EASTERN VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY

Tacloban City

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND ALLIED DISCIPLINE

DES 324
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 6: SITE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
AND LANDSCAPING

RESEARCH WORK NO. 1

GREEN ARCHITECTURE

PRESENTED BY:

CAMPO, ANDREA PATRICE A.

BSAR 3A

PRESENTED TO:
\
AR. HERVY G. CATILOGO, MSCM
INSTRUCTOR

23 MARCH 2022

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content Page Number

Introduction 3

Brief History 3

Principles 4

Characteristics 6

Elements 7

Materials 8

Prominent Green Buildings Around the World 10

Prominent Green Buildings in the Philippines 12

References 15

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“Green is about the flow of energy, matter and information
into the system of Life. Architects are system thinkers and
should understand the complexity of architecture as an
organism, as a metabolic process inter-dependent with the
environment, in constant transformation.”
—Ar. Marko Brajovic on Biomimicry

GREEN ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION

Green buildings are among the most stunning pieces of architecture

in the world today. They draw inspiration from nature and strive to coexist
with, rather than conquer, the environment. Elements included in its design,
building, and operation strive to decrease or eliminate negative consequences
whilst also creating beneficial impacts on the climate and natural
environment. Green buildings preserve valuable natural resources while also
improving quality of life.

Green Architecture can also be referred to as sustainable architecture

or environmental architecture. It pushes architects to create smart designs and
use existing technology to guarantee that structures have the least amount of
negative impact on the ecology and communities.

It is a philosophy that draws inspiration from the environment to

create low-impact, adaptable, and healthy spaces. It advocates building with
the environment in mind by incorporating sustainable sources of energy,
designing efficiently to reduce energy use, and updating existing buildings
with new technology. By creating more sustainable ways to live on this
planet, green architecture mitigates the impact of human activity. This,
however, does not imply giving up all of the creature pleasures that humans
have come to expect in the twenty-first century; it entails accepting new
technology, which are becoming increasingly available.

The main goal of green architecture is to build models that protect the
natural environment while also adapting with the existing environmental
settings in terms of space, energy, water, and resource consumption. To
ensure that all environmentally friendly aspects are included, the designs
must be sustainable from the initial consultations, site survey and design, plan
modification, material use, harmony with the existing ecology, to green
building choices.

BRIEF HISTORY

The earliest link between environment and human health may be

traced back to the Middle Pleistocene, between 781,000 and 126,000 years
ago. Micro Charcoal and soot evidence in Lower Paleolithic hominids (3.3
million and 300,000 years ago) from inside cave smoke suggests that humans
were influenced by activities such as fire control in the indoor environment
and the environment in general. These are some of the earliest known

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examples of unanticipated and often unintended repercussions of affecting
our surroundings, particularly the built environment.

Green architecture may appear to be novel and new, but it has always
existed as it was historically important for survival. Simple examples include
breaking windows to catch a breeze and cool indoor rooms in the summer, or
constructing structures that make use of natural light. It can date back to
ancient civilizations that adapted to live in extreme climates. Courtyards and
high towers that are visible in traditional Arabic architecture, dating back
2000 BC, were created to cater natural ventilation. This is an example of
utilizing passive design to control interior climate.

Using local, renewable materials and passive solar architecture were

used more recently, stretching back millennia: the Anasazi in the Southwest
built entire communities such that all the dwellings received sun heat in the
winter.

There was a small modern green construction movement beginning

in the 1800s. To control internal air temperature, London's Crystal Palace
(1851) used passive devices such as roof ventilators and underground
air-cooling chambers. The current green building movement began in the
1900s, and it sprang quickly from the desire for more energy efficient and
environmentally friendly building technologies. Deep-set windows were
employed to screen the sun in the 1900s, such as in New York's Flatiron
Building (1903). New building technologies began to change the urban
environment beginning around 1930. The introduction of air conditioning,
fluorescent lighting, structural steel, and reflective glass made it possible to
heat and cool glass and steel structures. The Rockefeller Center (1932) made
use of movable windows as well as sky gardens. Retractable awnings were
also used on other skyscrapers to keep the sun out.

Environmental and associated societal challenges and repercussions,

such as the energy crisis of the 1970s and the escalating climate change
effects in subsequent decades, have resulted in higher knowledge and wider
consciousness at times. Innovations like the trombe wall, using large
overhangs to shade interior spaces, and indirect passive heating were seen as
revolutionary. However, this is now considered to be common practice and is
taught in several accredited architecture programs. This goes to show that
architects are now more equipped than ever to design and create efficient
buildings that require less energy and construct such spaces in more
sustainable ways.

PRINCIPLES

The green building design process begins with a thorough grasp of

the site's beauty and intricacies. Through the use of the following principles,
an environmental approach to design seeks to integrate the new systems with
the current on-site ecological services performed by Mother Nature.

Energy Efficiency

Green building principles include a variety of strategies that promote

energy efficiency. It is accomplished by the use of designs that reduce energy
consumption, such as the energy needs for energy usage, as well as the
utilization of alternative and sustainable energy sources such as wind and

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solar. Green design, for example, considers natural air flow patterns and
natural lighting to decrease the demand for heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning, as well as artificial daylight illumination. The designs simply
insist on lowering the life-cycle expenses of heating, lighting, air
conditioning, and other electric power consumption needs.

Water Efficiency

Green architecture uses the inspiration of the natural environment to

safeguard water quality and decrease water usage or waste. It is one of the
sustainable elements in green building that encourages water efficiency. This
green design principle ensures that water is captured, utilized, cleaned, and
re-used throughout the construction process. Simultaneously, the architectural
design guarantees that the building's whole life cycle not only supports
efficient water consumption but also protects the quality of nearby water
systems and employs water recycling devices.

Land Use Efficiency

Land use efficiency pertains to architectural designs that encourage

suitable site development in terms of preservation of the surrounding
environment and reuse of existing local materials. It advocates for the
incorporation of roof gardens, earth shelters and extensive landscaping
around and throughout the building.

Low Environmental Impact and Conservation of Natural Characteristics

Construction projects have been shown to be responsible for more

than half of all environmental damages and natural system degradation.
Every year, construction projects produce around 10% of total world
emissions. As a result, one of the ideas of green architecture is to employ
green designs to reduce these environmental problems. This green approach
is all about minimizing site degradation during construction, sprawl
management, and the regulated use of resources, as well as ensuring
energy-efficient buildings reduce total environmental consequences. The
design promotes natural resource conservation, enhanced water and air
quality, and the preservation of ecosystems and biodiversity.

Material Efficiency

Another major challenge is the proper management and usage of

materials in construction. Proper construction methods must be used, which is
where green architecture comes in. As a result, one of the green architecture
principles is material efficiency, which develops designs that encourage
sustainable building by improving construction procedures. Material
efficiency, as a green architectural principle, ensures that the building's
lifetime improves efficiency in terms of maintenance and operations. The
designs include energy efficiency and resource conservation to ensure total
material efficiency.

Low Maintenance Costs

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 Green architectural design encourages the use of materials and
building processes that reduce operations and construction expenses by more
than half, all of which are linked to their cost-effectiveness. This green design
philosophy demands the use of non-toxic products such as renewable plant
products, recycled metal, and recycled stone. Renewable and reusable goods
provide great performance while lowering long-term maintenance expenses.

Waste Reduction

Green design encourages the use of less water, energy, and materials
during and after construction. On this premise, green architecture design
provides easier ways for building occupiers to reduce the quantity of
consumer product waste created by integrating on-site solutions such as
compost bins and eco-friendly waste management systems. In addition, the
design considers water recycling and energy-saving measures in construction
to decrease water and energy waste, respectively.

Use of Renewable Energy

The usage of renewable energy is one of the green architecture

principles. This technique is perfect for incorporating renewable energy into
the architectural design or making it a highly recommended element. Wind
power, solar energy, and biogas are examples of renewable energy
technologies that are frequently included into green building projects. The
architects are interested in adapting the designs based on geographical
regions in order to maximize the use of available renewable energy. Green
architects, for example, construct buildings to fully exploit seasonal
variations in the sun's position as well as other area renewable energy sources
such as wind and biomass.

Indoor Environmental Quality

Green architecture principles include indoor environmental quality as well.
The design of a green house or commercial building includes characteristics
such as pleasant interior space with an emphasis on natural temperature
regulation, efficient ventilation, and the use of items that do not emit harmful
substances or gasses. The principle's goal is to ensure the quality of interior
spaces.

CHARACTERISTICS

Green design is often referred to as sustainable development,

eco-design, and environmentally friendly architecture. All of these words
allude to an architectural approach to building design that supports
environmental conservation and sustainability.

The following are some of the most important characteristics of

sustainable architecture (Ragheb et al., 2016):

● Energy-efficient lighting fixtures and appliances

● Efficient heating, cooling and ventilation systems
● Water-saving plumbing fixtures
● Windows placed strategically to maximize natural light
● Rainwater harvesting
● Greywater reuse
● Landscaping with native vegetation

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 ● Incorporation of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind
power
● Using local construction materials to reduce transportation distance
and costs
● Incorporating old structures and using recycled materials

Architects that specialize in green design are continually looking for

innovative ways to increase the quality of green buildings while keeping their
functions intact.

ELEMENTS

Sustainable Site Design

A sustainable project provides more than just the building's

immediate purpose. It must also suit the requirements of the local community,
encourage healthy lifestyles, offer ecological services, and foster a feeling of
place. Site selection and design are critical in lowering greenhouse gas
emissions and assisting projects in adapting to the effects of climate change.
If individuals can take public transit, ride their bikes, or walk to the building,
the initiative helps to minimize the carbon footprint of commuting. A project
connected to the community by pedestrian paths and bicycle lanes encourages
people to walk or bike instead of driving, reducing air pollution while also
encouraging physical activity.

Water Conservation and Quality

With the rising demand for water, it is becoming increasingly

important to incorporate water conservation into the design of green
buildings. One of the primary goals of green buildings is to conserve water
and safeguard its quality. Water conservation may be done throughout a
building's existence by creating dual plumbing that recycles the water used in
toilets and the water used to wash automobiles, as well as by employing
water-efficient fittings and fixtures such as ultra-low flushing toilets, bidets,
and low flow shower heads.

Energy and Environment

Energy efficiency is the most critical aspect of green building.

Increased energy efficiency reduces carbon emissions from power stations as
well as the home's own energy systems.

Indoor Environmental Quality

Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) refers to the circumstances

within a structure, such as air quality, lighting, temperature conditions, and
ergonomics, as well as their effects on inhabitants or residents. IEQ
management strategies include those that preserve human health, increase
quality of life, and decrease stress and possible damage. Improved indoor
environmental quality can improve the lives of building inhabitants, boost the
building's market value, and lessen liability for building owners.

Conservation of Materials and Resources

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 Ideally, building materials and resources not only do less harm but
also renew the natural and social settings from which they arise. Materials
and resources serve as the basis for the structures in which we live and work,
as well as the materials with which we fill them, the infrastructure that
transports people to and from these structures, and the activities that take
place within them. Because materials and resources are so common, it is easy
to overlook the history and costs associated with their production,
transportation, consumption, and disposal.

MATERIALS

Materials usually used in green architecture provide superior thermal

performance, energy efficiency, water efficiency, resource management, and
cost savings in general construction.

Recycled Products

Because of their resource efficiency, recycled content goods are

utilized in green buildings. Paper insulation made from recycled newspapers
and cardboards, cotton insulation made from recycled denim, recycled stone,
and recycled steel are all examples of recycled materials. They are successful
because they need fewer raw materials and use less chemicals and energy to
process.

Materials Manufactured with Resource Efficient Processes

These materials are preferred in green buildings because they need

less energy to create while simultaneously minimizing resource waste and
greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable concrete constructed from broken
glass and wood chips or slag is one example.

Natural, Abundant or Renewable Materials

These materials can be derived from naturally occurring and

sustainably managed sources. They must also be renewable and abundant in
nature. Certified wood and solar tiles are two examples.

Refurbished, Salvaged or Remanufactured

These are the materials that have been reconditioned, salvaged, or

remanufactured. Their importance includes their natural ability to produce
value and save resources from disposal or landfill waste. Materials are
refurbished, mended, or enhanced in terms of performance, functionality, or
quality. Plastic ceilings are one example.

Reusable and Recyclable Materials

These are previously used materials that are still in good shape and
may be utilized in fresh construction. Old plumbing and doors are two
examples.

Durable Materials

Longer-lasting materials are better for the environment since they

remove the need for regular replacements and upkeep. They also lower the

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total expenses of relying on new modifications in an already built building or
dwelling. Furthermore, durable materials offer a high reusability and
recyclable value.

Locally Available

The use of locally accessible materials is also a component of green

design since it reduces transportation costs, greenhouse gas emissions, and
interference with the local ecosystem.

Non-toxic Materials

Non-toxic materials are strongly advised in green architecture. They

increase IAQ and have very few carcinogens, irritants, or reproductive
toxicants.

Moisture Resistant Products

Moisture-resistant materials are those that prevent biological

pollutants from growing in structures. They are completely moisture resistant
and, as a result, are highly recommended in green design for enhancing IAQ.

Low VOC Products

Low VOC products are highly sought after in green architectural

projects. They enhance IAQ since they are non-toxic and less detrimental to
the health of the occupants.

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PROMINENT GREEN BUILDINGS AROUND THE WORLD

BOSCO VERTICAL
Milan, Italy
Architects: Boeri Studio,
Boeri Studio
Year : 2014
Milan’s Vertical
Forest comprises two towers
of 80 and 112 meters, holding
480 large and medium trees,
300 tiny trees, 11,000
perennial and covering plants
and 5,000 shrubs. The
equivalent - over an urban
surface of 1,500 m2 – of
20,000 m2 of forest and
brush. The Vertical Forest is
an architectural idea that uses
the shifting polychromy of
leaves to replace standard
materials on urban surfaces.
The biological architect
focuses on plants as a screen,
creating an appropriate
microclimate and filtering sunlight while rejecting the restricted technological
and mechanical approach to environmental sustainability.

THE FUTURE OF US PAVILION

Singapore, SG
Architects: Advanced Architecture Laboratory
Year: 2018
The iF award-winning pavilion located in Singapore’s Gardens by the
Bay follows the grand tradition of architectural structures that merges an
intricate perforated skin form fluidly with the adjacent environment. It
provides guests with a climatically comfortable outdoor setting as well as a
spectacular visual experience similar to wandering beneath the leaves of
luxuriant tropical trees.

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THE EDGE
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Architects: PLP Architecture
Year: 2014
Eschewing typical electric lights and wiring, LEDs are powered by a
"digital ceiling" with computer wires connected to sensors, anticipating
lighting demands rather than operating at a continuous pace. The architects
expect an 80 percent savings over typical lighting. The skin of the structure
consists of solar panels. Temperatures are adjusted by pumping warmer and
cooler water from different levels in an aquifer. Workers may even change
their window blinds with the app.

VANCOUVER CONVENTION CENTER

West Vancouver, Canada
Architect: LMN Architects
Year: 2009
It is the first of its kind to receive a double LEED (Leadership in
Energy and Environmental Design) platinum certification. Four European
honey bee hives have been built to pollinate the roof's plants and grasses,
which helps minimize heat buildup in the summer and retain heat in the
winter. The roof's sloping design also aids with water drainage and the

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dispersal of seeds. Some of the project is built on piles (columns) that sustain
a marine ecology that includes local crabs, salmon, and shellfish.

PIXEL BUILDING
Melbourne, Australia
Architect: Decibel Architecture
Year: 2010
It is the first carbon-neutral office building, generating all its own
electricity and water on site. Colorful, eye-catching panels that give shade
and optimize daylight as required, supports that assist handling wastewater, a
roof that gathers rainfall, and a line of vertical wind turbines are among its
energy-saving features.

PROMINENT GREEN BUILDINGS IN THE PHILIPPINES

ZUELLIG BUILDING
Makati, Metro Manila
Architect: Skidmore, Owings
and Merrill; W.V. Coscoluella &
Associates
Year: 2012
This skyscraper in Makati is
the first building in the country to
receive a gold level LEED-CS
(Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design – Core and
Shell) certification, and has
become Platinum. This green
building includes low-emissivity
(Low-E) glass system, dimming
system to adjust the intensity of the
light; and heat, ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC) system,
premium drainage and irrigation
system, and a centralized paper
recycling facility.

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ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
Mandaluyong
Architect: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM)
Year: 1991
ADB is a Gold LEED certificate awardee. Most of its materials are
eco-friendly and bought locally. Its sustainable features include
water-efficient landscaping, rainwater-harvesting facility, cooling tower
management, and Solar panels

ARYA RESIDENCES
BGC, Taguig City
Architect: Aidea Inc.
Year: 2010
This two-tower
condominium complex
was awarded a LEED
Gold certification in 2016.
It makes use of local
vegetation that needs less
maintenance and water
usage. Design features
include water-conscious
landscape designs and
energy-efficient appliances
and systems. The use of
low VOC (Volatile
Organic Content) paints
and sealants, low-flow,
low-flush fixtures, and
high-quality, eco-friendly
sustainable materials are
also incorporated. There
are bicycle racks provided
for cyclists and every unit
allows a better air
circulation, abundant natural light, noise proof walls.

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PIONEER HOUSE
Cagayan de Oro City
Architect: Arkitektii
Philippines Inc
Year: 2015
LEED Platinum
certified since 2015, this
seven-story building
features energy-saving
elevators, fuel-saving
generators with noise
suppressors, shower
facilities for
employees/tenants who
cycle or walk to work,
and 100% LED lighting.

BENCH TOWER
The Fort, Taguig City
Architect: ASYA Design Partners
Year: 2012
LEED Gold certified since 2016, this building’s green features
include low-E double glass wall, LED and CFL lighting, low-water flushing
systems, and green pockets.

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