PROGRAMMING

Lecture 8

Sushil Paudel

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 PREVIOUS TOPIC

• Method

• Constructor

• Overloading

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 TODAY’S TOPIC

• Inheritance

• Type of inheritance

• Method overriding

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 INHERITANCE

• Inheritance is an important pillar of OOP(Object Oriented Programming).

• It is the mechanism in java by which one class is allowed to inherit the features(fields and
methods) of another class.

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 IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY

• Super Class: The class whose features are inherited is known as super class(or a base
class or a parent class).

• Sub Class: The class that inherits the other class is known as sub class(or a derived class,
extended class, or child class). The subclass can add its own fields and methods in
addition to the superclass fields and methods.

• Reusability: Inheritance supports the concept of “reusability”, i.e. when we want to

create a new class and there is already a class that includes some of the code that we
want, we can derive our new class from the existing class. By doing this, we are reusing
the fields and methods of the existing class.

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 SYNTAX
The keywords used in inheritance is extends and super.
public class Child extends Parent{

Extends Keyword:

• The extends keyword extends a class (indicates that a class is inherited from another class).

Super Keyword:

• The super keyword in java is a reference variable that is used to refer parent class objects.

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 INHERITANCE

Usage of Java super Keyword

• super can be used to refer immediate parent class instance variable.

• super can be used to invoke immediate parent class method.

• super() can be used to invoke immediate parent class constructor.

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 PARENT CLASS

public class Vehicle {

protected String brand = ”Tesla";

public void horn() {

System.out.println("Hornnnnnnn……");
}
}

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 CHILD PARENT

public class Car extends Vehicle {

private String modelName = ”Model S"; // Car attribute

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Create a myCar object
Car myCar = new Car();

// Call the honk() method (from the Vehicle class) on the myCar object
myCar.horn();

// Display the value of the brand attribute (from the Vehicle class) and the
value of the modelName from the Car class
System.out.println(myCar.brand + " " + myCar.modelName);
}
}

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 OUTPUT

Hornnnnnnn……

Tesla Model S

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PARENT - CHILD

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 TYPES OF INHERITANCE

• Single Inheritance

• Multiple Inheritance

• Multilevel Inheritance

• Hierarchical Inheritance

• Hybrid Inheritance

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 SINGLE INHERITANCE

In Single Inheritance one class extends another class (one class only).

In above diagram, Class B extends only Class A. Class A is a super class and Class B is a
Sub-class.

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 SINGLE INHERITANCE
class Animal {
public void eat() {
System.out.println("eating...");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

public void bark() {
System.out.println("barking...");
}
}

class TestInheritance {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Dog dog = new Dog();
dog.bark();
dog.eat();
}
}

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 OUTPUT
barking...

eating...

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 MULTIPLE INHERITANCE

In Multiple Inheritance, one class extending more than one class. Java does not support
multiple inheritance. However, it can be achieved through interface.

As per above diagram, Class C extends Class A and Class B both.

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 MULTILEVEL INHERITANCE
In Multilevel Inheritance, one class can inherit from a derived class. Hence, the derived
class becomes the base class for the new class.

As per shown in diagram Class C is subclass of B and B is a of subclass Class A.

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 MULTILEVEL INHERITANCE
class Animal {
public void eat() {
System.out.println("eating...");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

public void bark() {
System.out.println("barking...");
}
}

class BabyDog extends Dog {

public void sleep() {
System.out.println("sleeping...");
}
}

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 MULTILEVEL INHERITANCE

class TestInheritance2 {
public static void main(String args[]) {
BabyDog babyDog = new BabyDog();
babyDog.sleep();
babyDog.bark();
babyDog.eat();
}
}

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 OUTPUT

sleeping...
barking...
eating...

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 HIERARCHICAL INHERITANCE

In Hierarchical Inheritance, one class is inherited by many sub classes.

As per above example, Class B and C inherit the same class A.

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 HIERARCHICAL INHERITANCE
class Animal {
public void eat() {
System.out.println("eating...");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

public void bark() {
System.out.println("barking...");
}
}

class Cat extends Animal {

public void meow() {
System.out.println("meowing...");
}
}

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 HIERARCHICAL INHERITANCE

class TestInheritance3 {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Cat cat = new Cat();
cat.meow();
cat.eat();
//c.bark();
}
}

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 OUTPUT

meowing...
eating...

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 HYBRID INHERITANCE

Hybrid inheritance is a combination of Single and Multiple inheritance. Again Hybrid

inheritance is also not directly supported in Java only through interface we can achieve
this.

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 IMPORTANT POINTS

• In Java, when an "Is-A" relationship exists between two classes we use Inheritance

• The parent class is termed super class and the inherited class is the sub class

• The keyword "extend" is used by the sub class to inherit the features of super class

• Inheritance is important since it leads to reusability of code

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INHERITANCE

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 METHOD OVERRIDING

• If subclass (child class) has the same method as declared in the parent class, it is known
as method overriding in Java.

• In other words, If a subclass provides the specific implementation of the method that
has been declared by one of its parent class, it is known as method overriding.

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 METHOD OVERRIDING

Usage of Java Method Overriding

• Method overriding is used to provide the specific implementation of a method which is already
provided by its superclass.

• Method overriding is used for runtime polymorphism

Rules for Java Method Overriding

• The method must have the same name as in the parent class

• The method must have the same parameter as in the parent class.

• There must be an IS-A relationship (inheritance).

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 EXAMPLE (WITHOUT OVERRIDING)
public class Vehicle{
void run(){
System.out.println("Vehicle is running");
}
}

public class Bike extends Vehicle {

public static void main(String args[]) {
// creating an instance of child class
Bike obj = new Bike();
// calling the method with child class instance
obj.run();
}
}

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 OUTPUT

Vehicle is running

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 EXAMPLE (WITH OVERRIDING)
public class Vehicle{
void run(){
System.out.println("Vehicle is running");
}
}

public class Bike extends Vehicle {

// defining the same method as in the parent class
void run() {
System.out.println("Bike is running");
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

Bike obj = new Bike();// creating object
obj.run();// calling method
}
}

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 OUTPUT

Bike is running

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 CALLING PARENT CLASS METHOD

class ParentClass{
//Parent class constructor
public ParentClass(){
System.out.println("Constructor of Parent");
}
public void display(){
System.out.println("Parent Method");
}
}

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 CALLING PARENT CLASS METHOD
class JavaExample extends ParentClass{
public JavaExample(){
System.out.println("Constructor of Child");
}
public void dispay(){
System.out.println("Child Method");
//Calling the disp() method of parent class
super.dispay();
}
public static void main(String args[]){
//Creating the object of child class
JavaExample obj = new JavaExample();
obj.display();
}
}

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 OUTPUT

Constructor of Parent

Constructor of Child

Child Method

Parent Method

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 CONSTRUCTOR CALL ORDER

• You create an object of child class in main() as “new Child()”

• Control goes to child constructor, but, its body is not getting executed.

• Control goes to parent constructor, body of it get executed.

• Then, control comes back to child constructor and body get executed.

• Then, the controls come back to “new Child()” statement and exit.

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CONSTRUCTOR CALL ORDER

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 CALLING PARENT CLASS METHOD

class Parent {

//Parent class constructor

public Parent(String message) {
System.out.println("Constructor of Parent: " + message);
}

public void display() {

System.out.println("Parent Method");
}
}

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 CALLING PARENT CONSTUCTOR
public class Child extends Parent {
public Child() {
super(”Hi Parent!");
System.out.println("Constructor of Child");
}

public void display() {

System.out.println("Child Method");
//Calling the display() method of parent class
super.display();
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

//Creating the object of child class

Child obj = new Child();

obj.display();
}
}

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 OUTPUT

Constructor of Parent: Hi parent!

Constructor of Child

Child Method

Parent Method

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THANK YOU!

Any questions?

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