crommunication «Computer Network sTypes of Network *Wetwork Hardware *Communication Channels work Architecture «Network Topology «Protocol Communication Communication is important for people to share their views and Opinions. It is a process in which two or more people share their knowledge, information, resous #CeS and expertise among themselves. Communication involves a sender transmitting an idea, information, or feeling to a receiver. Effective communication occurs on yi the receiver emma understands the exact information that the sender intends to give. COMPUTER COMMUNICATION Computers were stand-alone devices when they were first introduced. With the rapid increase in the uses of computers, the manufacturers began to design hardware and software that would allow the computers to communicate with one another. Computer communication is descr ibed as @ process in which one computer transfers data, instructions, and information to another computer{s). Earlier, only large computers had Truncation capabilities. Today, even the smaller computers and devices can communicate Glrectly with one another, with hundreds of computers on a company network, or with millions of other computers around the globe—often via Internet. Some communications involve cables and wires; others are sent wirelessly through the ait. Far successful computer communication, you need the following components: SENDER: It is a Sending device that initiates to send data, instructions of iformation. It can be a computer or mobile device. COMMUNICATION CHANNEL OR TRANSMISSION MEDIA: It is a medium on which the data, instructions, or information can travel. It can be cables, microwave stations, or satellites. RECEIVER: It is a receiving device that accepts the transmission of data, instructions, or information. It can be @ camputer or mobile device. PROTOCOL: It is a set of rules that outlines characteristics of how two devices communicate. Without protocol, two devices may be connected, but cannot transfer or exchange the data. A Protocol may define data format, coding schemes, and the sequence in which data transters among devices. For example, a person who knows only English language cannot communicate with another who knows only Hindi language. for communication between two persons, the knowledge of same language is a must.NI WINE oe coo ether commonenmerk where two or more computers ae connected using * ve files, folders, and computer ti on channels, vou can become # network weer and cat sor computers. These Usual resources are “pogesy themed jon OS referred to as local resources powertul computers Hise for distributing files to network users ate referred {0 2% vers other less powerful computers connected to a tack morastation contributes equally in the network and is oft server are called workstations. types of Network ce many types of metwork: Local Are: there y 12 Network [LAN], Metropolitan Area Network Man), Wide Area Network (WAN) and Personal Area abort {PAN}. Each one of these is discussed below: LAN (Local Area Network) ‘a local area network (LAN) Js 4 network that Ames the computers and the devices in a mites geographical area, Such as home, schoo! computer laboratory, office building or closely festioned group of buildings. These computers ee usually within 100 to 300 meters away from ‘each other. if you have a home network with two or more computers, or if you afe at your schoo! where ‘more than 20 computers are connected to each ‘other, then you are on a LAN. tach computer or device on the network is 2 node. Often, the nodes are connected to the IAN via cables. LAN can either work with cables and hubs or wirelessly. A Wireless Local Area Network is also known as WLAN. WAN (Wide Area Network) ‘A wide area network (WAN) spans over a large ‘beographical area, such as an entire city, region, or ‘even an entire country or all over the world. Two ¢- MANY btMAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is & network that connects the Local Ares Network of & town. A MAN typically includes one or more LANs but than a WAN Telephone companies. cable television operators MAN network spolitan area such as a city vers » smaller geogsaphical areg ganizations use and other PAN (Personal Arca Network) A personal area network (PAN) is a network that cennects personal devices like laptop, smartphones digits) cameras, printers, etc. in an individual's workspace sing wited and wireless technology. A PAN may connect Gevices through a router using network cables or by using Bluetooth or WEF technology. You can transfer files and songs from laptop to a smartofione using PAN, Network Hardware Network hardware consists of physical devices used hardware to function. COMPUTER The most important job of a network is to link computers together. ‘When computers are linked, the people using the computers can work more elficiently. Computers connected to a network do not have to be the same type. For example, a network could contain desktop computers, such as IBM-compatible and Macintosh or portable computers, such as notebooks and Tablet PCs. NETWORK INTERFACE CARD (NIC) An expansion card is used to provide network access to a computer or other device, such es 2 printer. Network interface cords mediate between the computer and the physical media such as cables over which data travels. on a network Ail networks need network central location where all the cables on 3 network meet. It aliows you to ‘to a single network. It also provides the connection for ail the can exchange data. Many types of network structures areSWITCH: A switch is a device that provides a central point for cables in @ network. A switch receives data from many directions and then advanced than a hub because switch sends the data to # device that needs or requests for it. Switches can be used in place of hubs. ROUTER: A router is a device that connects multiple computers together and transmits data to its correct destination on a network through a process known as routing. A router acts as a junction between two or more networks like LAN and WAN to transfer data Packets among them. For example, it is used to connect your home network (LAN) with the internet (WAN). CABLES A network cable plugs into the NIC (Network Interface Card) at the back of each computer on the network. > Information, shared files, and other network data travel & through the network cables. A fiber metal or fiber-optic , cable is used to connect computers and other devices on @ network. These cables are insulated with special material such as plastic or rubber. Any part of a computer system or a network such as a disk drive, printer, or memory that can be allotted to a program or a process, while it is running, is @ resource. Communication Channels All networks are linked to each other through communication channels. These are the medium on which the data, instructions, or information can travel. When you send data from a computer or mobile device, the signal that carries the data may travel over various transmission media. Most ‘commonly used media are physical and wireless.Coaxial Cable Coanial cable consists of a single copper wire surrounded by at least ‘three layers. The first one & an insulating material, the second 1 2 wire mesh, and the third fs 4 plastic outer coating. On comnial cables data travels through a copper wire. Cable TV network wiring uses ‘ania cable, Coax) Cable Fiber-Optic Cable The core of 2 fiberoptic cable consists of hundreds of thie strands of glass or plastic that use light to transmit signals. inside the fiber-optic cable, an insutating glass cladding and @ protective coating surrounds each optical fiber, Many big use fider traffic ks. companies optic cables in high-traffic networt ‘ates oe WIRELESS TRANSMISSION MEDIA Wireless transmission media send communication signals through the air. Many people use this media because it is more convenient than installing cables. Types of wireless transmission scien tesed in communications Include infrared, broadcast radio, cellular radio, microwaves, and communication satellites, Infrared (IR) infrared (IR) is a wireless transmission medium that sends signals using infrared light waves, infrared systems use the same technology as household remote controls. It is also used with computers and devices like cordless keyboards and mouses. Broadcast Radio Broadcast radio is a wireless transmissionMicrowave : Mictowaves provide 2 highspeed wireless signal Bae transmission. It involves sending signals from one microwave station to another. A microwave station is an earth-based dish that contains the antenna and other equipment necessary for microwave communications. Microwave transmission is used in wide-open areas, such as deserts or takes. Microwave Communication Satellite - A communication satellite is @ space station that receives microwave signals from an earth-based station, amplifies (strengthens) the signals, and broadcasts the signals back over a wide area to any number of earth-based stations. Applications such as television and radio broadcasts, weather forecasting. videoconferencing, GPS, and internet ‘Communication Satelite connections use communication satellites. The network architecture refers to how computers are organised and how tasks are allocated among these computers. it is mainly categorized into two major types: PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK A network of two or more computers that uses the same type of programs to communicate and share data is called 3 Peer-to-Peer network. Each computer or peer is considered equal in terms of responsibilities, and each acts as @ server to ‘Others in the network. Peer-to-Peer networks work best in a small environment. These networks are designed primarily for small to medium local area networks. One should not use peer-to-peer network if more than 10 computers are to be connected together. CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK A network in which one or more computers are designated as server(s}, and the other computers on the network, called clients, can request services from the server, is known as Client/Server Network. (QAUARVLGA) 8 - 25 oo R?Server ® server, sometimes called the host computer On the network and provides tralized st When a usor ts to the server, t pp si vers perform a specific task anc For example, a file server stores and manages fi A print server manages printers and documer A database server stores and provides access te A network server manages network tr A web server is 2 computer that delivers reque Client & Client is 2 server for al omputer system that the server might store @ network version of processing program. Every client network can access the word program on the server, on processing In networking, the term topology refers to the layout structure printed. 9 database te web page 5 to the hardware and software programs, data, and information sinters, ete. become available devices on a network. A network topology has two levels, Le connected computers and physical and logical The physical level refers to the parts of a network that physically exist, such as computers, cables and connectors. This level specifies where the computers on 2 network are located and how all the parts of the network are connected, Cables are the most popular transmission media to transfer information on @ network The logical level refers to the path that the information takes to reach its destination on a network. The logical level of a network depends on many factors, such as the applications used and the volume of information transferred over the network. Computers share information by exchanging electrica signals. Signals are sent via the transmission medium that connects the computers. = reRING TOPOLOGY In ting topology, nodes are connected in which each node is connected to the the last node is connected to the first one. Every device has exactly two neighbours for communication purpose. All messages travel through @ ring in the same direction {either “clockwise” of “counter clockwise") in this, if one node Tails, the whole network goes off. Computers are usually located close together. A ring network is easy to set up because the computers are attached to a single ring of cable and no central connector, such as hub, is required, There ts no beginning, or end in a ring network Protocol A protocol is a set of rales that outlines characteristics of how two devices communicate gig the network. There are different protocols for different operations on the Internet, This is @ set of rules that defines how pages transfer on servers and browsers should take in response to various ina cirevlar chain next one and HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol}: the internet and what actions web commands. Many web addresses begin with http:// as the protocol FTP (File Transfer Protocol): This is a set of rules that allows file uploading to and downloading from other computers on the Internet. Uploading is the process of transferring files from your computer to a Server on the Internet. Downloading is the process of transferring files fram a Server on the Internet to your computer. Web page developers often use FTP to upload their webpages to a web server. y TEP/P (Transmission Controt Protocol/internet Protocol}: This is 9 network protocol thet defines how the information or messages are routed from one end of a network to the other ‘ensuring the data arrives correctly. It has been used as network standard for Int communications. POP3 [Post Office Protocol mail server and allows the ‘of storing it on their computer. are deleted from the mail server. version 3}: This is an email protocol that stores email messages ong), user to view, access and manioulate the message after downto ‘Once the messages are downloaded onto your computer, t This means that after the email is downloaded, it can only If you try to access your email from a different device,