MODULE 7 ELS

This theory came from the words pan and sperma

(lit. “all seed”). This theory states that the seed of life was present in
meteors in space.

the seed of life is __________ the building block of

proteins.

This is the most popular theory on the

origin of life and different cultures have different stories to tell how life
was created.

The most accepted theory to date; this theory

states that life began as a series of chemical reactions
of organic (carbon-based) compounds.

biomolecules assembled to produce the very first

cells.
experiment debunked the concept of vitalism. In
the said experiment, urea, an organic compound, was produced from
atmospheric gases energized by lightning. This suggested that organic
compounds can be created from inorganic ones.
were produced from inorganic ones, as
simulated by the Miller-Urey experiment
bacteria, are believed to have evolved in deep-
sea environments called hydrothermal vents.
the primary process of producing food for life
is called
a group of bacteria called__________
cyanobacteria was able to develop the process
of _______________ near the surface of the seas
Lifeforms included__________ algae, and
aquatic animals.
Bacteria evolved and paved the way for
unicellular eukaryotes called_____
All lifeforms, in their most basic structure,
are made of cells.
Defined as the total of all biochemical
processes of an organism. For lifeforms to survive, their body should
become a large factory of chemical processes.
It should be able to regulate
this factory to optimal levels to ensure survival. A complex process
called feedback mechanisms help regulate the organism’s metabolism.
One essential characteristic of life is its ability
to perpetuate itself and produce offspring

stored in a very long molecule

called________also contains heritable
 information about the organism. This long
molecule can also change along the way,
making evolution and diversification of life
possible.

all lifeforms are organized in the following

manner:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Life persists on Earth because of energy flow

all the way from the Sun to the plants, to the herbivores, to the
carnivores, and to the decomposers.

________________________ A lifeform cannot survive by itself. It needs to

interact with its environment, including other lifeforms.

________________________ as he traveled on the islands of Galapagos.

This observation led him into thinking about the most revolutionary
theme in the history of biology: evolution.

________________________ Perhaps the one core theme in all of biology.

Life has been evolving and diversifying on Earth since life itself first
appeared. But along with the diversity, shared features can be seen
among organisms.

NOTEBOOK

_______________________ the ability to grow, change,...... etc. That

separates plants and animals from things like water or rocks.

_______________________ A scientist said that “The spontaneous

generation is false”.

_______________________ A scientist said that “It may not work for

maggots; but it can work for microorganism”. He used the Gravy
experiment

_______________________ A scientist that used the Modified Gravy

experiment.
_______________________ Eukaryotic diversification led to evolution of
multicellular organisms like some fungi, plants and animals.

TARDIGRADE oldest species that have ever known(?)

___GYMNOSPERMS Vascular seed bearing plants

ANGIOSPERM Seeds are enclosed in a vessel called fruit,

which develops from reproductive structures called flowers.

TISSUE CULTURE In vitro, enables fast production while perpuating

favorable traits.

MODULE 8

________________________ , a male parent will produce sperm cells with

half of its DNA inside the cell and a female parent will produce an egg
cell with half of its DNA inside the egg as well.

________________________ Since the sperm and egg cells contain only

one half of the original DNA of the producer, they are called

________________________ The sperm and egg will combine in a process

called

________________________ Since the fertilized egg has now a paired set

of DNAs, it is now called a

_____________________ a cell or a part of the organism may bud off and

grow to produce a new organism. Since there are no combinations and
segregations involved, the genes of the offspring are identical to the
parent.

_____________________ In sexual reproduction, plants exhibit the

complex cycle called

_______________________ In this cycle, a plant undergoes two phases, or

generations: a haploid generation called

___________________________ and a diploid one called

______________________ are the simplest of plants for they have no true

roots, stem, and leaves; yet their sexual reproductive cycle is complex
just like any other plant.

______________________ are nonflowering vascular sporebearing plants.

In evolutionary terms, they are somewhat between the mosses and the
seed-bearing plants.
______________________ Plants with so-called runners or stolon can be
reproduced asexually by burying the runners in soil. Hormones in the
plant will enable the runners to develop into a whole new plant, which
can be separated from the parent plant by simply cutting the runner.

_________________________ a fragment of a plant can grow into a whole new

plant.

_____________________ Some plants can grow roots if their stem is cut

at an angle and planted in sandy soil. Growth enhancers are added to
ensure optimal growth of the new plant.

_____________________ a method where the stem of one plant is

attached to the stem of another plant.

_________________________ the
animal will simply break into two halves.
One half will grow into a whole organism while the other half will grow
into a whole one as well. This is exhibited by flatworms such as
Dugesia.

_____________________ similar to binary fission, but the animal does

not break in half. In budding, the offspring will grow on the body of
the parent and will eventually break off. This is exhibited by hydras.

_____________________ is exhibited by sea stars (or starfish). If an arm

was broken off, if part of its central nerve ring is present in the broken
arm, the arm can grow into a whole new sea star.

_____________________ It is a process wherein the parent produces an

offspring without fertilization. The queen bee is the sole parent in a
colony of bees. The queen may lay either a fertilized or an unfertilized
egg. If the egg is fertilized by a male drone, the resulting offspring will
be female. If the egg is unfertilized the offspring is male.

_____________________ is simply union of sperm and egg cells outside

the female body. This is evident in frogs. The female lays eggs into a
body of water while the male is over her, simultaneously ejecting
sperm to fertilize the eggs upon touching the water. Tadpoles will then
develop in the pond.

_____________________ is where the union takes place inside the female

body. This is observed in terrestrial animals including humans.

_____________________ In the animal kingdom, some species have both

male and female organs in their bodies. They are called

_____________________ is a mechanism where an animal can both be

male and female at the same time.
_____________________ is a method where the animal, though both
male and female sex organs are present, does not use them at the
same time.

_____________________ These processes constitute what we call____ It

is central because all lifeforms perform these processes.

_____________________ perform many functions in our body, ranging

from digestion, movement, transport, and production of physical
features like hair and eye color.

_____________________ DNA stands for

_____________________ It is made up of a long series of building blocks

called
1.
2. FOUR BASES
3.
4.

_____________________ a shape of a double helix held together by

hydrogen bonds.

_____________________ RNA stands for

1. It has ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose;

2. It only occurs as a single-stranded molecule; and
3. It has no thymine (T) but instead it has uracil (U). Uracil is
complementary to adenine.

______________________ will be read by a ribosome to produce protein,

the biomolecule that can play many roles in the organism ranging
from enzyme production to expression of physical traits.

MODULE 9

_____________________ 1.
_____________________ 2. which together function under the direction
of the nervous system.

_____________________ In most animals, organs called____ provide

motion;

_____________________ adds a firm supporting structure that muscles

pull against; gives shape to an animal’s body and protects the
internal organs
_____________________ is formed by a fluid-filled compartment within
the body of an animal, called coelom.

_____________________ an external skeleton that consists of a hard

encasement on the surface of the organism, which acts as a “suit of
armor” that protects the animal from the outside.

_____________________ a skeleton that consists of hard, mineralized

structures located within the soft tissue of organisms.

____206 bones that make up the adult skeletal system are

among the strongest structures in the body.

______________________ is a type of hard connective tissue that is

constantly being formed and replaced.

______________________ forms the central axis of the body and

includes the bones of the skull, ossicles of the middle ear, hyoid bone
of the throat, vertebral column, and the ribcage.

______________________ composed of the bones of the upper limbs (which

function to grasp and manipulate objects) and the lower limbs (which
permit locomotion).

______________________ is an area where two bones meet.

_______________________ are organs made up of thousands of cells

called muscle fibers.