(@) cme = 14m 07 (b) c= 2k Lad ©) = 0k =09,n= 06 0.7 Trigonometric Functions ‘Te wit che Figure 2 Section 0.7 Trigonometric Functions 41 Answers to Concepts Review: 4. (x2 + 1) 2f(g(a)) 3.2:left_ 4.2 quotient of two polynomial funetions ‘You have probably seen the definitions of the trigonometric functions based on right triangles Figure | summarizes the definitions of the sine, cosine, and tangent functions. You should review Figure I carefully, because these concepts are needed {for many applications later in this book. More generally, we define the trigonometric functions based on the unit circle, ‘The unit circle, which we denote by C, is the circle with radius 1 and center at the it has equation x? + y> = 1, Let A be the point (1,0) and let rbe a positive number, There is a single point P on the circle C such that the distance, measured im the counterclockwise direction around the are AP, is equal to f, (See Figure 2.) Recall that the circumference of a circle with radius r is 271, so the circumference of Cis 2rr.Thus,if¢ = 7, then the point Pis exactly halfway around the circle from the point A; in this case, P is the point (—1,0). If ¢ = 37/2, then P is the point (0, =1), and if = 27, then Pis the point A. If > 2m, then it will take more than ‘one complete circuit of the circle C to trace the are AP. When t < 0, we trace the circle in a clockwise direction. There will be a single point Pon the circle C such that the arc length measured in the clockwise direction from A is f. Thus, for every real number f, we can associate a unique point P(x, y) ‘on the unit circle. This allows us to make the Key definitions of the sine and cosine functions. The functions sine and cosine are written as sin and cos.rather than as a single letter such as f or g. Parentheses around the independent variable are ust- ally omitted unless there is some ambiguity. Let be a real number that determines the point P(x y) as indicated above. ‘Then sing = y and cos Basic Properties of Sine and Cosine _A number of facts follow almost immediately from the definitions given above. First,since rcan be any real number, the domain for both the sine and cosine functions is (~co, co). Second, xand y are always between —1 and 1. Thus, the range for both the sine and cosine functions is the interval [=1, 1). Because the unit circle has circumference 27, the values ¢ and ¢ + 2a deter- mine the same point P(x, y). Thus, sin(s + 2x) = sint and cos(t + 2x) = cost (Notice that parentheses are needed to make it clear that we mean sin(1 + 277), rather than (sin) + 2m. The expression sin ¢ + 277 would be ambiguous) The points P; and P; that correspond to ¢ and ~f, respectively, are symmetric about the x-axis (Figure 3). Thus. the x-coordinates for P, and P: are the same, and the y-coordinates differ only in sign, Consequently, sin(#) = sin and cos(—r) = cose In other words, sine isan odd function and cosine is an even function. The points P, and Py corresponding to ¢ and 7/2 ~ f, respectively, are sym- ‘metric with respect to the line y = x and thus they have their coordinates inter- changed (Figure 4). This means that so($-1) =r ant caf!) =aFigure 7 Section 0.7 Trigonometric Functions 43 t ‘sin(2mr) ‘ sin(27t) ° 20-0) 5 sin(2m-0) = z 2 2. a i a 2 i 3 a on-3) M2 3 aoe 1 1 3 1 afte too 2 Figure 7 shows a sketch of the graph of y = sin(2=1), (b) As goes from 0 to 7, the argument 2¢ goes from 0 to 2. Thus, the graph of y = cos(2r) will repeat itself on adjacent intervals of length =. Once we con- Struct a table we can sketch a plot of y = cos(2¢). Figure 8 shows the graph. ala als ale 7 cos(2+) = 1 we (at via Period and Amplitude of the Trigonometric Functions A function f is petiodic if there is a positive number p such that F(x + p) = Fx) for all real numbers x in the domain of f. The smallest such positive number p is, called the period of f. The sine function is periodic because sin(x + 2m) = sin.x for all x.It is also true that sin(x + 4x) = sin(x — 27) = sin(x + 127) for all x. Thus, 47,—2n, and 12m are all numbers p with the property sin(x + p) = sin x. The period is defined to be the smallest such positive number p. For the sine function, the smallest positive p with the property that sin(x + p) ~ sin x is p = 2x7. We therefore say that the sine function is periodic with period 2m. The cosine function is also periodic with period 2m. The function sin (at) has period 27/a since snlo(s+22)] sinfat + 2n] = sin(at) ‘The period of the function cos(at) is also 2m/a.44 Chapter 0 Preliminaries [EXAMPLE 2) what are the periods of the following functions? (a) sinvaer (0) cos) (©) sin@ni/2) SOLUTION (0) Because the function sin2nt) is ofthe form sin(a) with a = 2, perio is p-ze-1 (b) The function cos(21) is of the form cos(at) with a = 2. Thus, the period of c0s(20) is p = = (©) The function sin(2a/12) has period p Qn 2/2 If the periodic function fattains a minimum and a maximum, we define the amplitude A as half the vertical distance between the highest point and the lowest point on the graph. 12, . [BEEXAMPLE 3] Find the amplitude of the following periodic functions. (a) sin(2z1/12) (b) 3008 (20) (©) 90 + 21 sin(2m/12 + 3) SOLUTION (a) Since the range of the function sin(2xt/12) is [~ 1), its amplitude is A = 1 (b) The function 3.¢0s(22) will take on values from —3 (which occurs when + ©, 23, )103 (which occurs when r = 0, £m, £2z,...).The ampli ae 2: tude is therefore A = 3. (©) The function 21 sin(2#t/12 + 3) takes on values from —21 to 21. Thus, 50 +21 sin(2mi/12 +3) takes on values from 50-21 = 29 to 50 + 21 = 71. The amplitude is therefore 21 . In general, for a > Oand A > 0, € + Asin(a(e + 6)) and € + A cos(a(s + b)) have period = and amplitude A. ‘Trigonometric functions can be used to model a number of physical phenom- cena, including daily tide levels and yearly temperatures, EXAMPLE 4) The normal high temperature for St. Louis, Missouri, ranges from 37°F for January 15 to 89°F for July 15, The normal high temperature follows roughly a sinusoidal curve (a) Find values of CA, a, and b such that T(t) = C+ Asin(a(t + b)) where 1, expressed in months since January 1, is a reasonable model for the normal high temperature. (b) Use this model to approximate the normal high temperature for May 15. SOLUTION (a) The required function must have period ¢ ~ 12 since the seasons repeat every 12 moms Thus 2 = 12,0 9 have «= 2. The ample i all he difference between the lowest and highest points: in this ease,“Models and Modeling eis important to keep in mind that all models such as this are simplifiea- tions of reality. (That is why they are called models.) Although such mod els are inherently simplifications of reality, many of them are still useful for prediction. Section 0.7 Trigonometric Functions 45 (89 ~ 37) = 26. The value of C is equal to the midpoint of the low and L high temperatures, so C = 5(89 + 37) = 63. The function TU) must there- fore be of the form T(r) = 63 + 26 sin( Ee + ») ‘The only constant left to find is b. The lowest normal high temperature is 37 which oceurs on January 15, roughly in the middle of January. Thus, our fune~ tion must satisfy (1/2) = 37, and the function must reach its minimum of 37 when ¢ = 1/2, Figure 9 summarizes the information that we have so far. The function 63 + 26 sin(2at/12) reaches its minimum when 271/12 = —7/2,that is, when ¢= 3, We must therefore translate the curve defined by y = 63 + 26sin(2n1/12) to the right by the amount 1/2 ~ (3) = 7/2. In Section 0.6, we showed that replacing x with x ~ c translates the graph of y= F(x) to the right by c units. Thus, in order to translate the graph of y = 63 + 26sin(2x#/12) to the right by 7/2 units, we must replace 1 with 1 7/2.Thus, T(t) = 63 + 2esin( 7% (« = 2) Figure 10 shows a plot ofthe normal high temperature Tas a function of time {where ris given in months. Figure 10 (b) To estimate the normal high temperature for May 15, we substitute f= 45 (because the middle of May is four and one-half months into the year) and obtain T(45) = 63 + 26 sin(2n(4.5 ~ 3.5)/12) = 76 ‘The normal high temperature for St. Louis on May 15 is actually 75°F. Thus cour model overprediets by 1°, which is remarkably accurate considering how litle information was given, . Four Other Trigonometric Functions We could get by with just the sine and cosine functions, but it is convenient to introduce four additional trigonomet- ric functions: tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant46 Chapter 0 Preliminaries What we know about sine and cosine will automatically give us knowledge about, these four new functions. Show that tangent isan odd function, SOLUTION: sin) _ sine Figure 12 Deve | Raians o, 9 wo | 26 45 | on @ | | xa 10 | 223 is | 504 150 | seis wo | oe wo | 2" Figure 13 at Figure 14 | | i ' fam) = oa(=) ~ “ost : ' | : | BLEXAMPEEG) Verify that the following are identities lA TA FF | T+ tanten sects 1+ cot = acs . When we study the tangent function (Figure 11), we are in for two minor sur- prises. First, we notice that there are vertical asymptotes at 4/2, 432/2,....We should have anticipated this sinee cos ¢ = 0 at these values off, which means that sin /cos ¢ would involve a division by zero. Second, it appears that the tangent is periodic (which we expected). but with period = (which we might not have expect- ed). You will see the analytic reason for this in Problem 33. Relation to Angle Trigonometry Angles are commonly measured either in degrees or in radians, One radian is by definition the angle corresponding to an arc of length 1 on the unit circle, See Figure 12. The angle corresponding to a com plete revolution measures 360°, but only 27 radians. Equivalently, a straight angle measures 180° or 7 radians, fact worth remembering 180° = radians ~ 1415927 radians ‘This leads to the results radian ~ $7.29578° 1° © 0,0174533 radian Figure 13 shows some other common conversions between degrees and radians, The division of a revolution into 360 parts is quite arbitrary (due to the ancient Babylonians, who liked multiples of 60). The division into 277 parts is more funda- mental and lies behind the almost universal use of radian measure in calculus. Notice, in particular, that the length s of the arc cut off on a circle of radius r by a central angle of r radians satisfies (see Figure 14) sot Qnr On ‘That is, the fraction of the total circumference 2r corresponding to an angle fis the same as the fraction of the unit circle corresponding to the same angle ¢. This implies that ¢ = When r = 1, this gives s = 1. This means that che length of the are on the unit circle cut off by a central angle of t radians is t. This is correct even if is negative, provided that we interpret length to be negative when measured in the clockwise direction, EXAMPLE 7] Find the distance traveled by a bicycle with wheels of radius 30 centimeters when the wheels turn through 100 revolutions.“Another View We have based our discussion of trigonometry on the unit circle. We could as well have used a circle of radius» ‘Then sing=* Section 0.7 Trigonometric Functions 47 SOLUTION We use the fact that s = rt, recognizing that 100 revolutions correspond to 100+ (27) radians. (30)(100)(2x7) = 60007 = 18,849.6 centimeters = 1885 meters Now we can make the connection between angle trigonometry and unit circle trigonometry. If is an angle measuring ¢ radians, that is.if@ is an angle that cuts off an are of length ¢ from the unit circle, then sin@=sint —cos@ = cose In calculus, when we meet an angle measured in degrees, we almost always change it to radians before doing any calculations. For example, sin 31.6° = sir + radi = sin 0.55: List of Important Identities _ We will not take space to verify all the follow- ing identities. We simply assert their truth and suggest that most of them will be needed somewhere in this book. Trigonometric Identities ‘The following are true for allx and y, provided that both sides are defined at the chosen x and ‘Odd-even identities Cofunetion identities sin(—x) tan($ - x) = ots Addition identities sin? x + cost x sin(x + y) = sin.x 0s y + cos x sin y 1+ tan?x = see? cos(x + y) = c0s x08 y ~ sin.xsin y tanx + tany tan(x + y) = Double-angle identities alf-angle identities sin2x = 2sin.xcos.x sa($ cos 2x = cos! x ~ sin? x cos( $ 2eos? x =1-2sin?x ‘Sum identities sess 252) nso) (3) 0s x + 608 y