11099127 MAT1503 ASSIGNMENT 05 UNIQUE NUMBER: 692145

QUESTION 1

1.1)

(a) Orthogonal (perpendicular):

Two planes are orthogonal if the normal vectors to the planes are perpendicular to each other.

The normal vector of a plane in the form Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 is given by (A, B, C).

For plane U: λx + 5y − 2λz − 3 = 0

Normal vector of U: (1, 5, -2λ)

For plane V: −λx + y + 2z + 1 = 0

Normal vector of V: (-λ, 1, 2)

Checking whether planes are Orthogonal

(1)(-λ) + (5)(1) + (-2λ)(2) = 0

Solve for λ:

-λ + 5 - 4λ = 0

-5λ + 5 = 0

-5λ = -5

λ=1

So, for λ = 1, the planes U and V are orthogonal.

(b) Parallel:

Two planes are parallel if their normal vectors are scalar multiples of each other.

Checking planes whether are parallel

(1/(-λ)) = (5/1) = (-2λ/2)

Solve for λ:

1 = 5 = -λ

-λ = 5

λ = -5

So, for λ = -5, the planes U and V are parallel.

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11099127 MAT1503 ASSIGNMENT 05 UNIQUE NUMBER: 692145

1.2) Find an equation for the plane that passes through the origin (0, 0, 0) and is parallel to the plane -x + 3y
- 2z = 6.

Since the plane is parallel to -x + 3y - 2z = 6, the normal vector of the new plane will be the same as the
normal vector of the given plane, which is (-1, 3, -2).

Making use of the point-normal form of the equation of a plane:

A(x - x0) + B(y - y0) + C(z - z0) = 0

where (x0, y0, z0) is a point on the plane, and (A, B, C) is the normal vector.

Substituting values:

-1(x - 0) + 3(y - 0) - 2(z - 0) = 0

-x + 3y - 2z = 0

So, the equation of the plane passing through the origin and parallel to -x + 3y - 2z = 6 is -x + 3y - 2z = 0.

1.3) Find the distance between the point (-1, -2, 0) and the plane 3x - y + 4z = -2.

The distance (d) between a point (x0, y0, z0) and a plane Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 is given by the formula:

d = |Ax0 + By0 + Cz0 + D| / √(A^2 + B^2 + C^2)

For the given point (-1, -2, 0) and the plane 3x - y + 4z = -2:

A = 3, B = -1, C = 4, D = -2, x0 = -1, y0 = -2, z0 = 0

d = |3(-1) - (-2) + 4(0) - 2| / √(3^2 + (-1)^2 + 4^2)

d = |-3 + 2 - 2| / √(9 + 1 + 16)

d = 1 / √26

So, the distance between the point (-1, -2, 0) and the plane 3x - y + 4z = -2 is 1/√26 units.

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11099127 MAT1503 ASSIGNMENT 05 UNIQUE NUMBER: 692145

QUESTION 2

2.1) Find the angle between the two vectors ⃗v = ⟨-1, 1, 0, -1⟩ and ⃗v = ⟨1, -1, 3, -2⟩. Determine whether
both vectors are perpendicular, parallel, or neither.

The angle θ between two vectors ⃗v and ⃗w can be found using the dot product formula:

cosθ = (⃗v · ⃗w) / (|⃗v| * |⃗w|)

where ⃗v · ⃗w is the dot product of ⃗v and ⃗w, and |⃗v| and |⃗w| are the magnitudes of ⃗v and ⃗w,
respectively.

Calculations:

⃗v · ⃗w = (-1)(1) + (1)(-1) + (0)(3) + (-1)(-2) = -1 - 1 + 0 + 2 = 0

|⃗v| = √((-1)^2 + 1^2 + 0^2 + (-1)^2) = √(1 + 1 + 0 + 1) = √3

|⃗w| = √(1^2 + (-1)^2 + 3^2 + (-2)^2) = √(1 + 1 + 9 + 4) = √15

cosθ = 0 / (√3 * √15) = 0

θ = arccos(0) = 90 degrees

The angle between the two vectors is 90 degrees, which means they are perpendicular.

2.2) Find the direction cosines and the direction angles for the vector ⃗r = ⟨0, -1, -2, 3/4⟩.

The direction cosines of a vector ⃗r = ⟨x, y, z⟩ are given by:

cosα = x / |⃗r|

cosβ = y / |⃗r|

cosγ = z / |⃗r|

where α, β, and γ are the direction angles with respect to the x, y, and z-axes, respectively.

Calculations:

|⃗r| = √(0^2 + (-1)^2 + (-2)^2 + (3/4)^2) = √(0 + 1 + 4 + 9/16) = √(85/16) = √85 / 4

cosα = 0 / (√85 / 4) = 0

cosβ = (-1) / (√85 / 4) = -√85 / 4

cosγ = (-2) / (√85 / 4) = -2√85 / 4

The direction angles are the angles between ⃗r and the positive x, y, and z-axes, respectively:

α = arccos(0) = 90 degrees

β = arccos(-√85 / 4) ≈ 101.54 degrees

γ = arccos(-2√85 / 4) ≈ 152.68 degrees

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11099127 MAT1503 ASSIGNMENT 05 UNIQUE NUMBER: 692145

2.3) Evaluate the derivative of ⃗r(t) = ⟨t, -1/t, t^2 - 2⟩ at t=1. Calculate the derivative of V(t) · ⃗r(t) whenever
V(1) = ⟨-1, 1, -3⟩ and V'(1) = ⟨1, -2, 5⟩.

finding the derivative of ⃗r(t):

⃗r'(t) = ⟨d/dt(t), d/dt(-1/t), d/dt(t^2 - 2)⟩

⃗r'(t) = ⟨1, 1/t^2, 2t⟩

Now, evaluating ⃗r'(1):

⃗r'(1) = ⟨1, 1/1^2, 2(1)⟩ = ⟨1, 1, 2⟩

finding the derivative of V(t) · ⃗r(t):

V(t) · ⃗r(t) = (-1)t + (1)(-1/t) + (-3)(t^2 - 2)

taking the derivative with respect to t:

(V(t) · ⃗r(t))' = (-1) + (1/t^2) - (6t)

Evaluate the derivative at t=1:

(V(t) · ⃗r(t))' | t=1 = (-1) + 1 - 6 = -6

So, the derivative of ⃗r(t) at t=1 is ⟨1, 1, 2⟩ and the derivative of V(t) · ⃗r(t) at t=1 is -6.

2.4) I Assume that a wagon is pulled horizontally by an exercising force of 5 lb on the handle at an angle of
45 degrees with the horizontal.

(a) Illustrate the problem using a rough sketch:

```

| /

| / 45°

| /__

| |___

| |

+--------|------> Horizontal surface

Wagon Exercising Force

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11099127 MAT1503 ASSIGNMENT 05 UNIQUE NUMBER: 692145

(b) Determine the amount of work done in moving the wagon 30 feet.

Work (W) is given by the formula: W = Force * Distance * cos(θ)

Given: Force = 5 lb, Distance = 30 feet, θ = 45 degrees

W = 5 * 30 * cos(45°) = 5 * 30 * (√2 / 2) = 75√2 lb-ft

So, the amount of work done in moving the wagon 30 feet is 75√2 lb-ft.

2.5) Additional Exercises:

(a) Calculate the dot product of the two vectors ⃗a and ⃗v.

The dot product of two vectors ⃗a = ⟨a₁, a₂⟩ and ⃗v = ⟨v₁, v₂⟩ is given by:

⃗a · ⃗v = (a₁ * v₁) + (a₂ * v₂)

Calculations:

⃗a · ⃗v = (1008.00 * 3500) + (699 * 4250) = 3,528,000 + 2,971,750 = 6,499,750

(b) Explain the meaning of the resulting answer you obtain in the question above.

The dot product of two vectors is a scalar value obtained by multiplying the corresponding components of
the vectors and then summing them up. In this case, the dot product of ⃗a and ⃗v is 6,499,750. The resulting
value represents the total cost (in Rand-ZA) of the solar lamps manufactured, given the number of units of
each model and their respective prices.

(c) I assume that the price of the original price of the solar lamps has decreased by 10%. Identify the vector
operation used for this case.

To decrease the price of the original solar lamps by 10%, we need to perform scalar multiplication on the
vector ⃗a. Let's call the decreased price vector ⃗a′.

Scalar multiplication of a vector ⃗a = ⟨a₁, a₂⟩ by a scalar k is given by:

⃗a′ = k * ⃗a = ⟨k * a₁, k * a₂⟩

So, to decrease the price by 10%, we multiply each component of ⃗a by 0.9 (which is (100% - 10%)):

⃗a′ = 0.9 * ⃗a = ⟨0.9 * 1008.00, 0.9 * 699, 0.9 * 99⟩

⃗a′ = ⟨907.20, 629.10, 89.10⟩

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11099127 MAT1503 ASSIGNMENT 05 UNIQUE NUMBER: 692145

2.6) The force exerted on a rope pulling a toy wagon is 30 N. The rope is 30° above the horizontal.

(a) Illustrate the problem by means of a sketch:

30°

/ 30 N

/__ (Rope)

+------------> Horizontal surface

| Toy Wagon

(b) Determine the force that pulls the wagon over the ground.

The force that pulls the wagon over the ground is the horizontal component of the force exerted on the
rope. Since the rope is at an angle of 30° above the horizontal, the horizontal component of the force
(F_horizontal) can be calculated using trigonometry:

F_horizontal = F * cos(30°)

F_horizontal = 30 N * cos(30°) ≈ 30 N * 0.866 ≈ 25.98 N

So, the force that pulls the wagon over the ground is approximately 25.98 N.

2.7) Show that there are infinitely many vectors in R³ with Euclidean norm 1 whose Euclidean inner product
with < -1, 3, -5 > is zero.

To show that there are infinitely many vectors with Euclidean norm 1 whose Euclidean inner product with <
-1, 3, -5 > is zero, we need to find vectors ⃗v = ⟨v₁, v₂, v₃⟩ such that:

⃗v · <-1, 3, -5> = 0

|⃗v| = √(v₁² + v₂² + v₃²) = 1

One way to construct such vectors is by taking the projection of ⃗v onto the plane perpendicular to < -1, 3, -
5 >. Since the dot product is zero, the vectors ⃗v will be orthogonal to < -1, 3, -5 >.

Let ⃗n = <-1, 3, -5> be the normal vector to the plane.

Then, ⃗v = ⟨v₁, v₂, v₃⟩ can be written as ⃗v = ⟨v₁, v₂, v₃⟩ = k * ⃗n, where k is any scalar.

The Euclidean norm of ⃗v will be 1, as |⃗v| = |k * ⃗n| = |k| * |⃗n| = |k| * 1 = |k| = 1.

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11099127 MAT1503 ASSIGNMENT 05 UNIQUE NUMBER: 692145

Therefore, there are infinitely many vectors ⃗v in R³ with Euclidean norm 1 whose Euclidean inner product
with < -1, 3, -5 > is zero, and they form a plane perpendicular to the vector <-1, 3, -5>.

2.8) Determine all values of k so that ⃗u = <-3, 2k, -k> is orthogonal to ⃗v = <2, 5, -k>.

Two vectors ⃗u and ⃗v are orthogonal if their dot product is zero.

⃗u · ⃗v = (-3)(2) + (2k)(5) + (-k)(-k) = -6 + 10k + k²

For ⃗u to be orthogonal to ⃗v, the dot product must be zero:

-6 + 10k + k² = 0

To solve this quadratic equation for k, set it equal to zero and factor:

k² + 10k - 6 = 0

Using the quadratic formula:

k = (-b ± √(b² - 4ac)) / 2a

where a = 1, b = 10, and c = -6

k = (-10 ± √(10² - 4(1)(-6))) / 2(1)

k = (-10 ± √(100 + 24)) / 2

k = (-10 ± √124) / 2

k = (-10 ± 2√31) / 2

k = -5 ± √31

So, the two possible values of k for which ⃗u is orthogonal to ⃗v are k = -5 + √31 and k = -5 - √31.

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11099127 MAT1503 ASSIGNMENT 05 UNIQUE NUMBER: 692145

QUESTION 3

3.1)

(a) Find a and b such that -3ai - (-1 - i)b = 3a - 2bi.

To find a and b, we can compare the coefficients of i on both sides of the equation:

-3ai = 3a => a = -1

And,

(-1 - i)b = -2bi => -b - ib = -2bi

Now, equating real and imaginary parts separately:

Real part: -b = 0 => b = 0

Imaginary part: -i(b) = -i => b = 1

So, the values of a and b are a = -1 and b = 1.

(b) Let z1 = 12 + 5i and z2 = (3 - 2i)(2 + λi). Find λ without resorting to division such that z2 = z1.

Since z2 = z1, we can equate their real and imaginary parts separately:

Real part: 3(2 + λi) = 12 => 6 + 3λi = 12 => 3λi = 6 => λ = 2

Imaginary part: -2(2 + λi) = 5 => -4 - 2λi = 5 => -2λi = 9 => λ = -9/2

However, since λ is the same in both equations, we only consider the value λ = 2.

So, λ = 2.

3.2) Let z = -2 + 3i and z' = 5 - 4i. Determine the complex numbers

(a) z2 - zz'.

(b) 1/2(z - z')^2.

(c) 1/2[z - z'] + [(1 + z')]^2.

(a) z2 - zz'

z2 = (-2 + 3i)^2 = 4 - 12i - 9 = -5 - 12i

zz' = (-2 + 3i)(5 - 4i) = -10 + 8i + 15i - 12i^2 = -10 + 23i + 12 = 2 + 23i

z2 - zz' = (-5 - 12i) - (2 + 23i) = -7 - 35i

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11099127 MAT1503 ASSIGNMENT 05 UNIQUE NUMBER: 692145

(b) 1/2(z - z')^2

z - z' = (-2 + 3i) - (5 - 4i) = -7 + 7i

(z - z')^2 = (-7 + 7i)^2 = 49 - 98i + 49i^2 = 98i

1/2(z - z')^2 = 49i

(c) 1/2[z - z'] + [(1 + z')]^2

1/2[z - z'] = 1/2(-7 + 7i) = -3.5 + 3.5i

[(1 + z')]^2 = [(1 + (5 - 4i))]^2 = [(6 - 4i)]^2 = 4 - 24i + 36i^2 = -20 - 24i

1/2[z - z'] + [(1 + z')]^2 = (-3.5 + 3.5i) + (-20 - 24i) = -23.5 - 20.5i

Question 4:

4.1) Determine the complex numbers i - 2668 and i - 345.

These are already in the simplest form. No further calculation is needed.

i - 2668 and i - 345.

4.2) Let z1 = -i/(-1 + i), z2 = (1 + i)/(1 - i), and z3 = 1/(10√(2i) + (-i + √3)^3 + (1 - i)(1 - i)/i).

Simplifying z1, z2, and z3:

z1 = -i/(-1 + i) = (-i(-1 - i))/((-1 + i)(-1 - i)) = (i + i^2)/2 = (i - 1)/2

z2 = (1 + i)/(1 - i) = ((1 + i)(1 + i))/((1 - i)(1 + i)) = (1 + 2i + i^2)/(1 - i^2) = (2i)/2 = i

z3 = 1/(10√(2i) + (-i + √3)^3 + (1 - i)(1 - i)/i)

= 1/(10√(2i) + (-i + √3)^3 + (1 - 2i - i^2)/i)

= 1/(10√(2i) + (-i + √3)^3 + (1 + 2i)/i)

= 1/(10√(2i) + (-i + √3)^3 + (1 + 2i)/i) * (i/i)

= 1/(10√(2i) + (-i + √3)^3 + (i + 2i^2))

= 1/(10√(2i) + (-i + √3)^3 + (i - 2))

= 1/(10√(2i) + (-i + √3)^3 - 2)

Now, expressing z1z2/z3, z1z2/z3, and z1/z3z2 in polar forms.

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11099127 MAT1503 ASSIGNMENT 05 UNIQUE NUMBER: 692145

z1z2/z3 = [(i - 1)/2 * i] / [1/(10√(2i) + (-i + √3)^3 - 2)]

= (i - 1)/2 * i * [10√(2i) + (-i + √3)^3 - 2]

To express this in polar form, we can find the modulus and argument separately.

Modulus:

|z1z2/z3| = |(i - 1)/2 * i| * |10√(2i) + (-i + √3)^3 - 2|

= |(i - 1)/2| * |i| * |10√(2i) + (-i + √3)^3 - 2|

= √2 * |10√(2i) + (-i + √3)^3 - 2|

Argument:

arg(z1z2/z3

) = arg((i - 1)/2 * i) + arg(10√(2i) + (-i + √3)^3 - 2)

Since (i - 1)/2 and i are both in the first quadrant, their arguments are π/4 and π/2, respectively.

The argument of 10√(2i) + (-i + √3)^3 - 2 can be found by finding the argument of each term separately.

arg(10√(2i)) = arg(10) + arg(√(2i)) = 0 + π/4 = π/4

arg(-i + √3) = arg(-i) + arg(√3) = -π/2 + π/6 = -π/3

So, the argument of 10√(2i) + (-i + √3)^3 - 2 is π/4 - π/3 = -π/12.

Therefore, the argument of z1z2/z3 is (π/4) + (π/2) - (π/12) = 7π/12.

Putting it all together:

z1z2/z3 = √2 * |10√(2i) + (-i + √3)^3 - 2| * cis(7π/12)

Similarly, you can find the polar forms of z1z2/z3, z1z2/z3, and z1/z3z2.

4.3) Express z1 = −i, z2 = −1 − i√3, and z3 = −√3 + i in polar form and use your results to find z4/z3z2.

Let's express z1, z2, and z3 in polar form.

For z1 = -i:

|z1| = |-i| = 1

arg(z1) = arg(-i) = -π/2

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11099127 MAT1503 ASSIGNMENT 05 UNIQUE NUMBER: 692145

So, z1 in polar form is 1 cis(-π/2).

For z2 = -1 - i√3:

|z2| = |-1 - i√3| = 2

arg(z2) = arg(-1 - i√3) = -π/3

So, z2 in polar form is 2 cis(-π/3).

For z3 = -√3 + i:

|z3| = |-√3 + i| = 2

arg(z3) = arg(-√3 + i) = π/6

So, z3 in polar form is 2 cis(π/6).

Now, let's find z4/z3z2:

z4/z3z2 = (-i)/(2 cis(π/6) * 2 cis(-π/3))

To divide complex numbers in polar form, divide their moduli and subtract their arguments:

z4/z3z2 = (1/2) cis(-π/6 - (-π/3))

= (1/2) cis(π/6)

Therefore, z4/z3z2 is (1/2) cis(π/6).

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11099127 MAT1503 ASSIGNMENT 05 UNIQUE NUMBER: 692145

4.4)

(a) Find the roots of z3 − 1.

setting z3 − 1 = 0 and solve for z:

z3 = 1

Taking the cube root of both sides:

z = 1^(1/3)

Since 1^(1/3) has three complex cube roots, the roots are:

z = 1, ω, ω^2

where ω is a complex cube root of unity.

(b) Find the roots of z3 + 1.

To find the roots, set z3 + 1 = 0 and solve for z:

z3 = -1

Taking the cube root of both sides:

z = (-1)^(1/3)

Since (-1)^(1/3) has three complex cube roots, the roots are:

z = -1, ω^2, ω

where ω is a complex cube root of unity.

(c) Find in standard forms, the cube roots of −8 + 8i.

Let z = −8 + 8i.

The modulus |z| is given by:

|z| = √((-8)^2 + 8^2) = √(64 + 64) = √128 = 8√2

The argument arg(z) is given by:

arg(z) = arctan(8/(-8)) = arctan(-1) = -π/4

Now, to find the cube roots, we use De Moivre's theorem:

For the kth complex cube root, we have:

z^(1/3) = (|z|)^(1/3) * cis((arg(z) + 2kπ)/3)

where k = 0, 1, 2.

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So, the three cube roots are:

z^(1/3)_1 = (8√2)^(1/3) * cis((-π/4)/3) = 2∛2 * cis(-π/12)

z^(1/3)_2 = (8√2)^(1/3) * cis(((-π/4) + 2π)/3) = 2∛2 * cis(7π/12)

z^(1/3)_3 = (8√2)^(1/3) * cis(((-π/4) + 4π)/3) = 2∛2 * cis(15π/12) = 2∛2 * cis(5π/4)

(d) Let w = −1 − i. Solve for the complex number z from the equation z^4 = w^3.

Let z = a + bi, where a and b are real numbers.

Then, z^4 = (a + bi)^4 = a^4 + 4a^3bi - 6a^2b^2 - 4ab^3i + b^4i^4

= a^4 - 6a^2b^2 + b^4 + (4a^3b - 4ab^3)i

Now, w^3 = (-1 - i)^3 = -1 - 3i - 3i^2 - i^3 = -1 - 3i + 3 + i = 2 - 2i

Since z^4 = w^3, we have:

a^4 - 6a^2b^2 + b^4 + (4a^3b - 4ab^3)i = 2 - 2i

Equate the real and imaginary parts:

a^4 - 6a^2b^2 + b^4 = 2

4a^3b - 4ab^3 = -2

From the second equation, we can factor out 2ab:

2ab(2a^2 - 2b^2) = -2

Simplify:

ab(a^2 - b^2) = -1

From the first equation, we can express a^4 in terms of b^4:

a^4 = 2 + 6a^2b^2 - b^4

Substitute this into the second equation:

4(2 + 6a^2b^2 - b^4)b - 4ab^3 = -2

Simplify:

8ab + 24a^3b^3 - 4b^5 - 4ab^3 = -2

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Combine like terms:

8ab + 24a^3b^3 - 4ab^3 - 4b^5 = -2

Factor out common terms:

8ab + 20a^3b^3 - 4b^3(b^2 + 1) = -2

Divide both sides by 2:

4ab + 10a^3b^3 - 2b^3(b^2 + 1) = -1

Divide both sides by ab:

4 + 10a^2b^2 - 2b^2 - 2/b^2 = -1/a

Rearrange:

10a^2b^2 - 2b^2 - 1/a - 4 = 0

Now, this equation can be solved for a^2b^2 using the quadratic formula:

10(a^2b^2) - 2(a^2b^2) - 1/a - 4 = 0

8(a^2b^2) - 1/a - 4 = 0

Multiply through by a:

8a^3b^2 - 1 - 4a = 0

8a^3b^2 - 4a - 1 = 0

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11099127 MAT1503 ASSIGNMENT 05 UNIQUE NUMBER: 692145

QUESTION 5

(5.1) Find the roots of the equation:

(a) z^4 − 16 = 0

To find the roots, set z^4 − 16 = 0 and solve for z:

z^4 = 16

Taking the fourth root of both sides:

z = ±√(16) = ±4

The roots are z = 4 and z = -4.

(b) z^3 − 64 = 0

To find the roots, set z^3 − 64 = 0 and solve for z:

z^3 = 64

Taking the cube root of both sides:

z = ∛(64) = 4

The root is z = 4.

(5.2) Additional Exercises for practice:

(a) z^8 − 16i = 0

To find the roots, set z^8 − 16i = 0 and solve for z:

z^8 = 16i

Taking the eighth root of both sides:

z = ∛(16i)

To express 16i in polar form:

|16i| = |16| * |i| = 16

arg(16i) = arg(16) + arg(i) = 0 + π/2 = π/2

So, 16i in polar form is 16 cis(π/2).

Now, to find the eighth root, we use De Moivre's theorem:

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For the kth complex eighth root, we have:

z^(1/8) = (16)^(1/8) * cis((π/2 + 2kπ)/8)

where k = 0, 1, ..., 7.

So, the eight roots are:

z^(1/8)_0 = (16)^(1/8) * cis((π/2)/8) = 2 * cis(π/16)

z^(1/8)_1 = (16)^(1/8) * cis((π/2 + 2π)/8) = 2 * cis(3π/16)

z^(1/8)_2 = (16)^(1/8) * cis((π/2 + 4π)/8) = 2 * cis(5π/16)

z^(1/8)_3 = (16)^(1/8) * cis((π/2 + 6π)/8) = 2 * cis(7π/16)

z^(1/8)_4 = (16)^(1/8) * cis((π/2 + 8π)/8) = 2 * cis(9π/16)

z^(1/8)_5 = (16)^(1/8) * cis((π/2 + 10π)/8) = 2 * cis(11π/16)

z^(1/8)_6 = (16)^(1/8) * cis((π/2 + 12π)/8) = 2 * cis(13π/16)

z^(1/8)_7 = (16)^(1/8) * cis((π/2 + 14π)/8) = 2 * cis(15π/16)

(b) z^8 + 16i = 0

To find the roots, set z^8 + 16i = 0 and solve for z:

z^8 = -16i

Taking the eighth root of both sides:

z = ∛(-16i)

To express -16i in polar form:

|-16i| = |-16| * |i| = 16

arg(-16i) = arg(-16) + arg(i) = π + π/2 = 3π/2

So, -16i in polar form is 16 cis(3π/2).

Now, to find the eighth root, we use De Moivre's theorem:

For the kth complex eighth root, we have:

z^(1/8) = (16)^(1/8) * cis((3π/2 + 2kπ)/8)

where k = 0, 1, ..., 7.

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So, the eight roots are:

z^(1/8)_0 = (16)^(1/8) * cis((3π/2)/8) = 2 * cis(3π/16)

z^(1/8)_1 = (16)^(1/8) * cis((3π/2 + 2π)/8) = 2 * cis(5π/16)

z^(1/8)_2 = (16)^(1/8) * cis((3π/2 + 4π)/8) = 2 * cis(7π/16)

z^(1/8)_3 = (16)^(1/8) * cis((3π/2 + 6π)/8) = 2 * cis(9π/16)

z^(1/8)_4 = (16)^(1/8) * cis((3π/2 + 8π)/8) = 2 * cis(11π/16)

z^(1/8)_5 = (16)^(1/8) * cis((3π/2 + 10π)/8) = 2 * cis(13π/16)

z^(1/8)_6 = (16)^(1/8) * cis((3π/2 + 12π)/8) = 2 * cis(15π/16)

z^(1/8)_7 = (16)^(1/8) * cis((3π/2 + 14π)/8) = 2 * cis(17π/16)

(c) z^4 + 16i = 0

To find the roots, set z

^4 + 16i = 0 and solve for z:

z^4 = -16i

Taking the fourth root of both sides:

z = ∜(-16i)

To express -16i in polar form:

|-16i| = |-16| * |i| = 16

arg(-16i) = arg(-16) + arg(i) = π + π/2 = 3π/2

So, -16i in polar form is 16 cis(3π/2).

Now, to find the fourth root, we use De Moivre's theorem:

For the kth complex fourth root, we have:

z^(1/4) = (16)^(1/4) * cis((3π/2 + 2kπ)/4)

where k = 0, 1, 2, 3.

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So, the four roots are:

z^(1/4)_0 = (16)^(1/4) * cis((3π/2)/4) = 2 * cis(3π/8)

z^(1/4)_1 = (16)^(1/4) * cis((3π/2 + 2π)/4) = 2 * cis(7π/8)

z^(1/4)_2 = (16)^(1/4) * cis((3π/2 + 4π)/4) = 2 * cis(11π/8)

z^(1/4)_3 = (16)^(1/4) * cis((3π/2 + 6π)/4) = 2 * cis(15π/8)

(d) z^4 − 16i = 0

To find the roots, set z^4 − 16i = 0 and solve for z:

z^4 = 16i

Taking the fourth root of both sides:

z = ∜(16i)

To express 16i in polar form:

|16i| = |16| * |i| = 16

arg(16i) = arg(16) + arg(i) = 0 + π/2 = π/2

So, 16i in polar form is 16 cis(π/2).

Now, to find the fourth root, we use De Moivre's theorem:

For the kth complex fourth root, we have:

z^(1/4) = (16)^(1/4) * cis((π/2 + 2kπ)/4)

where k = 0, 1, 2, 3.

So, the four roots are:

z^(1/4)_0 = (16)^(1/4) * cis((π/2)/4) = 2 * cis(π/8)

z^(1/4)_1 = (16)^(1/4) * cis((π/2 + 2π)/4) = 2 * cis(5π/8)

z^(1/4)_2 = (16)^(1/4) * cis((π/2 + 4π)/4) = 2 * cis(9π/8)

z^(1/4)_3 = (16)^(1/4) * cis((π/2 + 6π)/4) = 2 * cis(13π/8)

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(e) z^4 + 16 = 0

To find the roots, set z^4 + 16 = 0 and solve for z:

z^4 = -16

Taking the fourth root of both sides:

z = ∜(-16)

To express -16 in polar form:

|-16| = |16| = 16

arg(-16) = π

So, -16 in polar form is 16 cis(π).

Now, to find the fourth root, we use De Moivre's theorem:

For the kth complex fourth root, we have:

z^(1/4) = (16)^(1/4) * cis((π + 2kπ)/4)

where k = 0, 1, 2, 3.

So, the four roots are:

z^(1/4)_0 = (16)^(1/4) * cis(π/4) = 2 * cis(π/16)

z^(1/4)_1 = (16)^(1/4) * cis((π + 2π)/4) = 2 * cis(9π/16)

z^(1/4)_2 = (16)^(1/4) * cis((π + 4π)/4) = 2 * cis(17π/16)

z^(1/4)_3 = (16)^(1/4) * cis((π + 6π)/4) = 2 * cis(25π/16)

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11099127 MAT1503 ASSIGNMENT 05 UNIQUE NUMBER: 692145

QUESTION 7

(7.1) Determine the 6th roots of w = -729i.

To find the 6th roots of -729i, we use De Moivre's theorem. Let z = r cis(θ) be one of the 6th roots.

Then, z^6 = (-729i)^(1/6)

We can express -729i in polar form:

|-729i| = 729

arg(-729i) = arg(-729) + arg(i) = π + π/2 = 3π/2

So, -729i in polar form is 729 cis(3π/2).

Now, to find the 6th roots, we have:

z = 729^(1/6) * cis((3π/2 + 2kπ)/6)

where k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

So, the 6th roots are:

z^(1/6)_0 = 729^(1/6) * cis(π/3) = 9 cis(π/3) = 9(cos(π/3) + i sin(π/3))

z^(1/6)_1 = 729^(1/6) * cis((π + 2π)/6) = 9 cis(π/6) = 9(cos(π/6) + i sin(π/6))

z^(1/6)_2 = 729^(1/6) * cis((π + 4π)/6) = 9 cis(π/2) = 9(cos(π/2) + i sin(π/2))

z^(1/6)_3 = 729^(1/6) * cis((π + 6π)/6) = 9 cis(5π/6) = 9(cos(5π/6) + i sin(5π/6))

z^(1/6)_4 = 729^(1/6) * cis((π + 8π)/6) = 9 cis(2π/3) = 9(cos(2π/3) + i sin(2π/3))

z^(1/6)_5 = 729^(1/6) * cis((π + 10π)/6) = 9 cis(7π/6) = 9(cos(7π/6) + i sin(7π/6))

(7.2) Express cos(4θ) and sin(3θ) in terms of powers of cos θ and sin θ.

Using De Moivre's theorem:

For cos(nθ), we have:

cos(nθ) = Re[(cos θ + i sin θ)^n]

For sin(nθ), we have:

sin(nθ) = Im[(cos θ + i sin θ)^n]

Now, for cos(4θ):

cos(4θ) = Re[(cos θ + i sin θ)^4]

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Expanding using the binomial theorem:

cos(4θ) = Re[cos^4 θ + 4i cos^3 θ sin θ - 6cos^2 θ sin^2 θ - 4i cos θ sin^3 θ + sin^4 θ]

Since Re[ ] represents the real part, we have:

cos(4θ) = cos^4 θ - 6cos^2 θ sin^2 θ + sin^4 θ

Similarly, for sin(3θ):

sin(3θ) = Im[(cos θ + i sin θ)^3]

Expanding using the binomial theorem:

sin(3θ) = Im[cos^3 θ + 3i cos^2 θ sin θ - 3cos θ sin^2 θ - i sin^3 θ]

Since Im[ ] represents the imaginary part, we have:

sin(3θ) = 3cos^2 θ sin θ - sin^3 θ

(7.3) Expand cos^4 θ in terms of multiple powers of cos θ based on θ.

cos^4 θ = (cos^2 θ)^2

Using the double-angle formula for cos(2θ):

cos^2 θ = (1 + cos(2θ))/2

Substitute this back into cos^4 θ:

cos^4 θ = [(1 + cos(2θ))/2]^2

Expand the square:

cos^4 θ = (1 + 2cos(2θ) + cos^2 θ)/4

Now, substitute the value of cos^2 θ from the double-angle formula:

cos^4 θ = (1 + 2cos(2θ) + (1 + cos(2θ))/2)/4

Simplify:

cos^4 θ = (3 + 4cos(2θ) + cos^2 θ)/4

Once again, substitute the value of cos^2 θ from the double-angle formula:

cos^4 θ = (3 + 4cos(2θ) + (1 + cos(2θ))/2)/4

Simplify further:

cos^4 θ = (5 + 6cos(2θ) + cos^2 θ)/8

Finally, substitute the value of cos(2θ) from the double-angle formula:

cos^4 θ = (5 + 6[(1 - cos^2 θ)/2] + cos^2 θ)/8

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Simplify:

cos^4 θ = (5 + 3cos^2 θ)/4

(7.4) Express cos^4θ sin^3 θ in terms of multiple angles.

cos^4θ sin^3 θ = (cos^2 θ)^2 * sin^3 θ

Using the double-angle formula for cos(2θ):

cos^2 θ = (1 + cos(2θ))/2

back subtitution into the expression:

cos^4θ sin^3 θ = [(1 + cos(2θ))/2]^2 * sin^3 θ

Expand the square:

cos^4θ sin^3 θ = (1 + 2cos(2θ) + cos^2 θ) * sin^3 θ

Now, use the double-angle formula for sin(2θ):

sin(2θ) = 2sin θ cos θ

back subtitution into the expression:

cos^4θ sin^3 θ = (1 + 2cos(2θ) + cos^2 θ) * 2sin θ cos θ

Now, simplify and distribute:

cos^4θ sin^3 θ = 2sin θ cos θ + 4cos(2θ) sin θ cos θ + 2cos^2 θ sin θ cos θ

Using the double-angle formula for cos(2θ) again:

cos^4θ sin^3 θ = 2sin θ cos θ + 4[1 - 2sin^2 θ] sin θ cos θ + 2cos^2 θ sin θ cos θ

Simplify further:

cos^4θ sin^3 θ = 2sin θ cos θ + 4sin θ cos θ - 8sin^3 θ cos θ + 2cos^2 θ sin θ cos θ

Combine like terms:

cos^4θ sin^3 θ = 6sin θ cos θ - 8sin^3 θ cos θ + 2cos^2 θ sin θ cos θ

Factor out common terms:

cos^4θ sin^3 θ = (6 - 8sin^2 θ + 2cos^2 θ) sin θ cos θ

Finally, use the Pythagorean identity sin^2 θ + cos^2 θ = 1:

cos^4θ sin^3 θ = (6 - 8sin^2 θ + 2(1 - sin^2 θ)) sin θ cos θ

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Simplify:

cos^4θ sin^3 θ = (6 - 6sin^2 θ) sin θ cos θ

cos^4θ sin^3 θ = 6sin θ cos θ - 6sin^3 θ cos θ

cos^4θ sin^3 θ = 6sin θ cos θ (1 - sin^2 θ)

Now, use the Pythagorean identity again sin^2 θ + cos^2 θ = 1:

cos^4θ sin^3 θ = 6sin θ cos θ * cos^2 θ

cos^4θ sin^3 θ = 6sin θ cos^3 θ

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11099127 MAT1503 ASSIGNMENT 05 UNIQUE NUMBER: 692145

QUESTION 8

(8.1) Let z = z1/z2 where z1 = tan θ + i and z2 = z1.

First, find z1/z2:

z1/z2 = (tan θ + i) / (tan θ + i)

To simplify the expression, we can rationalize the denominator:

z1/z2 = ((tan θ + i) / (tan θ + i)) * ((tan θ - i) / (tan θ - i))

Now, multiply the numerators and denominators:

z1/z2 = (tan θ * tan θ - i * tan θ + i * tan θ - i * i) / (tan θ * tan θ - i * tan θ + i * tan θ - i * i)

Simplify:

z1/z2 = (tan^2 θ - i^2) / (tan^2 θ + 1)

Since i^2 = -1:

z1/z2 = (tan^2 θ + 1) / (tan^2 θ + 1)

Cancel out the common term:

z1/z2 = 1

Now, finding zn for n ∈ N. Since z1/z2 = 1, zn = 1^n = 1 for any positive integer n.

So, the expression for zn is simply 1.

(8.2) Let z = cos θ - i(1 + sin θ).

Determine 2z + i / (-1 + iz):

2z + i / (-1 + iz)

First, find 2z:

2z = 2(cos θ - i(1 + sin θ))

Distribute:

2z = 2cos θ - 2i(1 + sin θ)

Now, add i to 2z:

2z + i = 2cos θ - 2i(1 + sin θ) + i

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Combine like terms:

2z + i = 2cos θ - 2i - 2i sin θ + i

Simplify:

2z + i = 2cos θ - 3i - 2i sin θ

Now, find iz:

iz = i(cos θ - i(1 + sin θ))

Distribute:

iz = i cos θ - i^2(1 + sin θ)

Since i^2 = -1:

iz = i cos θ + (1 + sin θ)

Now, we are asked to find (2z + i) / (-1 + iz):

(2z + i) / (-1 + iz) = (2cos θ - 3i - 2i sin θ) / (1 - i cos θ - (1 + sin θ))

To simplify the expression, we can rationalize the denominator:

(2z + i) / (-1 + iz) = ((2cos θ - 3i - 2i sin θ) / (1 - i cos θ - (1 + sin θ))) * ((1 + i cos θ + (1 + sin θ)) / (1 + i
cos θ + (1 + sin θ)))

Now, multiply the numerators and denominators:

(2z + i) / (-1 + iz) = (2cos θ - 3i - 2i sin θ) * (1 + i cos θ + 1 + sin θ) / ((1 - i cos θ) - (1 + sin θ))

Simplify:

(2z + i) / (-1 + iz) = (2cos θ - 3i - 2i sin θ) * (2 + i cos θ + sin θ) / (-i cos θ - sin θ)

Now, distribute:

(2z + i) / (-1 + iz) = (4cos θ + 2i cos^2 θ + 2sin θ cos θ - 6i - 3i cos θ - 2i sin θ) / (-i cos θ - sin θ)

Combine like terms:

(2z + i) / (-1 + iz) = (4cos θ + 2i cos^2 θ + (2sin θ - 3) cos θ - 8i - 2i sin θ) / (-i cos θ - sin θ)

Finally, we can factor out a common factor in the numerator:

(2z + i) / (-1 + iz) = [2(cos θ - 1) (2i cos θ + (sin θ - 4))] / (-i cos θ - sin θ)

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QUESTION 9

(9.1) To prove cos^2 θ + sin^2 θ = 1, we can use Euler's formula:

e^(iθ) = cos θ + i sin θ

Now, consider the expression e^(iθ) * e^(-iθ):

e^(iθ) * e^(-iθ) = (cos θ + i sin θ) * (cos(-θ) + i sin(-θ))

Using the properties of cosine and sine:

e^(iθ) * e^(-iθ) = (cos θ + i sin θ) * (cos θ - i sin θ)

Expanding the product:

e^(iθ) * e^(-iθ) = cos^2 θ - i^2 sin^2 θ

Since i^2 = -1:

e^(iθ) * e^(-iθ) = cos^2 θ + sin^2 θ

Now, recall that e^(iθ) * e^(-iθ) is equal to 1:

1 = cos^2 θ + sin^2 θ

Thus, we have proven the identity cos^2 θ + sin^2 θ = 1.

(9.2) Let's solve the equation 3[(z + 1)/z]^2 + 3[(z - 1)/z]^2 = 30.

First, simplify the expression inside the square brackets:

[(z + 1)/z]^2 = (z + 1)^2 / z^2 = (z^2 + 2z + 1) / z^2

Similarly,

[(z - 1)/z]^2 = (z - 1)^2 / z^2 = (z^2 - 2z + 1) / z^2

Now, the equation becomes:

3[(z^2 + 2z + 1) / z^2] + 3[(z^2 - 2z + 1) / z^2] = 30

To eliminate the denominators, multiply both sides by z^2:

3(z^2 + 2z + 1) + 3(z^2 - 2z + 1) = 30z^2

Expand and simplify:

3z^2 + 6z + 3 + 3z^2 - 6z + 3 = 30z^2

Combine like terms:

6z^2 + 6 = 30z^2

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Move all terms to one side:

24z^2 = 6

Divide by 24:

z^2 = 6/24

z^2 = 1/4

Now, take the square root of both sides:

z = ±√(1/4)

z = ±1/2

So, the possible values for z are z = 1/2 and z = -1/2.

Now, let's find the corresponding angles for these values of z using Euler's formula:

For z = 1/2:

z = cos θ + i sin θ

1/2 = cos θ + i sin θ

θ = arccos(1/2) = π/3 or θ = -arccos(1/2) = -π/3

For z = -1/2:

z = cos θ + i sin θ

-1/2 = cos θ + i sin θ

θ = arccos(-1/2) = 2π/3 or θ = -arccos(-1/2) = -2π/3

So, the possible angles are θ = π/3, -π/3, 2π/3, and -2π/3.

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QUESTION 10

(10.1) Using de Moivre's theorem, we can find expressions for zn and 1/zn for all n ∈ N.

For zn, we have:

zn = (cos θ + i sin θ)^n

Using de Moivre's theorem:

zn = cos(nθ) + i sin(nθ)

For 1/zn, we have:

1/zn = 1 / (cos θ + i sin θ)^n

Using de Moivre's theorem:

1/zn = cos(-nθ) + i sin(-nθ)

Since cos(-θ) = cos θ and sin(-θ) = -sin θ:

1/zn = cos(nθ) - i sin(nθ)

(10.2) To determine the expressions for cos(nθ) and sin(nθ), we use de Moivre's theorem:

For cos(nθ), we have:

cos(nθ) = Re[(cos θ + i sin θ)^n]

For sin(nθ), we have:

sin(nθ) = Im[(cos θ + i sin θ)^n]

Using de Moivre's theorem, we know that:

(cos θ + i sin θ)^n = cos(nθ) + i sin(nθ)

So, cos(nθ) is the real part of (cos θ + i sin θ)^n, and sin(nθ) is the imaginary part.

(10.3) To determine expressions for cos^n θ and sin^n θ, we use the binomial theorem:

(cos θ + i sin θ)^n = Σ [n choose k] * (cos θ)^(n-k) * (i sin θ)^k

Where [n choose k] is the binomial coefficient given by (n!)/(k!(n-k)!).

Now, since sin^2 θ = 1 - cos^2 θ, we can express higher powers of sin θ in terms of cos θ. For example:

sin^3 θ = sin^2 θ * sin θ = (1 - cos^2 θ) * sin θ = sin θ - cos^2 θ * sin θ = sin θ - (1 - sin^2 θ) * sin θ = sin θ -
sin θ + sin^3 θ = sin^3 θ

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Similarly, sin^4 θ = sin^2 θ * sin^2 θ = (1 - cos^2 θ) * (1 - cos^2 θ) = 1 - 2cos^2 θ + cos^4 θ.

So, the expressions for cos^n θ and sin^n θ can be written as:

cos^n θ = Σ [n choose k] * (cos θ)^(n-k) * (i sin θ)^k for k = 0 to n (where [n choose k] = n! / (k!(n-k)!))

sin^n θ = Σ [n choose k] * (i sin θ)^k * (cos θ)^(n-k) for k = 0 to n (where [n choose k] = n! / (k!(n-k)!))

QUESTION 11

Let's first find the locus of M for the complex number U = -8 + iz such that Re(U) = 0.

Re(U) = 0 means that the real part of U is zero. So, for U = -8 + iz, we have:

Re(-8 + iz) = 0

The real part of a complex number is zero if and only if the number is purely imaginary. So, we set the
imaginary part of U to zero:

Im(U) = z = 0

This means that z must be zero for U to have a real real part and an imaginary part of zero.

So, the locus of M for U = -8 + iz such that Re(U) = 0 is the point on the real axis represented by the
complex number z = 0. In the Argand diagram, this point corresponds to the origin (0, 0).

Now, let's find the locus of M for the complex number U whenever U is real.

If U is real, then the imaginary part of U must be zero. So, for U = -8 + iz to be real, we set the imaginary
part to zero:

Im(U) = z = 0

Again, we find that z must be zero for U to be a real number.

So, the locus of M for U whenever U is real is also the point on the real axis represented by the complex
number z = 0, which corresponds to the origin (0, 0) in the Argand diagram.

In summary, the locus of M is the origin (0, 0) in both cases when U has a real real part or when U is a real
number. The locus forms a single point at the origin.

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