution
Know Your Workplace Noise Levels!
If you need to raise your voice to speak to someone 3 feet away, noise levels might be
over 85 decibels. Several sound-measuring instruments are available to measure the
noise levels in a workspace. These include sound level meters, noise dosimeters, and
octave band analyzers.
Noise may be a problem in your workplace if you:
▪ Hear ringing or humming in your ears when you leave work.
▪ Have to shout to be heard by a coworker an arm's length away.
▪ Experience temporary hearing loss when leaving work.
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/noisehearingconservation/

TABLE 1
Noise Levels Prevailing in Different Industries in the Philippines Loudest Task
Tasks (Trade) Average Noise Level Maximum Noise Level
(dBA) (dBA)
Installing Trench 95.8 118.6
Conduit (Electricians)
Operating Work 98.0 116.7
Vehicle (Bricklayers)
Operating Manlift 98.1 117.6
(Operating Engineers)

58
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 Welding, Burning 98.4 119.7
(Ironworkers)
Operating Scraper 99.1 108.6
(Operating Engineers)
Demolition 99.3 112.1
(Laborers)
Laying Metal Deck 99.6 119.9
(Ironworkers)
Grinding 99.7 118.6
(Masonry Trades)
Operating Bulldozer 100.2 112.5
(Operating Engineers)
Chipping Concrete 102.9 120.3
(Laborers)

TABLE 2. 10 LOUDEST TOOLS

Tool description Average Noise Level (dBA) Maximum Noise Level
(dBA)
Welding, Cutting 94.9 122.8
Equipment
Other Hand Power Tool 95.4 118.3
Hand Power Saw 97.2 114.0
Screw Gun, Drill Motor 97.7 123.7
Rotohammer 97.8 113.5
Chop Saw 98.4 117.7
Rattle Gun 98.4 131.1
Stationary Power Tool 101.8 119.8
Powder Actuated Tool 103.0 112.8
Chipping Gun 103.0 119.2
Source: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health
and Community Medicine, University of Washington
https://www.ehstoday.com/ppe/article/21910176/noise-in-construction

VIBRATION

VIBRATION- means rapid movement to and from or oscillating movement.

Mechanical vibrations at work can expose workers to hand-arm vibration (HAV) and or
whole-body vibration (WBV).

• Low frequency or whole body – weaving looms, harvester thresher, tractors.

• High frequency or segmental – hand driven power tools such as chain saw,
portable grinder and polishers

59
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
HAV is caused by the use of work equipment and work processes that transmit vibration
into the hands and arms of employees.

Long-term, regular exposure to HAV is known to lead to potentially permanent and

debilitating health effects known as hand-arm vibration syndrome, such as vibration white
finger and carpal tunnel syndrome.

WBV is caused by vibration transmitted through the seat or the feet by workplace
machines and vehicles.

Regular, long-term exposure to high levels of WBV is linked to lower back pain.
https://www.hsa.ie/eng/Topics/Physical_Agents/Vibration/

1. Low frequency or whole body – weaving looms, harvester, thresher, tractors,

etc.
2. High frequency or segmental – hand driven power tools such as chain saw,
portable grinder and polishers

ILLUMINATION-is the measure of stream of light falling on a surface

Visibility of a workplace as a result of light natural or artificial lumens or lux
For specific illumination requirement, please refer to
Source: OSHS, Table 8c, page 203
There are two types of workplace lighting
1. General lighting
2. Local lighting Natural Artificial
Whether in industrial or office settings, proper lighting makes all work tasks easier and
safer. People receive about 85 percent of their information through their sense of sight.

Appropriate lighting, without glare or shadows, can reduce eye fatigue and headaches. It
highlights moving machinery and other safety hazards. It also reduces the chance of
accidents and injuries from ‘momentary blindness’ while the eyes adjust to brighter or
darker surroundings.

The ability to see at work depends not only on lighting but also on:
1. The time to focus on an object; fast moving objects are hard to see
2. The size of an object; very small objects are hard to see
3. Brightness; too much or too little reflected light makes objects hard to see
4. Contrast between an object and its immediate background; too little contrast
makes it hard to distinguish an object from the background
5. Insufficient light – not enough light for the need
6. Glare – too much light for the need
7. Improper contrast
8. Poorly distributed light
60
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 9. Flicker Poor lighting can cause several problems such as:
A) Misjudgment of the position, shape or speed of an object can lead to accidents
and injury
B) Poor lighting can affect the quality of work, particularly in a situation where
precision is required, and overall productivity
C) Poor lighting can be a health hazard – too much or too little light strains eyes
and may cause eye irritation and headaches
https://www.hsimagazine.com/article/lighting-the-way-to-safety-722/

EXTREME TEMPERATURE
1. Extremes of temperature (low or high) affect the amount of work that man can do
and the manner in which they do.
2. Factors affecting Heat Exposure Thermal factors
- temperature & humidity Physical Workload
- light, moderate, heavy & very heavy Work-Rest Regime

EXTREME PRESSURE
1. Change in the altitude or atmospheric pressure
2. below or greater than normal atmospheric pressure (14.7 psi or 101.325 kpa

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
1. Underwater tunneling
2. Diving
3. Sewage construction
4. Aviation
5. Mining

RADIATION-Is the emission or transmission of energy as waves or moving

particles.
1. Ionizing radiation - radiation consisting of particles, x-rays, or gamma rays with
sufficient energy to cause ionization in the medium through which it passes.
2. Non-ionizing radiation - refers to any type of electromagnetic radiation that does
not carry enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules—that is, to completely
remove an electron from an atom or molecule.

HEAT STRESS
Heat stress occurs when the body cannot get rid of excess heat.
When this happens, the body's core temperature rises and the heart rate increases.
As the body continues to store heat, the person begins to lose concentration and has
difficulty focusing on a task, may become irritable or sick, and often loses the desire to
drink. The next stage is most often fainting and even death if the person is not cooled
down.
61
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
Factors that contribute to heat stress:
1. high air temperatures,
2. radiant heat sources,
3. high humidity,
4. direct physical contact with hot objects
5. strenuous physical activities.
https://ehs.research.uiowa.edu/occupational/heat-stress

Types of Heat Stress

Rash A.k.a. prickly heat, is skin irritation caused by sweat that does not evaporate from
the skin.

Symptoms
1. Clusters of red bumps on skin
2. Often appears on neck, upper chest, folds of skin

Heat Cramps
Are caused by the loss of body salts and fluid during sweating. Low salt levels in muscles
cause painful cramps. Tired muscles—those used for performing the work—are usually
the ones most affected by cramps. Cramps may occur during or after working hours.

Symptoms
1. Muscle spasms
2. Pain

Heat Exhaustion
Is the body's response to loss of water and salt from heavy sweating?

Symptoms
Cool, moist skin, Heavy sweating, Headache, Nausea or vomiting, Dizziness, Light
headedness, Weakness, Thirst, Irritability, Fast heart beat

Heat Stroke
The most serious form of heat-related illness, happens when the body becomes unable
to regulate its core temperature. Sweating stops and the body can no longer rid itself of
excess heat.
Symptoms
1. Confusion
2. Fainting
3. Seizures
4. Excessive sweating or red, hot, dry skin
5. Very high body temperature
https://ehs.research.uiowa.edu/occupational/heat-stress

62
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
The average year-round temperature measured from all the weather stations in the
Philippines, except Baguio City, is 26.6 °C (79.9 °F). Cooler days are usually felt in the
month of January with temperature averaging at 25.5 °C (77.9 °F) and the warmest days,
in the month of May with a mean of 28.3 °C (82.9 °F).
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines

Extreme Pressure
Change in the altitude or atmospheric pressure
❖ below or greater than normal atmospheric pressure (14.7 psi or 101.325 kpa)

Occupational Exposure
1. Underwater tunneling
2. Diving
3. Sewage construction
4. Aviation
5. Mining
Source: OSHC BOSH Manual

RADIATION

Radiation is energy that comes from a source and travels through space at the speed of
light. This energy has an electric field and a magnetic field associated with it, and has
wave-like properties. You could also call radiation “electromagnetic waves”.
https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/radiation/what_is.html

Ionizing radiation - Ionizing radiation is radiation with enough energy so that during an
interaction with an atom, it can remove tightly bound electrons from the orbit of an atom,
causing the atom to become charged or ionized.

Forms of electromagnetic radiation. These differ only in frequency and wave length.
• Heat waves
• Radio waves
• Infrared light
• Visible light
• Ultraviolet light
• X rays
• Gamma rays

Longer wave length, lower frequency waves (heat and radio) have less energy than
shorter wave length, higher frequency waves (X and gamma rays). Not all
electromagnetic (EM) radiation is ionizing. Only the high frequency portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum which includes X rays and gamma rays is ionizing.

Waves
Most of the more familiar types of electromagnetic radiation (e.g. visible light, radio
waves) exhibit “wave-like” behavior in their interaction with matter (e.g. diffraction
63
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
patterns, transmission and detection of radio signals). The best way to think of
electromagnetic radiation is a wave packet called a photon. Photons are chargeless
bundles of energy that travel in a vacuum at the velocity of light, which is 300 000 km/sec.

Particulate
Specific forms of ionizing radiation:
Particulate radiation, consisting of atomic or subatomic particles (electrons, protons,
etc.) which carry energy in the form of kinetic energy or mass in motion.

Electromagnetic radiation, in which energy is carried by oscillating electrical and magnetic

fields traveling through space at the speed of light.

Alpha particles and beta particles are considered directly ionizing because they carry a
charge and can, therefore, interact directly with atomic electrons through coulombic
forces (i.e. like charges repel each other; opposite charges attract each other).

The neutron is an indirectly ionizing particle. It is indirectly ion izing because it does not
carry an electrical charge. Ionization is caused by charged particles, which are produced
during collisions with atomic nuclei.

The third type of ionizing radiation includes gamma and X rays, which are
electromagnetic, indirectly ionizing radiation. These are indirectly ionizing because they
are electrically neutral (as are all electromagnetic radiations) and do not interact with
atomic electrons through coulombic forces.
https://www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/about/what_is_ir/en.

Non-ionizing Radiation.
Non-ionizing radiation is the term given to radiation in the part of the electromagnetic
spectrum where there is insufficient energy to cause ionization. It includes electric and
magnetic fields, radio waves, microwaves, infrared, ultraviolet, and visible radiation.
https://www.who.int/topics/radiation_non_ionizing/en/

THE RISKS OF NON-IONIZING RADIATION

Non-ionizing radiation does not penetrate deep into the tissues but increases the risk of
damage to the skin and eyes

General risks
Dependent on the energy and exposure time, non -ionizing radiation can cause localized
heating, or photochemical reactions can occur with possible permanent harm. Exposure
should therefore be minimized. Inappropriate or incorrect use and a wrong design
increase the chances of physical harm.

Specific risks
Risks with ultraviolet light (UV) (100 – 400 nm)
64
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
Ultraviolet light is emitted by hot light sources such as the sun, filament lamps, halogen
lamps, sun beds, welding arcs (electrical welding) and gas discharge lamps (e.g. mercury
lamps).
Excessive exposure mainly poses a risk for the eyes and skin. Acute effects are sunburn
and cornea inflammation (welder’s flash). Long-term effects are skin cancer, skin
thickening, premature aging of the skin and clouding vision (cataract). Read here which
measures you can take.

Risks for visible light and infrared light (IR) (0.4 - 1000 μm)
During work at high temperatures infrared light is emitted, for example during welding,
forging and glassblowing, or from heat lamps and plasma sources.
The biggest risks are for the eyes and skin. In the infrared area the IR-A area poses the
biggest risk (retinal damage and ashen cataract). IR-B and IR-C are less dangerous but
can also cause cornea damage after prolonged exposure. The eyes are also sensitive for
excessive light. The greatest risk is in the 400-500 nm range ("blue light hazard"). Here
the skin can be burnt. Read here which measures you can take.

Risks with radio wave and microwave fields (10 MHz – 300 GHz)
Sources of radio wave and microwave radiation are high -frequency generators
(gyrotrons, klystrons etc.) and transmitters, microwave ovens, industrial RF heaters, radio
and TV antennae, radar installations and mobile phones. Base stations for cordless
phones are weak sources.

Exposure
Exposure to electromagnetic fields in this frequency range can warm up exposed tissues
because these absorb the radio wave and microwave energy and convert these into heat.
The frequency level determines the depth of penetration into the body.
Warming up by this radiation is the most dangerous for the brain, eyes, genitals, stomach,
liver and kidneys.
How deep the radiation penetrates depends on the frequency? If resonances occur in
parts of the body then the damage can increase.
Worldwide the maximum acceptable radiation level varies from 10 mW/cm2 to 0.1
mW/cm2. FOM adheres to a maximum radiation level of 1 mW/cm2. Read here which
measures you can take.

Risks with low-frequency fields (300 Hz – 10 MHz)

Up to 100 kHz only the induced current density and the internal electric field strength are
important. For exposure to fields with a frequency greater than 100 kHz the specific
energy absorbed is important. The energy is absorbed throughout the body but in differing
degrees.
The threshold value for energy absorption, based on the induced current density and the
specific absorption rate (SAR, W/kg), is 1 W/kg.

Risks for static fields and extremely low frequency (ELF) fields (0 – 300 Hz)
In general, static fields are natural fields such as the earth’s magnetic field and fields
created by friction.
65
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
Examples: fields develop in the direct vicinity of overhead high -voltage power lines and
electrical cables, in industrial electrolysis processes and in superconducting and
conventional magnets (magnetic fields).

Exposure
No biological consequences of static fields have been observed. The most significant risk
is electrical shock if an object is touched.
Static magnetic fields cause slight electrical potential differences in blood vessel s. The
consequences of these are unknown.
Low-frequency variable fields generate electric currents in the body of the same size as
the body generates itself and these can directly activate nerves and muscles. No lasting
detrimental effects are known.

Short-term risks
Artificial parts or aids for the human body such as pacemakers and ferromagnetic
implants (limit value 0.5 mT) can be affected.
Magnetic strips from bank passes, credit cards and computer diskettes (at > 1 mT) can
be wiped.
At flux densities > 3 mT metal parts can be attracted to the magnetic field.

Long-term risks
A lot of research has been done on this. The general picture is that there is no or a very
weak relationship between health and ELF.
https://www.nwo-i.nl/en/personnel/working-conditions/radiation/non-ionising-
radiation/what-are-the-risks-of-non-ionising-radiation/

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS- refer to organisms or organic matters produced by these

organisms that are harmful to human health. These include parasites, viruses, bacteria,
fungi and protein. http://www.oshc.org.hk/oshc_data/files/HotTopic/CB959E.pdf

Sources of biological hazards may include bacteria, viruses, insects, plants, birds,
animals, and humans.
https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/biol_hazards/

Types of biological hazards include:

1. Contact with contaminated or disease-carrying soil, water, feces, animals
(insects, rodents, etc.), or plants
2. Contact with human blood or bodily fluids, which may contain bloodborne
pathogens such as HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C
3. Contact with biting or puncturing organisms
4. Pathogens (bacteria, viruses, protozoa, parasitic worms, mold and other fungi)
and other infectious microorganisms can cause diseases and illnesses, including,
but not limited to: Allergens/sensitizers e.g. pollen, red cedar
66
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
The common cold is an infection of the upper respiratory tract - the nose, nasal passages
and the throat. There are more than 200 viruses that can cause colds. The primary family
of viruses that cause common colds in adults are the rhinoviruses. There are more than
one hundred kinds of rhinoviruses. These are also called "nose viruses", based on a
Greek word "rhino" meaning nose.

Can someone be infected with a cold virus and not show symptoms?
Yes, it is even possible to be exposed to cold viruses and not become infected. When
people are infected, they can be asymptomatic (i.e., showing no symptoms); this is called
a sub-clinical infection since the infection is not causing a disease. Most people with colds
show mild symptoms but severe colds can send one to bed with all the nasty symptoms
of headache, fever, aches and pains all over, stuffy nose and coughing

HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This virus attacks the body’s immune
system, the system which gives our bodies the ability to fight infections. HIV weakens
the body’s ability to fight even the simplest disease.

HIV Infection is the successful entry of HIV in the human body, weakening the immune
system and leading to a variety of diseases.

AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. AIDS is the final stage of
HIV infection characterized by a combination of signs and symptoms. It can take years
for a person infected with HIV, even without treatment, to reach this stage. Having AIDS
means that the virus has weakened the immune system to the point at which the afflicted
individual becomes susceptible to life threatening infections.

How can a person become infected with HIV?

o Specific body fluids (blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breastmilk) from an

HIV-infected person can transmit HIV. These fluids must come in contact
with a mucous membrane, damaged tissue or be directly injected into the
blood-stream for transmission to possibly occur. Other body fluids like
urine, saliva, vomit from an HIV-infected person do not contain sufficient
amount of HIV to cause infection. These are the main ways through which
someone can become infected with HIV: • Having unprotected (no condom
was used) sexual intercourse with someone who is HIV-positive • Having
injection or transfusion with infected blood or blood products. In this case,
HIV enters the bloodstream of another person either during blood
o transfusion, organ donation, puncturing of skin by HIV-contaminated
instruments or sharing unsterilized injection equipment that was
previously used by someone who is infected • From a mother who is
infected to her baby; this can occur during pregnancy, at birth and through
breastfeeding.

Occupational Safety and Health Package from OSHC/ DOLE DO 102-10 - HIV and
AIDS Prevention and Control in the Workplace
67
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
HEPATITIS B-is a potentially life-threatening liver infection caused by the Hepatitis B
Virus (HBV).
It can cause chronic liver disease, placing infected persons at high risk for cirrhosis and
cancer *+of the liver.

Most people infected acquired it from birth or in early childhood.

During acute infection stage, most people do not experience symptoms. Some will have
symptoms of yellowing of skin and eyes, vomiting, nausea, dark urine and extreme
fatigue.

In some people, HBV can cause chronic liver infection which may later develop into
cirrhosis of the liver or liver cancer.

HBV is NOT transmitted by casual contact in the workplace. It is NOT spread through
contaminated food and water.

Most people infected acquired it from birth or in early childhood.

BASIC FACTS HEPATITIS B is a potentially life-threatening liver infection caused by the

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). It can cause chronic liver disease, placing infected persons at
high risk for cirrhosis and cancer of the liver.

HBV is transmitted through blood contact or other body fluids:

• From an infected mother to baby during pregnancy or at birth.
• Unsafe blood transfusion
• Unsafe injection practices
• Unprotected sexual intercourse

There is no reason to avoid sharing a workplace with an HBV infected person.

HBV is not transmitted by casual contact like sharing food, water and utensils. It is not
transmitted by handshaking, coughing or sneezing.
Occupational Safety and Health Package from OSHC/ Department Advisory no. 05 Series
of 2010 Guidelines for the Implementation of a Workplace Policy and Program on
Hepatitis B

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It usually affects

the lungs but other parts of the body may also be infected such as the bones, brain and
its covering, joints, kidneys, liver, intestines and heart.

How do people get TB? TB is easily spread through the air from one person to another.
The bacteria are passed through the air when someone with TB disease of the lungs or
throat coughs, sneezes, talks, laughs or sings. Those who are in close contact everyday
with someone with TB disease may breathe in the bacteria and become infected. TB in
other parts of the body such as the kidneys and intestines is usually not contagious.

68
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
When a person breathes in TB bacteria, the bacteria can live in the lungs and begin to
grow. From there, they can move to other parts of the body, such as kidney, spine and
brain through the blood.

What are the signs and symptoms of Pulmonary TB? TUBERCULOSIS (TB)
Productive cough for two or more weeks
o Chest and back pains
Easy fatigability
Night sweats
Blood in sputum or phlegm
Fever
Weight loss

How soon after exposure do tuberculosis symptoms appear?

Most people infected with TB bacteria do not develop TB disease. However, should it
develop symptoms may appear within weeks after becoming infected before their immune
system can fight the TB bacteria. Other people may get sick years later, when their
immune system becomes weak. The chances of TB infection developing into TB disease
lessen with time

WHO ARE AT RISK FOR DEVELOPING TB DISEASE?

Anyone can get tuberculosis, but certain factors can increase a person’s risk of the
disease. A person’s age, health issues, life circumstances - even where a person work
can affect his/her immune system and put him/her at risk for the tuberculosis disease.
Most susceptible are children, the elderly and those with medical conditions that weaken
the immune system: HIV infection, diabetes mellitus, severe kidney disease, substance
abuse (alcohol and drugs), low body weight, certain cancers, medical treatment such as
chemotherapy or corticosteroids and specialized treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Other
high-risk groups are low income individuals who may not have access to medical care
and testing; those who work or live with people who are at high risk for TB in facilities or
institutions such as hospitals, homeless shelters, prisons and nursing homes; workers
who are exposed to silica and biological wastes and workers with poor working conditions
such as overcrowding, poor ventilation and enclosed work areas.
Occupational Safety and Health Package from OSHC/ DO 73-05 Guidelines for
Implementation of TB Prevention in the Workplace

Tetanus is a serious illness caused by Clostridium bacteria. The bacteria live in soil,
saliva, dust, and manure. The bacteria can enter the body through a deep cut, like those
you might get from stepping on a nail, or through a burn.
The infection causes painful tightening of the muscles, usually all over the body. It can
lead to "locking" of the jaw. This makes it impossible to open your mouth or swallow.
Tetanus is a medical emergency. You need to get treatment in a hospital.
69
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
https://medlineplus.gov/tetanus.html

Poisonous plants are plants that produce toxins that deter herbivores from consuming
them

Dieffenbachia is a perennial herbaceous plant with straight stem, simple and alternate
leaves containing white spots and flecks, making it attractive as indoor foliage. Species
in this genus are popular as houseplants because of their tolerance of shade. Its English
names, dumb cane and mother-in-law's tongue (also used for Sansevieria species) refer
to the poisoning effect of raphides, which can cause temporary inability to speak

The poisonous effect of the dieffenbachia plant happens because the plant contains
needle-shaped oxalate crystals, (oxalic acid) as well as asparagines, a protein found in
the plant. When the leaf is chewed, these crystals will cause a burning sensation.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieffenbachia

Mouth symptoms:
1. swelling and blistering in the mouth or on the tongue
2. a burning sensation in the mouth or throat
3. nausea and vomiting
4. hoarseness
5. difficulty swallowing

Eye Symptoms:
If the poison is transferred to the eyes from the hands, these symptoms could occur:
• damage to the cornea
• eye pain.

Skin symptoms:
• general redness
• burning
• itching

Ingestion symptoms:
If the juice of the plant has been swallowed, one can expect
• diarrhea
• vomiting
• difficulty breathing (if enough is consumed)
https://thegardeningcook.com/dieffenbachia-poisoning/

Zamioculcas (common names Zanzibar gem, ZZ plant, Zuzu plant, aroid

palm,[2] eternity plant or emerald palm[3]) is a genus of flowering plant in the
family Araceae, containing the single species Zamioculcas zamiifolia.

Zamioculcas zamiifolia is part of the family Araceae, which includes

many poisonous genera, such as Philodendron, which contains calcium oxalate.
70
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamioculcas
Dengue is fast emerging pandemic-prone viral disease in many parts of the world.
Dengue flourishes in urban poor areas, suburbs and the countryside but also affects
more affluent neighborhoods in tropical and subtropical countries.

Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection causing a severe flu -like illness and,
sometimes causing a potentially lethal complication called severe dengue.
https://www.who.int/denguecontrol/disease/en/

Sore eyes or Conjunctivitis is defined by the Department of Health (DOH) as a redness

and inflammation of the membranes (conjunctiva) covering the whites of the eyes and the
inner parts of the eyelids. It has many causes, but in most cases, it results from viral
infection, but can also be from bacteria or allergen.

Conjunctivitis also has other symptoms, which may vary, depending on the cause. These
symptoms can be used to diagnose the type of conjunctivitis. Common symptoms are
eye redness, stinging and foreign body sensation, itchin g, and sticky eye discharge.
Vision may become blurred from excessive tearing, discharges and from photophobia (or
extreme glare), caused by the inflammation. It is self-limiting, lasting 7-10 days, but with
some amount of variability depending on the viral strain. Conjunctivitis can be diagnosed
by history and examination alone
https://rmc.doh.gov.ph/patientscorner/health-corner/137-sore-eyes

Snake Bite
Even a bite from a harmless snake can be serious, leading to an allergic reaction or an
infection. Venomous snake bites can produce an array of symptoms, including localized
pain and swelling, convulsions, nausea, and even paralysis.

Identifying venomous snakes

If you are unfamiliar with the different types of snakes and unable to distinguish between
venomous and non-venomous ones, it can be difficult to know how to respond in the event
of a bite. Always treat a snake bite as if it’s venomous.

TO IDENTIFY A SNAKE BITE, CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING GENERAL SYMPTOMS:

1. two puncture wounds
2. swelling and redness around the wounds
3. pain at the bite site
4. difficulty breathing
5. vomiting and nausea
6. blurred vision
7. sweating and salivating
8. numbness in the face and limbs
https://www.healthline.com/health/snake-bites/

71
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
ERGONOMIC HAZARDS

“ERGONOMICS (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the
understanding of the interactions among human and other elements of a system, and the
profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize
human well-being and overall system performance.”
International Ergonomics Association Executive Council, August 2000

Ergonomics can roughly be defined as the study of people in their working environment.
More specifically, an ergonomist (pronounced like economist) designs or modifies the
work to fit the worker, not the other way around. The goal is to eliminate discomfort and
risk of injury due to work. In other words, the employee is our first priority in analyzing a
workstation.

Wh en evaluating a job, looking f or 3 main ch aracteristics kn own as Ergonomic

Stressors: th e force required to complete a task , any awkward or static
working postures adopted in completing a task, an d th e repetitiveness of a task.
An y of th ese factors, or an y combination of th ese factors, may place someone at
greater risk for discomfort.
https://ehs.unc.edu/workplace-safety/ergonomics/

Ergonomics --- fitting a job to a person --- helps lessen muscle fatigue, increases
productivity and reduces the number and severity of work-related MSDs.

Ergonomic Hazard Examples

1. Improperly designed tools or work areas
2. Improper lifting or reaching
3. Poor visual conditions
4. Repeated motion in awkward position
Source: OSHC BOSH Manual

Ergonomic Hazards Control includes:

1. Breaking down tasks and weight loads to reduce the exertion necessary by
employees
2. Limiting employee exertion by using equipment for heavy lifting
3. Redesigning workspaces to accommodate individuals in order to reduce strain and
improve posture
4. Ensuring that all workspaces provide employees the full range of motion required
to complete a task
5. Repositioning objects and surfaces such as tables in the workplace to reduce the
need for reaching
https://safetylineloneworker.com/blog/workplace-hazards-series-ergonomics/

72
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
COVID-19 PREVENTION AND CONTROL IN THE WORKPLACE

Background:
It all started in Wuhan, China in December 2019 when the world was alerted to the
exitence of new strain or a novel corona virus. Globally, there was no preparation for such
occurrence. The virus and the disease it carries spread fast. One day the WHO decl ared
it as a global pandemic and labelld the it as Corona Virus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

At the moment, more than 9 million have been inflicted with the disease, and the numbers
are continuing to increase. In the Philippines alone almost 33,000 have acquired the
disease. The projection of experts is that the figures will surpass the 40,000 mark in a
matter of weeks. Worldwide the fatalities has soared to almost hal a million (source –
https://www.who.int) Many are saying things will only get better when a vaccine is
perfected.

This brings to forth the need for non-pharmaceutical measures to prevent and control the
spread of the disease such as the minimum health protocols of physical distancing,
wearing of masks, cough and sneezing etiquette, etc.

Purpose
As there is no cure yet, it is important to promote the prevention and control of COVID -19
in all societal groups including workplaces. The government through the DOLE, DTI, DOH
and DPWH have issued guidelines as to minimum health protocols on what the
workplaces need to do.

Much has to be done by workplaces as to COVID-19 prevention and control A significant

opportinuty for them to be aware the disease and the workplace safety and health
interventions is though training, hence the need to integrate a discussion of COVID -19 in
BOSH, COSH and other OSH training.

The spead of COVID-19

As basic information, particicpants in OSH traiing should be informed on how to prevent

the spead of the virus. During coughing, sneezing or exhaling, an infected person
releases droplets of infected fluid which could fall fall on nearby surfaces and objects -
such as desks, tables or telephones. People could catch COVID-19 by touching
contaminated surfaces or objects, and then touching their eyes, nose or mouth. And in
the event that they are standing within one meter or less near a COVID-19 infected
individual, if masks are not worn, they can catch it by breathing in droplets coughed out
or exhaled by the infected person.

Symptoms
The most common symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, and tiredness. Other
symptoms that are less common but may affect some patients include aches and pains,
nasal congestion, headache, conjunctivitis, sore throat, diarrhea, loss of taste or smell or
skin rashes or discoloration of fingers or toes. These symptoms are usually mild and begin
73
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
gradually.

Seriously ill patients experience difficulty breathing. Older people, and those with
comorbities such as high blood pressure, heart and lung problems, diabetes, or cancer,
are at higher risk of developing serious illness. It is recommended to call the health care
provider or facility if someone experiences more severe symptoms.

Most common symptoms:

• fever
• dry cough
• tiredness
Less common symptoms:
• aches and pains
• sore throat//
• diarrhoea
• conjunctivitis
• headache
• loss of taste or smell
• skin rashes or discoloration of fingers or toes
Serious symptoms:
• difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
• chest pain or pressure
• loss of speech or movement

Normally, it takes 5–6 days from when someone is infected with the virus for symptoms
to appear, however it can take up to 14 days.

Vulnerable population
• 60 years and older and 20 years and below
• Living in nursing homes and long term care facilities
• with co-morbidity cases (e.g. chronic lung disease, serious heart conditions,
• immunocompromised, sever obesity.)

MODULE 2 – 2A: EVALUATION OF RISKS AND HAZARDS: WORK

ENVIRONMENT MEASUREMENT

SESSION OBJECTIVES

At the end of the session, the participants will be able to:

• Discuss Work Environment Measurement (WEM) and its importance in
evaluating the hazards in the workplace and monitoring exposure of workers,
• Comply with industrial hygiene - related OSHS provisions and other issuances,
laws and guidelines
• Explain the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) and its importance in evaluating
workers’ exposure
74
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
Work Environment Measurement (WEM) -Reference: RULE 1077, OSHS

Shall mean sampling and analysis carried out in respect of the atmospheric working
environment and other fundamental elements of working environment for the purpose of
determining actual conditions therein.

Rule 1070 of Occupational Safety and Health Standards (Occupational Health and
Environmental Control)
Rule 1077: Working Environment Measurement (WEM)

The employer shall exert efforts to maintain and control the working environment
in comfortable and healthy conditions for the purpose of promoting and maintaining
the health of his workers.

The employer shall carry out the WEM in indoor or other workplaces where
hazardous work is performed and shall keep a record of such measurement which
shall be made available to the enforcing authority.

The WEM shall be performed periodically as may be necessary but not longer than
annually.

UNDER RULE 1077, OSHS WORK ENVIRONMENT MEASUREMENT

The WEM shall be performed by the safety and medical personnel who have taken
adequate training and experience in WEM (internal monitoring)

In the event of inability to perform the WEM, the employer shall commission the
Bureau / OSHC / Regional Office concerned and other institutions accredited or
recognized by the Bureau, to perform the measurement.

DO No. 160 -16 Guidelines on the Accreditation of Consulting Organizations to

Provide WEM Services

Establishments shall only seek WEM services from accredited WEM Providers.
Otherwise, the WEM shall NOT be regarded as compliant to Rule 1077 (Working
Environment Measurement) of the OSHS.

NO person or organization shall be allowed, hired or provide WEM services unless

the requirements of this rule are complied with.

THE PURPOSE OF WEM

1. To determine the magnitude of harmful environmental agents;

2. To periodically check the environment through measurement;

75
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 3. To predict harmfulness of new facilities, raw materials, production processes and
working methods;
4. To monitor worker’s exposure to harmful substances;
5. To evaluate the effectiveness of environmental control measures adopted to
improve the workplace; and;
6. To maintain favorable environment conditions.

TWO TYPES OF MONITORING

1. Area / Environmental Monitoring
2. Personal Monitoring

AREA / ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLING-is the measurement of contaminant in the

workroom. This helps pinpoint work areas with high or low exposure levels of
contaminants.

PERSONAL SAMPLING-Is the measurement of a particular worker’s exposure to

airborne contaminants. The data collected approximates the concentration of
contaminant by which the worker is exposed to.

RESULTS EVALUATION OF WEM

❑ The results of measurement are evaluated to determine whether or not they
represent actual health hazards.
❑ Results are compared with the accepted standards of maximum allowable
concentrations or levels as prescribed by the:
▪ Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) of the Department of
Labor and Employment (DOLE);
▪ American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) –
Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) & Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs)
▪ Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA)
▪ American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers
(ASHRAE)
▪ Others

EXPOSURE STANDARDS & GUIDELINES

STANDARDS vs GUIDELINES
▪ Standards-Legally acceptable exposure limits (Rule 1070, OSHS establishes the
TLVs)
▪ Guidelines- Recommended maximum exposure which are voluntary and not
legally enforceable

EVALUATION

Threshold Limit Value (TLV)

❑ “Airborne concentrations of substances and represent conditions under which it is
believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed to day after day
without adverse health effects.”
76
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
Reference: ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists)

EXPOSURE STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES

1. TLV-Time -weighted Average-(TWA) Concentration for an 8-hr workday
and a 48-hours (40hours) work of exposure per week, OSHS (ACGIH)
2. TLV-Short-term Exposure Limit- (STEL) Concentration where exposure
should be no longer than 15 mins. and not more than 4x/day (60 mins.
between successive exposures)
3. TLV-Ceiling- (C) Concentration that should not be exceeded during working
exposure

The measurement data will be compared with existing standards / guidelines:

▪ Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)
▪ Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs)
▪ Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs)
▪ Recommended Exposure Limits (RELs)
▪ Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MACs)

LESS HAZARDOUS MORE HAZARDOUS

HIGH TLV OR PEL LOW TLV OR PEL

TLV or PEL (ppm)* Relative Degree of Hazard

Less than 1 Extreme
1 to 10 Extreme to High
10 to 100 High to Moderate
100 to 1000 Moderate
Greater than 1000 Very Low

ACTION LEVEL-The level of a harmful or toxic substance/activity which requires medical

surveillance, increased industrial hygiene monitoring, or biological monitoring. (NIOSH
and OSHA). The Action Levels for TLV for chemical is 50% of its TLV

ACTION LEVEL FOR NOISE

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA's) Noise standard (29 CFR
1910.95) requires employers to have a hearing conservation program in place if workers
are exposed to a time-weighted average (TWA) noise level of 85 decibels (dBA) or higher
over an 8-hour work shift.

OSHS Rule 1072

Threshold limit values refer to time weighted concentrations for an 8-hour workday and
a total of forty-eight (48) hours work of exposure per week

77
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
Under OSHS 1073: Threshold Limit Values for Airborne Contaminants (Tables)
Table 8: Threshold limit values for airborne contaminants
Ex.: Substances ppm* Mg/M3**
Acetic Acid.................................................................. 10 25
Mercury (Alkyl Compounds)-Skin............................... 0.01
Acetone...................................................................... 1,000 2,400

Table 8a: Mineral dust Table

Substance Mppcf* Mg/M3

Inert or Nuisance particulates

Respirable fraction....................... 15
Total dust..................................... 50

Note: Conversion factors

mmpcf x 35.5 - million particles per cubic meter
- particles per c.c.
*Millions of particles per cubic foot of air, based on impinger samples counted
by light-field techniques.
a) The percentage of crystalline silica in the formula is the amount determined from
airborne samples, except in those instances in which other methods have been
shown to be applicable.
c) Containing 1% quartz; if 1% quartz, use quartz limit.

Table 8d: Human Carcinogens: Recognized to have carcinogenic potentials

Arsenic Trioxide...........................................................0.05 micro m/m3
Asbestos, all forms......................................................2 fiber/cc, 5 micro m in length
Chromite ore (processing chromite) as Cr............... ..0.05 mg/m3
Nickel sulfide (fume and dusts) as Ni.........................1.0 mg/m3
Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,
as benzene solubles............................................ 0.2 mg/m3

TLV OF AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS, OSHS

Acids Vapor
HCl 5 ppm Acetone 1,000 ppm
H2SO4 0.25 ppm Benzene 25 ppm
HNO3 2 ppm Toluene 100 ppm
Formic 5 ppm Methanol 200 ppm
78
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 Acetic 10 pp Ethanol 1,000 ppm
Methyl Chloride 100 ppm

STANDARDS / GUIDELINES (C-Ceiling Limit)

Data Source: OSHC BOSH Manual

EXPOSURE LIMITS OF TOLUENE

Data Source: OSHC BOSH Manual

79
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
RULE 1074 - OSHS

Data Source: OSHC BOSH Manual

▪ Sound level in decibels are measured on a sound level meter, A-weighted

network, slow meter response
▪ No exposure is allowed for continuous, intermittent noise in excess of 115
dBA

RULE 1075, OSH

RECOMMENDED ILLUMINATION LEVELS

1. Artificial lighting shall be adequate at the place of work for the operation or work
performed.
2. A minimum of 20 lux (2foot candles) shall be provided for yards, roadways and outside
thoroughfares.
3. A minimum of 50 lux (5-foot candles) shall be provided:
a. where discrimination of detail is not essential, such as handling coarse
materials, coal or ashes, rough sorting or grinding of clay products
b. for passageways, corridors, stairways, warehouses, storerooms for rough and
bulky materials.
4. A minimum of 100 lux (10foot candles) shall be provided:
a. where slight discrimination of detail is essential such as for the production of
semi- finished, iron and steel products, rough assembling, milling of
grains, opening, picking and carding of cotton, or other primary operation in most
of the industrial processes;
b. for engine and boiler rooms, passenger and freight elevators, crating and boxing
departments, receiving and shipping rooms, storerooms, and stockrooms for
medium and fine materials, locker rooms, toilets, and washrooms.
5. A minimum of 200 lux (20foot candles) shall be provided where moderate
discrimination of details is essential, such as for medium assembling, rough bench and
machine work, rough inspection of testing of products, sewing light-colored textile or

80
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
leather products, canning and preserving, meat packing, planning of lumber and
veneering.
6. A minimum of 300 lux (30 foot candles) shall be provided where close discrimination
of details is essential such as for medium bench and machine work, medium inspection,
fine testing, flour grading, leather finishing and weaving cotton goods or light colored
cloth/goods or for office desk work with intermittent reading and writing for filing and mail
sorting.
7. A minimum of 500 to 1,000 lux (50 to 100 foot candles) shall be provided where
discrimination of fine details is involved under conditions of a fair degree of contrasts
for long assembling, fine bench and machine work, fine inspection, fine polishing
and beveling of glass, fine wood working and weaving dark colored cloth/goods, or for
accounting, bookkeeping, drafting, stenographic work, typing or other prolonged
close office desk work.
8. A minimum of I,000 lux (100 foot candles) shall be provided where discrimination of
extremely fine detail is involved under conditions of poor contrast for long periods of time,
such as for extra fine assembling instrument, jewelry, and watch manufacturing, grading
and sorting tobacco products, makeup and proof-reading in printing plants, and inspection
of sewing dark-colored cloth products.
9. The provisions of paragraphs 2 to 8 apply to lighting equipment under average
operating conditions. Where conditions allow, it may be necessary to provide initially an
illumination of at least 25% more. In locations where dirt will collect rapidly, the initial level
should be at least 50% above the recommended standards.
10. Any windowless room shall be provided with general lighting sufficient in intensity
for the most exacting operations carried therein.
11. Detailed standards of lighting intensity for different operations of work environment
shall be as provided in Table 8c. Note: I foot candle = 10.75 lux
For purpose of computation use I foot candle = 10 lux
OSHS Rule 1070

GUIDELINES (ACGIH)

Data Source: OSHC BOSH Manual

81
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
CLEAR POINTS

The degree of hazard from exposure to harmful environmental factors or stresses would
depend on the following:
1. Nature of the material involved
2. Intensity of exposure
3. Duration of exposure
4. Individual susceptibility
5. The employers shall exert effort to maintain, control and carry out WEM to their
workplace
6. Provisions of OSHS Rule 1077 including related DOLE issuances must be
complied with.
7. The conduct of WEM through area or personal monitoring is important to know the
levels of exposure of the workers to the different hazards in the workplace
8. Threshold Limit Value is defined and categorized into three: Time Weighted
Average, Short-term Exposure Limit and Ceiling.
9. The levels of exposure should be compared with the TLVs ✓ Measured values
must be within or should not exceed the TLV to ensure health of the workers. ✓
Measured values in action level or has exceeded the TLVs should be appropriately
controlled.
10. Other references or guidelines may be used for health hazards that are not
specified in the OSHS

MODULE 2 – 2B: EVALUATION OF RISKS AND HAZARDS: MEDICAL

SURVEILLANCE

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SURVEILLANCE entails the systematic monitoring of health

events and exposures in working populations in order to prevent and control occupational
hazards and their associated diseases and injuries.
SURVEILLANCE derives from the French word surveiller, “to watch over,” which
encompasses the twin notions of careful observation and timely intervention.
@Web page of Dr. Joseph J. Schwerha
@http://www.ceoh.pitt.edu/faculty/schwerha/index.html

The four essential components of Occupational Health surveillance are:

1. To gather information on cases of occupational diseases and injuries and on
workplace exposures
2. To distill and analyze data
3. To disseminate organized data to necessary parties, including workers, unions,
employers, governmental agencies, and the public; and
4. To intervene on the basis of data to alter the factors that produced these health
events and hazards
@Web page of Dr. Joseph J. Schwerha
82
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 @http://www.ceoh.pitt.edu/faculty/schwerha/index.html

PURPOSE OF HEALTH SURVEILLANCE

1. Designed to detect illness at an early phase; removal from exposure and/or
treatment would be effective
2. Medical examinations maybe be pre-placement, periodic and post employment
3. Analysis of health information can identify problems that may be occurring in
the workplace that require targeted prevention

SURVEILLANCE ACTIVITIES:
1. Laboratory Reports
2. Workers’ Compensation Reports
3. National Surveys
4. Employer Surveillance Programs
5. Occupational Health Clinics
@Web page of Dr. Joseph J. Schwerha
@http://www.ceoh.pitt.edu/faculty/schwerha/index.html

EVALUATIONS FOR SPECIFIC OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES AND DISEASES

ASSESSMENT
▪ The type of occupational health programs needed by any business is directly
dependent on the goals, activities, and operations of that organization.

NEEDS ASSESSMENT
▪ The first stage of medical surveillance is needs assessment.
▪ “Do certain workers need special tests?”
@Web page of Dr. Joseph J. Schwerha
@http://www.ceoh.pitt.edu/faculty/schwerha/index.html

ASSESSMENT OF FACTORS OUTSIDE THE WORKPLACE

1. disinfectants
2. cleaning agents
3. paint removers
4. wax strippers
5. solvents
6. pesticides
7. emissions from heating or cooling devices
8. sunlamps
9. a wide variety of materials used in painting, ceramics, printmaking, sculpture
and casting, welding, stained glass, woodworking, photography, and many
forms of commercial art
83
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
Symptoms that occur during the workweek and subside over weekends certainly suggest
an occupational cause. Conversely, those that appear only when away from the
workplace could well be associated with home exposure or hobby activities.
@Web page of Dr. Joseph J. Schwerha
@http://www.ceoh.pitt.edu/faculty/schwerha/index.html

INITIAL HEALTH ASSESSMENT

1. Occupational history
2. Selective body system history
3. General medical history and physical exam
4. Appropriate testing
5. Reporting
@http://staff.napier.ac.uk/services/hr/healthandsafety/policies/Documents/health-
surveillance-policy-2013.pdf

OCCUPATIONAL HISTORY
1. Work processes (eg. tasks, tools used)
2. Hazard exposure (chemical, physical, biological)
3. Route of entry (inhalation, skin, ingestion, injection)
4. Frequency, duration and intensity of exposure
5. Use of PPE
6. Use of engineering controls (ventilation)
7. Work organization (hours of work, breaks, OT)
@http://staff.napier.ac.uk/services/hr/healthandsafety/policies/Documents/health-
surveillance-policy-2013.pdf

WORKER HISTORY
Document!
1. Current and past employers
2. Jobs and tasks performed
3. Medical history including family history
4. Personal activities (eg. smoking habits) and hobbies
5. Do co-workers have similar symptoms or suffer from any illnesses?
@http://staff.napier.ac.uk/services/hr/healthandsafety/policies/Documents/health-
surveillance-policy-2013.pdf

SELECTIVE BODY SYSTEM HISTORY

Examples
1. Respiratory questionnaire
2. Nickel sensitivity questionnaire
84
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 3. Hearing loss questionnaire
@http://staff.napier.ac.uk/services/hr/healthandsafety/policies/Documents/health-
surveillance-policy-2013.pdf

APPROPRIATE TESTING
1. Bloodwork for lead and for other causes of symptoms that could be related to
lead
2. Chest x-rays CAT scans
3. Audiological assessment
4. Pulmonary Function Test
@http://staff.napier.ac.uk/services/hr/healthandsafety/policies/Documents/health-
surveillance-policy-2013.pdf

REPORTING
1. To the worker
2. To the employer
3. To legislative bodies

@http://staff.napier.ac.uk/services/hr/healthandsafety/policies/Documents/health-
surveillance-policy-2013.pdf

@http://staff.napier.ac.uk/services/hr/healthandsafety/policies/Documents/health-
surveillance-policy-2013.pdf
85
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
HOW DOES IT WORK - WHEN IS HEALTH SURVEILLANCE REQUIRED?

1. The starting point of any health surveillance is the risk assessment.

2. Trained risk assessors for your department will complete this.
3. Each year we request that a Health Surveillance risk assessment form is
completed for each department.
4. The risk assessor should discuss this with the Head of the company who is
responsible and accountable for the Health Surveillance that is required within the
area and for whom, as identified in the risk assessment.
5. Once this has been completed all hazards and health hazards in the workplace
should have been identified.

The following steps are important prior to any health surveillance being carried
out:
1. find out what the hazards are
2. identify who might be at risk from exposure to these hazards and how
3. decide what to do to prevent harm to health – e.g. remove the hazard altogether;
reduce risks by changing the way work is done or us other controls; provide
protective equipment.
If the above steps have been completed and risks still remain the company will need to
take further steps to protect you.
@http://staff.napier.ac.uk/services/hr/healthandsafety/policies/Documents/health-
surveillance-policy-2013.pdf

86
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
HEALTH SURVEILLANCE – WHAT DO WE TEST?

RESPIRATORY (LUNG FUNCTION)

1. makes sure that your breathing is not being affected by work, or exposure
to dust, chemicals or fumes
2. For substances identified as respiratory sensitizers, irritants or asthmagens
e.g. laboratory animals, wood dusts, isocynates, glutoraldehyde

AUDIOMETRY (HEARING TEST)

1. can show if you have any hearing loss due to noise, either following
exposure at work, or in your hobbies. It is also a way of measuring if your
hearing protection is working properly, and being worn according to the
manufacturer recommendations.
2. e.g. areas where daily personal exposure to noise exceeds 85dB

SKIN ASSESSMENT
1. Skin surveillance, accompanies lung function testing, as skin can be irritated by
similar substances
2. For substances identified as skin irritants or sensitizers e.g. metal working fluids,
hard / soft woods, laboratory animals, cleaning agents, those undertaking frequent
hand washing

HAND ARM VIBRATION SYNDROME (HAVS) ASSESSMENT

– is a way of finding out if you have an underlying medical condition which
can be affected by working with vibrating tools, or if working with vibration
is affecting your hands arms, or circulation.
87
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
GENERAL MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE
– e.g. night workers, drivers, food handlers, manual handling
FITNESS FOR WORK
• TASK SPECIFIC ROLES
– Food handling
– Night Worker
– "Breathing Apparatus”
– "Confined Spaces"
– Cold Storage
– Hand Arm Vibration
– Manual Handling
• SAFETY CRITICAL
– Work at Heights
– Operating Machinery
– Driver

@http://staff.napier.ac.uk/services/hr/healthandsafety/policies/Documents/health-
surveillance-policy-2013.pdf

HEALTH SURVEILLANCE – WHY DO WE TEST?

1. Provide a baseline for future tests to be compared against
2. Will show if the control measures put in place are working effectively
3. Show early signs of the effects of work on health
4. Allow steps to be taken to prevent further damage
5. Your health surveillance is mandatory, and you cannot opt out.
@http://staff.napier.ac.uk/services/hr/healthandsafety/policies/Documents/health-
surveillance-policy-2013.pdf

MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE
1. Upon initial assignment or institution of medical surveillance:

88
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 a. General physical examination performed
b. Medical history taken, including the following topics:
(1) alcohol intake
(2) past history of hepatitis
(3) work history and past exposure to hepatotoxic agents
(4) past history of blood transfusions
(5) past history of hospitalizations
c. A serumspecimen obtained, determinations made of:
(1) Total bilirubin
(2) Alkaline phosphatase
(3) Serum glutamate oxalacetic transaminase -SGOT
(4) Serum glutamate pyruvic transaminase - SGPT
(5) Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase
(6) Acute test necessary to maintain an exposure

2. Examinations provided shall be performed to least

a. Every 6 months for certain conditions
b. Annually or age related
c. Government regulated
d. On the physician’s discretion

3. Each employee exposed to an emergency shall be afforded appropriate medical

surveillance.

4. A statement of each employee’s suitability for continued exposure, including use of

protective equipment and respirators, shall be obtained from the examining physician
promptly after each examination. A copy of the physician’s statement shall be provided
each employee.

5. If any employee’s health would be materially impaired by continuous exposure, each

employee shall be withdrawn from possible contact.

6. Laboratory analyses for all biologic specimens included in medical examinations shall
be performed in laboratories
@Web page of Dr. Joseph J. Schwerha
@http://www.ceoh.pitt.edu/faculty/schwerha/index.html

89
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
OHS’S MUST HAVE AVAILABLE FOR STAFF USE, IN WRITING, PREFERABLY IN
A MANUAL, THE FOLLOWING DESIDERATA:
(1) the type of examination (complete or partial, general or specific)
(2) the interval history items to be reviewed
(3) the periodicity
(4) the organ system or organs to be given special scrutiny
(5) the hematologic, urine, biochemical, fecal, radiographic, cytologic, or breath
analytic procedures to be completed
(6) acceptable levels for each test result
(7) the interval between a test productive of an abnormal leave and the repetition
of the test
(8) the time of specimen collection
(9) the persons to be notified in the event of abnormal findings
(10) other actions to be taken
@Web page of Dr. Joseph J. Schwerha
@http://www.ceoh.pitt.edu/faculty/schwerha/index.html

OBJECTIVES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES

1. To protect the health and well-being of workers against the stressors and potential
health hazards of the work environment.
2. To place job applicants or current employees in work commensurate with their
physical and emotional capacities, work that can be performed without
endangering the worker or fellow employees and without damaging property.
3. To provide emergency medical care for injured or ill workers and definitive care
and rehabilitation for those with work-generated injuries or illnesses, in keeping
90
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 with the medical, surgical, or psychotherapeutic expertise of the staff, medical
department policy, managerial policy, and the availability of community resources.
4. To maintain or improve the health of the worker through promotional, educational,
counseling, or informational activities, preventive health measures including
fitness or wellness programs, and periodic clinical reviews of health status.
5. To promote improved health among family members.
@Web page of Dr. Joseph J. Schwerha
@http://www.ceoh.pitt.edu/faculty/schwerha/index.html

Biological monitoring is the measurement of a chemical, its metabolite, or a nonadverse

biochemical effect in a biological specimen for the purpose of assessing exposure.
@Web page of Dr. Joseph J. Schwerha
@http://www.ceoh.pitt.edu/faculty/schwerha/index.html

Advantages of Biologic Monitoring

1. It is an attempt to measure the parameter most directly related to potential health

effects. Results can aid in formulating a more refined estimate of risk of illness
secondary to exposure.
2. Nonoccupational exposures and individual variability are assessed.
3. Multiple exposures and other routes of exposure, such as dermal and ingestion,
can be evaluated.
@Web page of Dr. Joseph J. Schwerha
@http://www.ceoh.pitt.edu/faculty/schwerha/index.html

LIMITATIONS OF BIOLOGIC MONITORING

1. Effectiveness is dependent on adequate toxicologic data.
2. Test results can be affected by other factors such as alcohol and pregnancy.
Cigarette smoking can also interfere with monitoring results. Workers who smoke
cigarettes, for example, may have levels of cadmium higher than their nonsmoking
counter parts.
3. For some substances, relatively short biologic half-lives affect the monitoring.
4. Monitoring is ineffective for surface-acting agents such as sulfur dioxide and
ammonia.
5. Limited range of tests
6. Specimen contamination
7. Metabolism – Chemical or its metabolite/s
8. Timing – Short ½ life
9. Requires cooperation
10. Interpretation may be difficult
11. Expensive
91
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 @Web page of Dr. Joseph J. Schwerha
@http://www.ceoh.pitt.edu/faculty/schwerha/index.html

TYPES OF EXAMINATIONS IN A MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM

@Web page of Dr. Joseph J. Schwerha

@http://www.ceoh.pitt.edu/faculty/schwerha/index.html

92
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
WORK AND EXPOSURE HISTORY
1. Focus on the job when the patient first began having symptoms
2. Patient’s job title (or occupation): it is important to know the nature of the job
3. “Tell me what you do on your job?”
4. “Is there anything you do now that is different from past jobs where you’ve been
an [electrician]?”
5. Specific exposures: the exposure history requires further study to identify speci fic
constituents of products and exposure levels.
6. Assessment of relative levels of exposure (i.e., low, medium, high) for specific
agents can be valuable
@Web page of Dr. Joseph J. Schwerha
@http://www.ceoh.pitt.edu/faculty/schwerha/index.html

WORK HISTORY
1. Change in symptoms during the work day.
2. Change in symptoms over the work week.
3. Change in symptoms on weekends and on vacations.
4. Onset of symptoms away from work.
5. Other experiences with work-related events.
@Web page of Dr. Joseph J. Schwerha
@http://www.ceoh.pitt.edu/faculty/schwerha/index.html

MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM

1. Pre-employment Screening
2. Periodic Medical Examinations
3. Emergency Treatment
4. Non Emergency Treatment
5. Recordkeeping
6. Program Review
7. Critical Incident Stress
@Hazard Materials – Managing the Incident 2005

PRE-EMPLOYMENT SCREENING
The Objectives Of Pre-employment Screening Are To Determine An Individual’s Fitness
For Duty, Including Respirator And Protective Clothing Use. The Screening Should Focus
on the Following Areas:
1. Occupational and Medical History
2. Physical Examination
3. Baseline Laboratory Profile
@Hazard Materials – Managing the Incident 2005
93
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
PERIODIC MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS
1. Periodic Exams Must Be Used in Conjunction with Pre-employment Screening.
Under the OSHA 1910.120 Requirements, Such Exams Shall Be Administered
Annually. In Addition, More Frequent Intervals May Be Required Depending on
The Nature of Potential or Actual Exposures.
2. Periodic Screening Exams Can Include Medical History Reviews That Focus on
Health Changes, Illness and Exposure-related Symptoms.
@Hazard Materials – Managing the Incident 2005

EMERGENCY TREATMENT
➢ EMS Personnel and Units Must Be Available at Each Hazmat Incident.
➢ OSHA 1910.120(q)(3)(vi) Requires That "Advanced First Aid Support Personnel,
As A Minimum, Shall Stand-by With Medical Equipment and A Transportation
Capability at Hazmat Emergencies."
• Advanced First Aid Personnel Are Considered as Individuals Who Have
Been Trained to The Red Cross Advanced First Aid Level or Higher
• Medical Equipment Is Not Required to Be on Scene but Must Be Available
for Immediate Response.
➢ Specific Responsibilities of EMS or Medical Group Personnel Include the
Following:
• Provide Technical Assistance to Responders in The Development and
Analysis Of EMS-related Data and Information.
• Designate A Treatment and Triage Area
• Perform Pre-entry And Post-entry Medical Monitoring
• Coordinate and Supervise All Patient Handling Activities
• Communicate and Coordinate with Local Hospitals and Specialized
Treatment Facilities, Including the Poison Control Center, As Necessary.
➢ Hazmat Training Competencies for EMS Personnel Can Be Found in NFPA 473,
Competencies for EMS Personnel Responding to Hazardous Materials Incidents
➢ Standard Operating Procedures (SOPS) For the Clinical Management and
Transportation of Chemically Contaminated Patients Must Be Developed as Part
of The Planning Process.
➢ Basic Principles of Handling Chemically Contaminated Patients:
• Always Ensure That EMS Personnel Are Properly Protected
• As A Rule of Thumb All Patients Should Receive Gross Decontamination.
• The ABCs Can Be Administered to A Contaminated Victim If Rescuers and
EMS Personnel Are Protected.
• It’s A Much Better Option Than Having A Fully Decontaminated but Dead
Patient.
• Always Coordinate with Your Local Medical Facilities.
94
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 @Hazard Materials – Managing the Incident 2005

NON-EMERGENCY TREATMENT
1. The Signs and Symptoms of Certain Chemical Exposures May Not Be Present For
24 To 72 Hours After Exposure. Personnel Operating at An Incident Should Be
Medically Evaluated Before Being Released.
2. In Addition, The Termination Procedure Should Provide for A Briefing for All ERP
On the Signs and Symptoms of Exposure, Documentation and Completion of
Health Exposure Logs or Forms, Post-incident Points of Contact, And How to Get
Immediate Treatment If Necessary.

95
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 @Hazard Materials – Managing the
Incident 2005

RECORDKEEPING AND PROGRAM REVIEW

96
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 ➢ Recordkeeping Is an Important Element of The Medical Surveillance Program.
Individual Records Should Be Kept for All Personnel.
➢ Individual Medical Records Should Include All Medical Exams Completed, Their
Purpose, The Examining Physician’s Observations and Recommendations, And If
They Were A Result of a Specific Exposure.
➢ Regular Evaluation of the Medical Surveillance Program and Review the Following
Elements on An Annual Basis:
• Ensure That Each Accident/Illness Is Promptly Investigated to Determine
Its Root Cause and Update Health and Safety Procedures, As Necessary.
• Evaluate the Effectiveness of Medical Testing in Light of Potential and
Confirmed Exposures.
• Add or Delete Specific Medical Tests as Recommended by The Medical
Director and By Current Industrial Hygiene and Environmental Health Data.
• Review All Emergency Care Protocols.
@Hazard Materials – Managing the Incident 2005

CRITICAL INCIDENT STRESS

• Critical Incident Stress Should Be Recognized as An Issue That Can Potentially
Impact the Health and Welfare of Responders.
• Medical Debriefings as Part of The Incident Termination Phase Are Essential
Elements in Reducing the Level of Stress.
• Employee Assistance Programs (EAP) And Critical Incident Stress Management
(CISM) Teams Can Be an Effective Post incident Resource and Should Be Used
as Necessary.
@Hazard Materials – Managing the Incident 2005

CONTROLLING EXPOSURE IN THE WORKPLACE

Control measures must prevent exposure, or where this is not practicable,

minimize exposure to levels below the exposure standard. So far as reasonably
practicable, employees must implement management measures that minimize exposure
to all hazardous chemicals by applying the hierarchy of controls. This means PPE must
not be the only form of control provided as it is only effective when used properly, kept
clean and well maintained. It is also essential that employees understand the limitations
of its use and are fully compliant with all other programs designed to control exposure.

The following list of best practice control measures will assist in establishing
appropriate programs to minimize exposure.

Information
97
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 • Provide information to job applicants about high risk work.
• Ensure material safety data sheets (MSDSs) are readily accessible and
employees are encouraged to review them.

Training and Induction

• All employees should be inducted ensuring that they fully understand the
risks associated with all toxins they may be exposed to.
• Continually review the level of understanding by at-risk employees and
regularly review the training methods.

Supervision
• In addition to modelling excellent safety behavior, supervisors must
continually guide staff to minimize their exposures.
@Risk-based health assessment and biological monitoring — guidelines

ENGINEERING CONTROLS
1. Minimize generation of dust, f uses and vapors through engineering measures.
2. Modify process temperatures or velocities.
3. Enclose the process to ensure emissions are captured.
4. Ventilate to extract hazardous chemicals away from the breathing zone of the
employee.
5. Ensure safe handling during maintenance of collection systems, such as bag
houses, scrubbers or filtration units
@Risk-based health assessment and biological monitoring — guidelines

ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
1. Work organization to include safe work practices, incorporating specific hygiene
programs.
2. Job rotation to limit the time a single employee is exposed to hazardous
substances.
3. Implement hygiene programs:
➢ Designated clean and dirty areas
▪ Clean areas such as offices, first aid and medical facilities, control
rooms, stores and eating facilities or crib rooms must be kept free
from contamination.
▪ Employees must not enter clean areas unless they have removed
contaminated clothing.
▪ Soiled boots must be removed, cleaned or covered before entry into
clean areas.

98
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 ▪
Thoroughly wash face, fingernails, hands and forearms before eating
or entering clean office areas.
▪ Vehicles in designated dirty areas must be washed down over an
approved sump before leaving site, or moving into clean areas.
▪ Following initial and on-going risk assessments of all higher risk
activities, some areas will be designated, and appropriately
signposted (Australian Standard AS 1319:1994 Safety signs for the
occupational environment) as ‘dirty areas.
▪ Eating, drinking and smoking are prohibited in dirty areas.
▪ Open windows in vehicles or ‘clean enclosures’ are prohibited in dirty
areas
➢ Washing and changing facilities
▪ Separate dirty (to undress and shower) and clean (to dress into clean
clothes) change room and washing facilities.
▪ Employees to shower before leaving work to return either home or to
residential accommodation.
▪ Contaminated work-clothes must not be worn off-site.
▪ On-site clothes washing facilities, with appropriate disposal of grey
water.
➢ Cleaning
▪ At least daily cleaning of floors and workbenches, around doorways
of buildings, bath and change room facilities.
▪ Sweeping is prohibited — wet cleaning and vacuuming only.
@Risk-based health assessment and biological monitoring — guidelines

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

➢ Respiratory protective equipment (RPE)
o RPE should be properly selected for the individual and the task (Australian
Standard AS 1715:1994 Selection, Use and Maintenance of Respiratory
Protective Devices and Australian Standard AS 1716:2003 Respiratory
Protective Devices).
o RPE should be readily available for all employees in designated dirty areas.
o Employees should be trained in how to clean and maintain RPE to ensure
it is fully functional.
o Employees should be trained and supervised to correctly use appropriate
RPE when required.
o Regular fit-testing should be incorporated into the RPE program.
➢ Protective clothing
o Protective clothing should be issued, maintained, and replaced at no cost
to employee.
99
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 o Protective clothing must reduce exposure to employees’ bodies (including
hands), ensuring environmental stressors are considered and heat stress is
appropriately managed.
o Personal preferences should be accommodated where possible to ensure
that the PPE is used effectively.
@Risk-based health assessment and biological monitoring — guidelines

EMERGENCY RESPONSE
• Contingency planning for a leak, spill or uncontrolled release of hazardous
substances is recommended.
• Emergency procedures to include:
o first aid management of acute exposures
o emergency containment
o procedures for safe disposal
o sufficient stores of PPE for emergency responders.
• Evacuation plans for non-responders to be excluded from contaminated area.
@Risk-based health assessment and biological monitoring — guidelines

100
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 101
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
COVID-19 WORPLACE PROTOCOLS

The DOLE and DTI issued a joint Interim Guidelines on Workplace Prevention and
Control of COVID-19. The Guidelines spelled out minimum requirements as to the
following;

1. Increasing physical and mental resilience

2. Reducing transmission of COVID-19:
3. Minimizing contact rate
4. Reducing the risk of infection from COVID-19
5. Duties of employers and workers
6. COVID-19 Testing

Increase Physical and Mental Resistance

It must be the priority of every employee to take care of their physical and mental health
by practicing the good habits of:
o Consuming nutritious and well-cooked food,
o Drinking plenty of fluids and avoiding alcoholic beverages,
o Sleeping at least 8 hours a day,
o Taking time to exercise, and

102
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 o Taking vitamins.
Companies are enjoined to provide free medicines and vitamins to their employees. They
should also provide referral for workers needing counselling or experiencing mental
health concerns. Everyone must follow the respiratory hygiene guidelines of the
Department of Health Department Memorandum No. 2020-0090.

COVID -19 Testing

COVID-19 testing is not mandatory. The DOLE takes cognizance of the enormous costs
that the employer may shell out if this provision is forced on them. However, the DOLE
and DTI highly encourage COVID-19 testing for employees of companies which can
afford it. This may help them in identifying COVID-19 suspects for proper management.

Safety measures in entering the workplace

1. No mask, No entry policy

2. Accomplishment of Health Symptoms Questionnaire for assessment
3. Temperature checked and recorded in the Health Symptoms Questionnaire
4. Provision of a well-ventilated holding area
5. Designated health officer provided with appropriate PPEs
6. Disinfecting foot baths in all entrances are optional.

Minimize Contact Rate

• Symptomatic individuals should stay at home unless there is a pressing need to

go to a health facility for a medical consultation, if virtual consultation is not possible
• Ensure rational use of PPEs that is appropriate for the workplace setting and the
intended user. Alternative work arrangements such as working-hour shifts, work
from home (WFH), where feasible, and on rotation basis are encouraged.

• Prolonged face-to-face interaction between workers and clients are discouraged.

Masks shall be worn at all times. Meetings needing physical presence shall be kept
to a minimum number of participants and with short duration; video conferencing
shall be used for lengthy discussions among workers.

• Office tables should be arranged in order to maintain proper physical distancing;

barriers may be provided between tables. Workstation layout should be designed
to allow for unidirectional movement in aisles, corridors, or walkways.

• The number of people inside enclosed spaces (rooms, stores, hall, elevators) shall
be limited to observe the one-meter physical distancing. Use of stairs should be
encouraged subject to physical distancing requirements. If more than two
stairways are accessible, one may be used exclusively for going up and another
for going down.

103
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 • Online system shall be highly encouraged to be utilized for clients needing
assistance from offices, including the use of videoconferencing.

• Roving officers shall always ensure physical distancing and observance of

minimum health protocols

One (1) meter physical distancing is mandatory

The one (1) meter physical distancing is mandatory and in fact, the minimum as some
standards even require a minimum of two meters between two adjacent workers. For
cramped establishments, to help maintain physical distancing employers may have the
option to implement skeletal workforce, work from home arrangements, shifting work
schedule or any other similar work arrangements.

The workplace should conduct risk assessment or job safety analyzing to integrate the 1
meter physical distancing in every operation, and in the layout of the workplace. Industries
such as those in construction and audio visual shall have separate guidelines specific
for their industries. It shall adopt the pertinent provisions of the joint DTI and DOLE
Guidelines and craft other provisions peculiar to the nature of their work processes and
ensure that these are aligned with the minimum health standards set by the Department
of Health.

Vulnerable groups

As a general rule, because of their vulnerability to the virus, senior citizens, pregnant
women, workers with co-morbidities are discouraged to travel and work to protect
themselves from being infected. Work from home arrangement or any alternative work
arrangement may be assigned to them as may be applicable.

PPEs shall be provided by the employer to his/her workers

Employers shall provide the appropriate face masks for workers. Should cloth masks be
used, the washable type shall be worn but additional filter material such as tissues inside
the masks may be added.

Clinic staff assigned to assess the workers held in the isolation area shall be provided
with appropriate medical grade PPEs by the establishment which shall include but not
limited to, face masks, goggles/face shields and gloves. For cleaners, rubber or latex
gloves and goggles in addition to face masks shall also be provided by their employer at
no cost to the workers.

CLEAR POINTS

1. The purpose of medical surveillance in occupational health is prevention of illness.

2. When illness arises from a particular exposure, medical surveillance is necessary.
104
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 3. There are various health effects for every health hazards present in my workplace.
4. We can refer to Safety Data Sheet on the health effects of chemicals used in my
workplace.
5. Medical surveillance and biological monitoring are strategies done to check for any
abnormalities in the body at physiological and cellular levels.
6. Safety Officer must classify the risk of the health hazards before implementing
appropriate control measures to address them.
7. Medical surveillance has to be followed by preventive action and evaluation of the
effectiveness of intervention.

MODULE 2 - 2C: WORKPLACE RISK ASSESSMENT (HIRAC)

RISK ASSESSMENT -is a term used to describe the overall process or method where
you:
1. Identify hazards and risk factors that have the potential to cause harm (hazard
identification).
2. Analyze and evaluate the risk associated with that hazard (risk analysis, and risk
evaluation).
3. Determine appropriate ways to eliminate the hazard, or control the risk when the
hazard cannot be eliminated (risk control).
(Reference: Canadian Center for Occupational Safety and Health http:/www.ccohs.ca/)

THE IMPORTANCE RISK ASSESSMENT

Risk assessments are very important as they form an integral part of an occupational
health and safety management plan. They help to:
1. Create awareness of hazards and risk.
2. Identify who may be at risk (e.g., employees, cleaners, visitors, contractors,
the public, etc.).
3. Determine whether a control program is required for a particular hazard.
4. Determine if existing control measures are adequate or if more should be
done.
5. Prevent injuries or illnesses, especially when done at the design or planning
stage.
6. Prioritize hazards and control measures.
7. Meet legal requirements where applicable.

THE GOAL OF RISK ASSESSMENT

The goal is to try to answer the following questions:

1. What can happen and under what circumstances?
2. What are the possible consequences?
3. How likely [and severe] are the possible consequences to occur?
4. Is the risk controlled effectively, or is further action required?

105
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
WHEN SHOULD A RISK ASSESSMENT BE DONE?

There may be many reasons a risk assessment is needed, including:

▪ Before new processes or activities are introduced.
▪ Before changes are introduced to existing processes or activities, including when
products, machinery, tools, equipment change or new information concerning
harm becomes available.
▪ When there are changes in the following: Manpower, Time of work, location of
work, technology, procedure etc.
• When there is a new legislation or legal requirement
• Every after incident.

RISK ASSESSMENT STEPS

EUROPEAN AGENCY OF SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORK

1. Identifying hazards and those at risk – people involved, affected and in what
circumstances could they be harmed.
2. Evaluating, prioritizing risks – what will be the degree of impact or consequence
if harm happens.
3. Deciding on preventive action – are there existing controls? Are they adequate
to control the risk to an acceptable level? What actions and resources are
required?
4. Taking action based on agreed timeline
5. Monitoring and review – performance audit and review for continual
improvement.

HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE

1. Identify the hazards

2. Decide who might be harmed and how
3. Evaluate the risks and decide on precautions
4. Record your significant findings
5. Review your assessment and update if necessary

CATEGORIES OF HAZARDS
SAFETY HAZARDS – something that has potential to cause injury
1. Poor Housekeeping
2. Fire
3. Use of Machine
4. Material Handling
5. Electricity

106
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
HEALTH HAZARDS – Any agent or activity posing potential hazard to health
1. Chemical (vapors, mists fumes, gases, dusts)
2. Physical (noise, vibration, illumination, extreme temperature, extreme
pressure, radiation)
3. Biological (bacteria, viruses, molds, fungi, protozoa; and insects, parasites,
plants, animals
4. Ergonomics (improperly designed tools or work areas, improper lifting or
reaching, poor visual conditions, repeated motion in awkward position

HOW ARE THE HAZARDS IDENTIFIED?

1. Walk through/ocular inspection
2. Review of Processes involved
3. Knowing the raw materials used, products and by-products
4. Gathering workers’ complaints
5. Safety data sheet

To be sure that all hazards are found:

1. Include non-routine activities such as maintenance, repair, or cleaning.
2. Look at accident / incident / near-miss records.
3. Include people who work off site either at home, on other job sites,
drivers, teleworkers, with clients, etc.
4. Look at the way the work is organized or done (inclu de experience of
people doing the work, systems being used, etc).
5. Look at foreseeable unusual conditions (for example: possible impact
on hazard control procedures that may be unavailable in an emergency
situation, power outage, etc.).
6. Determine whether a product, machine or equipment can be
intentionally or unintentionally changed (e.g., a safety guard that could
be removed).
7. Examine risks to visitors or the public.
8. Consider the groups of people that may have a different level of risk
such as young or inexperienced workers, persons with disabilities, or
new or expectant mothers

HOW DO YOU KNOW IF THE HAZARD WILL CAUSE HARM (POSES A RISK)?
Each hazard should be studied to determine its' level of risk. To research the hazard, you
can look at:
1. Product information / manufacturer documentation.
2. Past experience (knowledge from workers, etc.).
3. Legislated requirements and/or applicable standards.
4. Industry codes of practice / best practices.
107
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 5. Health and safety material about the hazard such as safety data sheets (SDSs),
research studies, or other manufacturer information.
6. Information from reputable organizations
7. Results of testing (atmospheric or air sampling of workplace, biological swabs,
etc.).
8. The expertise of an occupational health and safety professional.
9. Information about previous injuries, illnesses, near misses, incident reports,
etc.
10. Observation of the process or task.

REMEMBER TO INCLUDE FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE LEVEL OF RISK

SUCH AS:
1. The work environment (layout, condition, etc.).
2. The systems of work being used.
3. The range of foreseeable conditions.
4. The way the source may cause harm (e.g., inhalation, ingestion, etc.).
5. How often and how much a person will be exposed.
6. The interaction, capability, skill, experience of workers who do the work.

HOW ARE RISKS RANKED OR PRIORITIZED?

Probability ratings in this example represent:
1. High: likely to be experienced once or twice a year by an individual
2. Medium: may be experienced once every five years by an individual •
Low: may occur once during a working lifetime

Data Source: OSHC BOSH Manual

SEVERITY RATINGS IN THIS EXAMPLE REPRESENT:

108
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 • High: major fracture, poisoning, significant loss of blood, serious head injury, or
fatal disease
• Medium: sprain, strain, localized burn, dermatitis, asthma, injury requiring days
off work
• Low: an injury that requires first aid only; short-term pain, irritation, or dizziness

Data Source: OSHC BOSH Manual

THESE RISK RATINGS CORRESPOND TO RECOMMENDED ACTIONS SUCH AS:

▪ Immediately dangerous: stop the process and implement controls
▪ High risk: investigate the process and implement controls immediately
▪ Medium risk: keep the process going; however, a control plan must be developed
and should be implemented as soon as possible
▪ Low risk: keep the process going, but monitor regularly. A control plan should
also be investigated
▪ Very low risk: keep monitoring the process

109
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 Data Source: OSHC BOSH Manual

HOW ARE RISKS RANKED OR PRIORITIZED? (Cont.)

Data Source: OSHC BOSH Manual

110
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 Data Source: OSHC BOSH Manual

CLASSIFICATION OF RISK LEVELS

1. Low risk establishment – refers to a workplace where there is low level of danger
or exposure to safety and health hazards and not likely or with low probability to
result in accident, harm, injury, or illness.
2. Medium risk establishment – refers to a workplace where there is moderate
exposure to safety and health hazards and with probability of an accident, injury
or illness, if no preventive or control measures are in place.
3. High risk establishment – refers to a workplace where there is high level of
exposure to safety and health hazards, and probability of a major accident resulting
to disability, death or major illness is likely to occur if no preventive or control
measures are in place.

THE FOLLOWING ARE WORKPLACES COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH

POTENTIALLY HIGH-RISK ACTIVITIES:

1. Chemical works and chemical production plants;

2. Construction;
3. Deep sea fishing;
4. Explosives and pyrotechnics factories;
5. Firefighting;
6. Healthcare facilities;
7. Installation of communication accessories, towers and cables;
8. LPG filling, refilling, storage and distribution;
9. Mining;
10. Petrochemical works and refineries;
11. Power generation, transmission and distribution in the energy sector;
111
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 12. Storage and distribution center for toxic or hazardous chemicals;
13. Storage of fertilizers in high volume;
14. Transportation;
15. Water supply, sewerage, waste management, remediation activities;
16. Works in which chlorine is used in bulk; and
17. Activities closely similar to those enumerated above and other activities as
determined by DOLE in accordance with existing issuances on the classification
of establishments.

CLEAR POINTS

1. When conducting hazard identification, it may help to work as a team and

include both people familiar with the work area, as well as people who are not
- this way you have both the experienced and fresh eye to conduct the
inspection.
2. There is no one simple or single way to determine the level of risk. Nor will a
single technique apply in all situations. The organization has to determine
which technique will work best for each situation.
3. Ranking or prioritizing hazards is one way to help determine which risk is the
most serious and thus which to control first.
4. Any violation of the OSH Standards and other laws must be considered as
immediately dangerous or totally unacceptable.

MODULE 2 – 3A: CONTROL MEASURES OF HEALTH HAZARDS

SESSION OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the session, the participants will be able to:
1. Discuss the general principles and different methods of controls in reducing
workers’ risk and exposure
2. Explain the importance of hierarchy of controls pertaining to health hazards.

WORKPLACE CONTROL PRINCIPLES

Key Elements of Industrial Hygiene:
1. Identification
2. Evaluation
3. Control

REASON FOR CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES

1. Protecting workers health from exposure to substances
2. Protecting workers comfort
3. Complying with the standards implemented

GENERALIZE DIAGRAM OF CONTROLLING HAZARDS

Three (3) zones where control measures can be applied:
1. At the source of contamination
112
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 2. Along the transmission path
3. At the worker

HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS
1.Engineering control
2.Administrative control
3.Use of Personal Protective Equipment

ENGINEERING CONTROL KEY ELEMENTS

1. Elimination
2. Substitution
3. Isolation
4. Containment
5. Modification
6. Automation
7. Ventilation

KEY ELEMENTS
Elimination-Eliminating a hazard by removing a process or substance completely
Substitution- Involves changing chemical substances and/or process with less
hazardous or harmful one Factors to consider:
1. Hazard Assessment
2. Effectiveness
3. Compatibility
4. Existing Control Measures
5. Waste Disposal

Isolation and Containment

• Containment of the source of the hazard by placing the hazardous substance in a
sealed vessel or system to create a barrier between the hazard and the worker

Modification / Redesign / Automation

• To change the physical operating conditions without changing the chemical or
process

VENTILATION-The process of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical means

to and from any space

THE PURPOSE OF VENTILATION

1. To ensure condition of thermal comfort
2. To renew the air in the workplace, therefore diluting eventual air contamin ants to
acceptable levels.
3. To prevent hazardous air contaminants from generating into the working
environment and reaching the workers breathing zone.

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF VENTILATION:

113
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 1. General or Dilution Ventilation
2. Local Exhaust Ventilation

TYPES OF INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION

Local Exhaust Ventilation

1. Enclosure hood
2. Capturing hood
3. Receiving hood

TYPES OF INDUSTRIAL VENTILATIONS

NATURAL VENTILLATION-the process of supplying and removing air through an indoor

space without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of external air in indoor
space as a result of pressure or temperature differences.

Benefits in using natural ventilation includes:

1. Improved indoor air quality
2. Energy savings
3. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
4. Occupant control
5. Reduction in occupant illness associated with sick building syndrome
6. Increased worker productivity

MECHANICAL VENTILATION-systems circulate fresh air using ducts and fans rather
than relying on air flow through small holes or cracks in a room’s/home’s wall, roof or
windows. Occupants can breathe easier with the good ventilation.

Benefits in using mechanical ventilation includes:

1. Better indoor quality-can remove pollutants, allergies, and moisture that can cause
mold problems
2. More control-provide proper fresh air flow along with appropriate locations for
intake and exhaust
3. Improved comfort-allow a constant flow outside air into the home and can also
provide filtration, dehumidification, and conditioning of the incoming outside air.

ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
Reduction of work periods (Office Memorandums)

1. Adjusting work schedule (ex. Labor Advisory no. 3 series of 2016)

2. Job rotation
3. Education of supervisors
4. Employee information and training
5. Housekeeping and maintenance
6. Emergency response training (ex. First aid and Basic Life Support)

114
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 7. Special programs specific to Ergonomics (ex. Prolong standing and sitting and
etc.)
8. Medical Surveillance
9. PPE Program
10. Work Environment Measurement
11. Chemical Safety Program (DO 136-14)

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT -is protective equipment used for work-related

occupational health and safety purposes

TYPES OF PPE:
1. Dust / Gas Respirators
2. Aprons
3. Safety Goggles/Spectacles
4. Safety Shoes
5. Face Shields
6. Helmets
7. Earplugs /Earmuffs
8. Glove

USES OF PPEs
1. where temporary control measures are necessary before engineering controls are
installed
2. to supplement engineering controls in reducing exposure during maintenance and
repair
3. during emergencies d. It is the last line of defense

TYPES OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Source: https://www.hsa.ie/eng/Topics/Personal_Protective_Equipment_-
_PPE/Respiratory_Protective_Equipment

RESPIRATORS- Designed to purify respirable air by inhaling it through a medium which

removes the contaminants

1. Air Purifying
2. Filtering air impurities which are present in the atmosphere before they are inhaled
by the worker.
▪ Filter- type
▪ Cartridge- type

TYPES OF RESPIRATOR FILTER

1. N-Series Filters restricted to use in those atmospheres free of oil aerosols
2. R-Series Filters intended for removal of any particle including oil-based liquid
aerosol. Used only for single shift (8 hours of continuous or intermittent use)

115
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 3. P-Series Filters intended for removal of any particle including oil-based liquid
aerosols. Should be used and re-used for no more than 40 hours or 30 days
whichever occurs first

RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

AIR SUPPLYING
Provides continuous supply of uncontaminated air.

▪ Fresh Air Hose Apparatus

▪ Compressed Airline Apparatus
o Constant flow
o Demand flow
▪ Self-Contained Apparatus
o Escape BA
o General BA
o Oxygen BA
Air Supplying Respirators are used in the following areas:
1. Confined spaces or oxygen deficient areas
2. Concentration of contaminant is high
3. Fire-fighting and Rescue

CRITERIAS FOR SELECTION OF RESPIRATORS

1. Identification of contaminants
2. Maximum possible concentration of contaminants in the work area
3. Acceptability in terms of comfort
4. Compatibility with the nature of job
5. Proper fit to the face of user to prevent leakage

HEARING PROTECTION refers to devices used to protect the ear, either externally
from elements such as cold, intrusion by water and other environmental conditions,
debris, or specifically from noise. High levels of exposure to noise may result in noise-
induced hearing loss
Source https://www.google.com/search?rlz

TYPES OF HEARING PROTECTION

1. Earplugs-Hearing protectors placed inside the ear to block out noise. To work
effectively, they should fit snugly into the ear canal
2. Earmuffs-A device composed of a headband with two cushioned ear cups that
form a seal around the outer ear, covering it completely and blocking out the noise.

NRR (NOISE REDUCTION RATING)

Is a rating system used to determine the effectiveness of h earing protection devices to

decrease sound exposure within a given working environment.

116
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 ▪ the higher the NRR number, the more hearing protection it can provide to
the end-user.
▪ Formula: Earplugs Approximate Noise Protective Level = Noise Level – [
(NRR – 7) x 0.5 ] Earmuffs Approximate Noise Protective Level = Noise
Level – [ (NRR – 7) x 0.75 ]

FORMULA IN COMPUTING NRR FOR EAR PLUGS

Example:
 Noise level : 95 dB(A)
 NRR of hearing protectors: 33 dB
 Subtract 7 dB from the NRR: 33 dB - 7 dB = 26 dB
 Multiply by 1/2: 26 X 1/2 = 13 dB
 Subtract 13 dB from the
 Approximate Noise Protective Level : 95 dBA - 13 dB = 82 dB

FORMULA IN COMPUTING NRR FOR EAR MUFFS

Example:
 Noise level: 95 dB(A)
 NRR of hearing protectors: 33 dB
 Subtract 7 dB from the NRR: 33 dB - 7 dB = 26 dB
 Multiply by 3/4: 26 X 3/4 = 19.5 dB Subtract 19.5 dB from the
 Approximate Noise Protective Level: 95 dBA– 19.5 dB = 74.5 dB

HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RECOMMENDATION OF CONTROL

Area Heat Illumination Dust Noise Other General Local
Chemical Ventilation Exhaust
Hazard Ventilation
Foundry √ √ √ √ √
Spray √ √ √ √ √ √
Room
Mixing √ √ √
Room

AS PER DEPARTMENT ORDER 136 – 14 GUIDELINES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION

OF GLOBALLY HARMONIZED SYSTEM (GHS) IN CHEMICAL SAFETY PROGRAM
IN THE WORKPLACE

OBJECTIVES.

The Guidelines aims to protect workers and properties from the hazards of chemicals and
to prevent or reduce the incidence of chemically induced accidents, illnesses and injuries
and death resulting in the use of chemicals at work.

117
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
GHS - an acronym for Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of
Chemicals. The GHS is a system for standardizing and harmonizing the classification and
labeling of chemicals. It is a logical and comprehensive approach in:
• Defining health, physical and environmental hazards of chemicals
• Creating classification processes that use available data on chemicals
for comparison with the defined hazard criteria; and
• Communicating hazard information, as well as protective measures, on
labels and
Safety Data Sheets (SDS).

SECTION 5. Adherence to Provisions of the Latest Edition of the GHS. - The

establishment shall always adopt the latest provisions of GHS.

A. Industrial chemicals shall be classified according to the following criteria for GHS
Hazard Classifications:
1. GHS Physical Hazards
a. Explosives
b. Flammable Gases
c. Flammable Aerosols
d. Oxidizing Gases
e. Gases Under Pressure
f. Flammable Liquids
g. Flammable Solids
h. Self-Reactive Substances
i. Pyrophoric Liquids
j. Pyrophoric Solids
k. Self-Heating Substances
l.Substances Which in Contact with Water Emit Flammable Gases
m. Oxidizing Liquids
n. Oxidizing Solids
o. Organic Peroxides
p. Corrosive to Metal

2. GHS Health Hazards

a. Acute Toxicity
b.Skin Corrosion
c. Skin Irritation
d. Eye Effects
e. Sensitization
f. Germ Cell Mutagenicity
g. Carcinogenicity
h. Reproductive Toxicity
i. Systemic Target Organ Toxicity:
Single Exposure & Repeated Exposure
j. Aspiration Toxicity

118
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 3. Environmental Hazards
a. Hazardous to the Aquatic Environment
b. Hazardous to the Ozone Layer
All industrial chemicals shall be labeled with the following GHS label elements:
1. Product Identifier
2. Supplier Identifier
3. Chemical Identity
4. Pictograms (see Figure 1.1)
5. Signal Words
6. Hazard Statement
7. Precautionary Statement

GHS PICTOGRAMS

119
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
The Safety Data Sheet (SDS) shall be well-communicated and made available to
the workers. It shall have 16 sections containing the following minimum
information:
1. Identification of the Chemicals
2. Composition/Information on ingredients
3. Hazards identification
4. First-aid measures
5. Firefighting measures
6. Accidental release measures
7. Handling and storage
8. Exposure control and personal protection
9. Physical and chemical properties
10. Stability and reactivity
11. Toxicological information
12. Ecological information
13. Disposal considerations
14. Transport information
15. Regulatory information
16. Other information

DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 136-14 Series of 2014 Section 6 b. Workers’ Right to

Know

1. This shall cover information on the hazards in their workplaces, access to training
and education on chemical safety and orientation on safety data sheet of a
chemical.
2. The worker has the right of refusal to work if an imminent danger situation exists
in the workplace that may result to illness, injury or death and until the corrective
actions to eliminate the danger is taken by the employer.

SUMMARY

Data Source: OSHC BOSH Manual

120
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
THE FOLLOWING MEASURES CAN BE APPLIED AT THE SOURCE OF THE
CONTAMINANT GENERATION

1. Eliminate the source

2. Substitution using a less harmful or less hazardous chemical or process
3. Isolation / containment / enclosure –enclose sources or the employee, or the
source and some employees together rather than all employees
4. Modification of the source or process
5. Automation –use robotic, remote or computer aided products
6. Separation –place the source in a different location to the employee
7. Local Exhaust Ventilation –using ventilation to capture contaminant at the
source to prevent it from dispensing

MEASURES THAT CAN BE APPLIED ALONG THE PATH WHERE CONTAMINANT

IS DISPENSING
1. Housekeeping (immediate cleanup)
2. General exhaust ventilation (roof fans)
3. Dilution ventilation (supplied air)
4. Increase distance between source and receiver (semi-automatic or remote
control)
5. Use of screen and partial barriers
6. Continuous area monitoring (pre-set alarms)
7. Adequate maintenance program

WORKER BASED CONTROLS INCLUDES:

1. Training and education (most important)
2. Rotation of workers (split up dose)
3. Enclosure of worker (air-conditioned crane cabs)
4. Personal monitoring devices (dosimeters)
5. Personal protective devices (respirators)
6. Adequate maintenance program

121
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 WHERE CONTROL MEASURES CAN BE APPLIED
SOURCE AIR PATH RECEIVER

Data Source: OSHC BOSH Manual

USING COMBINATION OF CONTROLS

Data Source: OSHC BOSH Manual

SAFE AND HEALTHY WORKERS

Data Source: OSHC BOSH Manual

122
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
CLEAR POINTS

1. All hazards can be controlled

2. There are usually many alternative methods of control
3. Some methods of control are better than the others
4. Some situations will require more than one control method to obtain optimum
results
 Controls should be introduced as a means to protect the health or comfort
of workers along with other objectives, including employee safety, reduction
in environmental pollution and reduction in economic loss.
 The Safety Officer shall ensure that effective controls are being
implemented regularly monitored and maintained.
 “The correct identification and careful evaluation of the hazards are
extremely important and will constitute the basis of appropriate control
measures.”

MODULE 2 – 3B: CONTROL MEASURES OF SAFETY HAZARDS

COURSE OUTLINE
1. Workplace Good Housekeeping (5S System)
2. Fire Safety
3. Machine Safety
4. Safety on Material Handling & Storage
5. Electrical Safety
6. Personal Protective Equipment

WORKPLACE GOOD HOUSEKEEPING

Benefits of Good Housekeeping
1. Eliminates accident and fire hazards
2. Maintains safe and healthy work conditions
3. Saves time, money, materials, space, and effort
4. Improves productivity and quality of work
5. Boosts morale
6. Reflects a well-run organization

PLANNING A GOOD HOUSEKEEPING PROGRAM (5S)

5S is a tool that represents the basic principles of housekeeping and workplace
organization. It is more than cleaning and painting. It is a disciplined approach to keep
the workplace efficient and effective.
Benefits of 5S:
1. Increase productivity and efficiency
2. Improve product quality.
3. Reduce manufacturing costs.
4. Ensure on-time delivery.
5. Provide a safe working environment

123
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 6. High morale. Employees feel good in their second home. Improve company
image.

5S OF GOOD HOUSEKEEPING

Data Source: OSHC BOSH Manual

FOR A 5S & HOUSEKEEPING PROGRAM TO BE EFFECTIVE
1. Management commitment and employee support
2. Housekeeping & 5s policy program and procedures
3. Training
4. Program evaluation
5. Recognition

FIRE SAFETY

IMPORTANCE OF FIRE SAFETY

1. Life Safety
The primary goal of fire safety efforts is to protect building occupants from
injury and to prevent loss of life.
2. Property Protection
The secondary goal of fire safety is to prevent property damage.
3. Protection of Operations
By preventing fires and limiting damage we can assure that work operations
will continue.

124
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
PRINCIPLES OF FIRE PREVENTION AND CONTROL

SOURECE: https://ph.images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;

STEPS IN USING FIRE EXTINGUISHER USING THE PASS METHOD

1. Start approximately 6-8 feet from the fire then squeeze the trigger slowly while
moving towards the fire
2. 10-lb fire extinguishers lasts only 10-20 seconds. It should be used correctly.
3. When the fire is extinguished, stop pulling the trigger. In the event of a re-ignition,
at least there would still be contents inside the unit.
4. Ensure that you have an escape path in case the fire is not extinguished

125
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 SOURECE: https://ph.images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;

FIRE BRIGADE ORGANIZATION

FIRE SAFETY PROGRAM

1. Fire Detection and Alarm System
2. First Aid Fire Protection System
3. Fixed Fire Protection System
4. Fire Exit Doors, Fire Exit Signs, directional arrows
5. Fire emergency evacuation route maps/evacuation plans
6. Inspection and maintenance system of fire detection, alarm, control and
suppression systems.
7. Hot work permit system
8. Fire Safety Training
9. Conduct of drills
10. Working/active fire brigade team/ emergency response team
126
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 11. Working/updated Emergency Response Plans
12. Compliance to standards (OSHS, Fire Code

MACHINE SAFETY

Machine Safety -Safeguarding any machine part that may cause injury. It is the
prevention of accidents when working with machines.
It Prevents:
1. Loss of life
2. Severe accidents or serious injury
3. Loss of production
4. Equipment damage and repairs
5. Possible litigation
6. Having time spent on accident investigation and other statutory
requirements.

Machine Guards
1. Guards are barriers that prevent entry of an individual’s hands or other body parts
into a hazard area.
2. Installed to minimize the risk of injury to machine operators or other persons from
hazardous machine parts, materials being processed, or scrap.
Requirements for Machine Guards
1. Prevent employee contact with hazardous moving parts
2. Secured and durable
3. Prevent falling materials into moving parts
4. Create no new hazards
5. Must not interfere with worker productivity
6. Should allow for proper and safe maintenance and lubrication

Category of Machine Guards

Preventing Access
1. Fixed enclosing guards
2. Movable Guards with interlocking switches
3. Adjustable Guards
4. Manually adjustable
5. Self-adjusting

Preventing Dangerous Motion

1. Photoelectric light curtains/Presence sensing device
2. Two hand controls
3. Pullback devices
4. Restraint device

LOCK-OUT/TAG-OUT SYSTEM (LOTO)-The standard for the control of hazardous

energy sources which covers maintenance of machines in which the unexpected start up
of machines or release of stored energy could cause injury to employees
127
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 Data Source: OSHC BOSH Manual

MACHINE SAFETY PROGRAM

An effective Machine Safety Program must have the following:
1. Equipment/Machine inspection and maintenance program.
2. Installation of safety devices (guards, relief valves, provision for LOTO,
interlocks, limit switches, etc.)
3. Compliance to regulatory requirements and standards (e.g. mechanical
permits, OSHS, etc.)
4. Implementation of LOTO system.
5. Having a machine operation and safety procedures.
6. Machine alarm and warning signal system.
7. Equipment/machine safety signages.
8. ▪ Application of Job hazard Analysis

SAFETY IN MATERIAL HANDLING & STORAGE

REMINDERS ACTIONS DO WEAR…

▪ Inspect materials for ▪ Stand close to the load ▪ lightweight, flexible,
sharp edges, burrs, rough and face the way you tear and puncture-
or slippery surfaces. intend to move resistant clothing,
▪ Get a firm grip on the ▪ Keep feet apart ▪ safety boots with toe
object. ▪ Be sure you have a good caps and slip-
▪ Keep fingers away from grip on the load resistant soles, and
pinch points, especially ▪ Look forward to keep ▪ protective gloves,
when setting down back straight appropriate for the
materials. ▪ Keep arms straight materials being
▪ Wipe off greasy, wet, ▪ Tighten abdominal handled
slippery, or dirty objects muscles
before trying to handle ▪ Tuck chin into the chest
them.
▪ Never attempt to lift that
are either too heavy or
bulky to handle safely.

MECHANICAL HANDLING GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

1. Operators must be under skills training and must be authorized.
128
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 2. Equipment must be regularly inspected and maintained.

PRINCIPLES OF MATERIAL STORAGE

1. Safety
2. Accessibility
3. Orderliness

MATERIALS STORAGE ROOM GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

1. Stored materials must not create a hazard.
2. Should be properly illuminated and ventilated.
3. Materials are properly identified and labeled (including hazard labels).
4. Should have proper danger or warning signs.
5. Must have a smooth flow of materials, material handling equipment and people.
6. Storage areas must be kept free from accumulated materials that may cause
tripping, fires, or explosions, or that may contribute to the harboring of rats and
other pests).
7. When stacking and piling materials, it is important to be aware of such factors as
the materials' height and weight, how accessible the stored materials are to the
user, and the condition of the containers where the materials are being stored.
8. Materials & material handling equipment should not obstruct emergency
equipment such as fire alarm buttons, evacuation map, first aid kits, fire
extinguishers (portable or fixed) etc.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
PROTECTION AGAINST HAZARDS OF ELECTRICITY

Data Source: OSHC BOSH Manual

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)- are variety of devices and garments

designed to serve as a barrier between workers and workplace hazards.

Guidelines in Selecting PPE

1. Identify specific safety hazards
129
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 2. Understand the effect
3. Choose appropriate and approved type
4. Train workers on proper usage and maintenance.

Types of PPE Protection

1. Head Protection
2. Hearing Protection
3. Hand & Arm Protection
4. Torso Protection
5. Eye & Face Protection
6. Respiratory Protection
7. Foot Protection
8. Fall Protection

PPE Program
1. Written Policy
2. Proper Selection of PPE
3. Proper Training
4. Maintenance Program
5. Incentive System
6. Enforcement

Hierarchy of Control Measure

Data Source: OSHC BOSH Manual

130
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS (Data Source: OSHC BOSH Manual)

INTRODUCTION

Some jobs involve step, which, it performed correctly, can cause injury, illness or harms
to the environment. Example is those tasks wherein employee is required to work with or
around hazardous material, or to work under hazardous condition. Supervisor and team
leader need a reliable and accurate method of identifying eliminating or controlling those
hazards.

Task Exposure Analysis and Standards Job Procedures are based on the concept that
all elements of workers task such as quality. Production, Health and Safety are
inseparable.

THE TOTAL JOB CONCEPT

Anyone or all can affect the other to consider them as separated element when teaching
worker is to invite confusion and misunderstanding that leads to downgrading incident.
Job efficiency is not possible if all aspect of the job is not considered as part of standards
procedures to get it done. Efficiency requires the best use of people Materials, Equipment
and Environment: all working together to produce optimum result. Some individual
prefers to expand analysis into all aspect of the job: safety, quality and produ ctivity as
well as orderly frequency of step that will accomplish the job efficiency. This approach,
known as total job analysis, job analysis, is based on the idea that safe is an integral part
of in every job and not separated entity. In this manual. Only health and safety aspect will
consider.

JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS- One of the tools used by management in identifying hazard
in the workplace is to conduct a task exposure analysis on individual task. A task
exposure/Job Hazard Analysis (TEA/JHA) is a tool to provide assurance that the
important aspect of the job has been considered and evaluated, in order to determine the
total procedures for doing the job the proper way. In a JHA, each basic aspect of the job
is examined identify the potential hazard and to determine the safest way to do job. Other
term to use to describe this procedure is the Job hazard analysis (JHA) or Job Safety
Analysis (JSA).

THE BENEFITS OF DOING A JHA

One method use is to observe workers actually performed the job. Major advantage of
this methods is its does not rely on individual memory and th at the process prompt
reorganization of hazards. Another approach is to have a group of experienced worker
and supervisor completes the analysis through discussion. Advantages of this methods
is more people are involve allowing for a wider based of experience and promoting a more
ready acceptance of the resulting work procedures. Member of the joint occupational
safety and health committee should participate on this process. Initial benefits from
developing a JHA will become clear in the preparation on the stage.
131
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 1. The analysis process may identify previously undetected hazards and increase the
job knowledge of those participating.
2. Safety and Health awareness is raised:
3. Communication between worker’s supervisors is improved.
4. Acceptance of Safe work procedures is promoted.
5. The complete JHA can from the basis for regular contact between supervisor and
workers on health and safety;
6. It can serve as teaching aid for initial job training and as a briefing guide for
infrequent job;
7. It can be used as a standards health and safety inspection or observation; and
8. It will assist in completing comprehensive accident investigation.

JOB DEFINED

The Term: Job” and “task” are commonly used interchangeable to mean specific work
assignment or an individual task or activity that a man does within his occupation, rather
than to the occupation itself., such as “operating a grinder”, “using a pressurized water
extinguisher” or “changing a flat tire” JHA’S are not suitable for jobs define too badly, for
example; “overhauling an engine” or too narrowly foe example: “Positioning car jack”.

A job then, could be considered a define sequence of steps of activities that a person
engages into perform a work assignment.

USES OF JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS

1. Job clarification
2. Hazard awareness
3. Guide in employee training
4. Guide in periodic inspection
5. Guide in retaining senior employees
6. Refresher on job which runs infrequently
7. An incident investigation tool
8. For informing employees of specific job hazards and protective measures.

THE FRAMEWORK OF A JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS

1. Determined the critical job to be analyzed

2. Breaking the job down into orderly sequence of step
3. Determined potential for downgrading incident/hazards
4. Develop recommended control to overcome these hazards.
5. Make an efficiency check
6. Write the Standards Job Procedures

132
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
SELECTING JOB FOR ANALYSIS

Ideally, all jobs should be Subjected to a JHA. In some cases, there are practical
constrained post by the amount of time and effort required to do a JHA. Another
consideration is that is each TEA will require revision whenever equipment, raw material,
processes, or the environment change. For these reasons, it is used necessary to identify
which are to be analyzed. Even if analysis of all job is planned, this step ensure that the
most critical job is examined first.

Factor to be considered is assigning a priority for analysis of job include:

1. Accident frequency and severity: Job where accidents occur frequently or where
they occur infrequently but result in disabling injuries
2. Potential for severe injuries and illness: The consequences of an accident,
hazardous condition, or exposure to harmful substance are potential severe.
Barometers such as near-misses, minor incidents, accidents investigation, etc. can
predict potential sources of major event.
3. Probability of recurrence: Probability of recurrence and the possibility of a
serious loss should be strongly considered for a JHA
4. The newly establish jobs: Due to lack of experience in these jobs, hazards may
not be evident or anticipated. To get a new job off to a flying start offers tremendous
problems usually will result to a major loss, classic example of trial and error
syndrome.
5. Modified job: New hazards may be associated with changes in job procedures.
6. Infrequently performed jobs: Workers may be greater risk when undertaking
non-routine jobs and a JHA provides a means of reviewing hazards.

BREAKING JOB INTO “BASIC STEPS”

Maintain a Critical Job Record File. This file serves as a master reference for each
occupation’s critical job status. It is also a very important reference for training new or
transferred supervisors, as people move up in the organization.

After a job has been chosen for analysis, the next stage is to break the job into step. A
job step is defined as a segment of the operation necessary to advance the work.

Care must be taken not to make the steps too general, thereby missing specific steps and
their associated hazards, On the other hand, if they are too detailed, there will be many
steps. A rule of thumb is that most jobs can be described in less than steps. If more steps
are required, you might want to divide the job into two segments, each with its separate
JHA, or combine steps where appropriate.

An important point to remember is to keep the steps in their correct sequence. Any step,
which is out of order may miss potential hazards or introduce hazards, which do not
actually exist.

133
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
Each step is recorded in sequence. Make steps about what is done rather than how it is
done. Each item is started with an action verb. Job steps are recorded in the left-hand
column of the worksheet.

This part of the analysis is usually prepared by watching the worker do the job. Doing a
JHA should always be a TEAM EFFORT. By involving other in the process, key points
are less likely to be missed in this way and you reduce the possibility of overlooking an
individual job step, or potential hazards. You also increase the likelihood of identifying the
most appropriate measures for eliminating or controlling hazards. An effective JH A team
should generally include: 1) The Supervisors; 2) The Employee most familiar. Capable
and experienced on how the job is done, including related hazards; 3) Other Employees
who performed the job; 4) Experts or Specialists when necessary, i.e. Hygienist,
Ergonomists, or Engineers.

By involving as many knowledge and experienced personnel as possible, you ensure that
the JHA will be accurate and complete. The adage that the best way to learn how
something is done is to: see for yourself” underscore this method.

1. Select the right workers to observe

Nothing is more important than choosing a worker who knowledge and skill, the best
worker available.

2. Explain the purpose of JHA

To strengthen the full co- operation and participation, the reason for the exercise must
be clearly explained. The JHA is neither a time and motion study in disguise, nor an
attempt to uncover individual unsafe acts. The job, not the individual, is being studied
in an effort to make its safer by identifying hazards an d making modifications to
eliminate or reduce them.

3. Observe the job and record an initial breakdown

Find a good vantage point. Don’t interrupt or distract the workers and avoid making him
uncomfortable by your presence.

4. Check breakdown with workers.

After recording as you saw it, the breakdown of the steps should be discussed by all
the participants (always including the workers) to make sure that all basic steps have
been noted and are in the correct order.

5. Record basic steps of job breakdown

Sequence of critical steps should be recorded on the “worker sheet”. Use short action
word such as “Place”, “Remove”, “set”, “position” etc.

DETERMINED POTENTIAL FOR DOWNGRADING INCIDENTS

The purpose of Job Hazard Analysis is not solution but to identify potential loss problem.

134
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
Once the basic steps have been recorded, potential hazards must be identified at each
step. Based on observation of the job knowledge of accident and injury causes, and
personal experience, list the things that could go wrong at each step.

A second observation of the job being performed may be needed. Since the basic steps
have already been recorded, more attention can now be focused on potential hazards. At
this stage, no attempt is made to solve any problems, which may have been detected. To
help identified potential hazards, the job analyst may use questions such as these (list is
not a complete list):

1. Can any body part get caught in or between objects?

2. Do tools, machines, or equipment present any hazards
3. Can the workers make harmful contact with object?
4. Can the workers slip, trip, and falls?
5. Can the workers suffer strain from lifting pushing and pulling?
6. Are the workers exposed to extreme heat or cold?
7. Is excessive noise or vibration a problem?
8. Is there a danger from falling object?
9. Is lighting a problem?
10. Is harmful radiation a possibility?
11. Can weather condition a possibility?
12. Can contact be made with hot, toxic, or caustic substance?
13. Are the dusts, fumes, mists, or vapors in the air?

Again, all participant part of doing a JHA is the “Efficiency check”, an opportunity to find
deficiencies in performance that can be eliminated. Ten suggested question applied to
each aspect of the job are:

1. What is the purpose?

2. Why it is necessary?
3. Is this being the most efficient ways?
4. How can it be done more efficiently?
5. What is needed to do it better?
6. Where it should it be done?
7. When should it be done?
8. Who is the best qualified to don it?
9. Does it mean the standards?
10. What else can make it more efficient?

IN MAKING AN EFFICIENCY CHECK, USE THE FOLLOWING GUIDELINES:

1. PEOPLE
a. What injurious contact presents that could the result in injury or illness?
b. Are there contact that could cause fire or explosion?
c. Dose the workers understand and follow all rules, regulation and precautions?
d. Has proper personal protection equipment been provided? Is it utilized properly?
e. Are the right number of people doing job?
135
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 f. Is there full utilization of people doing the job?
g. Is there any idle time of workers that could be used more gainfully?

2. EQUIPMENT
a. Are the tools and equipment being utilized best suited to this job from all
aspect? (Safety, Quality and Production).
b. Could tools be provided that would improve efficiency?
c. Could mechanical or power tools be applied more economically than hard tools?
d. Is machinery and equipment being used to its maximum safe capacity?
e. Is all equipment in proper operating condition?
f. Is there a less costly piece of equipment that could do the same job properly?
g. Where all tools readily available and properly positioned for most effective work?

3. MATERIAL
a. Can better, safer, less expensive or less scares material be substituted?
b. Can waste be cut down in any way?
c. Can you see any uses for scrap or waste for another product?
d. Is material being transported and handled in the most efficient manner?
e. Is material properly arranged for optimum efficiency?
f. Is the right amount of material at the job site?
g. Is there another product that could do the same job at less cost?

4. ENVIRONMENT
a. Are working area and related storage are clean and orderly?
b. Is junk occupying space that could be used to more advantages by people,
equipment or material
c. Is there anything in the environment that you would consider unnecessary to the
task at hand? What in the environment could be change or altered to improved
conditions, atmosphere or general work climate for people, equipment or material?

Solution used to improve efficiency check:

1. The job procedure solution: Specific procedures that when followed, will eliminate
the deficiency or potential for downgrading incident that exists.
2. The job environment solution: Involve changing part or aspect of the total
environment, i.e. lightning layout, noise, work surface or temperature. These can
eliminate the hazards and could prolong the life of both machine and the worker.
3. The methods change solution: Involve substitution of processes, material or
methods itself
4. The reduced frequency solution: Reduce of exposure to harmful material

DETERMINE PREVENTIVE MEASURES

The efficiency check will verify that the most efficient manner of doing the job has been
established and you can now determine the efficient ways to eliminate or control the
hazards identified. In doing this:
136
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 1. Eliminate all unnecessary details
2. Combine details where practical
3. Rearrange to get better sequences
4. Simplify all necessary details.

The generally accepted measures in controlling hazards, in order of preference

are:

Eliminate the Hazard: This is the most effective measured used to eliminate the
hazards:
a. Choose a different process
b. Modify an existing process
c. Substitutes with less hazardous substances
d. Improve environment (ventilation)
e. Modify or change equipment or tools

CONTAIN THE HAZARDS

If the hazards cannot be eliminated, contact might be prevented by using
enclosure, machine guard, workers booths or similar devices.

1. REVISE WORK PROCEDURES

Consideration might be given to modifying step which are the hazardous, changing
the sequence of the steps, or adding additional steps (such as locking out energy
sources)

2. REDUCE THE EXPOSURE

These measures are the least effective and should only be used if no other solution
is possible. One way of minimizing exposure is to reduce the number of times the
hazards is encountered. An example would be modifying machinery so that less
maintenance is necessary.

3. USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

If all of the above recommendations are not possible the use of appropriate
personal protective equipment may be required.
In listing the preventive measure, use of general statement such as “be careful” or
“use caution” should be avoided. Specific statements which describe both what
actions is to be taken and how it is to be performed are preferable. The
recommended measures are listed in the right-hand column of the worksheet,
numbered to match the hazards in question.

WHO CONDUCTS THE OBSERVATION?

1. The immediate supervisor
2. The safety officers
3. Member of the joint occupational health and safety committee
4. Other employees who perform the same job.

137
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
OBSERVATION OF THE JOB
1. Watch the worker do the job. The worker should be experienced and
capable in all parts of the job.
2. Clearly explain the reason for the exercise.
3. The job, not the individual, is being studied
4. Not a time and motion study in disguise
5. Only regular tools and equipment should be used.
6. The only difference from normal operations is the fact that the worker is
being observed.

3. IDENTIFY POTENTIAL HAZARDS

List the things that could go wrong at each step.

4. DEVELOP SOLUTIONS

138
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
INFORMATION DISSEMINATION
• The result must be communicated to all workers.

CHANGING A FLAT TIRE.

As you leave for work today, you discover that the car has a flat tire. The car is parked
on level ground and the parking brake is already set. The bumper jack and spare tire are
both in good condition and stored in the trunk of the car.

KEY STEPS NOT ENOUGH CHANGING A FLAT TIRE

1. Park car
2. take off flat tire
3. put on spare tire
4. drive away.

Key Job Steps JUST RIGHT Changing a Flat tire

1. park car, set brake
2. remove jack & tire from trunk
3. loosen log nuts
4. jack up car
5. remove tire
6. set new tire
139
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 7. jack down car

(Data Source: OSHC BOSH Manual)

MODULE 3: ACCIDENT CAUSATION: RISKY WORKPLACE ND RISKY

WORKERS/ ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION (Data Source: OSHC
BOSH Manual)

SESSION OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this module, participants will be able to:
• learn the accident causation theory
• discuss the importance of accident investigation
• enumerate the types of accidents to be reported
• explain the basic procedure in the conduct of accident investigation
• document and make recommendations based on the investigation

INTRODUCTION
▪ Accident is unplanned, uncontrolled and undesirable.
▪ Disrupts normal function of the organization due to injuries/ fatality of workers or
damage to property.
▪ Accident can be prevented from recurring through an efficient root cause
investigation.

140
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
ACCIDENT CAUSATION- refers to the factors that are the primary reasons behind an
accident. For occupational health and safety professionals, determining causation factors
in any workplace injury or accident is the key.
 PEOPLE Workforce Management of the workforce Policies Behavior
 EQUIPMENT Tools and Machinery
 MATERIALS Used, worked or made
 ENVIRONMENT Physical surroundings Natural environment Community,
social & legal influences

ACCIDENT THEORY
H. W. Heinrich, Domino Theory
❑ Study of Accidents
• 98 – Preventable »88% - Unsafe Acts »10% - Unsafe Conditions
• 2% - Non-Preventable
❑ Domino Theory, “Accident” is one factor in a sequence that may lead to injury.

SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO ACCIDENT/PREVENTION

HEINRICH’S TRIANGLE

PRIMARY CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS

141
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
Unsafe Act-a human action that departs from a standard or written job procedure or
common practice, safety rules, regulations, or instructions. A violation of a commonly-
accepted safe procedures and or processes.

Unsafe Condition- The physical or chemical property of a material, machine or the

environment that may result in injury to a person, damage or destruction to property and
other losses; these could have been guarded or prevented.

A FATAL ACCIDENT IS JUST THE TIP OF THE ICEBERG

1 death
10 serious accidents
100 minor injuries
1,000 hazardous occurrences
10,000 unsafe acts or conditions
CAN ACCIDENTS BE PREVENTED?

US / UH
Acts 88%

ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
▪ A methodical effort to collect and interpret the facts of accident.
▪ An inquiry as to how and why the accident occurred in order to explore actions
that should be taken to prevent or minimize recurrence of the accident.

IMPORTANT FEATURE OF AN ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

❑ Formal Policy requiring the proper and consistent reporting of all accidents
is one of the most important principles of any accident investigation
program.

The purpose of accident investigation

1. ▪ To establish all facts
2. ▪ To draw conclusion
3. ▪ To make recommendations

142
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 4. ▪ To prevent recurrence

Types of accident to be reported

1. Fatal accidents
2. Accident causing injury or illness
3. Diseases
4. Dangerous occurrences
5. Near miss – is a circumstance where injuries or property damage did not
occur, but the potential exists for those undesirable events.

THE INVESTIGATION IS USUALLY CONDUCT BY THE FOLLOWING:

1. Investigation is usually the supervisor’s responsibility
2. more familiar with the people involved
3. have better understanding of the operation
4. have personal stake in accident investigation
5. employees may be willing to speak more freely

SIZE OF INVESTIGATING TEAM

1. The extent of injury
2. The potential for injury or damage
3. The potential of repetitions
4. The department involved
5. Requirement for specialized knowledge
6. Legal requirement

INVESTIGATION IS A 4 STEP PROCESS

1. Control the scene
2. Gather data
3. Analyze data
4. Write report

CONTROL THE SCENE

• Provide medical care for injured
❑ First Aid
❑ On Scene Evaluation
❑ Transport for Medical Care
• Control existing hazards
❑ Prevent further injuries
❑ Get more help if needed
• Preserve evidence

GATHER DATA
1. Photos of accident scene
2. Drawings & sketches & measurements
3. Data
4. Persons involved
143
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 5. Date, time, location
6. Activities at time of accident
7. Equipment involved
8. List of witnesses

INTERVIEW PROCESS
1. When?
2. Where?
3. In group or individually?
4. Put the person at ease.
5. Reassure them that this is a factfinding process only

THE INTERVIEW
• Take notes!
• Ask open-ended questions
– “What did you see?”
– “What happened?”
• Do not give suggestions (If the person is stumbling over a word, do not help him.)
• Use closed-ended questions later to gain more detail.
• After the person has provided their explanation, these types of questions
can be used to clarify
• “Where were you standing?”
• “What time did it happen?”

ENDING THE INTERVIEW

1. Summarize what you have been told. -Correct misunderstandings of the
events between you & the witness)
2. Ask the witness/victim for recommendations to prevent recurrence - These
people will often have the best solutions to the problems.
3. Ask for Written/Signed Statement

DETERMINE CAUSES
1. Employee actions (Behavior, Physical, mental & emotional)
2. Environmental conditions (Lighting, heat/cold, moisture/humidity, dust,
vapors, etc.)
3. Equipment condition (maintenance program in place)
4. Procedures (available or not, appropriate or not)
5. Training (operation & maintenance)

ANALYZE THE DATA

FIND ROOT CAUSES:

1. Determined the direct and contributing factors, dig deeper!
2. If employee error, what caused that behavior?
3. If defective machine, why wasn’t it fixed?
144
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 4. If poor lighting, why not corrected?
5. If no training, why not?

REVIEW RECORDS:
1. Check training records
a. Was appropriate training provided?
b. When was training provided?
2. Check equipment maintenance records
a. Is regular PM or service provided?
b. Is there a recurring type of failure?
3. Check accident records
a. Has there been similar incidents or injuries involving other
employees?
4. PREPARE INVESTIGATION REPORT

BACKGROUND INFORMATION
o Where and when the accident occurred
o Who and what were involved?
o Operating personnel and other witnesses

ACCOUNT OF THE ACCIDENT (WHAT HAPPENED?)

o Sequence of events
o Extent of damage
o Accident type
o Agency or source (of energy or hazardous material)

PREPARE INVESTIGATION REPORT

1. •Discussion (Analysis of the Accident - HOW; WHY)
2. Direct causes (unsafe acts, energy sources; hazardous materials)
3. Contributing causes (personal or environmental causes)
4. Root causes (management policies; system procedures; inadequate
trainings)
5. Recommendations (to prevent recurrence)

UNDER RULE 1050 – NOTIFICATION AND KEEPING OF RECORDS OF ACCIDENT

AND/ OR OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESS

1053.01 NOTIFICATION
All work accidents or occupational illnesses resulting in disabling conditions or
dangerous occurrence shall be reported by the employer to the Regional Labor
Office
RULE 1050 – NOTIFICATION AND KEEPING OF RECORDS OF ACCIDENT AND/ OR
OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESS

1. Prescribed form: DOLE/BWC/OHSD-IP-6 (Employers Work Accident/Illness

Report)
145
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 2. The formal report (2 copies) shall be submitted by the employer on or before
the 20th day of the month following the date of the occurrence of the accident.
3. Prescribed Form: DOLE/BWC/OHSD-IP6B
4. Annual Work Accident/Illness Exposure Data Report (AEDR)
5. Submitted on or before January 20 of the following year with or without accident

FREQUENCY RATE
Frequency Rate (FR) = No. of disabling injury X 1,000,000
Total Employee-Hour Exposure
Frequency Rate (FR) = 5X 1,000,000
200,000
Frequency Rate (FR) = 25
Assuming:
# of Disabling Injuries = 5
Total Emp-Hr. Exp = 200,000 Frequency Rate

SEVERITY RATE
Severity Rate (SR) = Total days lost X 1,000,000
Total Employee-Hour Exposure
Severity Rate (SR) = (100) X 1,000,000
200,000
Severity Rate (SR) = 500
Assuming:
Total days lost = 100
Total emp-hrs. Exp = 200,000

DANGEROUS OCCURRENCES (OSHS RULE 1053.02)

The following are dangerous occurrences which shall be investigated and
reported.
a. Explosion of boilers used for heating or power
b. Explosion of a receiver or storage container
c. Bursting of a revolving wheel, grinding stone or grinding wheel
d. Collapse of a crane, hoist and other equipment used in raising or lowering
persons or goods
e. Explosion or fire causing damage to the structure of any room or place
f. Electrical short circuit or failure of electrical machinery, machinery, plant
or apparatus

The following are examples of grounds of work stoppage due to condition or stage
of being in imminent danger:

Stage of imminent danger Dangerous Occurrence

1. Damaged Pressure Relief Valve Explosion of boilers

146
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 2. Increase temperature of tank Explosion of a storage container
due to hot work & absence of
inert gas inside tank.
3. No proper enclosure of the Bursting of a revolving wheel,
workplace & absence of grinding stone
machine guard
4. Outriggers of crane are not Collapse of a crane, hoist and other
placed on stable ground equipment
5. Oxygen acetylene gas cylinders Explosion or fire causing damage to
exposed to excessive heat the structure
6. Defective over-current Electrical short circuit or failure of
protective device electrical machinery

The following are examples of grounds of work stoppage due to condition or stage
of being in imminent danger

1. Pressure Relief Valve

2. Increase temperature of tank due to hot work & absence of inert gas inside tank.
3. No proper enclosure of the workplace & absence of machine guard.
4. Outriggers of crane are not properly placed on stable ground.
5. Oxygen acetylene gas cylinders exposed to excessive heat
6. Defective over-current protective device

CLEAR POINTS
▪ Accidents disrupts normal function of the organization due to injuries/ fatality
of workers or damage to property.
▪ Accident can be prevented from recurring through an efficient root cause
investigation.
▪ Primary causes of accidents are unsafe/unhealthy acts & condition
▪ Basic procedures in the conduct of accident investigation must be followed
▪ Results of accident investigation must be documented properly and
thoroughly.
▪ Make recommendations based on the investigation.
▪ Dangerous occurrences in the workplace must be addressed.

MODULE 4: INEGRATING ACTIVITY: CONDUCT OF SAFETY INSPECTION

INTRODUCTION

Another tools by used by management in hazards identification, Safety Inspection is

defined as that monitoring function conducted to late locate existing and potential hazards
having the capacity to caused accident in the workplace. Inspection should not be limited
to search for unsafe physical condition. But should also try to detect unsafe practices.

147
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
When should a safety inspection be conducted? Without giving too much thought, some
supervisors would answer, “The third Friday in each Month”. A much reply would be, “I
conduct safety inspection every time I go through my department”. When a safety
inspection become part of supervisors every day routine, safety responsibility is
integrated in his job together with his other duties. One aspect of supervisor job should
not be more important than other. Safety inspection should be part of every phase of
production and regular elements of the standards operating procedures.

PHILOSOPHY
Inspection can be viewed negatively or positively: 1) Fault finding with emphasis on
criticism; and 2) fact finding with emphasis on locating in hazards that can adversely affect
health and safety.

The second viewed point is more effective because 1) it is a yardstick adequate for
measuring a particular situation; 2) a comparison of what is, with what ought to be and 3)
corrective step taken to achieve desired performed.

PURPOSE OF SAFETY INSPECTION

The basic purpose safety inspection is to ensure compliance with standards and serve as
a tool to evaluate supervisor’s safety performance activities. Safety Inspection can be a
valuable tool:
1. To maintain a safe work environment through hazards recognition and removal;
2. Top ensure the people are following proper safety procedure while working
3. To determine which operation meets or exceed acceptable safety and
governments standards; and
4. To maintain product quality and operational probability.

SAFETY INSPECTION OBJECTIVES

The objective of a safety inspection are:
• To detect and correct potential hazard before accident occurs
• To recognize safe practices and uncover unsafe practices
• To promote and maintain established and accepted standards of safety
• To improve operations, increase efficiency, effectiveness and profitability
• Provides a reliable way for identifying, correcting and eliminating conditions and
behaviors that could cause or contribute to injuries, illnesses and damages.
• Inspections are needed because nothing is completely risk-free
▪ Things wear out
▪ Conditions change
▪ People are not perfect
• Usually a proactive approach

PURPOSE OF SAFETY INSPECTION

PRIMARY PURPOSE
• Detect and correct hazards

148
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 • Assess Effectiveness of OSH Program
• Display visible management commitment to OSH
• Identify Training Needs
• Fulfill Legal Obligations

SECONDARY PURPOSE
• to improve operations, increase efficiency, effectiveness and profitability.

TYPES OF SAFETY INSPECTION

• Continuous Inspection
• Periodic/Interval Inspection
✓ Regular Inspections
✓ General Inspections
• Emergency Inspection

CONTINUOUS INSPECTION
• An inspection conducted as part of the workers job responsibilities in noting and
correcting potential danger.
• It involves noting an apparently or potentially hazardous conditions or unsafe
procedure and either correcting it immediately or making a report to initiate
corrective action
• Sometimes called informal inspection because it does not conform to a set
schedule, plan or checklist.

INTERVAL INSPECTION
• A systematic process with specific Intervals and widely regarded as “real” safety
and health inspection
• Sometimes called planned inspections.
• Deliberate, thorough, and with systematic procedure that permits examination of
specific items or conditions.
• Two types of interval inspection are:
• REGULAR AND GENERAL

TYPES OF INTERVAL INSPECTION

• REGULAR INSPECTIONS – inspections at regular interval which is conducted on
a specific area, a specific operation or a specific type of equipment.
• GENERAL INSPECTION – is a planned walk-through of an entire area and
includes places not usually inspected.

EMERGENCY INSPECTION
• An inspection focused on the components of machinery, equipment, materials,
structures or areas likely to result in an immediate unwanted incident
• An unscheduled inspection may be needed to correct unsafe conditions.

GENERAL SAFETY AND HEALTH INSPECTION

149
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
SAFETY INSPECTION PROGRAM
An effective program begins with analysis and planning. Before instituting an inspection
program, a number of questions should be answered:
• What is the purpose of inspection?
• What aspects of each item need to be examined?
• How often/frequent must items be inspected?
• Who will conduct the inspection?
Elements Of An Effective Safety Inspection Program
• The inspectors must:
o Have sound knowledge of the facility/workplace;
o Be knowledgeable of the relevant standards, codes and regulations;
o Be familiar with the organization’s accident experience and potentials;
o Possess the ability to make intelligent decisions for corrective action;
• Exercise diplomacy in handling personnel and situations.
• The inspection process must be systematic.
• There must be a method of reporting, evaluating and using the gathered data.

WHAT & WHERE TO INSPECT?

• Physical Condition
➢ Equipment, apparatus, appliances you are working with
➢ Your work area
➢ Areas surrounding your work area
➢ High risk areas
• Processes
• Behavior (acts)
• Other items and areas

COVERAGE OF INSPECTION
• Tools (power and non-power) & Equipment
• Machines (utilities, production, etc)
• Materials and Supplies
• Material handling
▪ Power source equipment
▪ Electrical connections/devices
▪ Fire protection equipment
▪ Fire hazards
• Motor Vehicle
• Office
• Personal service and first aid facilities
• Buildings and structures
• Walkways and roadways
• Working surfaces, platforms, scaffolds
• Fall hazards
• Personal protective equipment

150
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 • People (Human Behavior, Acts)

FREQUENCY OF INSPECTION
• What is the loss severity potential of the problem or what is the potential for injury
to employees?
• How quickly can the item or part become unsafe?
• What is the history of failures and what are the results of these failures?
• A good rule:

“THE HIGHER THE RISK, THE HIGHER THE FREQUENCY OF THE INSPECTION”

WHO WILL CONDUCT INSPECTION?

• Safety Professionals/Officers
• Company or Facility Management
• Supervisor
• Mechanical Engineer or Maintenance Supervisor
• Workers/Laborers/Technicians
• Maintenance Personnel
• Safety and Health Committee members
• Third Parties and/or Customers
• Other inspection teams/personnel

SAFETY INSPECTION - OSHS RULE 1047 (5)

One of the duties of a Safety Man (Safety Officer):
“Conducts health and safety inspection as member of the committee”

Inspection Tools
❑ COMMON INSPECTION TOOLS
▪ Inspection forms/sheet/checklists
▪ Clipboards
▪ Pens/pencils
▪ Lock-out/tag-out equipment
▪ Measuring tape/ruler
▪ Flashlight
▪ Cameras, video cams and/or tape recorder
▪ Personal Protective Equipment

❑ OTHER EQUIPMENT MAY ALSO BE USED

▪ Electric testing equipment
▪ Sampling devices (air, noise, light, temperature)
▪ Sampling containers
▪ Calipers, micrometers, feeler gauges
▪ Stop watch
▪ Other equipment depending on the need of the inspection.

151
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
SAMPLE INSPECTION CHECKLIST

▪ Serve as reminders of what to look for and as records of what have been covered.
▪ Objective rather than subjective.

❑ Serve as reminders of what to look for and as records of what have been covered.
❑ Objective rather than subjective.

PLANNING & PREPARATION

❑ Includes review of the following
▪ Accident reports
▪ Equipment inspection and maintenance records
▪ Procedures
▪ Previous inspection reports
▪ Other documents
❑ Coordination
▪ With affected persons (if not a surprise inspection)
▪ With inspection team (including pre-inspection meeting)
❑ Preparation of materials needed.

INSPECTION PROPER
REMEMBER: INSPECTIONS MUST NOT INTERRUPT NORMAL OPERATIONS
• Identification of hazards
• Data gathering
• Interview of workers
• May or may not use checklists or inspection sheets.

SAFETY INSPECTION - SEEING VS. OBSERVING

❑ Seeing – Limited to the sense of sight. It is a physiological process essentially.
❑ Observing – Is more of a psychological process. It means to consider carefully, to
regard with attention so as to learn something. It means seeing with sufficient care
to be able to give an account of conditions and behavior. It is not limited to the
sense of sight. Observing includes noticing an d noting, and understanding the
significance of what is seen.

INSPECTION REPORT - REPORT FORMATS CAN BE:

• Bullet-type report
• Narrative/paragraph form

152
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 • Risk Assessment format
• Other formats

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS
▪ In making recommendations, be guided by these rules:
▪ Correct the cause whenever possible.
▪ Immediately correct everything possible.
▪ Report conditions beyond one’s authority and suggest solutions.
▪ Take intermediate action as needed.
▪ Prioritize high risk items. A good tool is Risk Assessment.

MONITORING
• At regular intervals, report progress in complying with the safety recommendations.
Periodically check what progress toward corrective actions is being made.
• Monitor for residual hazards and those hazards that were produced by the actions
that were made to correct the initial problem.

ROLES IN IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING

• Management’s Role
▪ Supports Inspection Program
▪ Ensure that recommended corrective actions is in then agenda.
▪ Decision-making esp. when money is involved
• Safety Officer’s Role
▪ Conduct inspections
▪ Follow-up and monitoring of inspection items
• Supervisor’s and Worker’s Role
▪ Conducts inspection
▪ Execution of corrective actions
• Safety and Health Committee
▪ Review reports of safety and health inspections and discuss the findings
and recommendations during committee meetings.

Workshop on HIRAC

If a site visit cannot be scheduled, there will be a video presentation, whereby participants
will be divided into groups of 5 – 7 members. They will do a Hazard Identification, Risk
Assessment amd Control based on what can be viewed from the video. After the group
discussions, each group will present their findings and recommendations.

153
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
MODULE 5: COMMUNICATING OSH TRAINING OF TRAINERS ON OSH
(Data Source: OSHC BOSH Manual)

SESSION OBJECTIVES

At the end of the session, the participants will be able to:

1. Understand the need to communicate the company’s OSH program to all levels
of the organization and all stakeholders (employers, workers, subcontractors,
service providers, clients and with the government);
2. Develop ideas on good communication strategy to effectively implement the
ompany’s OSH program; .
3. Commit to their roles as safety officers the conduct of OSH trainings, facilitation
of OSH meetings, among others, as part of the OSH capability building of the
company; and
4. Understand the concepts of trainers’ training and facilitation skills, to be able to
promote OSH effectively.
.
How will efficient OSH communication help in achieving a safe and healthy
workplace?

COMMUNICATE OSH PROGRAM

The OSH program should be the product of a consultative process. Both the employers
and the workers should take ownership of the company’s safety and health program. If
this is the case then it would be easier to commincate the program to the understanding
of all the players in the company.

The manner of communicatng the OSH program should be attached to the roles and
responsibilities of concerned individuals or groups of individuals, as they need to
understand their take on the program and how they can be instrumental in ensuring its
effective implementation. From the owners and senior managers, the OSH program
should be able to cascade to the middle managers and department heads, down to
supervisors and their workers.

As part of the company’s communication plan, the Safety Officer with the support of the
Safety and Health Committee should also schedule orientation of con tractors and service
providers on the OSH program, so the latter can align their repective safety and health
programs to the principal’s OSH program.

In the light of Republic Act 11058 and DOLE DO 198 – 18, a company’s OSH program is
submitted to the DOLE Regional/ Provincial/ District Office. The submission is among the
basis of a labor inspector in exacting OSH compliance from a company.

154
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
OSH COMMUNICATION TO EMPLOYERS
Employers respond to:
1. Compliance requirements
2. Status of compliance
3. Costs
4. Productivity indicators
5.” Need to know” and what can be done
6. Efficient, effective way to implement OSH

HOW DO YOU COMMUNICATE OSH TO EMPLOYERS?

1. Duties of employers
2. Compliance to legislations (OSH Standards, DO)
3. OSH data/profile and OSH situationer of company
4. Risk Assessment
5. OSH committee
6. Accident data and

DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS (AS PER CHAPTER 3, SECTION 4A (1-9) OF DOLE DO 198

S18)
1. Equip a place of employment for workers free from hazardous conditions that
are causing or likely to cause death, illness or physical harm to the workers; ….
2. Provide complete job instructions and proper orientation to all workers including,
but no limited to, those relating to familiarization with their work environment; …

OSH COMMUNICATION TO EMPLOYEES

Employees respond to:

1. How to keep themselves safe and healthy
2. Linking OSH to their productivity
3. Contributing to the achievement of the company

What to communicate?
• Company policies, OSH programs
• Administrative controls, OSH-related issuances
• New SOPs, operations, production processes
• Rights of workers
• Roles in OSH committee, OSH program
• Risk assessment, OSH audits
• WEM results, accident investigation reports
• Biological monitoring, medical surveillance
• Actions taken (ex. results of AMR.)

How do you communicate OSH to Employees?

▪ Workers’ OSH seminar
▪ OSH committee meetings
▪ Toolbox meetings
155
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 ▪ OSH bulletin boards, posters, IEC materials
▪ Email brigades, reports
▪ Specific OSH learning sessions, re-orientation

SAFETY OFFICERS AS OSH TRAINERS

TRAINING is a learning intervention with the objective of improving the match between
job requirements and individual’s knowledge, skills, and attitudes. After a training, the
individual is expected to apply learning immediately, such as the situation in BOSH,
COSH, PCO training.

The ultimate goal of training is learning that will be manifested in favorable change in
perceptions, attitudes and behaviours for the good of the organization.

TRAINING NEEDS ANALYSIS (TNA) is conducted in order to determines whether

training is needed in the first place. If so, the training should be based on sound, clearly
identified requirements. The training should be able to identify the problem (e.g.
compliance), training is the best way to respond to the problem and it should be able ti
identify the target learners.

CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT is also a by-product of the TNA. The curriculum is

composed of the course outline / training activity plan, learning objectives, selection of
the most appropriate methodologies and specifying other details such as training dates,
target participants, etc., e.g.Mandatory 8-hour Safety and Health Seminar for Workers.

DEVELOPMENT OF TRAINING MATERIALS is the conversion of the Course Outline /

Training Activity Plan into a complete set of materials in the form of detailed lesson plans,
learner materials (e.g. workbooks, hand-outs), audiovisual aids (e.g.slides, flip charts,
etc.), assessment and evaluation sheets. Administrative arrangements in terms of venue,
selection of resource persons and facilitators and other arrangements have to be
prepared.

TRAINING IMPLEMENTATION requires preparedness of the resource persons and

facilitators, the sufficient logistics, documentation such as records of learners’ progress,
and evaluation of training facilities/ trainers. In the duration of the training, adjustments
need to be done to ensure overall effectiveness of the training.

MONITORING AND EVALUATION is a valuable process in the whole package of

training. There should be a means of checking if the learner has retained the main
points/key messages of the session. This can be tested through written evaluations,
quizzes/ exercises through summaries in the hand-outs or checklists.

TIPS TO IMPROVE PRESENTATION SKILLS

1. Fear of presenting or public speaking is universal!
2. Rooted in our fear of failing
• Think of your audience in advance;
156
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
• Anticipate questions;
• Take a breath, pause!
• Speak slowly especially when you have participants who are nonnative speakers
• Make eye contact; use appropriate hand gestures
• Sweep the room as you enter and deliver your opening spiel
• Stand confidently, dress neatly and appropriately
• Smile and the world will smile with you

BODY LANGUAGE
1. Eye contact
2. Posture
3. Hand gestures
4. Arms
5. Legs
Check your position (vis-à-vis the LCD projector, laptop, audience)

VISUALS
Use any device used to help or aid in communicating ideas but alaways remember
- Y O U are your NUMBER 1 visual!

QUALITIES OF A GOOD VISUAL

•Simple (K.I.S.S.)
•Visible – for slides, smallest font size: 24
•Clear - gives the message directly and immediately

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD VISUAL

1. Put one idea per slide
2. As a general rule, use only a maximum of
3. 8 words per line
4. 6-8 lines per slide
5. 2 graphics per slide
6. Leave margins around the visual
7. Put a heading on each visual using
8. a maximum of 5 words
9. larger font than the body size
10. font size not smaller than 28 points
11. Label charts and pictures boldly and clearly
12. Use appropriate (readable) fonts
13. No weird fonts or layout
14. Use phrases and key words, not sentences, check data, grammar,
punctuation and spelling
15. Emphasize points by - using color and art, animation and sounds,
Picture

157
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
SAFETY AND HEALTH PROMOTION, TRAINING AND EDUCATION PROVIDED TO
WORKERS is a main component of the overall safety and health program of the
company. Orientation of all workers on OSH is a requirement of the new OSH law. The
orientation should cover the conduct of risk assessment, evaluation and control. For the
OSH personnel, continuing training should be in place. Specific training like work permit
system, if necessary, should also be conducted for concerned individuals.

Safety and Health Promotion, training and education provided to workers could pave the
way for firming up a culture of prevention in the workplace. Daily activities such a Tool
Box Meeting that promote OSH in the workplace should be meaningful and serve their
purpose.

Conduct of Safety Meetings / Tool Box Meetings and must be documented

SAFETY MEETINGS / BRIEFINGS

Daily safety briefings by supervisors to all workers help foster good safety and health
culture. It is also a useful way to keep safety and health forefront in the minds of workers
and make them aware of the current risk and hazards. These regular meetings can lead
to positive behavioral changes among workers. Programs tend to be more effective with
the active involvement of workers.
From: Leadership and Worker Involvement Toolkit – Health and Safety Executive (UK)

TOOL BOX MEETINGS

Tool Bos meetings has always been effective if conducted prior to workers’ start of work
for the day, hence normally done right before the first hour of work in the morning. The
meeting in order to be effective has to be crisp but with agenda items of utmost
importance, otherwise, the usual safety tips and reminders. Normally a 15 – 20 minute of
tool box meeting should suffice. The meeting does nat have to belabor a lot of safety and
health issues. There are other avenues to discuss lengthily safety and health concerns
such as the regular or special Safety and Health Committee meetings.

Tool Box Meetings allow safety officers and workers to explore the risks of specific health
and safety issues in the workplace and think of urgent ways to deal with them. The
meetings should should focus on a single topic and be held regularly for greatest impact.
This would mean that agenda items in daily Tool Bosx Meetings should be planned
ahead. The safety officer should be able to scout for relevant topics that can be the subject
of daily meetings. If necessary, there should be foloow through in subsequent tool box
meetings for topics or items that require additional understanding or continuous reminders
of workers.

TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE TOOLBOX TALKS

1. Talk directly to your audience.
2. Ensure the topic is relevant to your industry and job site
3. Make sure the talk matters to employees both on and off the job. If workers
don’t feel the topic applies directly to them you will have a hard time keeping
their interest.
158
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 4. Keep it brief.
5. Make only the necessary points. If you have additional information, put in a
handout or post in bulletin boards after meetings or as follow up topic.
From: https://safestart.com/news/5-tips-effective-toolbox-talk/

ADDITIONAL TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE TOOLBOX TALKS

1. Stay positive!
2. Safety talks are opportunity to proactively encourage safe behavior and
improve workplace safety before an incident takes place.
3. Keep the focus on what can be done to create a safe work environment instead
of focusing on what has gone wrong in the past.
4. Demonstrate your point.
5. Nobody wants to feel like they’re at a lecture so try to make your talk
interactive—when the audience is involved, they are more likely to pay
attention.
6. Demonstrations, discussions and hands-on examples will help them retain
more information.
7. Tell a story, not a statistic.
8. Storytelling is a powerful method of conveying information and helping listeners
identify with it and keep it top of mind—which is the goal of a toolbox talk.
9. Stories should follow the other guidelines above, so keep them brief, relevant
and make sure they clearly demonstrate your point.
From: https://safestart.com/news/5-tips-effective-toolbox-talk/

SAFETY AND HEALTH COMMITTEE MEETINGS

The Occupational Safety and Health Standards, RA 11058 and the DOLE DO 198 – 18,
are explicit as to the responsibilities of the Safety and Health Committee (SHC). Their
roles include planning and policymaking group in all matters pertaining to OSH, conduct
meetings at least once a month and is a crucial avenue to properly communicate OSH in
the workplace.

The roles and responsibilities of the SHC members should be clear. There should be
tasking in the conduct of regular and special or intermittent SHC meetings. While the
safety officer id the main person responsible as to facilitating and ensuring that all
administratve arrangements for the SHC meeting is set, each of the members should
have their respective responsibilities

It is important that there should be documentation of the agreements and action plans
discussed in the meetings. The Minutes of meeting should tke note of these agreements
while the action plns should be filed subject to the monitoring of the safety officer.
Decisions arrived at during the meeting should form part of the proceedings and duly
recorder for monitoring of related action plans and follow through activities.

There are compliance requirements of authorized government agencies including the

Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE). The Safety and Health Committee
through the safety officer shall ensure that the required OSH reports including the Minutes
159
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
of the Safety and Health Committee meetings are prepared by the concerned personnel
and submitted to the DOLE using the prescribed forms and on a timely basis.
CLEAR POINTS

The Safety Officer has multiple responsibilities in the company. He should be the number
OSH trainer in the company, hence, he or she is required to possess the basic training/
facilitating knowledge and skills.As such, the following are tips for the safey officer –
trainer;
1. Practice, practice, practice!
2. Verbalize…hear your presentation out loud
3. Clarity – make your points and move on
4. Ownership – take responsibility for your presentations
5. Be audience / learner (user) friendly
6. Connect with the audience at multiple touch points (eyes, ears, brains, touch)
7. Company’s OSH program should be communicated in all levels of the organization
and all stakeholders (employers, workers, subcontractors, service providers,
clients)
8. Good communication is key to an effective implementation of a company’s OSH
program.
9. Conduct of OSH trainings, facilitation of OSH meetings is among the roles of the
safety officer.

The OSH communication plan of the company is centered on critical regular activities
such as the daily tool box meetings and the regular/ special Safety and Health Committee
meetings.

It is important that these activities are sustained and kept meaningful. Administrative
preparations should support the conduct of these meetings. The support of management
is key to the success of these activities, the very essence as to why the owner or manager
is the chair person of the Safety and Health Committee as required by regulations.

The government believes in the potential of the OSH committee in ensuring compliance
to safety and health laws, rules and regulations. And to be able to ensure that the Safety
and Health Committee is active and assists the company in its compliance, the
membership of the committee, requires the participation of workers, health personnel,
department heads and managers. Reportorial requirements have also been set in place,
to give the government the opportunity to monitor the safety and health performance of
companies.

160
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
MODULE 6 - 1 - WORKPLACE EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
(Data Source: OSHC BOSH Manual)

OBJECTIVES:
1. Enumerate the different types of emergencies
2. Explain the elements of an emergency preparedness program
3. Discuss basic preparations for common emergencies
4. Explain the fire brigade concept and organization

DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Emergency – A serious situation or occurrence that demands immediate action. Disaster
– is the result of a calamitous event causing massive death, injury or damage.

Natural Emergencies-events that are caused by the forces of nature

1. Flood
2. Typhoon
3. Volcanic Eruption
4. Drought
5. Earthquake
6. Tsunamis
A natural emergency can happen at any time. Some emergencies give warning like a
storm preceding a flood. Others, like earthquakes give no warning. Once an emergency
happens, the time to prepare is gone and all you can do is cope.

MAN-MADE EMERGENCIES
1. Industrial Fires
2. Structure Collapse
3. Chemical Leaks/Spills
4. Construction Cave-ins
5. Chemical Threats
6. Biological Threats
7. Bomb Threats or Explosions
Man- made emergencies can be a result of human error, fatigue, poor housekeeping,
poor maintenance of equipment, lack of adequate training, or in some cases, a willful
intent

AGENCIES INVOLVED IN DEALING WITH EMERGENCIES

Most developed countries have a number of emergency services operating within them,
whose purpose is to provide assistance in dealing with any emergency. They are often
government operated as a public service, but in some cases, they may be voluntary
organizations, providing the assistance.

MOST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES OPERATE THREE CORE EMERGENCY

SERVICES:

161
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 1. Police – who deal with security of person and property, which can cover all the
categories of emergency. They also to some extent deal with punishment of those
who cause an emergency through their deliberate actions.
2. Fire service – who deal with potentially harmful fires, but also often rescue
operations such as dealing with road traffic collisions. Their actions help to prevent
loss of life, damage to health and damage to or loss of property.
3. Emergency Medical Service (Ambulance / Paramedic service) – These
services attempt to reduce loss of life or damage to health. This service is likely to
be decisive in attempts to prevent loss of life and damage to health. In some areas
"Emergency Medical Service" is abbreviated to

ELEMENTS EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS PROGRAM

REVIEW OF THE WORKPLACE HAZARDS

It is important to analyze workplace emergencie in the context of existing h azards, which
of these hazards can transform into full scale emergency situations. The workplace shall
also be able to project potential hazards that may also lead to emergency situations. If it
is not existing at the moment in the workplace, the company can benchmark with similar
workplaces or the industry in general. The risk assessment will determine the impact of
the different types of potential hazards, and the necessary workplace preparedness that
should be endeavored.

Any workplace emergency preparedness program shall consider the n umber of people or
things exposed that could be exposed to the hazard and its adverse consequences. Given
this, the resources available can be evaluated, it he latter can address the situation when
the emergencies set in. If not, then the planning sessions should integrate such gaps.

EVALUATE RESOURCES
Material Resources in the form of equipment and supplies msut be evaluated as to their
adequacy and quality. This is the reason as to why a randomized use of fire extinguishers
162
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
is conducted during fire drills. The supplies in stock should be inventories if there is
enough to mobilize in the event of an emergency.

Human Resources is very crucial in emergency prevention and preparedness. The

expertise and training of the staff should be in place for them to respond effectively to
emergency situations.

STEPS IN DEVELOPING EMERGENCY PLAN AND PROCEDURES

1. Properly document all emergency procedures in a manual or booklet
2. Identify prospective members of emergency brigades
3. Fire brigade
4. Disaster control
5. Give specialized training to members of emergency brigades

Conduct Training on the following topics:

1. Information on Different Types of Emergencies
2. Good Housekeeping and 5S
3. Fire Prevention and Control Methods
4. Different Types of Portable Fire Extinguisher
5. Hazardous Materials Characteristics
6. Risk Assessment

Conduct Drills and Exercises on:

1. Emergency Reporting Procedures
2. Fire Hose and Nozzle Use
3. Fire Fighting Drill using Portable Fire Extinguisher
4. Proper First Aid Response
5. Evacuation Drills

Educate the Public:

Educating the public is part and parcel of the emergency preparedness of workplaces,
especially those whose emergencies can affect the public, such a power nd chemical
plants and construction projects, among others. It part of a company’s corporate social
responsibility to protect the public from hazards that might arise from their workplace.

For companies situated in processing zones, the neighboring companies should also be
appraised of the hazards in the different companies so they can assist one another as
part of their mutual aid program.

Integrate with Community Plan

Community officials should be involved in the company’s emergency planning process
and that the company be involved in local planning

PREPARING FOR COMMON EMERGENCIES AND DEVELOP AN EMERGENCY

PLAN

163
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 1. Identify all exits, stairways and existing floor plans of the work area. Also
identify the location of all fire extinguishers, pull stations and any other fire
adjunct alarms and fire suppression equipment.
2. Be sure that all emergency phone numbers are clearly listed and are readily
available next to telephone.
3. Report all potentially hazardous conditions to your supervisor immediately.
Especially focus on conditions or materials, which, in the event of an
emergency, might block evacuation routes or in some manner further
contribute to the emergency.
4. Do not block or wedge any stairwell doors in the open position at any time.
5. Establish a meeting point or safe refuge area away from the building and
other hazards such as overhead power lines
6. Assign someone the responsibility of accounting for all employees in the
event of an emergency.
7. Identify First Aid Attendants. Inform and train all personnel on the
established and agreed upon means of reporting a medical emergency.
8. Test your plan to make sure that it works.

THINGS TO DO IN CASE OF FIRE …

1. Activate appropriate alarms.
2. Stay calm and do not panic. Alert others in your area.
3. Evacuate as directed by your supervisor to your designated evacuation
area. Walk, do not run. Remain in the evacuation area until the supervisor
has accounted for everyone and you have been instructed otherwise.
4. Never use an elevator during a fire. Always use the stairwell.
5. If there is smoke in the room, stay low (the air is cooler and cleaner closer
to the floor); hold a wet cloth e over your mouth and nose; and only break
windows as a last resort.
6. If a door is hot, do not open it. Use an alternate door if one is available and
safe to use. If an alternate door is not available, contact someone (if
possible) and give them your exact location.
7. Close all doors as you leave. Do not lock them.
8. If trained to use a fire extinguisher, and the fire is in the incipient stage, you
may attempt to extinguish the fire. Remember that your own safety is of
primary concern.
9. Never attempt to put out a fire alone.

PREPARATION BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE

1. Store heavy objects near ground or floor.
2. Secure tall objects, like bookcases to the wall.
3. Learn where your exits, evacuation route, and meeting places are.
4. Keep emergency items, such as a flashlight, first aid kit and spare clothes
in your car or office.

THINGS TO DO DURING AN EARTHQUAKE …

1. Duck under something sturdy and cover your head.
164
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 2. Stay away from windows and objects which may fall on you.
3. Do not dash for stairway exits. Do not use elevators.
4. If you are inside a building, remain inside until directed otherwise.
5. Do not be surprised if the electricity goes out. This is common during an
earthquake.
6. If an evacuation is necessary, follow the established routes and procedures.
7. If you are outside, stay in an open area, which is clear from hazards. When
the shaking stops, do not re-enter any building.
8. Workers shall remain in the safe refuge area until they have been directed
by the appropriate authority to leave the safe refuge area or to return to their
workplace

WHAT TO DO AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE

1. Be prepared for aftershocks. Do not panic, stay calm.
2. Check for injured persons and assist as necessary.
3. If indoors, your supervisor may initiate an evacuation.
4. Replace the telephone hand set if it has fallen off the hook. Use telephones
for emergency calls only.

RESPONSE PROCEDURE IN CASE OF A CHEMICAL SPILL:

1. Stay clear of the spill and warn others in the immediate area of the
emergency and potential danger.
2. If persons are injured, provide first aid if you or another available individual
are trained to do so. However, do not put yourself at risk.
3. Assess the situation and determine if it’s an emergency. If it is an
emergency, then activate appropriate alarms.
4. Get appropriate Safety Data Safety Sheet (SDS) and have it available for
the responders.
5. If an evacuation is required, evacuate as directed by your su pervisor to
your designated evacuation area. Walk, do not run. Remain in the
evacuation area until the supervisor has accounted for everyone and you
have been instructed otherwise.
6. Do not re-enter the building until the emergency response team leader has
deemed it safe and supervisory personnel have given permission to go back
into the facility.

PREPAREDNESS IN CASE OF SEVERE WEATHER

1. Monitor the local government weather service for announcements including
warnings and any other information provided by officials, such as the
appropriate actions in the event of an emergency.
2. Learn the history of flooding in your area. If possible, strive to know the
elevation of your facility in relation to streams, rivers, and dams.
3. Inspect areas in your facility subject to flooding. Identify records and
equipment that can be moved to higher location. Make plans to move
records and equipment in case of flood
165
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 4. Identify the community's evacuation routes. Know where to find higher
ground in case of a flood. Be prepared to evacuate to designated safe
areas.
5. Keep a portable radio, flashlights, whistle, spare batteries and other
emergency supplies ready.

WHAT TO DO IF A FLOOD OCCURS:

1. If you are inside, turn off main electrical power.
2. Follow the established evacuation procedures for the facility. Make plans
for assisting employees who may need transportation.
3. If you are outside, never attempt to walk across a flooded area. The water
could sweep you away.
4. If you are in your car, do not try to drive through flood waters. If your car
stalls in rising water, abandon it.

OFFICE EMERGENCY KIT ESSENTIALS:

1. Bottled water
2. Canned food, waterproof packages of food ration s, and/or energy bars,
enough to last each person 3 days.
3. Manual can opener
4. Bottle opener
5. First aid kit
6. Sanitary napkins
7. Portable bags, such as backpacks or duffle bags in which to store supplies.
8. Whistle
9. Emergency blankets
10. Garbage bags to be used as ponchos, ground cover or blankets.
11. Toilet paper
12. Waterproof matches and/or lighter. Do not use either if you smell gas.
13. Glow sticks
14. Basic utensils
15. Swiss Army knife
16. Plastic plates and cups
17. Dust masks
18. Work gloves
19. A wrench
20. List of local emergency centers.
21. Water purification chemicals and/or a small container of bleach with an eye
dropper.
22. Flashlight with batteries.
23. Radio with batteries.
24. Extra batteries in waterproof bag (be sure to replace batteries periodically).
25. A map of the region.
26. Fire extinguisher
27. Pencil and paper in waterproof

166
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
FIRE BRIGADE CONCEPT AND ORGANIZATION
Source: RA 9514 Section 6.0.2.1

DIVISION 2. ORGANIZATION OF FIRE BRIGADES SECTION 6.0.2.1

REQUIREMENTS
A. All business establishments employing at least fifty (50) persons shall, in
addition to the requirements set forth under Section 7 of RA 9514 for the grant of
Fire Safety Inspection Certificate (FSIC), establish an organization of fire brigade
to deal with fire and other related emergencies. The head of the company, through
its duly designated safety officer shall evaluate the potential magnitude of a fire
emergency within the company, and the availability of firefighting assistance from
the BFP to determine the nature of the organization to be established.

B. For buildings having various occupancies, the Building Administrator and/or

owner shall initiate the organization of a fire brigade in the premises irrespective
of the number of occupants.

C. In cases where a fire brigade is already established for a building, said fire
brigade shall be sufficient to comply with the requirements of para “A” of this
Section. D. All barangays shall likewise endeavor to organize their own Fire
Brigades.

FIRE BRIGADE CONCEPT AND ORGANIZATION

OSHS Rule 1948.02 (Item 1)
▪ Every place of employment depending on the magnitude of potential fires and
the availability of assistance from the public fire department shall organize a
fire brigade to deal with fires and other related emergencies.

OBJECTIVES OF THE FIRE BRIGADE

1. To enable the building head to conduct an effective fire safety program;
2. To provide the organization by how the occupants can combat fires, evacuate
the building and prevent damage to lives and properties;
167
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 3. To provide the building with the means by which a safety consciousness among
the building occupants and the community of certain buildings;
4. To establish the necessary support and cooperation in the fire prevention and
suppression

PURPOSE OF EVACUATION DRILL:

1. To familiarize, train and rehearse the occupants with evacuation procedures
so that order and control is maintained in actual emergency.
2. To determine if emergency escape facilities are sufficient for orderly
evacuation of all occupants

GENERAL EVACUATION PROCEDURES:

1. When you hear an alarm, stop work activities and prepare to evacuate as directed
by your supervisor.
2. Proceed promptly to the nearest emergency exit. Walk quickly, but do not run.
3. Do not use elevators, instead use stairways to reach ground level.
4. Exit the building and proceed directly to the designated safe assembly area. Safe
assembly areas should generally be away from the building, upwind and out of the
way of incoming emergency personnel.
5. Remain in the safe assembly area location so that the supervisory personnel may
conduct a survey to account for all building personnel. Do not disperse or move to
other assembly locations.
6. Do not re-enter the building until the emergency response team leader has
deemed it safe and supervisory personnel h ave given permission to go back into
the facility.
i. Note: During an earthquake, remain in the building until directed to
do otherwise.

CLEAR POINTS

1. The likelihood that an emergency might happen in a workplace is only 2% of the time.
But if it happens and there is no preparedness on the part of the company, then the
losses could be exponential.
2. The company through the safety and health committee and safety officers, through
their risk assessment, can determine the hazards with probability of transforming into
emergency situations, including force majeure. Each emergency situation should have
its own preparedness plans based on laws and regulations, company and industry
practices.
3. Drills are important to evaluate the workplace emergency preparedness plans and
programs in terms, of availabity, adequacy and quality of resources and the expertise
and training of personnel.

168
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
MODULE 6 – 2: EMPLOYEE'S COMPENSATION PROGRAM
(Data Source: ECP Manual)

THE EMPLOYEES' COMPENSATION PROGRAM (ECP)- is a

government program designed to provide a compensation package to public and
private employees or their dependents in the event of work-related sickness, injury or
death.

SESSION OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the session the participants should be be able to;

1. Understand the minimum and appropriate compensation package to workers in
the event of work-related contingencies based on the Employees’ Compensation
Program (ECP), and
2. Understand the requirements for companies to comply with the Employees’
Compensation Program.
THE EC PROGRAM COVERED THE FOLLOWING SECTORS:
Private sector workers who are registered members of the Social Security System
(SSS) except self-employed or voluntary members.
Government sector employees who are registered member of the GSIS, including
members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and the Philippine National Police
(PNP), Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP), Bureau of Jail Management and Penology
(BJMP), elective government officials who are receiving regular salary and all casual,
emergency, temporary and substitute or contractual employees. Coverage in the program
starts on the first day of employment.

WHEN IS SICKNESS OR INJURY COMPENSABLE?

For the sickness and the resulting disability or death to be compensable, the sickness
must be the result of an occupational disease listed under Annex “A” of the Amended
Rules on Employees’ Compensation with the conditions set therein satisfied; otherwise,
proof must be shown that the risk of contracting the disease is increased by the working
conditions. For the injury and the resulting disability or death to be compensable, the
injury must be the result of accident arising out of and in the course of the employment.
BENEFITS AND SERVICES OF THE PROGRAM:
1. Loss of income benefit or a cash benefit given to a worker to compensate for loss of
income due to inability to work. There are three types of loss of income benefits:
a. Temporary Total Disability (TTD) benefit is given to an employee who is unable
to work for a continuous period not exceeding 120 days.

169
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 b. Permanent Total Disability (PTD) benefit is given to an employee who is unable
to work for more than 240 days.
c. Permanent Partial Disability (PPD) benefit is given to a worker who losses a
body part and consequently, the loss of the use of that body part.
2. Medical benefits include reimbursement of the cost of medicine for the illness or injury,
payment to providers of medical care, hospital care, surgical expenses and the costs of
appliances and supplies. The medical services are limited to ward services of an
accredited hospital.
3. Rehabilitation Services include physical therapy, vocational training and special
assistance to develop the workers mental, vocational and social potential and to help
them remain as productive members of society.
4. Career’s Allowance is provided to an employee who suffers a permanent total disability
arising out of employment the extent of which is such that he could not on his own attend
to his basic personal needs.
5. Death benefits are granted to beneficiaries of an employee who dies as a result of
sickness or injury arising out of or in the course of employment.
All EC claims may be filed by the claimant at his option in the GSIS Regional Office (for
the public sector) or in the SSS Branch (for the private sector) nearest to the place of
work or residence.
Request for reconsideration with the GSIS or the SSS. If still denied, write a letter of
appeal to the Employees’ Compensation Commission (ECC).
The decisions of the ECC are appealable to the Court of Appeals within 15 days from
receipt of the decision. Similarly, the decision of the Court of Appeals is appealable to the
Supreme Court.
COMPENSABLE DISEASES
1. Not any disease is compensable
2. Only diseases caused by work or the working environment is compensable
3. List of 30 Occupational Diseases with specific conditions set
4. Conditions or risk factors on the job must be present for the
disease to be compensable
5. Other diseases not in the list may still be compensable if employee can establish
causal connection with
a. the nature of his work or
b. the working environment

“INCREASED RISK THEORY”

BUT NOT FOR PRE-EXISTING DISEASE

THE COMPENSABILITY OF INJURIES

170
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
For the INJURY and the resulting disability or death to be compensable, the injury must
be the result of an accident arising out of or in the course of employment.

WORK-CONNECTED INJURIES
SEVEN INSTANCES WHERE INJURY CAN BE COMPENSABLE:
1. Happened at the workplace
2. Happened while performing official function
3. Outside of workplace but performing an order of his employer
4. When going to or coming from work
5. While ministering to personal comfort
6. While in a company shuttle bus
7. During a company sponsored activity

EXCEPTING CIRCUMSTANCES
1. Intoxication
2. Notorious negligence
3. Willful intent to injure oneself or another

ASPER 2017/2018 INTEGRATED SURVEY ON LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT (ISLE)

Part 4 Module on Employees’ Compensation Program (ECP): 2017

ECP AWARENESS
There were 28,189 establishments (87.3%) of the total 32,288 establishments employing
20 or more workers in 2017 that are aware of the Employees’ Compensation Program
(ECP). The ECP is a government program designed to provide a compensation package
to public and private employees or their dependents in the event of work-related sickness,
injury or death.

More than half (53.3%) of the total establishments maintain an Employees’ Compensation
(EC) logbook. An EC logbook is used to chronologically record the sickness, injury or
death of employees, indicating the names, dates, and places of contingency, nature of
the contingency and absences. (Figure 1)

The top three (3) sources of information of establishments that were aware of the ECP
were through the following: (1) SSS website (46.5%), (2) SSS lectures/seminar (40.9%),
and (3) company/employees (28.3%). The most common information learned about ECP
were medical benefits (81.5%), disability benefits (66.5%), and death/funeral benefits
(52.1%).

171
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
ECP INFORMATION DISSEMINATION
Of the total establishments in 2017 that are aware of ECP, 61.6% (17,357) disseminated
information on ECP; mostly through echo-seminar in coordination with SSS (44.0%).

Other mode of information dissemination was echo-seminar solely initiated by

establishments (36.9%) and flyers/posters (15.2%).

AVAILMENT OF ECP BENEFITS

Almost three out of five (57.6% or 16,223) establishments that are aware of ECP
reported that their employees availed employees’ compensation (EC) benefits from 2015
to 2017.

Availment of EC benefits was highest in electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply
(72.7%); followed by manufacturing (65.5%) and transportation and storage (63.1%).

The type of ECP benefits mostly availed by employees were medical benefits (75.2%),
cash benefits (40.0%), and disability benefits (24.8%). (Figure 2)

Establishments reported that most employees received EC benefits within one to six
months (50.6%).

172
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
AVAILMENT OF ECP SERVICES
1. One out of every five establishments (22.0%) that are aware of ECP reported that
their employees availed EC services from 2015 to 2017.
2. Availment of EC services was highest in electricity, gas, steam and air
conditioning supply (33.8%); followed by construction (27.4%) and mining
(26.4%).
3. The type of ECP services mostly availed by employees is skills training
development (62.7%). (Figure 3)
4. Establishments reported that most employees received EC services within one to
six months (47.7%).

For more information, please write or call the Employee s’ Compensa tion Commiss ion
(ECC), Inf orm ation a nd Public Assistance Division, located at 355 Sen. Gil Puyat Avenue,
Makati City. Telephone No s. 899 - 4251 to 52 locals 227 and 228; Fa x: 897 -7597. Public
Assistance Center (PAC) Telephone No. 89 9 -4251. Em a il: ecc_mail@y a hoo.com .
Website: www .ecc.gov.ph qq

173
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
CLEAR POINTS

1. Part of the statutory benefits as to social protection that should be accorded to any
worker, regardless of terms of employment is the employees’ compensation (EC). The
Employees Compensation Commission which has overall management of the EC
funds is promoting this vigorously.
2. I companies are not able to provide the required social benefits, then they would have
to cover whatever is due to the workers for work-related contingencies.
3. It would be best to have effective preventive programs. The safety and health
performance of industries is better if there is less claims for compensation.

MODULE 6 – 3: OSH LEGISLATIONS FOR SAFE AND HEALTHY WORKPLACES

SESSION OBJECTIVES

At the end of the session, the participants will be able to;

1. Understand the OSH Administration in the Philippines;
2. Explain the pertinent OSH laws and regulations;
3. Understand the different OSH requirements and compliance to the OSH Standards
and to the Department of Labor and Employment; and
4. Integrate the OSH laws and regulations in the company’s OSH Program.

LEGAL BASES
1. Labor Code of the Philippines (PD 442, 1974) Consolidation of labor and social laws
to afford full protection to labor, promote employment and human resources
development, and ensure industrial peace.
2. OSH Standards (1979, amended in 1989) A set of mandatory rules on OSH which
codifies all safety orders issued prior to its promulgation
3. Republic Act No. 11058 and its IRR (January 25, 2019) An Act Strengthening
Compliance with the OSH Standards and Providing Penalties for Violations thereof.
4. Department Order No. 198 – 18, IRR of RA 11058
5. Labor Avisory No. 4 – 19, Guidelines for Compliance of Establishments to DO 198 –
18.

DOLE OSH FRAMEWORK

174
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS (OSHS)

The DOLE is the lead agency of the government in charge in the administration and
enforcement of laws, policies, and programs on occupational safety and health. The Legal
basis is Presidential Decree No. 442 ro the LABOR CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

Philippine Constitution
Constitutional mandate to safeguard the worker’s social and economic well-being as well
as his physical safety and health

Policy Framework
1. Labor Code of the Philippines
Article 128 – visitorial and enforcement power
Article 168 – mandatory OSH Standards
Article 170 – OSH Trainings
Article 171 – administration and enforcement

2. Presidential Decree 626 – created the Employee’s Compensation Commission in

1975
Sanitation Code of the Philippines
R.A. 8504 – HIV/AIDS Prevention Act – signed in February 13, 1998
R.A. 9165 – Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002
R.A. 6969 – Nuclear and Other Hazardous Substances and Chemicals Act
Local Government Act – decentralized some national government functions to LGUs.
Ex. Inspection of buildings, health care provisions, etc.
E.O. 307 – created OSHC as national focal point on:
• training
• research
• information
• technical services/assistance on OSH matters
Selected OSHS Provisions
o Coverage and Scope Rule 1001
o Duties of Employers and Workers Rule 1005
o Hazardous Workplaces Rule 1013
o Imminent Danger Rule 1012.02
o Registration Rule 1020
o Training of Personnel on OSH Rule 1030
o Health and Safety Committee Rule 1040
o Accident/Illness Report Rule 1050
o OH and Environment Control Rule 1070
o Personal Protective Equipment Rule 1080
o Authority of Local Government Rule 1980
o Penal Provisions Rule 1990

175
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
DOLE Issuances:
• D.O. 13 – 98 - Construction Safety
• D.O. 04 – 99 - Hazardous Work of Children
• D.O. 16 – 01 - Rule 1030
• D.O. 47 – 03 - SARS Prevention and Control at the Workplace
• D.O. 53 – 03 - Drug-free Workplace
• D.O. 57 – 04 - New Labor Standards Enforcement Framework
• D.O. 73 – 05 - TB Prevention at the Workplace
• D.C. 01 – 08 – OSH in Call Centers
• D.C. 01 – 09 – Shipbuilding Industry
• D.A. 05 – 10 – Implementation of Workplace Policy/Program on Hepatitis B
• Labor-Advisory-04-19-Guide-for-Compliance-of-Establishments-to-DO-198-18
• DO 208 -20 - Guidelines for the Implementation of Mental Health Workplace
Policies and Programs for the Private Sector
• Labor Advisory No. 4 – 20, Guidelines on 2019 Novel Corona Virus Prevention
and Control at the Workplace

DOLE DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 198 - 18 (IRR OF RA 11058)

1. It shall ensure that the provisions of the Labor Code of the Philippines, all domestic
laws, and internationally-recognized standards on OSH are being fully enforced
and complied with by the employers, and it shall provide penalties for any violations
thereof.
2. The State shall protect every worker against injury, sickness or death through safe
and healthful working conditions.
3. It shall promote strict but dynamic, inclusive, and gender-sensitive measures in the
formulation and implementation of policies and programs related to OSH.

SECTION 2: COVERAGE
1. It shall apply to all establishments, projects and sites and all other places where
work is being undertaken in all branches of economic activity, including:
2. Establishments located inside special economic zones and other investment
promotion agencies (e.g., Philippine Economic Zone Authority [PEZA], Clark
Development Corporation [CDC]);
3. Utilities engaged in air, sea, and land transportation;
4. Industries such as mining, fishing, construction, agriculture, and maritime;
5. Contractors and subcontractors including those engaged in the projects of the
public sector.
a. NOTE: The Rules does not apply to the public sector

SECTION 4: DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS

Equip a place of employment for workers free from hazardous conditions that are
causing or are likely to cause death, illness, or physical harm
1. Provide complete job safety instructions to all the workers, including, but not
limited to, those relating to familiarization with their work environment

176
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 2. Ensure that the chemical, physical and biological substances and agents,
and ergonomic and psychosocial stresses under control are without risk to
health
3. Use only approved specific industry set of standards of devices and
equipment for the workplace
4. Comply with OSHS including training, medical examination, and where
necessary, provisions on protective and safety devices such as PPE and
machine guards
5. Make arrangement for workers and their representatives to have the time
and resource to participate in the processes of organizing, planning and
implementation, monitoring, evaluation and action for improvement of the
OSH management system
6. Provide, where necessary, for measures identifying trainings and drills,
evacuation plans, etc. to deal with emergencies, fires and accidents
including first-aid arrangements
7. Comply with all reportorial requirements of the OSH standards
8. Register establishment to DOLE as provided under the OSH standards

SECTION 4: DUTIES OF WORKERS

1. Participate in capacity building activities on safety and health and other

OSH related topics and programs;
2. Proper use of all safeguards and safety devices furnished for workers’
protection and that of others
3. Comply with instructions to prevent accidents or imminent danger situations
in the workplace
4. Observe prescribed steps to be taken in cases of emergency
5. Report to their immediate supervisor any work hazard that may be
discovered in the workplace

SECTION 5: WORKERS’ RIGHT TO KNOW

1. All workers, including new hires, shall be provided training and information
for all types of hazards in the workplace in a language and dialect that
workers can understand.
2. A re-orientation on safety and health for workers in high risk establishments
must be conducted regularly, not less than once a quarter, and to be
conducted immediately following any changes in the operations and
production process.

SECTION 6: WORKERS’ RIGHT TO REFUSE UNSAFE WORK

1. The worker has the right of refusal to work without threat or reprisal f rom
the employer if, as determined by DOLE, an imminent danger situation
exists.

177
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 2. As a preventive measure, the safety officer may, following his/her own
determination and without fear of reprisal, implement a work stoppage or
suspend operations in cases of imminent danger.
3. The employer or safety officer cannot require the workers to return to work
where there is a continuing imminent danger.
4. Workers affected by the existence of an imminent danger situation may be
temporarily assigned to other areas within the workplace provided there is
no impending issue with safety and health

SECTION 7: WORKERS’ RIGHT TO REPORT ACCIDENTS

1. Workers and their representatives shall have the right to report accidents,
dangerous occurrences, and hazards to the employer, to DOLE and to other
concerned competent government agencies.
2. Reporting of accidents to DOLE may be made through any means of
communication, including the DOLE hotline, whichever is most convenient to the
worker. The same may be reported to the nearest DOLE Regional, Field, Provincial
or Satellite Office having jurisdiction over the place of the incident.

SECTION 8: WORKERS’ RIGHT TO PPE

1. Every employer, contractor or subcontractor, if any, shall provide his/her workers,

free of charge, PPE for any part of the body that may be exposed to hazards ▪ All
PPE shall be of the appropriate type as tested and approved by the DOLE based
on its standards and/or other means of verification.
2. The usage of PPE in all establishments, projects, sites and all other places where
work is being undertaken shall be based on the evaluation and recommendation
of the safety officer.
3. All PPE must be of appropriate size, weight, and type to specific workers exposed
to hazards from which PPE are meant to ensure effective protection.
4. Failure to provide appropriate PPE in high risk activities shall give rise to the right
of the worker to refuse unsafe work.

SECTION 11: OSH INFORMATION

The employer, contractor or subcontractor, if any, shall provide the workers in all
establishments, projects and all other places where work is being undertaken adequate
and suitable information on the following:
1. Workplace hazards and the risk posed on the safety and health of
the workers such as chemical safety data sheets;
2. Control mechanisms in place that reduces or minimizes the risk of
exposure to hazards and other preventive strategies
3. Appropriate measures, including the probable location of workers, for
the prevention, control and protection against those hazards; and
4. Emergency and disaster management protocols including proper
evacuation and shut-down procedures.
178
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 Information materials shall be revised regularly by the OSH committee.

SECTION 12: OSH PROGRAM

Covered workplaces shall develop and implement a suitable OSH program in a format
prescribed by DOLE which shall be posted in prominent places.

The OSH program shall be communicated and be made readily available to all persons
in the workplace. It shall be updated periodically whenever the DOLE, other regulatory
or government agencies and institutions promulgate new rules, guidelines and other
issuances related to workers’ safety and health.

SECTION 13: OSH COMMITTEE

The establishment shall ensure that the core elements of OSH program are integrated in
the company OSH program such as management commitment and employee
involvement, workplace risk assessment, hazard prevention and control, safety and
health training and education, and OSH program evaluation.

The OSH committee shall effectively plan, develop, oversee and monitor the
implementation of the OSH program.

SECTION 14: SAFETY OFFICER

In the implementation of OSH program, safety officers shall be employed or designated

with the following duties and responsibilities:
▪ Oversee the overall management of the OSH program in coordination with the
OSH committee;
▪ Frequently monitor and inspect any health or safety aspect of the operation
▪ Assist government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection at
any time whenever work is being performed
▪ Issue Work Stoppage Order (WSO) when necessary based on the requirements
and procedures provided by the OSH standards

Safety officer/s of all workplace must possess the necessary training and experience
requirement according to its category as contained herein.
The respective qualifications of safety officers are as follows:

179
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
SECTION 15: OH, PERSONNEL AND FACILITIES

180
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
Every employer covered by this Rules shall provide his/her workers medical services and
facilities and shall not be an excuse by employer from maintaining in his/her workplace a
first aid treatment room or clinic for workers which shall be as follows:

181
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 ▪ The employer may not establish a hospital or dental clinic in the workplace
where there is a hospital or dental clinic which is located not more than five (5)
kilometers away from the workplace, accessible in not more than twenty-five
(25) minutes travel time, and the employer has facilities readily available for
transporting workers to the hospital or dental clinic in cases of emergency.
▪ For this purpose, the employer shall enter into a written contract with the
hospital for the use of such hospital for the treatment of workers in cases of
emergency.

SECTION 16: SAFETY AND HEALTH TRAINING

a) All safety and health personnel shall undergo the mandatory orientation or training on
OSH as prescribed by DOLE.

182
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
b) All workers shall undergo the mandatory workers’ OSH seminar as prescribed by
DOLE which shall be jointly participated by workers and employers. Standardized training
module for safety and health personnel shall be implemented and updated regularly as
necessary. The mandatory workers’ OSH seminar may be conducted by the safety officer
of the establishment or any certified OSH practitioner or consultant.
The workers’ OSH seminar and other trainings/orientations as required by the employer
and by any law shall be at no cost on the worker and considered as compensable working
time.

c) All personnel engaged in the operation, erection and dismantling of equipment and
scaffolds, structural erections, excavations, blasting operations, demolition, confined
spaces, hazardous chemicals, welding, and flame cutting shall undergo specialized
instruction and training on said activities. Such training shall include, among others, topics
on safety and specialized PPE requirements for said high -risk work activities, including
the use, application and handling of th e same, which can be provided by DOLE, DOLE-
Accredited Training Organizations or the PPE manufacturers.

SECTION 17: OSH REPORTS

W - Work Accident and Illness Report (20th day, following month)

A - Annual Work Accident/Injury Exposure Data Report (January 30)
R - Report of Safety Organization (annually)
M - Minutes of OSH Committee Meeting (quarterly)
A - Annual Medical Report (March 30)

SECTION 19: WORKERS’ WELFARE FACILITIES

All establishments, projects, sites and all other places where work is being
undertaken shall have the following free welfare facilities in order to ensure
humane working conditions:
a) Adequate supply of safe drinking water;
183
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 b) Adequate sanitary and washing facilities;
c) Suitable living accommodation for workers, as may be applicable such as in
construction, shipping, fishing and night workers;
d) Separate sanitary, washing and sleeping facilities for all gender, as may be
applicable;
e) Lactation station except those establishments as provided for under DOLE
Department Order No. 143-15;
f) Ramps, railings and the like; and
g) Other workers’ welfare facilities as may be prescribed by the OSH standards
and other issuances.

SECTION 21: COST OF SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM

The total cost of implementing a duly approved OSH program shall be an integral
part of the operations cost. It shall be separate pay item in construction and in all
contracting or subcontracting arrangements.

SECTION 27: EMPLOYEE’S COMPENSATION CLAIM

A worker may file claims for compensation benefit arising out of work-related
disability or death. Such claims shall be processed independently of the finding of
fault, gross negligence or bad faith of the employer in a proceeding instituted for
the purpose. The employer shall provide the necessary assistance to employees
applying for claims.

SECTION 29: PROHIBITED ACTS AND ITS CORRESPONDING PENALTIES

Any willful failure or refusal of an employer, contractor or subcontractor to comply

with the following OSH standards below or with a compliance order issued by the
Secretary of Labor and Employment or his/her authorized representative shall be
penalized of the administrative fines as follows computed on a per day basis until
full compliance:

184
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
Failure or refusal to comply with OSH standards or compliance order shall be deemed
willful when done voluntarily, deliberately and intentionally.

LABOR ADVISORY NO. 4 – 2019

The classification of establishment is risk-based – low, medium or high risk depending n

the Hazard Identification Risk Assessment and Control (HIRAC) conducted by the
establishment. The results of the HIRAC is the basis as to the minimum number safety
officers, OH personnel and medical services/ facilities that will be required.

The safety officer will be certified by the HR based on the qualification, completion of
prescribed training and OSH-related experience. The mandatory 8-hour workers OSH
seminar using the prescribed course outline can be conducted by the safety officer,
accredted practitioner or consultant.

The company may opt to use the OSH program template provided by DOLE and submit
to the DOLE Regional/ Provincial or Sattelite Office.having ju risdiction over the
establishment.

185
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
Employers shal submit their company’s WAIR, AEDR. AMR and OSH Committee report
on regular basis..

DOLE Department Order No. 5 series of 2010

Guidelines for the Implementation of Workplace Policy and Program on Hepatitis
B

Mandatory for all private workplaces to have a policy on Hepatitis B and to implement a
workplace program. Hepatitis B Immunization is encouraged to all establishments.
Immunization is required for high risk occupations (e.g. health care)

There shall be no discrimination of any form on the basis of Hepatitis B status. Job
applicants and workers shall not be compelled to disclose their Hepatitis B status and
other related medical information.

DOLE Department Order 53-03 - Guidelines for the Implementation of a Drug-Free

Workplace Policies and Programs for the Private
Sector.

Mandatory for all private workplaces with more than 10 employees to have policy and
program. Training of assessment team that will address
prevention, treatment and rehabilitation.

Drug testing and rehabilitation should be done in DOH-accredited institutions. No

termination for first-time offenders. Repeat offenders, possess, distributes, sell, transport
are unlawful acts dealt under RA 9165.

Department Order 102-10 - Guidelines for the Implementation of a HIV and AIDS
Prevention and Control in the Workplace Policies and Program”

Mandatory for all private workplace to have policy and program on HIV and AIDS. No
compulsory HIV testing as a condition for employment n pursuant to the Republic Act
8504 or the “Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act of 1998”

No discrimination and termination based on suspicious or actual HIV status of worker.

Worker is not obliged to reveal his HIV status in a low-risk occupation.

Components of the program:

A. Advocacy, Information, Education and Training
B. Social Policy – non-discriminatory, confidentiality, work accommodation and
arrangement.
C. Diagnosis, Treatment and Referral

Department Order 73-05 - Guidelines for the Implementation of Policy and Program
on TB Prevention and Control in the Workplace

186
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
It shall be mandatory for all private establishments to formulate and implement a policy
and program. Components are the following;
- Preventive strategies
- Sputum smear microscopy for symptomatic
- Management using Directly Observed Treatment Short Course (DOTS)
- Improve workplace condition : ventilation, worker density, facilities
- Reporting of TB cases to DOLE
- Non-discrimination : Continuing employment
- Work accommodation

Department Order 208 - 20 - Guidelines for the Implementation of Mental health on

Workplace Policies and Programs for the Private Sector

This Guidelines shall apply to all workplaces and establishments in the formal sector
including those which deploy Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs). The Department of
Labor and Employment (DOLE) shall likewise formulate policy guidelines that will
integrate the promotion of mental health and the identification and management of mental
health problems, including provision of assistance to OFWs and other Filipinos overseas
who are at risk or with mental health problems in accordance with the existing health
related rules and regulations in providing assistance to OFWs and their families.

It is mandatory for all workplaces and establishments to formulate a Mental Health

Workplace Policy and Program, which shall include the following:
1. Raise awareness, prevent stigma and discrimination, provide support to workers who
are at risk and/or with mental health condition and facilitate access to medical health
services.
2. Promote workers' well-being towards healthy and productive lives.
3. Be jointly prepared by management and workers' representatives and be made an
integral part of the company's occupational safety and health (OSH) policies and
programs.

In organized establishments, the workplace policies and programs may be included as

part of the collective bargaining agreement (CBA) and shall be made known to all workers.

MODULE 6 – 4: DEVELOPMENT OF AN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND

HEALTH (OSH) PROGRAM

OSH PROGRAM- A safety and health program is a systematic plan to IDENTIFY and
CONTROL hazards and respond to EMERGENCIES. It lays out RESPONSIBILITIES,
RESOURCES, and PROCEDURES for keeping th e workplace safety and healthy.

187
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
/

ROLE OF MANAGEMENT IN OSH PROGRAMMING

▪ Effective safety program can be achieved basically through control of people’s
actions. Only top management has the authority to implement such controls.

REVIEW ANDADJUST (REACH FOR WHERE WE COULD BE)

Monitor performance:
• Compare current performance with previous performance (benchmark)
• Compare current performance with targets

Make necessary changes to improve the safety program

• Continue successes
• Change failures.

DOLE OSH PROGRAM TEMPLATE

188
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Program of
(Company Name)
I. Complete Company Profile/ Project details

• Company Name:
__________________________________________________
• Date Established:
__________________________________________________
• Complete Address:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
• Phone and fax numbers
________________________________________________________________
• Website URL/Email address
________________________________________________________________
• Name of Company
Owner/Manager/President___________________________________________
• Total Number of Employees; _________ Male ________ Female _______
• Description of the business Pls specify
o Kindly check:
• Manufacturing: ______________________________
• Service: ______________________________
• Agri/fishing: ______________________________
• Wholesale/retail ______________________________
• Utilities ______________________________
• Banks and financial institution _______________________
• Security Agency
• Maintenance
• Construction
• Others (Please specify)
• Product descriptions: (ex. Garments, shoes, electronics)
______________________
• Description of services:
_________________________________________________

189
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
Basic Components of Company OSH Program and Policy
(DO 198-18, Chapter IV, Section 12)

1.0 Company Commitment to Comply with OSH Requirements

2.0 General Safety and Health Programs
-Safety and health Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Control (HIRAC)
-Medical Surveillance for early detection and management of occupational and
work related diseases
-First-aid and emergency medical services
3.0 Promotion of Drug Free workplace, Mental health Services in the Workplace,
Healthy lifestyle
4.0 Prevention and Control of HIV-AIDS, Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B
5.0 Composition and Duties of health and safety Committee
6.0 OSH Personnel and Facilities
7.0 Safety and Health Promotion, Training and Education
-Orientation of all workers on OSH
-Conduct of Risk Assessment, evaluation and Control
-*Continuing training on OSH for OSH Personnel
-*Work permit System
8.0 Toolbox/Safety Meetings, job safety analysis
9.0 Accident/Incident/illness Investigation, Recording and Reporting
10.0 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
11.0 Safety signages
12.0 *Dust control and management and regulation on activities such as building of
temporary structures and lifting and operation of electrical, mechanical,
communications system and other requirements
13.0 Welfare Facilities
14.0 Emergency and disaster preparedness and response plan to include the
organization and creation of disaster control groups, business continuity plan, and
updating the hazard, risk and vulnerability assessment (as required)
15.0 Solid waste management system
16.0 Compliance with Reportorial Government Requirement (refer to Item 9.0)
17.0 Control and Management of Hazards (refer to Item 2-HIRAC)
18.0 *Prohibited Acts and Penalties for Violations
19.0 *Cost of Implementing Company OSH program

*(Applicable for medium to high risk establishments with 10 to 50 workers and low to high
risk establishments with 51 workers and above)

190
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
1.0 Company Commitment to Comply with OSH Policy

________________________________________________ do hereby commit

Name of the Company)

to comply with the requirements of RA 11058 and DOLE Department Order 198-18 (its

Implementing Rules and Regulations) and the applicable provisions of the Occupational

Safety and Health Standards (OSHS).

We acknowledge the company’s obligation and responsibilities to provide appropriate

funds for implementing this OSH program including orientation and training of its

employees on OSH, provision and dissemination of IEC materials on safety and health,

provision of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) when necessary and other OSH

related requirements and activities, to ensure the protection for our w orkers and

employees against injuries, illnesses and death through safe and healthy working

conditions and environment.

We commit to conduct risk assessment as required to prevent workplace accidents as

well as comply with other provisions of this OSH program. That we are also fully aware

of the penalties and sanctions for OSH violations as provided for in RA 11058 and its

Implementing Rules and Regulations.

[Signature] ______________________________

[Name] _________________________________

191
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 [President] / [Chief Executive Officer] / [Owner]
[Date] ;__________________________________

2.0 General Safety and Health Programs

21. Conduct of Risk Assessment
Kindly accomplish. Pls use additional pages if needed. You may also wish to attach
your Company’s Risk Assessment Matrix as substitute

Risk Assessment Matrix

Priority: likelihood of
injury and illness to
Risk Control
Task Hazard Identified occur
Description Measures
(low, medium,
high)

Example of Simple Risk Assessment

Task Hazard Risk Priority Control
Delivering Drivers work alone May be unable to
Need for
product to call for help if high
helper
customers needed
Drivers have to Fatigue, short rest
Policy on
occasionally work long time between medium
work break
hours shifts
Drivers are often in Increased chance Road safety
low
very congested traffic of collision program
Longer working Work
medium
hours breaks
Drivers have to lift Injury to back Given
boxes when delivering from lifting, proper
high
product reaching, orientation
carrying, etc. on lifting

2.2 Medical Surveillance

192
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 The company will require all employees to undergo a baseline or initial
medical health examination prior to assigning to a potentially hazardous
activity. The examination will include but not limited to the following:
a. Routine : ( ) CBC ( ) Chest X-ray ( ) Urinalysis ( ) stool exam
b. Special: ( ) Blood Chemistry ( ) ECG ( ) others, please specify
c. Schedule of Annual medical examination: ( ) Q1 ( )Q2 ( )Q3 ( )Q4

d. Is random drug testing conducted? Yes_____ when_______) No ______

2.3 First-Aid, Health Care Medicines and Equipment Facilities

• How may treatment rooms/first aid rooms are existing in your company?
______
• How many Clinics in the workplace? _______
• What hospital (s) are you affiliated with? _______

3.0 And 4.0 - Health Programs for the promotion, prevention and control

This refers to : Drug-free Workplace in compliance to RA 9165, Human Immunodeficiency

Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in compliance to (RA 8504) RA 11166, Tuberculosis in compliance
to EO 187-03, Hepatitis B in compliance to DOLE Advisory No. 05 Series of 2010, Mental
Health in compliance to RA 11036.

Kindly accomplish the policy template in Annex A.

(*you may attach individual policy statements)

5.0 Composition and Duties of Safety and Health Committee

The SHC of the company is responsible to plan, develop and implement OSH policies
and programs , monitor and evaluate OSH programs and investigate all aspect of the
work pertaining to the safety and health of all the workers. SHC shall be composed of
the following in compliance with the law:

(a) For establishments with less than ten workers and low risk establishments with
ten (10) to fifty (50) workers. – A SO1 shall establish an OSH committee composed of the
following:

Chairperson : __________________________________________________
Name of Company owner or manager
Secretary : _________________________________________________
Safety officer of the workplace
__________________________________________________
Member : Name of at least one (1) worker, preferably a
union member, if organized

193
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 (b) For medium to high risk establishments with ten (10) to fifty (50) workers and
low to high risk establishments with fifty-one (51) workers and above. – The OSH
committee of the covered workplace shall be composed of the following:

Ex-officio : _______________________________________________
chairperson Name of Employer or his/her representative

Secretary : ________________________________________________
Name of Safety officer of the workplace
Ex-officio :
members ________________________________________________
Name of Certified first-aider/s
_________________________________________________
Name of OH nurse
_________________________________________________
Name of OH dentist, and OH physician, as applicable

__________________________________________________
Members : Name of Safety officers representing the contractor or
subcontractor, as the case may be,

___________________________________________________
Name of workers’ representatives who shall come from the
union, if the workers are organized, or elected workers through a
simple vote of majority, if they an unorganized.

(c) Joint Coordinating Committee: For two (2) or more establishments housed
under one building or complex including malls.

Chairperson : ______________________________________________
Name of Building owner or his/her representative such as
the building administrator

Secretary : ______________________________________________
Name of Safety officer appointed by the Chairperson

Members : ______________________________________________

Name of 2 safety officers from the building selected to the

Joint OSH Committee

194
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 ______________________________________________
______________________________________________
Name of two (2) workers’ representatives one from which
must be from a union if organized from any establishments
under the building

(All members of the HSC shall perform their duties and responsibilities by the OSH
law and its implementing guidelines.)

Safety and Health Committee Minutes/Reports submitted to DOLE (pls attach latest
OSH committee minutes/report)

Yes ____ No ______

6.0 OSH Personnel and Facilities

6.1 Safety Officer
Safety Officer(s): (attach certificate of training/s prescribed by DOLE)(please use
additional sheets as necessary)

Name of Safety Officer(s): Training(s) (kindly include number of

hours)

6.2 Emergency Occupational Health Personnel and Facilities

List of competent emergency health personnel within the worksite duly complemented by
adequate medical supplies, equipment and facilities based on the total number of
workers. (Use additional sheet if necessary and attach all required training certificates
in this section.)
Emergency Health Personnel and Facilities

Total number Health Personnel & Facilities

Shift/Area/unit/ of Health Personnel (First- Facilities
Department workers/area aider, Nurse, Physician, (Treatment
Dentist)
195
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 Room/ Clinic/
Hospital)

7.0 Safety and Health Promotion, training and education provided to workers
--Orientation of all workers on OSH
-Conduct of Risk Assessment, evaluation and Control

-*Continuing training on OSH for OSH Personnel

-*Work permit System
*(Applicable for medium to high risk establishments with 10 to 50
workers and low to high risk establishments with 51 workers and
above)

(please attach additional sheets as necessary)

Name of OSH Number of Employees in Date
Training/Orientation attendance

Conduct of Risk Assessment (may include Date

WEM)

8.0 Conduct of Tool Box Meetings/ Safety Meetings if applicable

Conduct of Safety Meetings/Tool Box Date

Meetings

9.0 Accident/Incident/Injury investigation recording and reporting

196
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
Any dangerous occurrence, major accident resulting to death or permanent total disability,
shall be reported by the company to the DOLE Regional Office within twenty four (24)
hours from occurrence using the prescribed form (Work Accident / Incident Notification).

After the conduct of investigation, the company shall prepare and submit work accident
report using the prescribed form (WAIR). Moreover, other work accidents resulting to
disabling injuries such as Permanent Partial Disability and Temporary Total Disability
shall be reported to the DOLE Regional Office within 30 days after the date of occurrence
of accident using the DOLE prescribed form (WAIR).

All near misses shall be recorded and reported. A system for notification and reporting
of work accidents including near misses within the company shall be developed and
reviewed by the OSH Committee as necessary.

(Kindly submit reports on the following: Work Accident /Injury Report (WAIR), Annual
Exposure Data Report (AEDR), Annual Medical Report (AMR)
Report Submitted Date

10.0 Provision and use of PPE

Issuance of PPE shall be supplemented by training on the application, use, handling,
cleaning and maintenance.

PPE provided Number of Workers given

11.0 Safety Signage

The safety signages include warning to workers and employees and the public about
the hazards within the workplace.
Type of Safety Signage : Kindly attach picture.

12.0*Dust control and management and regulation on activities such as building of

temporary structures and lifting and operation of electrical, mechanical,

197
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
communications system and other requirements *(Applicable for medium to high risk
establishments with 10 to 50 workers and low to high risk establishments with 51 workers
and above)

Kindly attach dust control procedures, plans on temporary structures, permits

app;icable for the operation of electrical, mechanical, communications systems and
other requirements

13.0 Workers Facilities Provided:

FACILITIES PROVIDED? REMARKS
YES NO
a. Adequate supply of drinking water
b. Adequate sanitary and washing
facilities
c. Suitable living accommodation (if
applicable)
d. Separate sanitary, washing and
sleeping facilities (if applicable)
e. Lactation station (in consonance
with DOLE D.O. 143-15)
f. Ramps, railings, and the like
g. Other workers’ welfare facilities as
prescribed by OSHS and other
related issuances

14.0 Emergency and Disaster Preparedness:

14.1 Written Emergency and Disaster Program Yes____ No_____

14.2 Types and number of Drills conducted

Type of Drills (fire, Date Responsible
earthquake) person/position

15.0 Solid Waste Management System

Written Pollution Control Program: Yes:____ No: _____

Name of Pollution Control Officer:__________________________

16.0Compliance with Reportorial Government Requirements (refer to item 9.0)

198
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
17.0 Control and management of hazards.
Refer to accomplished HIRAC

18.0 *Prohibited Acts and Penalties/sanctions for violations on OSH

*(Applicable for medium to high risk establishments with 10 to 50 workers and low to
high risk establishments with 51 workers and above)

(Pls attach existing company sanctions for violations on OSH)

(Example of Company violation policies)

Safety Violation 1st offense 2nd offense 3rd offense
1. Not using issued PPE warning 3 day suspension 5 day
suspension
2. littering and loitering warning 3 day suspension 5 day
suspension
3. smoking at prohibited area warning 3 day suspension 5 day
suspension
4. illegal dismantling of safety warning 3 day suspension 5 day
signages and paraphernalia suspension
5. Not following safety rules 3 day 5 day suspension Dismissal
suspension

19.0 * Cost of implementing company OSH program

*(Applicable for medium to high risk establishments with 10 to 50 workers and low to
high risk establishments with 51 workers and above)

Php _______ ; Annual estimated amount for OSH program implementation to include but
not limited to the following: orientation/training of workers, safety officer, OH personnel,
purchase and maintenance of PPE, first aid medicine and other medical supplies, safety
signages and devices, fire safety equipment/tools, safety of equipment ( i.e machine
guards,) etc.

OSH Item Estimated Cost/year

PPEs

OSH trainings

Safety Signages

Machine Guards and related

equipment

199
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
 Medical examinations

Medical supplies/medicines

Others: Specify

ANNEX A:

WORKPLACE POLICY AND PROGRAM ON PROMOTING WORKERS HEALTH AND

ENSURING PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF HEALTH-RELATED ISSUES AND
ILLNESS

_____________________________________ company is committed to promote

and ensure a healthy and safe working environment through its various health programs
for its employees. We shall conform to the all issuances and laws that guarantee workers
health and safety at all times.

The company shall ensure that worker’s health is maintained through the following
company programs and activities:
a) Orientation and education of employees
b) Access to reliable information on illness and hazards at work
c) Referral to medical experts for diagnosis and management of illness or health-
related concerns
d) Provide health-related programs such proper nutrition and exercise activities
are made available to the workers

The above-mentioned programs shall comply with the Government’s issuances on

promoting healthy lifestyle, addressing mental health in the workplace and
preventing and controlling substan ce abuse.

In addition, company policies to protect workers’ rights arising from illness shall be
guaranteed. The company shall promote the following workers’ rights:
a) Confidentiality of information
b) Non-discrimination including non-termination
c) Work accommodation following a course of illness
d) Assistance to compensation

This policy is formulated for everybody’s information. The company is committed

to ensuring workers’ health and providing a healthy and safe workplace.

______________________ ___________________________
Owner /Manager Employees’ Representative

200
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
DATE: ______________

DOLE REPORTORIAL REQUIREMENTS

It is the responsibility of the employer to ensure that the company complies with the
DOLE’s reportorial rquirements. The Safety and Health Committee through the safety
officer takes on the responsibility of coordinating the timely submission of the required
reports to DOLE using the prescribed forms and the complete in substance.

Insofar as the Safety and Health Committee is concerned, there are two (2) reports that should
be submitted to DOLE;

OSH Rule Report/Form Where To File When To File

Rule 1040: OSH Report of Safety 2 copies to be Within 1 month

Committee Organization submitted to after the
(DOLE/BWC/IP-5) concerned RO, organization
copy-furnished
Minutes of the BWC
Meeting Quarterly
Every employer shall register his/her business with the Regional Labor Office to
provide the DOLE with information as guide in its enforcement activities. This is
free of charge, Valid for lifetime, except when there is change in name, location,
ownership; opening after previous closing
Requirements : IP Form 3

201
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
All work accidents or occupational illnesses, resulting in disabling conditions or dangerous
occurrences shall be reported by the employer to the the DOLE Regional Office. If a major
work accident results in death or permanent total disability, employer shall initially notify
the DOLE within 24 hours, and provide the DOLE with the company’s incident report.

The employer shall maintain & keep an accident or illness record which shall be open at
all times for inspection by authorized personnel. Having the reports will also provide the
safety officer means for an objective evaluation of the OSH program, helps identify high
injury rates and provides information on accident causes which contributes to high injury
rates.

202
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
For purposes of notifying the DOLE, three (3) reports are required to be submitted;

OSH Rule Report/Form Where To File When To File

Rule 1050: Work Accident/Illness 2 copies to be On or before the

Notification & Report submitted to 30 days after the
Keeping of (DOLE/BWC/IP-6 concerned RO, occurrence of the
Accidents &/or WAIR A & B) copy-furnished accident (per the
Occupational BWC lastest issuance of
Illnesses BWC)

Annual Exposure On or before Jan

Data Report 30 of the
(DOLE/BWC/IP-6b) following year

Fatal/Major Accident Within 24 hours

Workplace COVID-19 To be submitted

Prevention and at the end of the
Control Compliance month
Report
(WAIR-COVID-19)

203
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
A new WAIR form has been issued by DOLE for COVID.
There I also the Annual Medcal Report which should be submitted to DOLE on a regular
basis.

204
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
CLEAR POINTS
The DOLE already provided the OSH program template per the DO 198 – 18. It should
no be difficult for companies to formulate their OSH program and submit to DOLE.

While it is not required that the company OSH program be approved by the DOLE,
companies should ensure that their submitted OSH program responds to their workplace
safety and health concerns. If there are necessary revisions in the OSH program, the
company is obliged to submit a revised program, e.g. having COVID prevention and
control protocols.

On the part of enforcement, the submitted OSH program of the company is an important
basis for the labor inspector to gauge the company,s safety and health status and
implementation of its OSH program.

.It is important that the OSH program has budget integrated in the company’s annual
operating expenses.

205
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
RE-ENTRY PLANNING

OBJECTIVE:

To introduce to the BOSH participants into his role as a member of the company’s Safety
and Health committee.

Participants of the BOSH training are now tasked to apply what they have learned. Our
plan for their re-entry to the Safety and Health Committee is outlined as follows:

1. REVIEW
On their own, after completing the BOSH training, participants are instructed to review
their notes, manuals, workshop exercises and experiences.
2. APPLICATION
On return to company, they make a verbal or written report to management signifying
intention to apply the content of the BOSH training. The simplest way to immediately use
the material is by specific task, so as not to get overwhelmed by the project

INSPECTION
If the new member intends to conduct his application by inspection, he may opt to
be teamed up with another member, or conduct inspection alone.

Workplace Inspection is the best way to begin.

It involves 3 steps:
a. Identification of hazards
b. Evaluation of Hazards
c. Control of hazards

IDENTIFY THE HAZARD

UNSAFE ACT
1. Act of omission
2. Act of Commission
UNSAFE CONDITION
1. Physical
2. Chemical
3. Biological
4. Ergonomics
5. Chemical
6. Mechanical

EVALUATE THE HAZARD

Indicate why you identified the act/ condition to be unsafe by:
a) Comparing against the standards
b) International Standards
c) Conducting workplace monitoring procedures or simply determining what
procedures to conduct.
206
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
CONTROL OF HAZARD through any or combination of three methods
Engineering
Administrative
Personal Protective Equipment
Making an inspection report is carried out by an action plan you may opt to be team
up with another member or conduct investigation alone. Results and processes
may be compared.

STEPS TO FOLLOW:
1. Gather Information
2. Analyze the Facts
3. Make Recommendation

3. IMPLEMENTATION
Study/ Review

Once the reports (inspection) have been made, they are submitted to the Safety
Manager or counterpart for analysis. Feasibility is determined and the new member
may be asked for a simple explanation for your report.

The action plan is then put into effect in an experimental area, or may be applied
directly to the act/ condition in question.
After the target date is met, results of the implementation are noted and discussed.

4. EVALUATION
1. Scoring/ranking of the expected results is done to quantity/ quality the data.
2. Discussion of the results may be made by direct comparison.
3. Other forms may require more intricate an alysis like that of determination of
values in standard deviation.
4. Depending on the outcome and the nearness/ farness (proximity/distance)
from the expected out, modifications can be made to tailor fit the action plan.
5. A final report is made to document the results and the action plan is applied
to the greater part of the company’s workplace.

5. REPEAT PROCESS
Next step is to increase/develop the skill of the new member

207
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net
SAMPLE FORM

RE-ENTRY PLAN

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement of BOSH Training

What have learned from the training which is of immediate application/importance to your
organization?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

Safety Program s you will initiate within your organization upon your return to work?

Specific Safety concern (S) Detailed Action plan / Date of By whom

and hazards to be addressed program Implementation (Responsible
Engineering, person /
Administrative and PPE Department)

Prepared by: ____________________________________Date: _________________

Company
_____________________________________Venue:|_________Position__________

208
2/F, 574 ARGO Bldg. EDSA corner P. Tuazon Avenue, Brgy. Socorro, Cubao, Quezon City.
Telephone Number: +63 2 438 2241 • 332 7929 Mobile Number: +63 917 833 2305
Website: www.becmi.net