Power System Protection For ESE Propose
Power System Protection For ESE Propose
SYSTEM PROTECTION TRAINNING
AUNG KO HTAY
TEST LAB((MEPE)
POWER TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY ( MAIN PROTECTION )
OVER CURRENT RELAY ( BACK UP PROTECTION )
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
1. Discrimination
2. Fault Calculation
3. CT’s Polarity & Star points
4. Setting Guide Line
5. Case Study
6. Practical Testing on Micom P122 relay with Omicron CMC‐356
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
1. Discrimination
Correct discrimination, each relay must isolate only the faulty section of the power system
network, leaving the rest of the system undisturbed.
TIME
CURRENT
BOTH TIME & CURRENT
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
1. Discrimination by TIME
Disadvantage
The longest fault clearance time occurs for faults in the section closest
to the power source, where the fault level is high.
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
1. Discrimination by CURRENT
Disadvantage
It is not practical to distinguish between a fault at FAULT‐1 and FAULT‐2, since the
distance between these point may be only a few meters (i.e Z is not significantly change).
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
1. Discrimination by both TIME & CURRENT
STANDARD I.D.M.T OVERCURRENT RELAY CHARACTERISTIC
I.D.M.T – Inverse Definite Minimum Time
The time of operation is inversely proportional to the fault current level.
Faster operating times can be achieved by the relays nearest to fault.
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
1. Discrimination by Both TIME & CURRENT
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
1. Discrimination by Both TIME & CURRENT
GRADING MARGIN
General rule of thumb‐ 0.4 sec between the up‐stream and down‐stream relays
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
1. Discrimination by Both TIME & CURRENT
GRADING MARGIN
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
1. Discrimination by Both TIME & CURRENT
GRADING MARGIN
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
1. Discrimination by both TIME & CURRENT
Nominal Current, In (pu, per unit )
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
1. Discrimination by both TIME & CURRENT
Secondary Current magnitude (A )
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
1. Discrimination by both TIME & CURRENT
Primary Percentage value, %
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
2. Fault Calculation
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
2. Fault Calculation
Fault Current & Load Flow in Distribution Line
Distribution Line is Radial System
Load Current flows from Power System Network to load
by only one direction.
Even if fault occurs, Fault Current also flows from
Power System Network to fault point by only one direction.
Non‐Directional Over current Relay can be used.
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
2. Fault Calculation
Useful formulae
Following are the methods adopted to calculate fault currents in a power
system.
• Ohmic method: All the impedances are expressed in Ω.
• Percentage impedance methods: The impedances are expressed in percentage
with respect to a base MVA.
• Per unit method: Is similar to the percentage impedance method except that
the percentages are converted to equivalent decimals and again expressed to a
common base MVA. For example, 10% impedance on 1 MVA is expressed as 0.1
pu on the same base.
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
2. Fault Calculation
MAXIMUM 3‐PHASE FAULT CALCULATION
(ONLY TRANSFORMER IMPEDANCE, Zt / WITHOUT SYSTEM IMPEDANCE, Zs)
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
2. Fault Calculation
MAXIMUM 3‐PHASE FAULT
( WITH SYSTEM IMPEDANCE, Zs)
System Fault level datas by using from software application :
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
2. Fault Calculation
MAXIMUM 3‐PHASE FAULT
( WITH SYSTEM IMPEDANCE, Zs)
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
2. Fault Calculation
Three Phase Fault & Single Line to Ground Fault
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
3. CT’s Polarity & Star points
P2 P1
A
N
SHORT CUT
Choose Bus Side P1
So, now it become easy, choose S2 star points
for OC/EF relays and Meters of all the CTs,
except for the X’mer secondary main CT.
X’mer secondary main CT, choose S1 star point for
OC/EF relay and Meter according to load flow.
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
3. CT’s Polarity & Star points
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
4. Setting Guide Line
Distribution Line Protection
Power Transformer Protection
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
4. Setting Guide Line
Distribution Line Protection
Over current Relay (50/51)
1‐Time over current relay (51)
Purpose ‐ Over load protection
Phase fault protection
I max (load) < OC tap < Min fault current
I >, OCR tap = 120% or 150% of maximum load current.
Tms = Coordinating time margin between upstream OCR and down Stream OCR,
0.4 sec recommended.
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
4. Setting Guide Line
Distribution Line Protection
2‐ Instantaneous over current relay
‐ Only phase fault protection
‐ Action instantaneously on an excessive rate of current rise ,thus indicating a fault.
I>>, OCR tap = 4 or 5 times of maximum load current or
minimum fault current of opposite bus fault.
Definite Time = 0 sec
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
4. Setting Guide Line
Distribution Line Protection
Over current ground Relay (50G/51G)
1‐Time over current ground relay (51G)
Purpose ‐ Unbalanced load protection
Phase to ground fault protection
30% of I max (load) < OCRG tap < Min fault current
Ie>, OCR tap = 30% of maximum load current.
Tms = Coordinating time margin between upstream OCR and down Stream OCR,
0.4 sec recommended.
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
4. Setting Guide Line
Distribution Line Protection
2‐Instantaneous over current ground relay (50G)
‐ Only phase to ground fault protection
‐ Action instantaneously on an excessive rate of current rise , thus indicating a fault .
OCR tap = 4 or 5 times of maximum load current or
minimum fault current of opposite bus fault.
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
4. Setting Guide Line
Power Transformer Protection
Over Current Relay ( 50/51 )
Purpose : ‐ Back up protection for short circuit fault & over load.
Setting: ‐ I> = 100% ~ 150% of maximum rated current.
Instant element, I>> ‐ 250% of fault current in the other side bus.
Tms ‐ Coordinated with upper level relay, lower than 1.2sec
‐ Omit instant element of low voltage side relay for coordination with other
level relay.
‐ Remark:
Attention, grading time ( 0.4 ≈ 0.5sec ) for coordination And Zone‐3 Time
(1.67sec ) of transmission line relay.
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
4. Setting Guide Line
Power Transformer Protection
Over current ground relay ( 50N/51N )
Purpose : ‐ Back up protection for ground fault setting;
Setting: ‐ 30% of maximum rated current.
Tms:
‐ Coordinated with upper / Lower level relay :
* The high voltage side:
Upper than ( 2sec ) at maximum fault of the high
voltage side:
* The Low voltage side:
Coordinated ( 0.4 ~ 0.5sec ) with the related
transmission / distribution line relay.
Remark:
* The high voltage side relay ( 50N/51N )
Alarm when it operates, omitted the instant element for coordination.
(auto reclosing relay, give enough time for down stream fuse.)
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
5. Case Study
NAYPYIDAW SUBSTATION NO‐1
133/11 kV , 10 MVA , %Z‐ 7.5
Some of the data required for a relay setting:
One‐line diagram
Impedances of Transformer and System
Fault level
Maximum load current through each protective device
CT ratio
Transformer Inrush characteristics
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
5. Case Study
NAYPYIDAW SUBSTATION NO‐1
133/11 kV , 10 MVA , %Z‐ 7.5
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
5. Case Study
NAYPYIDAW SUBSTATION NO‐1
133/11 kV , 10 MVA , %Z‐ 7.5
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
5. Case Study
NAYPYIDAW SUBSTATION NO‐1
133/11 kV , 10 MVA , %Z‐ 7.5
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
6. Practical Testing on Micom P122 relay with Omicron CMC‐356
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
6. Practical Testing on Micom P122 relay with Omicron CMC‐356
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
6. Practical Testing on Micom P122 relay with Omicron CMC‐356
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
6. Practical Testing on Micom P122 relay with Omicron CMC‐356
What should be tested ?
Relay and its Curve Characteristics
Pick up
Trip
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
6. Practical Testing on Micom P122 relay with Omicron CMC‐356
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
6. Practical Testing on Micom P122 relay with Omicron CMC‐356
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
6. Practical Testing on Micom P122 relay with Omicron CMC‐356
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
6. Practical Testing on Micom P122 relay with Omicron CMC‐356
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
6. Practical Testing on Micom P122 relay with Omicron CMC‐356
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
6. Practical Testing on Micom P122 relay with Omicron CMC‐356
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
6. Practical Testing on Micom P122 relay with Omicron CMC‐356
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS
6. Practical Testing on Micom P122 relay with Omicron CMC‐356
QUESTIONS ???
THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION
POWER TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY ( MAIN PROTECTION )
1. DIFFERENIAL PROTECTION CONCEPTS
2. PRACTICAL TESTING ON MICOM P 633
1.DIFFERENIAL PROTECTION CONCEPTS
Kirchhoff’s Current Law is the main concept of this protection, the summation of currents flowing in
and out at one node will be zero.
2A IZ
5 A
IX
3A IY
IX = IY IZ or IX IY IZ = 0
1.DIFFERENIAL PROTECTION CONCEPTS
10 MVA
33/11 kV
DYn11
100 Amp 300 Amp
1000A 1000A Ip Is
200/5 500/5
1200/5 1500/5
87T
1.DIFFERENIAL PROTECTION CONCEPTS
STAR POINT
The differential protection need to know the direction of the currents flowing in or out
from the protected object, thus a star point of its connection is important.
STAR POINT
P2 P1
P2 P1
N
A
A
N
P1 P2
N
A
1.DIFFERENIAL PROTECTION CONCEPTS
10 MVA
33/11 kV
DYn11
100 Amp 300 Amp
Ip Is
200/5 800/5
Differential protected zone
Magnitude Correction
Phase Correction
Zero sequence Eliminating
Operating Characteristics
1.DIFFERENIAL PROTECTION CONCEPTS
Magnitude Correction
10 MVA
33/11 kV
DYn11
100 Amp 300 Amp
Ip Is
200/5 800/5
Using Interposing Transformer
Using Protected Object for Reference (Numerical Relay)
Using CT for Reference (Numerical Relay)
Changing both sides
1.DIFFERENIAL PROTECTION CONCEPTS
10 MVA 33/11 kV
Magnitude Correction DYn11
100 Amp 300 Amp
Using Interposing Transformer
Ip Is
4.375 / 1 3.281 / 1
87T
0.571 Amp
0.571 Amp
IDiff = 0A
1.DIFFERENIAL PROTECTION CONCEPTS
Magnitude Correction Changing secondary sides
87T ICT ratio = 2.5 / 1.875 = 1.333 ( 1 / 1.333 )
1.875 Amp Is ( 1/ ICT ratio) 1.875 1.333 = 2.50 A
1.875 Amp
(changing only secondary side)
ICT ratio = 1.875 / 2.5 = 0.75 ( 1 / 0.75 )
Ip ( 1/ ICT ratio) 2.50 A 0.75 = 1.875 A (changing only primary side)
1.DIFFERENIAL PROTECTION CONCEPTS
Magnitude Correction
Using Protected Object for Reference ( Numerical Relay)
10 MVA
2.500 33/11 kV 1.875
Dyn11
Amp Amp
Setting 10 MVA
Parameters 33/11 kV
200/5 800/5
Ibase = Ibase =
0.5715
10/333 = 10/311 =
175 A 525 A
Matching Factor = CTratio/Ibase 0.5715 Matching Factor = CTratio/Ibase
= 0.2286 = 0.3048
2.5 A x 0.2286 = 0.5715
1.875 A x 0.3048 = 0.5715
1.DIFFERENIAL PROTECTION CONCEPTS
Phase Correction Numerical Relay
0.3465 0.5195
Phase Correction Numerical Relay
Phase Correction Numerical Relay
1.DIFFERENIAL PROTECTION CONCEPTS
Phase Correction Conventional Relay
Yy0‐ in phase (no phase shift)
‐30 30
1.DIFFERENIAL PROTECTION CONCEPTS
Zero sequence Eliminating Conventional Relay
Yy0‐ in phase (no phase shift)
‐30 30
Zero sequence can filter by connecting like this.
1.DIFFERENIAL PROTECTION CONCEPTS
Zero sequence Eliminating
Zero sequence filtering in Micom P 633
1.DIFFERENIAL PROTECTION CONCEPTS
Operating Characteristics
Diff/Restraint(bias) Characteristic
In‐rush Current
1.DIFFERENIAL PROTECTION CONCEPTS
Operating Characteristics
Diff/Restraint(bias) Characteristic
Minimum Pick up ( Id> )
Slope 1
Slope 2
High set of differential current
I different
I restrain
1.DIFFERENIAL PROTECTION CONCEPTS
Operating Characteristics
Diff/Restraint(bias) Characteristic
Minimum Pick up ( Id> )
Excitation Current of Transformer 0.02%
Tap position ( nominal tap ) 0.05%
Tap position ( maximum tap ) 0.13%
Idiff
Tripping Area
Id> 0.2
Non Tripping Area
I restrain
1.DIFFERENIAL PROTECTION CONCEPTS
Operating Characteristics
Diff/Restraint(bias) Characteristic
Slope 1
CT Current Error 5% on Secondary Side (Current 87% of rated)
CT Current Error 5% on Secondary Side (Current 150% of rated)
CT Current Error 5% on Secondary Side (Current 1500% of rated)
Idiff Idiff
Id>> 2.5 Id>> 2.5
Tripping Area
Tripping Area
Slope1
Id> 0.2 Non Tripping Area
Id> 0.2
Irestraint Irestraint
1.DIFFERENIAL PROTECTION CONCEPTS
Operating Characteristics
Diff/Restraint(bias) Characteristic
Slope 2
Id>> 2.5
o Using CT Saturation
Slope1
Id> 0.2
CT Saturation
In case the performance of CTs are not the same, then with the high through
fault current , a CT might saturate on one side and the result to increasing the
differential current which caused un‐wanted trip command. The differential
protection must protect such this case.
1.DIFFERENIAL PROTECTION CONCEPTS
Operating Characteristics
Diff/Restraint(bias) Characteristic
Slope 2
Correction
Operating Characteristics
Diff/Restraint(bias) Characteristic
Slope 2
Now become
Id>> 2.5
Slope2
Slope1
Id> 0.2
1.DIFFERENIAL PROTECTION CONCEPTS
Operating Characteristics
Diff/Restraint(bias) Characteristic
High set of differential current
High Set
Id>> 2.5
Slope2
Slope1
Id> 0.2
I restrain
Operating Characteristics
Diff/Restraint(bias) Characteristic in Micom P633
High Set
Id>> 2.5
Slope2
Slope1
Id> 0.2
I restrain
Slope = I diff / I restrain
Slope1
0.5 In < slope < 4 In
Slope 2
4 In < slope 2 < IH
1.DIFFERENIAL PROTECTION CONCEPTS
Operating Characteristics
Diff/Restraint(bias) Characteristic in Micom P633
Minimum Pick up ( Id> )
Slope 1
Slope 2
High set of differential current
1.DIFFERENIAL PROTECTION CONCEPTS
Operating Characteristics
In‐rush Current (2nd harmonic)
Under normal steady‐state conditions, the magnetizing current required to produce
the necessary flux is relatively small, usually less than 1% of full load current.
1.DIFFERENIAL PROTECTION CONCEPTS
Operating Characteristics
In‐rush Current (2nd harmonic)
However, if the transformer is energized at a voltage zero then the flux demand during
the first half voltage cycle can be as high as twice the normal maximum flux.
The magnetizing in‐rush current may 8 to 12 times steady‐state magnetizing current.
That can cause Differential relay instability.
1.DIFFERENIAL PROTECTION CONCEPTS
Operating Characteristics
In‐rush Current (2nd harmonic)
With OMICRON CMC ‐356
2. PRACTICAL TESTING ON MICOM P 633
CT RATIO
2. PRACTICAL TESTING ON MICOM P 633
CAPACITY‐MVA
2. PRACTICAL TESTING ON MICOM P 633
VOLTAGE LEVLE
2. PRACTICAL TESTING ON MICOM P 633
OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
Minimum Pick up ( Id> )
Slope 1
Slope 2
High set of differential current
2. PRACTICAL TESTING ON MICOM P 633
OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
2. PRACTICAL TESTING ON MICOM P 633
OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
HOW TO DO SLOPE ( SLOPE = I different / I restrain ) IN CMC‐356
The first section (Area I)
2. PRACTICAL TESTING ON MICOM P 633
OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
HOW TO DO SLOPE ( SLOPE = I different / I restrain ) IN CMC‐356
The first section (Area II)
2. PRACTICAL TESTING ON MICOM P 633
OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
HOW TO DO SLOPE ( SLOPE = I different / I restrain ) IN CMC‐356
The first section (Area III)
2. PRACTICAL TESTING ON MICOM P 633
OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
HOW TO DO SLOPE ( SLOPE = I different / I restrain ) IN CMC‐356
I diff = 2.5 , I restrain = 6.2
Slope‐2
0.7
I diff = 0.9 , I restrain = 4
Slope‐1
0.3
I diff = 0.2 , I restrain = 1.5
2. PRACTICAL TESTING ON MICOM P 633
What should be tested?
What should be tested at the secondary injection test?
# the relay must not operate for normal load and external through fault condition.
# the relay must operate for internal fault condition
2. PRACTICAL TESTING ON MICOM P 633
What should be tested?
Trip
Block
References :
# Areva Network Protection & Automation Guide
# Protective Relay Principal And Application by J Lewis Blackburn
# The Art and Science Of The Protective Relaying by C Russell Mason
# Practical Power System Protection By L G Hewitson
# Micom Differential Relay Manual
# Micom Over current Relay Manual
# Omicron CMC‐365 Over current protection Example
# Omicron CMC‐365 Advanced Protection Manual
# Omicron Transformer Differential & Testing Solution Presentation
QUESTIONS ???
THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION