Introduction to

Robotics
 Objectives

1 2 3 4
Discuss the Identify Discuss when Identify the
reasons of poor reasons why to use robots. basic elements
robot robots are of robots
utilization. important.
What is a robot?
• An automatically controlled,
reprogrammable, multi-purpose
manipulative machine, with or
without locomotion, for use in
industrial automation applications
• Robotics is the science and
technology behind the design,
manufacturing and application of
robots.
Reasons of poor robot utilization
• Primary factor: Unemployment
Other reasons
• Lack of proper perspective
• Non-availability
• High import cost/High investment
• Less R & D supports
 Robot density
• “Robot density is the
barometer to track
the degree of
automation adoption
in the manufacturing
industry around the
world,” says Milton
Guerry, President of
the International
Federation of
Robotics.
Robot density
• By regions, the average robot density in Asia/Australia is 134 units, in
Europe 123 units and in the Americas 111 units.
• The top 5 most automated countries in the world are:
• South Korea
• Singapore
• Japan
• Germany
• Sweden

Source: International Federation of Robotics

Facts about industrial robots worldwide
Where and How to use robots?
Where?
• In hazardous environment (Chemical, Steel, Nuclear, … plants)
• High precision applications
• Export oriented products
How?
• Indigenous design
• Develop as required (Customized design)
• Make awareness
• Think it as a machine
When to Use a Robot?
• Is task Dirty, Dull, Dangerous, Difficult?
• Will a human be jobless?
• Is a human willing to do a job?
• Is robot usage economic?
What are the basic elements
of robots?
• Robots are machines that you can program in whatever way
you want, to get maximum benefits for the desired tasks.
• Robots, in the end, are electrical and mechanical devices
like any other device, having its elements and components
that make it possible for it to work.
• To robots, the elements and components are like their
organs,without which it cannot function properly.
What are the basic
elements of robots?
1. Power Supplies
To turn the robot on, you need to have a
power supply. The source of energy for the
robots is the power supply, which is needed
to make the robot fully operational. Power
supplies include batteries, hydraulic, solar
power, or pneumatic power sources.
What are the basic elements
of robots?
2. Sensors
• The human brain cannot function properly if the sensory
organs do not provide the required data. Similarly, robots
cannot perform their functions effectively without sensors
that provide them with environmental data.
• Sensors are critical in detecting elements like heat and light
by converting them into digital form, which is
understandable by machines. The robots then process and
acts accordingly.
What are the basic elements
of robots?
Four sensors in a robot
• Vision Sensors
• Vision sensors are like the eyes of a robot. They are the
parts that are responsible for detecting and sensing
obstacles and other things. They do so with the help of
their intelligent sight, which includes a camera, frame
grabber, and an image processing unit to process the
surroundings.
What are the basic elements
of robots?
Four sensors in a robot
• Proximity Sensors
• Proximity sensors are for calculating the distance between
the robot and an object that comes in contact with the
robot.
What are the basic elements
of robots?
Four sensors in a robot
• Proprioceptive Sensors
• Proprioceptive sensors are used for monitoring the robot’s
self-maintenance feature and for controlling its internal
status. This includes monitoring the heat, battery, and
sensing the electric current.
What are the basic elements
of robots?
Four sensors in a robot
• Logical Sensors
• Logical sensors are responsible for making logical decisions
and performing arithmetic operations, such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division. In other words,
the logic sensors handle the calculations that help make the
robot perform as desired.
What are the basic elements of robots?
• Electric AC/DC motors
• An electric motor is a device used to
convert electrical energy into
mechanical energy. Motors are used
in robots to provide rotational
movement that allows them to move.
You can use both AC and DC
motors in your robot.
What are the basic
elements of robots?
• Driving Mechanism
• The driving mechanism comes under the category
of main robot elements, including gears, chains,
pulleys, and belts. The gearboxes are for the
transmission of rotational movement from one
place to another.
What are the basic elements of robots?
• Servo Motors
• Servo motors are also used in robots as they are a
powerful way of converting the rotational motion
into the linear motion.
• They are easily programmable and are perfect for
repeating a robot’s movement.
• They adjust themselves until they match a signal.
Also, these motors come in radio-controlled
versions, called R/C servo motors.
What are the basic elements of robots?
• Manipulators
• Manipulators are extensions added to the robot and
are used for interacting with the surroundings. In other
words, these are the hands and arms of a robot to
interact with the environment and nearby objects
physically.
• Manipulators are mainly used for various purposes like
controlling and handling dangerous hazardous and
radioactive materials with the use of robotic arms as
well as handling of welding automation. They are very
expensive as their prices range from $1,295 to $22,000.
 • End Effectors
• The end effector is a device attached at the
What are the end of a robotic arm. The manipulator’s base
is fixed to the base support, and the end
basic effector is attached to its other free end.
They are the fingers and palms of a robot.
elements of • The end effector is relied upon to perform
robots? assignments by replicating the use of palms,
otherwise done by humans.
 • Locomotion Devices
In humans, the muscles provide the
energy and power for the movement of the
What are the arms. Similarly, that’s how locomotion devices
work.
basic The robot’s locomotion is called the
power of the movement that comes from the
elements of motors.
Three types of locomotion devices are
robots? used in robots depending on the source of
energy they use, such as electricity, hydraulics,
and pneumatics.
What are the basic
elements of robots?
• Controllers
A digital computer acts as the main
controller of the robot;it functions like a human brain.
The tasks assigned are carried out with the help of this
controller.

The controller sends the signals to the robot

and commands the movement of the manipulator and
end effector. In other words, the robot is managed and
controlled by this device.
What are the basic elements of robots?

• Pneumatics
Pneumatics is the use of actuators to produce motion. These systems
typically use air cylinders to generate rotary and linear motion. Pneumatic
robots are widely used in manufacturing work.
What are the basic elements
of robots?
Programming Languages
• Robots require programming because, without instructions,
they simply cannot work.
• This is because robots will not know what to do unless you
program it.
• You have to program it so it can work the way you want it to.
• Many programming languages are used to program robotic
systems; some of the best ones include VAL, Robo ML,
ROBOFORTH, ROSSUM, and XRCL.