BIO-101
Introduction to Biology
Lab Report
Blood Grouping Test
Group-3
Submitted by:
Name:Israt Kayesh Ipsit
ID:22101241
SEC:06
Submission Date: 06-08-23
Submitted to:
Humayra Habib
Lecturer
Microbiology Program
Dept. of Mathematics & Natural Sciences, BRAC
University.
Principle:
The ABO blood group system is a technique of categorizing human blood based on the inherited
features of red blood cells (erythrocytes). Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian immunologist, identified
blood types A, B, and O in 1901.
Blood cells are coated with polysaccharides known as antigens, which bind to antibodies found
in blood serum (plasma), causing blood cells to coagulate and agglutinate. Red blood cells clump
together as a result of agglutination reactions. The fundamental antigens are A and B. Antibodies
to both of these antigens are known as anti-A and anti-B antibodies. A person's red blood cells
can include one or both of these antigens, or none at all, resulting in four different blood types
(A, B, AB, or O).
The antibodies in blood serum are designed to target invaders that enter the bloodstream, such as
viruses or bacteria. Anti-B antibodies are produced by type A people, which destroy type B
blood cells and vice versa. Anti-A and anti-B antibodies are present in the serum of type O
individuals, although neither antigen is present. People with type AB have both antigens but
neither antibody. The use of the incorrect blood type during blood transfusions and organ
transplants can be lethal.
Another blood typing system is the Rhesus or Rh system. People can be Rh positive or Rh
negative depending on whether they contain the Rh antigen (also known as the D antigen).
Approximately 85% of the population is Rh positive. In general, 41% of the population is type
A, 10% is type B, 4% is type AB, and 45% is type O. Type O persons are universal donors, while
type AB people are universal receivers.
Table: Overview of the ABO blood group system
Blood Group Antigens Antibodies Can donate Can receive
blood to blood from
AB A&B None AB All
A A Anti -B A & AB A&O
B B Anti -A B & AB B&O
O None Anti-A & All O
anti-B
Rh positive Rh None
Rh negative None Anti-Rh/anti-D
Materials:
● Glass Slide
● Hexasol
● Needle
● Blood Grouping Test Kits
● Cotton
● Antibody-A,B,D
● Lancet
● Blood Samples
Procedure:
● We divided a slide into three parts using a sign pen. Then marked one part as A, the
second part as B and the third part as D.
● One of us wiped the middle finger with alcohol saturated cotton and pricked with a sterile
needle.
● Then three drops of blood were put on the three separate parts of the slide.
● We put a drop of anti-A serum on part A, a drop of anti-B on part B and anti-D on part D.
● We mixed the serums and blood with sticks.
Observation:
In our group when the droplets of blood were mixed we could observe blood didn’t
coagulate with anti-A as well as with Anti-B which gives a clear perception that the
blood belongs to O group. Because both antibody A and antibody B were present in O
instead of any antigens so blood doesn't coagulate. But the droplet coagulated with
antibody D which means it was Rh positive. So the blood group of our group was O+.
Similarly we can also find out the other type of blood groups if we follow the following
chart:
Blood Type Part A/ Anti-A Part B/ Anti-B Part D/ Anti-D
AB+ + + +
AB- + + -
A+ + - +
A- + - -
B+ + - +
B- + - -
O+ - - +
O- - - -
Here, + means blood droplet is coagulating and - means it's not.
Figure: O+ blood group of our group where anti-A,B didn’t coagulate but anti-D
coagulated
Figure: B+ blood group of another group where anti-A didn’t coagulate but anti-B
and D coagulated
After finishing the experiment we should always discard the alcohol pad, lancet and
cotton and needles. This experiment is very important for us through which we can learn
about our own blood group.
