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Emm Report

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18 views7 pages

Emm Report

Uploaded by

Khan Dshf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ENGINEERING MECHANIC PROJECT REPORT (TRUSESS)

SUBMITTED TO

DR SHAHID MEHMOOD

SUBMITTED BY

M.ABDULLAH 22-ME-100
ZEESHAN AHMAD 22-ME-84
IBTISAM HAIDER 22-ME-124
MUHAMMAD NAFLAN 22-ME-152
ABDUL HASEEB 22-ME-156

Faculty of Mechanical & Aeronautical Engineering


University of Engineering & Technology Taxila
Table of Contents
TRUSS
INTRODUCTION
COMPONENTS OF TRUSS
TYPES OF TRUSS
USES OF TRUSS
AIM
To study, analyse and design a Truss Bridge.

TRUSSES

1.1 INTRODUCTION
A truss is a load bearing structure with its members generally connected
to form triangular elements with any two members joined by different
types of joints.
Triangular structure is found to be the strongest shape to exist. The
reason being the other structures may distort on application of force on
its joints, but the triangle does not.
There are mainly 3 reasons for which triangles are used in trusses:
1) Rigidity- A triangle has 3 sides and 3 angles, and each angle is held
solidly in place by the side opposite to it. This means that a triangle’s
angles are fixed, and that is pressure is placed anywhere on a triangle, its
angles, unlike those of other shapes, will not change.
2) Forces – when a force is applied to a triangle, the resulting pressure is
directed sideways
rather than down. This means that sides of the triangle are in either
compression or tension, and that there is thus no bending movement.
3) Openness – Since the centre of a triangle does not contribute to its
geometric rigidity structural integrity, the centre of a triangle can remain
open. As one of the goals in erecting a truss is minimizing its weight,
triangles are an appropriate shape to use.

1.2 COMPONENTS OF TRUSS


The various components of a truss are as follows:
• Chords : The outer members of a truss that define the envelope or
shape
• Top chord: An inclined or horizontal member that establishes the
upper edge of a truss. This member is subjected to tension and
compressive loads.
• Bottom chord: The horizontal and inclined member defining the
lower edge of a truss, carrying loads. This member is subject to tensile and
bending loads.
• Nodes: The point of intersection of a chord with the web or webs, or
attachments of pieces of lumber.
• Webs: Members that join the top and bottom chords to form triangular
patterns that give truss actions. The members are subject to only axial
compression or tension forces.
• Braces: A permanent member connected to a web or chord member at
right angle to the truss to restrain the member against a buckling failure. .

• Cantilever: The structural portion of a truss which extends beyond a


support. The cantilever dimension is measured from the outside face of
the support to the heel joint. Note that the cantilever is different from the
overhang.
• Support: Joints which restrain movement in particular directions
required in the situation. Include fixed support restraining all movement,
hinged support
bidirectional movement and roller support restraining movement in one
direction.

• Clear span: Horizontal distance between inside faces or supports.


• Heel: Joint in a pitched truss where top and bottom chords meet .
• Overhang: Extension of top chord beyond the heel joint.
• Panel: Chord segment between two adjacent joints.
• Splice point: Location where chord members are spliced to form a
continuous member. It may occur at panel points.

1.3 TYPES OF TRUSS

The most popular and common types of truss are as follows:


• Pratt Truss: In this vertical members are in tension, whilst the diagonal
members are in compression.

ADVANTAGES :-

Used for designing cost effective structure.


Well accepted and used design for mix of load.
DISADVANTAGES:-

Susceptible to non-vertical.
Warren Truss: It can be easily identified due to construction of
equilateral triangles.
• K Truss: It is just slightly more complicated version of PRATT TRUSS.
Main difference is that vertical members are shortened to improve its
resistance against buckling.

ADVANTAGES:-
Reduce compression in vertical members.

DISADVANTAGES:-
More complex.
Reduction in usage of steel and cost if and only designed efficiently.
Expensive to build.
• Howe Truss: Basically its geometry is opposite of PRATT
TRUSS i.e. Upside down geometry of PRATT TRUSS.

ADVANTAGES:-
Extremely strong.
Uses materials effectively.
Withstands extreme conditions.
DISADVANTAGES:-
As compared to pratt truss, it has more unloaded members.

1.4 USES OF TRUSS


A truss can be used to achieve the following goals:
• Achieve long spans: Trusses can be used over long spans as it transfers
all forces axially. Since they are connected through pin joints, they do not
have internal shear and moment forces.
• Minimise the weight of structure
• Reduce deflection
• Support heavy loads
According to the assumption, the truss members can be in tension,
compression, or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads. Typical
axial forces in truss members in Pratt truss and Warren truss under
deadweight are shown in Fig. Owing to its simple design method and
efficient use of materials, a truss bridge is economical to design and
construct.

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