—_— EE 414 & EE 4140 Fundamentals of Power Plant Engineering Lecture & Design Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering Academic Year 2022-2023 - Second Semester Fourth Year - Second Semester es— Growth Rates and Unit ConversionIn planning to accommodate future electric energy needs, it is necessary that we have an estimate of the rate at which those needs will grow; Fig. 1-2 shows a typical energy-requirement projection for the United States. ‘Annual net energy requirement, GWh 10° a cca catneow spice fiver Prdcseuss west eck—— perce = Suppose a certain quantity M grows at a rate that is proportional to the amount of M that is present. Mathematically, we have dM dt where a is the constant of proportionality, known as the per-unit growth rate. The solution may be written as M = Moe where Mg, is the value of M at ¢ = 0. =aM a cca catneow spice fiver Prdcseuss west eck®) oe At any two values of time, ¢, and f2, the inverse ratio of the corresponding quantities M, and Mz is Me _ ga(ts-ts) M From 2 = e@(t2-ts) we may obtain the doubling time t,, such that - Mz = 2M,, and tz — t, = tg. Itis _In2__ 0.693 a a a a cca catneow spice fiver Prdcseuss west eck> pee = Power system planner also need to know how much power will be demanded. The peak power in the United States over several years is shown the solid curve in Fig 1.3. Peak power demand, GW Fi, 13, ‘Schai’s line of Electrical Power Systems, Chapter 1 Fundamentals o cri Power Systemsee We can approximate this curve with the curve whose equation is P = Pye’t (dashed in Fig. 1-3), where Po is the peak power at time t = 0, and b is the per-unit growth rate for peak power. The area under this curve over a given period is a measure of the energy consumed during that period. ‘Schai’s line of Electrical Power Systems, Chapter 1 Fundamentals o cri Power Systemsee From tg = m2 = a and P = Pye”* it follows that if the per-unit growth rate has not changed, then the energy consumed in one doubling period equals the energy consumed for the entire time prior to that doubling period. In particular, we obtain Py == =e" Where Q,, is the energy consumed up to a certain time t,, Qz is the energy consumed during the doubling time £4, and b is the per-unit power growth rate. ‘Schai’s line of Electrical Power Systems, Chapter 1 Fundamentals o cri Power Systems= Suppose that the consumption of energy in Example a certain country has a growth rate of 4 percent per year. In how many years will AISWEE the energy consumption be tripled? 27.47 years ‘Schai’s line of Electrical Power Systems, Chapter 1 Fundamentals o cri Power Systems= Ina certain country the energy consumption Example is expected to double in 10 years. Calculate Answer: the growth rate. 6.93% ‘Schai’s line of Electrical Power Systems, Chapter 1 Fundamentals o cri Power Systems= Suppose that the consumption of energy in Supplementary Problem a certain country has a growth rate of 3 percent per year. In how many years will AIMEE the energy consumption be quadrupled? 46.21 years= Ina certain country the energy consumption Supplementary Problem is expected to triple in 20 years. Calculate Answer: the growth rate. 5.49%—— British Thermal Unit or Btu Calories or cal 3 TS MEASURED IN WORK 1s MEASURED is => ‘Sida Energy Energy Vis 10 htp:w.yutebecom/watcKIptOyG?-@Re Conversion Factors Power Energy 1W=1J/s 1J=1W's Thp = 745.7 W 1Wh=3.6kJ Tcal = 4.1858 J 1 Btu = 1.055 kJ 1 quad = 10°15 Btu= The net energy requirement for the United Example States in 1986 was approximately 2.82 E6 Answer: GWh. What is the equivalent of this energy a) 9.623 E15 Btu in (a) British thermal units, (b) quads? b) 9.623 quads ‘Schai’s line of Electrical Power Systems, Chapter 1 Fundamentals o cri Power Systems= In 1981, the U. S. consumption of energy (in Example quads) from various sources was as follows: coal, 16.1; oil 32.1; natural gas, 20.2; hydro, 29, and nuclear, 29. Calculate in 2.175 E6 GWh gigawatthours the total electric energy that could be produced from these sources, assuming an average _power-plant conversion efficiency of 0.1. Answer: ‘Schai’s line of Electrical Power Systems, Chapter 1 Fundamentals o cri Power Systems= Present natural gas reserves in the United Example States are estimated to contain 452 quads of energy. The present peak electric power demand is 450 GW. If the power 36.8 years consumption growth rate is 6.5 percent per year, and 22 percent of the total energy consumption is to be supplied by natural gas, approximately how long will these natural gas reserves last? Answer: ‘Schai’s line of Electrical Power Systems, Chapter 1 Fundamentals o cri Power SystemsA certain amount of fuel contains 15 E+10 Supplementary Problems Btu of energy. What is the corresponding Answer: energy in kilocalories? 3.78 E10 kcal ‘Schai’s line of Electrical Power Systems, Chapter 1 Fundamentals o cri Power Systems= The fuel contains 15 E+10 Btu of energy is Supplementary Problems converted into electric energy in a power Answer: station having a 12 percent overall : efficiency. The average demand on the 4h days station over a 24-h period is 5 MW. In how many days will the fuel be totally consumed? ‘Schai’s line of Electrical Power Systems, Chapter 1 Fundamentals o cri Power Systems= A certain amount of fuel can produce 10 Supplementary Problems quads of energy. In how many days will the Answer: fuel be totally consumed if it is used to : satisfy a demand of 10°13 Btu/day at a 200 days power plant with an overall efficiency of 20 percent? ‘Schai’s line of Electrical Power Systems, Chapter 1 Fundamentals o cri Power Systems= Calculate the total energy (in kilocalories) Supplementary Problems Vailable from the fuel of 10 quads of Answer: men: 2.52 E15 kcal ‘Schai’s line of Electrical Power Systems, Chapter 1 Fundamentals o cri Power Systems= Oo References Nasar, S. A. (1990). Schaum’s Outline of Electrical Power Systems. McGraw Hill Professional. 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