Field of Specialization - Mathematics

JOVITO B. CRODUA JR.

Advance Algebra
 Functions and Relations
A relation is a set of ordered pairs. Further, A function
is a relation in which each element of the domain
corresponds to exactly one element of the range

Examples:

1. {(1,2),(2,5),(3,10),(4,17)} - FUNCTION
2. {(1,2),(2,3),(2,0),(3,5)} – NOT A FUNCTION
 Operations on Functions
Addition: (f+g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

Subtraction: (f-g)(x) = f(x) - g(x)

Multiplication: (fg)(x) = f(x) • g(x)

Division: (f/g)(x) = f(x)/g(x)

If f(x) = 3x – 2 and g(x) = x2 + 2x – 3, find:

1. (f + g)(x)

2. (f – g)(x)

3. (fg)(x)

4. (f/g)(x)
 Composite and Inverse Function
Composition of Functions
(f o g)(x) = f(g(x))

Inverse of Functions
f(f -1 (x)) = f -1(f(x)) = x
Given that f(x) = 4x – 5 and g(x) = x2 + 4, find:
1. (f o g)(x)
2. (g o f)(x)

Find the inverse of the following functions:

1. f(x) = 6x
2. y=3x + 7
3. f = {(1,- 2),(2,4),(3,6),(4,8),(5,10)}
4. f = {(4,3),(- 2,0),(- 5,4),(7,0)}
 Linear Function
A linear function is a function that can be written in
the form

f(x) = ax + b

where a and b are real numbers with a and f(x) not

both equal to zero.
 Quadratic Functions
A quadratic function is any equation of the form

f(x) = ax2 + bx + c

where a, b, and c are real numbers and a ≠ 0.

 Synthetic Division
Synthetic division is a numerical method used in
dividing polynomial by a binomial of the form x – c.

Examples: Divide the following polynomial.

1. 2x3 – 3x2 – x + 4 by x – 3

2. 5x3 + 6x + 50 by x + 2
 The Remainder Theorem
If a polynomial P(x) is divided by x – c, the quotient
is Q(x) and the remainder is R. The relationship defined
by

P(x) = Q(x)(x – c) + R

Thus, R = P(c)
Find the remainder of the following:

1. 3x3 + 4x2 – 5x + 6 divided by x + 3 -24

2. x3 + 5x – 4 is divided by:

(a) x – 2 14
(b) x + 3 -46

(c) 3x + 1 -154/27
 The Factor Theorem
Let P(x) be a polynomial, thus

a. If P(c) = 0, then x – c is a factor of P(x)

b. If x – c is a factor of P(x), then P(c) = 0.

Determine whether x – 4 is a factor of each polynomial.

1. x3 – 2x2 – 11x + 12

2. 2x3 + x2 – 2x + 15

Find k so that x + 3 is a factor of

1. 2x3 + kx2 – 8x + 3

2. x3 + 3x2 – kx – 3
 Binomial Theorem
The kth term of a binomial expansion of (a + b)n is
given by:

C
n k–1 a(n – k + 1) bk – 1
1. Find the sixth term in the expansion of (2x + y5z2)8

448x3 y25 z10

2. Find the fourth term in the expansion of (x4 + y3)8

56x20 y9
Trigonometry
 Systems of Measuring Angles
Sexagesimal System – uses the unit of degrees (o).
Further, the degree measure can be divided into minutes
(‘) and seconds (‘’).

1 revolution = 360 degrees

1 degree = 60 minutes
1 minute = 60 seconds

Circular System – uses the unit of radians

1 revolution = 2π radians
 Conversion
1. To convert degree measures into radian measures,
multiply the number of degrees by
πrad
180o

2. To convert radian measures into degree measures,

multiply the number of radians by
180o
πrad
 Coterminal Angles
Any angle in standard position, positive or negative
of any size or magnitude whose initial and terminal sides
coincides are said to be coterminal angles.

Example: Determine the coterminal angles of:

1. 70 - 290 430

2. 420 60 780

3. – 150 - 510 210

 Length of a Circular Arc
Let r be the radius and θ, a positive radian measure
of a central angle of the circle. The lengths of the arc
intercepted by the central angle is given by s = rθ

θ
O
 A circle has a radius of 20 centimeters. Find
measurement of the arc length intercepted by a central
angle of 120o
 Linear and Angular Speed
If s is the length of the arc traveled by a time t of a
particle moving at a constant speed along a circular arc of
radius r, then the linear speed of the particle is given by
v = s/t

Further, if θ is an angle (in radians) corresponding to

an arc length s, the the angular speed of the particle is
given by
w = θ/t
1. The second hand of a clock is 10.5 cm long. Find the
linear speed of the tip of this second hand as it passes
around the clock face.

≈1.099 cm/sec
 Trigonometric Functions
sine (sin)
cosine (cos) B
tangent (tan)
β
cosecant (csc)
secant (sec) c
a
cotangent (cot)

α
C A
b
 Reciprocal Identity

cot α = 1/tan α tan α = 1/cot α

sec α = 1/cos α cos α = 1/sec α

csc α = 1/sin α sin α = 1/csc α

 Functions of Complementary Angles
sin α = cos (90 – α)
cos α = sin (90 – α) B
tan α = cot (90 – α)
β
cot α = tan (90 – α)
sec α = csc (90 – α) a c
csc α = sec (90 – α)

α
C A
b
 Pythagorean Theorem
The square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is
equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.

c2 = a2 + b2
 Solving Right Triangles
Solve the following:
1. Given that sin β = 4/5, find the values of the other
trigonometric functions
2. tan α = 0.7977, find α
3. Find cos β, given cot β = ¾
4. The base of an isosceles triangle is 20.6 and the base
angles are 46o 59’. Find the equal sides and the height of
the triangle.
 Applications of Right Triangle
Angle of Elevation – is the vertical angle measured
counterclockwise from the horizontal line.

Angle of Depression – is the vertical angle measured

clockwise from the horizontal line.
1. A ladder leans against a vertical wall with its foot 15 ft
from the wall. If the ladder makes an angle of 60o with the
ground, (a) how long is the ladder? (b) How far above the
ground is the top of the ladder?

(a) = 30 ft. (b) = 25.98 ft.

2. When the sun is 25o above the horizon, how long is the
shadow cast by a tree 150 ft high?
321.68 ft
3. From the top of the building at C, the angle of depression
of point A on the ground is 52o. If the distance AB is 165
meters, how high is the tower?
211.2 m

4. A tree 150 ft tall cast a shadow 400 ft long. Find the angle
of elevation of the sun.

20o 33’ 22’’

 Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle
sin θ = y/r
cos θ = x/r
tan θ = y/x for x≠0
csc θ = r/y for y≠0
sec θ = r/x for x≠0 r P(x,y)
cot θ = x/y for y≠0
y

0 x
Algebraic Sign of Trigonometric Functions

Students All

Teach Calculus
1. If the point (-5, 2) in on the terminal side of an angle θ in
standard position, find the exact values of the six
trigonometric functions of θ.

2. Given an angle θ, in standard position, located in QIII, find

the other five trigonometric functions if tan θ = 15/8.
3. Determine which quadrant angle θ lies, given the
condition:

(a) tan θ = 2, and cos θ is negative

(b) cos θ = 2/3 and sin θ < 0.

(c) csc θ > 0 and cot θ < 0.

 Reference Angle
The reference angle θR of any angle θ in standard
position, is the positive acute angle angle drawn by the
terminal side of θ and the nearest x – axis.
To solve for reference angle when an angle is positive
Q1: θR = θ
Q2: θR = 180 - θ
Q3: θR = θ – 180
Q4: θR = 360 - θ
To solve for reference angle when an angle is negative
Q1: θR = 360 – l θ l
Q2: θR = l θ l – 180
Q3: θR = 180 - l θ l
Q4: θR = l θ l
Find the reference angle of the following:
1. 34o 34o
2. 150o 30o
3. – 230o 50o
4. 800o 80o
5. – 1090o 10o
 Oblique Triangles
Sine Law – in any triangle, the sides are proportional to
the sines of the opposite angles.

Cosine Law – the square of any side of a triangle equals

the sum of the squares of the other two sides minus
twice the product of these two sides time the cosine of
their included angle.
 Trigonometric Identities
Quotient Identities
tan θ = sin θ/cos θ
cot θ = cos θ/sin θ

Pythagorean Identities
sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ
1 + cot2 θ = csc2 θ

Negative Identities
sin (- θ) = -sin θ
cos (- θ) = cos θ
tan (-θ) = -tan θ
Linear Algebra
 Vectors and Scalars
Scalars – are quantities that has a “magnitude”
Examples:
1. temperature
2. speed

Vectors – are quantities that has both “magnitude” and

“direction”
Examples:
1. Velocity
2. Acceleration
 Vectors in Rn
The set of all n-tuples of real numbers, denoted by
Rn, is called n-space.A particular n-tuple in Rn, say
u = (a1 , a2 , ... , an )
is called a point or vector. The numbers ai are called the
coordinates, components, entries, or elements of u.

Two vectors, u and v, are equal, written u = v, if they

have the same number of components and if the
corresponding components are equal. Although the
vectors (1, 2, 3) and (2, 3, 1) contain the same three
numbers, these vectors are not equal because
corresponding entries are not equal.
 Dot (Inner) Product
The dot product or inner product or scalar product
of u and v is denoted and defined by

u • v = a1b1 + a2b2 + ... + anbn

That is, u • v is obtained by multiplying corresponding

components and adding the resulting products. The
vectors u and v are said to be orthogonal (or
perpendicular) if their dot product is zero—that is, if
u • v = 0.
1. Let u = (1, 2, 3), v = (4, 5, 1), and w = (2, 7, 4), find:

(a) u • v

(b) u • w

(c) v • w

2. Suppose u = (1, 2, 3, 4) and v = (6, k, 8, 2). Find k so that u

and v are orthogonal.
 Length of Vectors
The length or magnitude of a vector u = (x1 , y1)
is

The length of a directed line segment with initial

point P1(x1 , y1) and terminal point P2(x2, y2) is
1. Suppose u = (1, 2, 4, 5, 3), find llull.

2. Let v = (1, 3, 4, 2) and w = (1/2, - 1/6, 5/6, 1/6), find:

(a) llull

(b) llwll
 Angle Between Two Vectors
The angle θ between nonzero vectors u, v in Rn is
defined by
1. Let u = (1, 2) and v = (3, - 4), find the angle between the
two vectors.

2. Let u = (1, 0, 0, 1) and w = (0, 1, 0, 1), find the angle

between the two vectors
 Matrices
A matrix A over a field K or, simply, a matrix A (when
K is implicit) is a rectangular array of scalars usually
presented in the following form:
 Transpose of a Matrix
When a matrix is transposed, its row components
and column components are interchanged. Further, its
notation is A T.
1. Find the tranpose of the following matrices:

(a)

(b)

(c)
 Matrix Addition
Two matrices can only be added if they have the
same number of rows and columns, i.e. in order for
matrix A and B to be combined both of them should be a
m x n matrix.
 Matrix Multiplication
Two matrices can only be multiplied if the number
rows of one matrix is equal to the number of columns of
the other matrix, i.e.

A x B = AB
mxp pxn mxn

The same

Size of AB
What if the product of A and B?
 Trace of a Matrix
The trace of A, written tr(A), is the sum of the diagonal
elements. Namely,

tr(A) = a11 + a22 + a33 + ... + ann

Find the trace of matrix A and matrix B
 Determinants
A determinant is a real number associated with a
square matrix

The determinant of a matrix and its transpose are

equal.
1. Find the determinant of matix A.
 Minor
Compute for the following:

1. M12

2. M23

3. M31
Area of a Triangle
1. Compute the area of a triangle with vertices (- 1, 4) , (3,
1) , and (2, 6).

Ans. 8.5.
Abstract Algebra
 Sets
A well defined collection of distinct objects.

Examples:

1. The set of all telecommunications companies in the

Philippines.

2. The set of Philippine Presidents.

 Cardinality of Set
The cardinality of set S, denoted by l S l or n(S), is
the number of distinct elements that S contains.
Examples:
Find the cardinality of the following sets:
1. If G = { x l x is a letter in the Filipino alphabet}
Ans. n(G) = 28
2. If M = { x l x is a counting number less than 10}
Ans. n(M) = 9
 Operation on Sets
1. The union of sets A and B denoted by A U B, is the
set whose elements are in A or B or in both A and B
2. The intersection of sets A and B denoted by A∩
B, is the set whose elements are common to A and B.
3. The complement of set A with respect to the
universal set, denoted by A’ or AC , is the set with
elements found in the universal set, but not in set A.
4. The difference of sets A and B denoted by A \ B or
A – B, is the set whose elements are in A but not in
B
Let A = { 1, 2, 6, 8, 12} and B = {3, 0, 6, 8}, find
1.A U B
2.A ∩ B
3.A \ B
4. B \ A

Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} and A = {2,

4, 6, 8, 10}
1. find A’
 Groups
A group consists of a nonempty set G with a binary
operation *, such that the following properties hold:
1. Closure: If a, b ϵ G, then a * b ϵ G.
2. Associativity: For all a, b, c ϵ G, we have a*
(b * c) = (a * b) * c.
3. Identity: There exists an element e ϵ G, such that
a * e = e * a = a.
4. Inverses: For any a ϵ G, there exists an element
a ϵ G such that a * a-1 = a-1 * a = e.
 Cyclic Groups
A group is cyclic if it contains an element such that
the cyclic subgroup formed by that element is the entire
group
 The Groups of Units of Zn
For a given integer n > 1, let m be an integer such
that 1 ≤ m < n and gcd (n, m) = 1. then the set of all
such integers m forms a group, denoted by U(n),
called the units modulo n.
 Order of the Group
The number of elements of a group wheter it is
finite or infinite.
Thank You
&
God Bless...