Introduction to

Electronics
Objectives
• Discuss the history of electronics
• Define electronics
• Understanding of fundamentals of electrical parameter i.e, voltage,
current and all their associated parts.
• Understanding of all the electrical passive components (resistor)
History and Overview
• Electronics is that field of science which deals with the motion of electrons
under the influence of applied electric and/or magnetic field.
• Electronics can be classified into two branches:
• Physical Electronics and
• Electronics Engineering.
• Physical electronics deals with the motion of electronics in a vacuum, gas or
semiconductor.
• Whereas electronics engineering deals with the design, fabrication and
application of electronic devices.
History and Overview

• Electronics as the science of how to control the electric energy, energy

in which the electrons have a fundamental role.
• It deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components
such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes, integrated circuits, and
associated passive electrical components and interconnection
technologies.
History and Overview

• Electronics has evolved around three components; vacuum tubes,

transistor, and integrated circuits.
• In 1883, Thomas Alva Edison discovered that electrons would flow from
one metal conductor to another through vacuum. This discovery of
conductor is known as Edison Effect.
History and Overview

• In 1897, John Fleming applied Edison

Effect in inventing a two- element
electron tube called diode.
• In 1906, Lee de Forest utilized Edison
Effect to invent a three-element tube
called triode.
• Diode and triode were instrumental in
amplification and transmission of
electrical energy. But vacuum tubes
were bulky, fragile and had high power
consumption.
History and Overview

• In 1948 John Bardeen, Walter

Brattain and William Shockley at Bell
Laboratories developed Transistor
and they received Nobel Prize for
their creation.
• These metal transistors replaced
vacuum tubes as this semiconductor
device are compact in size, light in
weight, low cost, less power
consumption, fast and have longer
life if operated within same operating
conditions.
History and Overview

• The concept of the integrated circuit was proposed in 1952 by Geoffrey

W. A. Dummer, a British electronics expert with the Royal Radar
Establishment.
• Throughout the 1950s, transistors were mass produced on single wafers
and cut apart.
• The total semiconductor circuit was a simple step away from this; it
combined transistors and diodes (active devices) and capacitors and
resistors (passive devices) on a planar unit or chip.
History and Overview
 Voltage is pressure.

Current is flow.

Terms Resistance opposes flow.

Power is that amount of work performed. It

depends on the amount of pressure and the
volume of flow.
Voltage
• Voltage is the electrical pressure, a potential force or difference in
electrical charge between two points.
• It can push electrical current through a wire, but not through its
insulation.
• Voltage is measured in volts. One volt can push a certain amount of
current, two volts twice as much and so on.
• A voltmeter measures the difference in electrical pressure between
two points in volts.
Current
• Current is electrical flow moving through a wire. Current flow in a
wire pushed by voltage.
• Current is measured in amperes, or amps, for short.
• An ammeter measures current flow in ampere.
• It is inserted into the path of current flow, or in series, in a circuit.
Resistance
• Resistance opposes current flow. It is like electrical “friction”.
• This resistance slows the flow of current.
• Every electrical component or circuit has resistance.
• And this resistance changes electrical energy into another form of
energy- heat, light, motion.
• Resistance is measured in ohms.
• A special meter called ohmmeter, can measure the resistance of a
device in ohms when no current is flowing.
Ohm’s Law
• Ohm’s law says: the current in a
circuit is directly proportional to
the applied voltage and inversely
proportional to the amount of
resistance.
• This means that if the voltage
goes up, the current flow will go
up, and vice versa.
• Also as the resistance goes up, the
current goes down and vice versa.
Resistors
• A resistor is a passive two-terminal
component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element.
• Resistors act to reduce current flow, and,
at the same time, act to lower voltage
levels within circuits.
• In electronic circuits, resistors are used to
limit current flow, to adjust signal levels,
bias active elements and terminate
transmission lines among other uses.
Resistors

• The symbol for a Resistor is as shown.

 • The units of resistance is Ohms, which is indicated
by Ω (omega).
• The formula for resistance is 𝑹 = 𝑽/𝑰
• Where V is Voltage and I is Current.
• It would really be difficult to manufacture the
resistors with each and every value.
Resistors • Hence, few values are chosen and the resistors of
such values are only manufactured.
• These are called as “Preferred Values”.
• In practice, the resistors with near values are
chosen to match the required applications.
Resistors
• This is how a practical resistor
looks like.

• A process called color coding

is used to determine the value
of resistance for a resistor.
• A resistor is coated with four
color bands where each color
determines a particular value.
Color Coding

• The table shows a list of

values which each color
indicates.
Color Coding
• The first two colored bands indicate the
first and second digit of the value and the
third color band represents the multiplier
(number of zeroes added).
• The fourth color band indicates the
tolerance value.
• Tolerance is the range of value up to
which a resistor can withstand without
getting destroyed. This is an important
factor.
 Color Coding
• Example 1: Determine the value of a resistor with a color code yellow, blue, orange and silver.
Color Coding
• Example 2: Determine the value of a resistor with a color code
orange, yellow, blue, green and silver.
Color coding
• Example 3: Determine the value of a resistor with a color code brown,
violet, green and silver.
Resistance
Resistance is the property of a resistor
that opposes the flow of current.
When alternating current goes through
a resistance, a voltage drop is
produced that is in-phase with the
current.
• Indication: R
•   Units: Ohms
•   Symbol: Ω