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My note on Fourier series
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17 views13 pagesFourier Series
My note on Fourier series
Uploaded by
Sibansha RathCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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/ 13
344 carter — 8 4
4.84 Fourie, while working on conduction of et during 1807. —
1811, developed genome sees whch named fer him asthe Four
series. The proces by nich a finctin f(s expanded in a Foster st,
is called Four ane I has ananbe of aptetions in ren ney
of physics and engineering.
inthis chap, we dics For seris in diferent forms and the
Fourier ital Inthe nest caper, we sus the integral asf ang
thir properties.
‘1 FOURIER SERIES
‘A Fourier series defined an expansion of faction (or
represtation of font) in srs of snes and cosines such as
Fa)=28+ Sa cosnrs $3, sins a
where a4, and 8 ae called Fourier co-efficient. The funtion f(s) which
can be expanded into a Fourier series must sus certain conditions cll
the Dricle’s conditions
Diricble’s conditions
Consider a fetion (2) which is defined onthe interval [-x, x]. The
Dirihle’s conditions on the function areas given below.
(itis single valued
(i) Wis bounded.
(ii) tthas only a fnite number offsite dscontnities and only a frite
‘numberof extreme values (maxima and minima) inthe interval, Thus
1 (2) is piecewise regular
(Gv) isa period funtion ofthe real variable x
Fee+29)=/0)
From a mathematical point of view itis found thatthe Dirche’s
conditions are sufficient but not necessary. However, they ae satisfied by
‘most functions representing the solution of physical problems.
‘The Fourie coeicints oa, and b, in Eqn. (8.1) can be evaluated
as flows,
Evaluation of a,
‘The co-efficient a, can be evaluated by integrating both sides of,
Eqn (8.1) term by term from = t0 x
FOURIER senies
Jr to)-]Escuse] Sieur \
-s0S fame Saf ame \
Be
oF, 0-0
‘The co-cien 4, is evaluated by mi
by Cosme and nterating tem by tem fom
yng bot sides of Ean 1)
Jr ereomea Jeo oF, fens de
Ba facome
rly ee
‘Now using the relations o
(mao ay
and fsinr-coumedt=0 (al nm > 0) aw)
in gn. 03), we hve
[prema 9fste] oy, By
“hema
= et filma ne 123.. 68) ems mm
6 “OURIER SERIES
Py
Evaluation se often ‘scones 7) on ty
Teco erat muapdine A SSSOFERNG.) a pede ct (98 MY FANE al 2 ee
by sian and nearing fer by te fom = 1% 2 pens Rh ines wih fone nese in of
J stews =o fem ooo foots a ie fnctin of with period Je al Since
[rovmmen gah de | ss teuinagl el
Fb, {sin sin wt aan 1] represents f(x) outside the interval (-n,
inh G9) "| Pitesti ton neta eat
cero the wo pun
(© Torpset et
nee awe
on defined on the interval (-, +) fo ales of
, > in that imerva
| 9%) To representa perode function of period 2s for all values of
(oral n> 0) Aactig MP 2 reese fn for al alas of if te
fens si d= 0
") ee Expand f() = x In Fourie series inthe interval -n 0).
alt zero
2 on the eo
faction f
ten ena
enter
au
wi
w 30 cuarrer 8
-roumaspene]
se}:
[repemacfomna]
[f-ssemasfrnma]
if S829] trsemedfcey
CConsequenty, the required Fourier series expansion of f(s) is
+E Seon Bhi
ihe
2. inl}
Crsz Falls) 2 GAC)» (9) (2)
Fox forse de OE, Fo SO ee
] FOURIER seties
38
'
en fePemdem tS 2, 8 snne
Thea f eS 1
(ves and od functions
he ination 8 ven I) =F) Pactra
sit sp ad const ae tapes of even faction. & pane
scat ofa eve non i shown ni 4.5. The ane eae
{Bout he verte xi. al
‘The function g (x) is odd if g(x) = —g¢,)
Functions Ik sax tn x ad x are ed fnctons of
representation of an odd function & shown in fig: Reon 1A BePbia
se) 768)
Ae ¥ oe >
Fig. 85 Fig. 86
‘An even faction is continuous atx = 0 andthe vl ofan ol
function, atthe origi, is zero. We note the followin
(0 The sum of two even functions is even
| Prot
Let f, (x) and f(x) be even functions of x and FG) =f) + fa.
Then, 1-3) = 3) + AO) = HG) +66)" 70)
‘That is, f(x) is even, *
(G0 The sum of two odd functions i odd
Prot
Let, (2) and g,(x) be odd func
Then gt) = gi-2) + ga)
oa me is, g(x) is odd.
,, Sb Meprodut of wo eren fnetons even
J
8 of ands) = 56) * 26)
(2-80) = 40)
Let, f(@) and
Then f
‘A(2) be even fneton of and fo) = (0) £0)
(CA) A) =f) 2) = £0)
‘That is, (2) is even, 354 couarteR - 5
The product of wo odd fetions sve
Prot
Le ge) ad a bo ato 0 and 8) ~ (2) 0)
Then ea) = 3) 88)” F&C F801 ~ 6) 88) = a)
‘That is, (0) is eve.
(9 The product ofan even and an od fontion is
Proof
Le fe) be even and gs) be odd and v6) = 0) at
“Thea yl-a)= fen) (3) 10) Eat] ~ FE) £0) = WO)
‘That, ya) iso
(99 The derivative ofan even fnetion i odd
g
Let 1) a een anton of and w=
Then under be change s-9 5
wage) ae)
Proof
Ta, yo)
(in THe sera o a
Prot
Le gf) be ano faction of x and s)= 82)
Then under th eange x=»
bs) ate)
#29, $694
vd function Is even
H)=
That is, 42) seven
cy 6) en nt ttm Jp)
roof
[rede frorecefnar=-frtnaesfanyac
Jrcsrateayefsteyec=| reac} rereaf payer
-PpURIER SERIES
tt) ano anton ot then Jatsae=0
Pret *
Jara fatrarsfatiec-—Fotnerefaede
e-s)acayfetnerafatieref xoirne
5
"ha the eration fn ot inion win merc tei.
We now say the eet of ame 0f eft) 0 te
cs oth Feuer srs. We sal 2 ta when an even tn
‘panded onthe ral vn fom we B 8 Core frsbad hen 6
fiction is expanded, we get sine sels.
83 COSINE AND SINE SERIES
(4) Cosine series,
Consider the Fourier expansion ofan een inti f(s) on the interval
serene cae
ave] sede 2h store
Since cose is even, /() cosne is even. Hence,
Hoses don 2f eos
Sine sin mis odd, 7) sin mx is od. Hence,
tose, eb Saye
63)
ain
ay $0 easy cos2ee. (B16)
‘The series so obtained contains only cosine terms and is thus known
asthe cosine series
(6) Sine series
Consider the Fourier expansion ofan od function) onthe interval
on
